GENETIC RESOURCES OF TROPICAL LEGUMES

Jos van der Maesen

van der Maesen, L.J.G. 1988. GeneticResources of TropicalLegumes. Acta Univ. Ups. Symb. Bot. Ups.XXVIII(3):79-91 .Uppsala . ISBN91-554-2348-5 . The Leguminosae constitutes oneo f the important plant families widely studied both taxonomically and agronomically. Both in well-known and locally impor­ tant legumes various levels of knowledge are extant, but many details need to be filled in. In tropical areas, floras do not extend to all regions and many gen­ era require further taxonomie scrutiny. The taxonomie framework enables fur­ ther detailed collection inorde rt osafeguar d genetic resources oflegumes , first­ lythos e needed to improve important legumes such as Phaseolus beans,Pisum peas, Cicer chickpeas, Viciaf aba bean s and vetches, as well asso-calle d minor legumes and those for other than food purposes. Of the major important le­ gume crops, taxonomy has reached a fairly stable, yet not always unequivocal status. For Arachis, taxonomy is seriously wanting. The genetic resources at hand inlivin gshap e areonl y abudant for the major crops, but not inothe r cases norfo r thewil d relativeso f major grain legumes.Continue d attention and fund­ ing are required. Jos vander Maesen, Department of PlantTaxonomy, P.O. Box 8010, 6700ED, Agricultural University Wageningen, the Netherlands.

The important of Leguminosae for food, an­ provided by systematic botany, which in­ imal fodder, fuel and wood, as restorers of cludes the classification of cultigens. soil fertility and for toxic or medicinal prop­ The systematics of the Legume family are erties is well understood. In tropical areas in relatively good shape. After two interna­ the key role of legumes is probably larger tional gatherings in 1978 and 1986 of the than inth e temperate zone,sinc e for reasons many scientists who continue to work in le­ of religion, seasonal lack of availability or gume taxonomy and many other aspects, at­ poverty animals proteins are not or less fre­ tention to classification is adequate (Polhill quently eaten. The role of legumes is impor­ & Raven 1981, Polhill & Zarrucchi, in tant even if sometimes quantitatively over­ press). Cultivated legumes and their wild emphasized, as it is not always realized that relatives receive considerable attention, if the bulk of food proteins are supplied by the not always including taxonomy, but in many cereals, but few people manage to eat cere­ cases taxonomie data can be considered suf­ alsi nth e absence of additionssuc h aspulses , ficient (Polhill &va n der Maesen 1985).Th e vegetables, fat or spices. ILDIS (International Legume Database and Information Service), intended to become The key to all knowledge of plants is the available within afe w years,wil lprovid esci ­ name of the species involved. The names are entistswit h accepted or provisionally accept-

Symb.Bot. Ups. XXV1U:3 80 L.G.J. VAN DER MAESEN ed names from one edited source. This ini­ disappearance of old cultivars and narrows tiativei sprobabl y the first establishment ofa the genetic base by producing uniformity. taxonomie database of a single important The possibility of gene transfer by genetic plant family with worldwide coverage. Part engineering, it may be speculated, will in­ of the database is operational, such as for crease the search for somewhat more distant Glycine max, the soybean (contributed by relatives of cropplants , and that emphasizes Newell, St. Louis). Only the input of many the need for up-to-date systematics. Here specialists and availability of existing data­ RNA and DNA variation in, e.g. cell ribo- bases can make this project succeed. A pilot somes and chloroplasts, offer new objective project in Vicieae, the Vicieae database, is tools for classification and phylogeny, to as­ operational at the University of Southamp­ sist gene transfer programs tolocat e suitably ton and with BIOSIS, York. compatible germplasm. In cultivated plants classification incultiva r Taxonomy is the basis for most aspects of groupsver ymuc h tailored bycurren t practical tropical research in plants and animals. Scien­ needs is needed from time to time. The nam­ tistsinvolve d with organisms should know ex­ ing, classification and documentation also of actlyth ename so f those theyinvestigate .Fol k disappearing cultivars is needed to assist ge­ taxonomy andth estud yo fvernacular s areim ­ netic conservation of old landraces and obso­ portant ethnobotanical linkst oforma l scientif­ lete cultivars. In comparison to a number of ictaxonomy , which in itself isa startin g point 25000 0 species of flowering plants, a similar for basic and applied research. Even if names number has been estimated for cultivars for­ of certain well-known plants are taken for merly and presently in cultivation. Cultivars granted, scrutiny of names and classification, and groupsthereo f maybeenvisage d eithero n particularly at infraspecific level, is needed. a regional scale,o r involvingal lmateria lwith ­ Thestud yo ftaxonom y toregiste r man'snatu ­ in a species on a world scale. Cultivar names ralheritag ei sa non-goin gaffair . Eveni fi n20 0 can also carry names in languages other than years or so nearly all species of flowering English, French, Spanish and German. Most plants would have been described (Raven et of the crop-oriented International Research al. 1971), the knowledge needs to be updat­ Institutes have been assigned or took up a ed so study of taxonomy cannot be left to mandate for one or more pulse crops (Table computers and libraries. Identification, even 1). Several national genetic resources centres with the aid of computers, has to be doneb y carry large numbers of cultivated legume ac­ people.Th e rate of evolution isfaste r inspe ­ cessions, and small numbers of wild relatives cies with rapid generation turn-over, e.g. of pulses. Numerous Botanical Gardens list Arabidopsis thaliana, but in20 0year sthi sin ­ wild or cultivated, often ornamental, legumes crease would not be so enormous as to and exchange these, but the accompanying equate theprobabl e rate ofextinctio n ofspe ­ datavar ygreatly ,an dth estatu so fth esample s cies, for which very pessimistic forecasts are is not always clear. Attempts are made to fo­ probably true (Koopowitz & Kaye 1983). A cus on well-documented samples of authenti­ large increase in taxonomieunit s can be pre­ cated wild origin. dicted in new crop cultivars. On-going ef­ This paper attempts to highlight some of forts to improve and diversify edible (and or­ the achievements of legume classification namental) crops bybreedin g counteracts the and the use made thereof in genetic re-

Symb.Bot. Ups. XXVIII:3 GENETIC RESOURCES OF TROPICAL LEGUMES 81

Table 1. International Agricultural Research Institutes and their crop mandates in Leguminosae.

Institute Crops CIAT, Cali, Colombia Phaseolus beans, fodder legumes ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria Chickpea, Lentil, Fababean, fodder legumes ICRISAT, Patancheru A.P. India Groundnut, Chickpea, Pigeonpea UTA, Ibadan, Nigeria Cowpea, Vigna spp.

Note: for the numerous national and regional gene banks see IBPGR directories. Strong national programs with international links exist e.g. on soybean, pea and groundnut.

sources and breeding. The multitude of uses get re-identified correctly, but that informa­ of Legume species overlaps almost all topics tion rarely gets back into the original data­ of this Symposium. Just as Systematic bot­ base, an aspect several curators worry about. any is the key science for tropical research, Documentation involves screening, and the conservation of genetic resources is the gene bank personnel usually carry out charac­ key to further improvement of crops, me­ terization and preliminary evaluation. Special­ dicinal or other technical plants, the study of ists such as phytopathologists and entomolo­ ecology, nutrition and many other disci­ gists apply special-purpose screenings to select plines. resistant accessions for further use in breed­ ing,breeder s search for special plant types and high yield. Biochemical screenings, such as for Available resources protein, are obscured by season and location Documentation effects, but it isimportan t that high yield is not accompanied by reduced protein content. Documentation provides us with the back­ ground of data concerned with the accessions Geographical information. Delimitation to incollections , and the status of the variouscol ­ purely tropical plants and crops is not easy, lections. The last ten to fifteen yearswer e very where especially in the Papilionoideae sub­ important for the genetic resources of food le­ family several crops of the cool season ex­ gumes. The other legumes, for fodder, timber tend into the summer season of the temper­ and pharmaceutical use have not received so ate zone or vice-versa. Wild relatives some­ much attention. Several legumes have more times have a larger ecological and geograph­ than one usage, and classification in use cate­ ical amplitude than the crop itself; on the gories can be made in many ways. Genetic other hand, crop species have often a wider conservation is applied to very different de­ range of distribution than the wild species. grees to overcome narrowing the genetic base Temperate legume species are grown at for breeding and to save part of nature's van­ higher altitudes in the tropics and are of local ishing diversity. commercial importance or even exported. Documentation of the various accessions in The use of temperate vegetables is spreading botanical collections and gene banks is a mat­ in the tropics, if these cannot be grown im­ ter of concern. Taxonomie verification is very portation is common for the high-income important. After seed exchange samples may population groups. Vegetables such as fresh

Symb. Bot. Ups. XXVIIU 82 L.G.J. VAN DER MAESEN

Table 2. Publication status of the major recent Floras in tropical regions.

Country Papilionoideae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae

N. AFRICA Algeria Nouv. Fl. Alg. 1(1962) do. do. Egypt Stud. Fl. Egypt (1974) do. do. Libya Fl. Libya 86(1980) Fl. Libya 61(1978) Fl. Libya 60(1978) Morocco FI. Maroc Occ. 1(1961) do. do. E. AFRICA Ethiopia Cufodontis 6/13, 22/26 do. do. Fl. Ethiopia 3 (in press) do. do. Kenya FTEA (1971) FTEA (1967) FTEA (1959) ' 1 'r\ n7Qt1IQ 1 dliZ.aIUa »» •• Uganda •• C. AFRICA Zaire etc. Fl Congo B. 4&5(1953-4) Fl. Congo B. 3(1952) do. S. AFRICA Angola Consp. Fl. Ang. 3(1962-6) do. 2(1956) do. 2(1956) S. Africa - F.S. Afr. 16- •2(1977) F.S. Afr. 16-1(1975) Mascarenes Fl. Mascar. 80 (in press) do. do. Namibia Prodr. SWA 60(1970) do. 59(1967) do. 58(1967) Zambia - — Fl. Zambes. 3(1970) W. AFRICA W. Africa FWTA 1(1958) do. do. Cameroun — Fl. Camer. 9(1970) - Gabon — Fl. Gabon 15(1968) - Sao Tomé - Fl. S. Tomé (1970) Fl. S. Tomé (1973) Guin. Bissau - Fl. Guin. Port. 81973) — ASIA Taiwan Fl. Taiwan 3(1977) do. do. Laos, Vietn. FI. Cambodge, etc. 17(1979)a do. 18(1980) do. 19(1981) India Fl. India Fasc. 8(1982)b - - Pakistan Fl. Pak. 100(1977) - - Okinawa Fl. Okin. (1976) do. do. Indonesia Fl. Java 1(1963) do. do. Iran Fl. Iranica (1979)c - - Iraq Fl. Iraq 3(1974) do. do. Israel Fl. Palaest. 2(1972) do. do. Sri Lanka Hdb. Ceylon l(1980)d - Hdb. Ceylon 1(1980) AMERICA general Fl. Neotrop. l(1968)e - - Argentina Legum. Argent. (1952) do. do. Barbados Fl. Barbados (1965) do. do. Cuba Fl. Cuba 2(1951) do. do. Fr. Guyana Fl. Guyana Fr. 2(1952) do. do. Guadeloupe Fl. Guadel. (1978) do. do. Guatemala Fieldiana 24/5(1946) do. do. N. Antilles Fl. Neth. Ant. 3(1979) do. (1973) do. (1973) Panama Ann. Missouri 52(1965) do. 38(1951) do. 37(1950) Peru Field. Mus. 13/3(1943) do. do. OCEANIA N. Zealand Fl. N. Zealand 1(1961) - — Galapagos Fl. Galapagos (1971) do. do.

Symb. Bot. Ups. XXVIII.3 GENETIC RESOURCES OF TROPICAL LEGUMES 83 peas are gaining popularity, e.g. in India, in part unusable. Baker's Leguminosae of and Kenya ison e of many tropical countries Tropical Africa (1926-30) is still usable in exporting fresh beans. Taxonomically, this parts. Bamps(1981 )summe d upth e publica­ paper is therefore not restricted to purely tion status of all plant families in African tropical taxa. Floras. In India many regional floras are Modern revisions present detailed loca­ nowavailable , but atreatmen t of all legumes tion data of wild legumes, and gene banks for the subcontinent is wanting. The Papi­ should document precise location data of lionoideae are available for the Flora of Pa­ cultivated accessions. If these are mapped kistan, but only in part for Vietnam. The (e.g. Trifolium or Medicagoi n the Mediter­ Flora Malesiana (Leiden) and Flora of Thai­ ranean area, or Cicer arietinum in Ethiopia) land (Denmark) projects continue to work it is clear that in historical times and even on Papilionoideae. now opportunity plays an important role: Frodin (1984) enumerated the present main roads are always more frequently visit­ state of the world's floras, which is revealing ed than places difficult of access. This does reading, as there are many gaps. The situa­ not mean that genotypes found in crops of tion with separate families cannot be extract­ vegetations off-the-road are necessarily dif­ ed from this excellent guide. ferent from those found along the road. Monographs. Monographs, usually genus- Samples of crops can move long distances, wise and sometimes geographically restrict­ either along the road or further into theinte ­ ed, compile at thelim e of issue the most re­ rior. Eco-geographic studies of the collec­ cent taxonomie status, geographic distribu­ tions in hand will reveal further gaps, as is tion, and as many details as are available being done for several crops to support fu­ from various disciplines. Leguminosae are ture plans and priorities. Still, opportunity reasonably well served with monographs, delimits areas of political inaccessibility, even but many genera are still in need of revision. more so than areas physically inaccessible. With the 369 subscribers to the Bean Bag Floras.Th e availabilityo fFlora si nth etropi ­ (Nov. 1986, these include 42 libraries), cal areas israthe r uneven as far asth e Legu- about 125ma y be called legume taxonomists minosae family is concerned. A listing (Ta­ in a strict sense, hence the present round of ble 2) shows that Madagascar, Cameroun, taxonomie studies should not have to last a Gabon, India and Indonesia are but afe wo f century. Detailed studies will of course take the countries that do not possess an up-to- longer time. date volume on Papilionoideae. The other Obviously, genera which contain econom­ smaller subfamilies have been completed in ically important legumes have been tackled more cases. Some areas need an update, or with priority recently. It is easy to compile just have a Prodromus available. The Flora the status from the accounts of the contribu­ of Tropical Africa (Oliver, 1871), isol d and tors to Advances in Legume Systematics

a only Phaseoleae;b onlyDerris, manymoder n regional anddistric t Florasavailabl e and under publica­ tion; c only Vicieae; d only a few tribes; e only Swartzia. Note: Floras are not separately listed in References.

Symb. Bot. Ups. XXVIIL3 84 L.G.J. VAN DER MAESEN

(Polhill & Raven, 1981),wh ohav e consider­ pigeonpea, has been merged with Atylosia, ably streamlined tribal taxonomy in the le­ where all wild relatives were hitherto classi­ gume family. From an economical point of fied (van der Maesen, 1986). Other Cajan­ view, only the taxonomy of parts of the sec­ inae remain to be treated, such as Rhyncho- ondary andtertiar y genepools of crops are of siafo r theAsiati c region. Grear (1978) treat­ direct practical application (Williams, ed the genus for America, Verdcourt (1970) IBPGR, pers. comm.), but to support re­ gave an account for FTEA; Dunbaria and search whether certain species are of practi­ Flemingia are under revision, while Erio- cal use, inventories ofprope r scientific status sema is under treatment by Stirton (1977, are required, viz. monographs. 1981 a & b, 1986). In most tribes are found monotypic, small Vicieae DC. is economically almost the and large genera, some recently monograph­ most important legume tribe: all genera but ed, but most are not completely overhauled. the monotypic Vavilovia have one or more Some examples follow. An updated revision economic species. Cicerae Alef., nowa sep­ otArachis L. isi n dire need to be published, arate monogeneric tribe, contains Cicer arie- as more and more nomina nuda swamp the tinum, the chickpea. Cicer has been mono­ literature (Resslar, 1980; Moss, ICRISAT, graphed in 1972 (vande r Maesen 1972), with pers.comm.). Gregory and Krapovickas an update in 1987 (van der Maesen, 1987). continue to work on the genus, and all Lens has been monographed by Cubero groundnut scientists look forward anxiously (1981). Only three species remain, with Lens to the results of their work. For instance, at montbretii owning an uncertain place, since ICRISAT (and several other institutions) then considered asa Vicia, andtw owil d spe­ frequent usei smad e ofgroundnu t taxonomy cies placed as subspecies with the cultivated to obtain species in order to incorporate var­ subspecies culinaris. Pisum hasjus t twospe ­ ious traits into the cultivated Arachis hypo- cies left, with all former species classified as gaea, after cytogenetical investigation. Stylo- infraspecific taxa. santhes, which contains important fodder le­ gumes, is in need of revision ('t Mannetje, Wageningen, pers. comm.). Phaseolus L. Legumes available in seed collections and Vigna L. seem to be ingoo d shape now, Present situation. Tables 3an d4 list some of through the work of Maréchal et al. and the main tropical legumes. For details see Verdcourt, and others, even if occasional the IBPGR directories (Bettencourt & Per­ changes are still required. There is even an ret 1986), which are very useful sources of International Phaseolus Germplasm Net­ information even if the details change con­ work (Lyman-Snow 1987). However, Wil­ tinuously. The number of collections is liams (IBPGR, pers. comm.) mentioned large, with obvious duplications in the hold­ that Vigna taxonomy, evolution and distri­ ings, butexpulsio n ofduplicate s israthe r dif­ bution within Africa do not fit and research ficult (van der Maesen etal. 1986). Duplica­ goes on. tion isneede d tosom e extent, toavoi d disas­ Verdcourt also monographed many other ters and promote free availability within re­ legume genera, particularly for The Flora of gions, where the necessary phytosanitary Tropical East Africa. In Cajaninae the only regulations may slow down international food species, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. or transfer somewhat less.

Symb. Bot. Ups. XXVIII:3 GENETIC RESOURCES OF TROPICAL LEGUMES 85

Table 3. Number of collections of food legumes and their wild relatives in the world.

Legume species small medium large wild total No. of accessions 1-50 51-250 >250 Arachis hypogaea 1 7 3 11 Cajanus cajan 1 2 1 4 Canavalia spp. 2 2 Cicer arietinum 5 1 7 4 17 Glycine max 13 7 20 Lablab purpureus 1 1 2 Lathyru s spp. 2 2 1 5 Lens culinaris 4 3 4 3 14 Lupinus spp. 1 5 4 10 Phaseolus acutifolius 1 1 Phaseolus coccineus 1 1 2 Phaseolus lunatus 1 1 Phaseolus vulgaris 1 14 15 Phaseolus spp. 2 4 13 19 Pisum sativum 3 5 11 7 19 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 2 1 4 7 Trigonella spp. 2 2 Vicia faba 3 3 6 12 Vicia spp. 1 5 6 Vigna angularis 1 1 2 Vigna mungo 1 1 2 Vigna radiata 5 5 Vigna umbellata 1 1 2 Vigna unguiculata 1 2 5 8 Vigna spp. 1 2 1 4

Source: IBPGR, 1980. Some important collecions for which number of accessions was not specified were excluded. The 1980 issue is being updated.

Germplasm of the main cultivated pulse c. 1 800) is actually available. Probably even and oilseed legumes is now relatively safe, that figure is optimistic. but depends on continuing funding. Tables 3 Botanical gardens maintain a large num­ and 4 show 25 and 42legum e crops or groups ber of accessions of Leguminosae, for orna­ of legumes respectively, involving 22 genera. mental, technical or food purposes. Their Out of a total of 650 genera and 18 000 spe­ task, however, is not always formalized to cies this represents only a minute fraction of put continuing efforts in maintenance. Col­ the existing genetic diversity, even if these laboration and specialization take shape, for are econimically the most important. Bisby instance in the Netherlands as shown by a (Southampton, pers. comm.) estimates that common data base (Aleva etal. 1986). Inter­ less than 10% of legume species (i.e. national collaboration is aimed at, but there

Symb. Bot. Ups. XXV1IL3 86 L.G.J. VAN DER MAESEN

Table 4. Number of collections of food and fodder legumes and their wild relatives in Europe

Legume species small medium large total" No. of accessions 1-50 51-250 >250 Arachis hypogaea 1 1 3 Astragalus spp. 1 1 Cajanus cajan lb 1 Centrosema spp. 1 1 Cicer arietinum 3 8 4 16 Cicer spp. Ie 1 Colutea arborescens 1 1 2 Coronilla varia 1 1 Glycine max 6 4 6 16 Glycyrrhiza glabra 1 1 Lablab spp. 2 2 Lathyrus spp. 4 2 1 7 Lens culinaris 4 4 3 11 Lens spp. Ie Ie 2 Lotus spp. 1 1 4 Lupinus spp. 6 3 9 20 Medicago arborea 1 1 Medicago sativa 7 9 2 20 Medicago spp. 4 5 9 Melilotus spp. 1 1 Onobrychis spp. 3 2 5 Ornithopus spp. 2 1 3 Phaseolus acutifolius 1 1 Phaseolus coccineus 2 1 3 Phaseolus lunatus 1 1 Phaseolus vulgaris 9 2 8 22 Phaseolus spp. 3 1 9C 14 Pisum abyssinicum 1 1 Pisum fulvum 1 1 Pisum sativum/arvense 9 4 12 24 Pisum spp. c) 4 2 3 9 Trifolium alexandrinum 1 1 Trifolium pratense 6 4 2 13 Trifolium repens 8 Trifolium subterraneum 4 Trifolium spp. 5 2 5 12 Vicia ervilia 1 1 2 Vicia faba 13 11 10 39 Vicia sativa 2 3 4 8 Vicia spp. 3 3 8 18 Vigna unguiculata 2 2 Vigna spp. 1 1 2

Source:Bettencour t & Perret 1986 (IBPGR);a totals non-matching the columns indicating collections with unspecified size b probably not for supply c sometimes including the cultivated species.

Symb. Bot. Ups. XXVUL3 GENETIC RESOURCES OF TROPICAL LEGUMES 87

Table 5. Number of Leguminosae spp. offered in Indices Seminum by tropical gardens.

;um. Total Hortus Botanicus Maputensis 1985, Mozambique 45 247 Jardin Botanico Nacional de Cuba 1985, Cuba 132 1215 Botanic Gardens of Indonesia 1986-87 69 357 Many ofthes e are rather orver ycommo n (ornamentally) used legumespecies ,suc h asflamboyan t tree {Delonix regia),rai n tree (Samanea saman), and peacock flower (Caesalpiniapulcherrima) an d tama­ rind (Tamarindus indica).

are many obstacles (Wijnands 1985; IUCN several Leguminosae are known as invasive 1986, 1987). Only 30 gardens are present in weeds. Tropical Africa and only 70 in Central and Collecting strategies. Specialists have always South America, against 430 in Europe, 200 collected with a bias, and Leguminosae re­ in the USA and 55 in Australia and New searchers are no exception. Rarely all sam­ Zealand (Heywood 1985), and the few fam­ ples are available with seeds, even fewer are ous gardens in the tropics have all but lost deposited with viable seeds in a place capa­ their once-dominant role in plant introduc­ bleo f handling allkind so f species. Priorities tion. Perhaps, through closer links to crop can be made when the conservation statusi s breeding their status could regain more im­ known, in that case more emphasis can be portance (Smith, 1987). Some figures of the laid on collecting (Table 7). In cultivated seed offered in exchange lists are given in crops and their wild relatives these will shift Table 5. in the course of time. Present-day legume collections are quite rich, some almost con­ Out of almost 25 000vascula r plants consid­ tain the diversity that is possible to amass. ered extinct, endangered, vulnerable or rare However, the assumption isofte n made that (in decreasing degree of threat), 250 were certain groups are well collected, well pre­ entered as examples to highlight various ty­ served and being well used. This is not al­ peso f threats, locations, taxa and protective ways the case, and mapping of identified ac­ measures (Lucas & Synge 1978). Of these cessions shows that systematic sampling of 250,21belon gt oLeguminosa e (Table 6).A s genepools was not done, but points to his­ for other families, regional botanists and torical opportunism in collection (Williams, monographers probably each could contrib­ IBPGR, pers. comm.). ute other cases (e.g. van der Maesen etal. 1985), and it is intended to compile them in Collecting techniques. For cultivated le­ future volumes by IUCN. All plants endan­ gumescollectin gi srelativel y simple. Popula­ gered tosom e degree are often narrow ende­ tion sample techniques apply for cross- mics, disappearing because of local habitat breeders (Marshall & Brown 1975), but of­ destruction, overexploitation or overgraz­ ten practice dictates modifications. Legume ing, where natural regeneration (vegetative seeds are larger than those of cereals and or generative reproduction) leaves much to grasses, and rarely obtainable in large quan­ be desired. The contrary isals o well-known: tities as easily as many Gramineae, either

Symb.Bot. Ups. XXVIIL3 L.G.J. VAN DER MAESEN

Table 6. Endangered species of Leguminosae

Species Status Geography Conservation Acacia aphylla endangered Australia in onesitu , notye t cultivated Acacia peuce vulnerable Australia in one garden, some planta­ tions Astragalus amacantha vulnerable Bulg.Crimea law protection, 1tow n park Astragalus beatleyae endangered USA Protection Act, ± in situ Astragalus phoenix endangered USA Protection Act,i n situ Astragalus physocalyx endangered Bulgaria prot. bylaw , 2park s Carmichaelia exsul vulnerable Pacific in situ, cult., pods rare Ceratonia sp.nov . endangered Muscat, Arabia in situ, should be cultivated Cladrastis lutea vulnerable USA in situ, ± cultivated Clianthus puniceus endangered N. Zealand in situ, cult, widely, should be increased Cordeauxia edulis endangered Ethiopia, wild population Somalia not protected, crop Cytisus emeriflorus rare Switzerland, no protection, Italy horticultural merit Gigasiphon macrosiphon rare Kenya, Tanzan. in situ, onelocatio n Lotus berthelotii extinct Canary Isl. cult, in gardens, self-incompatible Mimosa lanuginosa vulnerable Brazil none, should bei nsit u +cult. Serianthes nelsonii endangered Guam, Rota 4 trees known, federal land, cult, in2 gardens Sophora fernandeziana vulnerable Pacific ± situ, local nurseries Sophora masafuerana endangered Pacific ± situ, goat threat Sophora toromiro extinct? EasterIsl . formerly in Bot.Gdn s somewhere cultivated? Streblorhiza speciosa extinct Pacific unlikely to have survived in cultivation Taverniera sericophylla extinct? Socotra last specimen seen in 1967 Cicer subaphyllum* extinct Iran only collected in 1841 Cicer stapfianum3 extinct Iran • only collected in 1885 Cicer yamashitaeb rare Afghanistan local, increase in three genebanks difficult Cajanus vilIosush extinct? India last collected in 1895 Cajanus grandiflorus rare India, China last collected in India194 8

Source: Lucas &Syng e 1978; a vande r Maesen 1972; b vande r Maesen1987 .

wild or cultivated. Permission by the owner pling, as breeders often look for the off- of the field isusuall y required, and sampling types, which indeed possess different genes. should not disturb the crop. Often sampling Initial samples from cross-pollinated crops alongside the border of the field suffices, as should be large (e.g. Cajanuscajan), to be the seed is sown at random. Random sam­ able tostor e large base-samples asa star t for pling is usually accompanied by biased sam­ seed increases, and seed supply should be

Symb.Bot. Ups. XXVIIU GENETIC RESOURCES OF TROPICAL LEGUMES 89

Table 7. Priorities for collecting food legumes

Priority Species Regional priority 1 Phaseolus beans Central & S America 2 Arachis 1 in SAsia , SE Asia, C America Glycine 1 in China, Indonesia, parts of SE Asia Vigna unguiculata 1 in SAsia , W Africa do., subsp. sesquipedalis 1 in SE Asia Psophocarpus Pacific; S, SE Asia Cicer 1 in SW Asia Vigna radiata 1 in S, SE Asia Vigna mungo 1 in S, SE Asia Vigna aconitifolia Vigna umbellata 3 Cajanus Pisum Vicia faba 1 in Mediterranean area Lens 1 in SW Asia Vigna subterranea 2 in W Africa Vigna angularis Vigna trilobata 4 Lupinus spp. 1 in the Andes region Mucuna spp. Dolichos & Lablab spp. Canavalia spp. Kerstingiella geocarpa Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Sphenostylis stenocarpa

Source: IBPGR (1981),expande d but noshift s since the 1976edition . done from the first increase. Again, practice taxonomist rarely disposes of sufficient ma­ often dictates otherwise. Many legumes in terial for dissection. mixedcropping ,o r insubsistenc e farming do not produce much seed, making the farmer reluctant to part with amounts of a kilogram Conclusions and recommendations or so, even if paid. Farmers are normally It isclea r that only aminorit yo f legumespe ­ quite prepared to share small samples. cies is deposited in gene banks, and those Collecting from the wild should be done cover cultivars of legume crops with some bya collecto r whoi sfamilia r with the genera importance for human nutrition. Their wild concerned soa st oavoi d leavingbehin d sam­ relatives are also receiving attention. A cer­ pleswhic h at first sight look similar to previ­ tain number of well-known genera is main­ ously collected ones, and to be able to find tained in Botanic Gardens. The present situ­ the species at all. It iso f advantage to collect ation boils down to a kind of passive in-situ ample flowers and pods, as the herbarium conservation as it is in other plant families,

Symb.Bot. Ups. XXVIIL3 90 L.G.J. VAN DER MAESEN and preservation istherefor e quite question­ Botanic Gardens, Durham: 97-104. Koelz, able in many cases. No plea ismad e to con­ Königstein. IBPGR 1980.Director y ofgermplas m collections serve each and every legume species or pop­ I. Food Legumes. Rome. 22 pp. ulation in gene banks, but serious efforts are — 1981. Revised priorities among crops and re­ required to recuperate and safeguard rare gions. Rome. 18 pp. and endangered species. Research in thisdi ­ IUCN 1986. Recommendations passed at Las rection mayi nsom ecase sreassur e the status Palmas de Gran Canada, 26-30 Nov. 1985. Kew. 15 pp. ofplant sconsidere d rare orextinct ;wit hsuf ­ IUCN 1987. Botanic Gardens Conservation Sec­ ficient effort some may be found again. retariat - A Prospectus. Kew.1 1 pp. Strengthening of the network of genetic re­ Koopowitz, H. & Kaye, H. 1983. Plant Extinc­ sources centres and of ex-situ conservation tion In:d eWit , II.CD. &d e Wit-Boonacker, in (tropical) Botanic Gardens and particular­ H.C.E. (Dutch ed.). World Wildlife Fund lyo f in-situ conservation in Game Reserves Netherlands &KI M Nature Books. StoneWal l Press. Baarn 1984. 271 pp. or Forest and Savannah and Coastal Nation­ Lucas, G. & Synge, H. 1978. The IUCN Plant al Parks has to be of continuing concern to Red Data Book. 540 pp. scientists and authorities. Lyman-Snow, J. 1987.Th e international Phaseo- lus germplasm network. - In:P .Gept s (ed.). Genetic Resources, Domestication andEvolu ­ REFERENCES tion of Phaseolus Beans. Nijhoff-Junk (in Aleva, J.F., Barendse, G.W.M., Tolsma, J. & press). van Vliet, G.J.C.M. (1986). Computerization Maréchal, R., Masherpa, J.-M. & Stainier, F. of Collection Data byBotanica l Gardens in the 1978. Etude taxonomique d'un complexe d'­ Netherlands andBelgium . Leiden. 37 pp. espèces desgenre s Phaseoluse t Vigna (Papi- Baker, E.G. 1926, 29,30 .Th e Leguminosaeo f lionaceae) surl abas e dedonnée s morphologi­ Tropical Africa. Ghent. 953 pp. ques etpolliniques , traitéespa rl'analys e infor­ Bamps, P. 1981.Catalogu e of the Phanerogamic matique. — Boissiera 28: 1-273. Families dealt with inth emai n floras ofTropi ­ Marshall, D.R. & Brown, A.H.D. 1975. Opti­ cal Africa, (ed.) 2. Meise: 1-24. mum sampling strategies in genetic conserva­ Bettencourt E. &Perret , P.M. 1986.Director yo f tion. In:O.H .Franke l &J.G .Hawke s (eds.). Institutions holding Crop Genetic Resources Crop genetic resources for today and tomor­ Collections (3rd ed.). UNDP-IBPGR, Rome. row. - IBPHandboo k 2: 53-80. Cambridge 367 pp. University Press. Cubero, J.I. 1981. Origin, Taxonomy and Do­ Oliver, D. (ed.) 1871.Flor a of Tropical Africa. mestication. - In: Webb, C. & Hawtin, G. Reeve &Co . 613 pp. (eds.): Lentils: 15-38, Commonwealth Agri­ Polhill, R.M. & van der Maesen, L.J.G.1985 . cultural Bureaux/ICARDA. Farnham Royal. Taxonomy ofgrai n legumes. In:R.J .Summer - Frodin, D.G. 1984. Guide to standard floras of field andE.H . Roberts (eds.). Grain Legume the world. Cambridge Univ. Press. 619 pp. Crops: 3—36. Collins, London. Grear, J.W. 1978.A Revision ofth e New World Polhill, R.M. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) 1981.Ad ­ Species of Rhynchosia (Leguminosae-Faboi- vances in Legume Systematics 1 & 2.Kew . deae). - Memoirs of the New York Botanical 1049 pp. Garden 31-1: 1-168. Polhill, R.M.& Zarrucchi , J.L. (eds.) Proceed­ Heywood, V.H. 1985. Towards a newpolic yfo r ings, Second International Legume Con­ links between temperate and tropcial Botanic ference, Biology of the Leguminosae, 23—27 Gardens. In: P. Maudsley, E. Crowle & C. June 1986. (inpress ) Foyle (eds.). Proceedings of the Second Inter­ Raven, P.H., Berlin, B. & Breedlove, D. E. national Conference, European-Mediterra­ 1971. The Origins of Taxonomy. —Scienc e nean Division, International Association of 174: 1210-1213.

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