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Cultural Tourism BURSA WORLD HERITAGE SITE: EXPECTATIONS FROM CULTURAL TOURISM Prof. Dr. Neslihan Dostoğlu *Dean, Faculty of Architecture, İstanbul Kültür University *Bursa Site Manager HUPG Conference 2018, 10-11.4.2018, Dubrovnik MAIN HEADINGS CULTURAL TOURISM: DEFINITION, CONTEXT CULTURAL TOURISM IN THE WORLD AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST TURKEY IN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST BURSA IN THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST EVALUATION MAIN HEADINGS CULTURAL TOURISM: DEFINITION, CONTEXT CULTURAL TOURISM IN THE WORLD AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST TURKEY IN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST THE NOMINATION PROCESS OF BURSA IN THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST EVALUATION CULTURAL TOURISM: DEFINITION, CONTEXT • “CULTURAL TOURISM” concept can be interpreted in various ways because the concept of “culture” has a wide spectrum, and comprises various different meanings. • Before defining “cultural tourism”, the concept of “culture”has to be analyzed. The word culture is derived from “cultura” or “colere” concept in Latin. • In Latin, this concept means “to look” or “to cultivate”. “Cultura”, which was used to mean cultivating and raising products in agricultural context, was defined as human experience and life style in Europe after the second half of the 18th century, for the first time. • At present, culture has gained the meaning of the total life style related with material and spiritual values, skills and abilities, arts and traditions that a society owns. 4 • The second keyword of cultural tourism is “tourism”. Now we will analyze this term which is constantly used in daily life. • Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure and other purposes, not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. • A touristic trip is not only the voyage from one place to another, it is also people’s being in relation culturally, economically and socially. By means of tourism, people can become aware of the wealth, and of the cultural heritage in their country and in other countries and can be more ready to leave a more livable world to next generations, approaching life from different perspectives. • Tourism can also provide economic gains to the economy of the specific country and region that is visited. 5 • Therefore, • Cultural tourism is a tourism approach presenting natural and cultural wealth, cultural activities and contemporaray art work, some socio-economic entities to visitors in the form of a touristic product. It is a term that comprises not only the historical, but also the contemporary. • All urban, rural, natural elements, archeological, historical cultural wealth, museums, monumental buildings, civil architecture, and all kinds of contemporary art work or activity such as painting, sculpture, film, photography, contemporary art, festivals, concerts, exhibitions, food can be considered as part of cultural tourism. • Cultural Tourism, which is considered as an alternative type of tourism for different countries is important not only for providing financial revenues, but also for protecting cultural wealth. 6 • Cultural and historical wealth which makes each city different from each other is the basis for URBAN IDENTITY. These values are also the condition for URBAN SUSTAINABILITY. • When they are directed correctly, there are many opportunities to establish a strong relationship among culture, heritage and tourism. Since these opportunities differ in each settlement, it is necessary to develop unique solutions for each case. • However, these different solutions should not be treated as independent endeavors of settlements which share the same geography and culture in a regional scale, but rather as related and meaningful parts of a whole. • In this process, central governmental bodies, local government, tourism sector and local people should act together, and public-local-civilian-private cooperation should be activated for an active and sustainable cultural 7 tourism. One of the major attraction points for cultural tourism are UNESCO World Heritage Sites in different parts of the world. 8 MAIN HEADINGS CULTURAL TOURISM: DEFINITION, CONTEXT CULTURAL TOURISM IN THE WORLD AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST TURKEY IN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST THE NOMINATION PROCESS OF BURSA IN THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST EVALUATION WHAT IS UNESCO ? The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris. (Organization) (United) (Cultural) (Nations) (Educational) (Scientific) UNESCO Building in Paris 11 WORLD HERITAGE LIST and MANAGEMENT PLANS AFTER THE CONVENTION RELATED WITH THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WAS SIGNED IN PARIS IN 1972 WITH THE AIM OF CONTROLLING THE DISAPPEARANCE OF CULTURAL VALUES, AND REDUCING THE RISK OF THEIR DESTRUCTION, THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST STARTED TO BE IMPLEMENTED. TURKEY HAS BEEN A MEMBER OF UNESCO SINCE 1946, AND HAS BEEN INTEGRATED WITH THE WORLD HERITAGE PROCESS SINCE 1980’S. TURKEY SIGNED THE “CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE” IN 1982, AND PASSED THE LAW IN 1983 ACCORDING TO TURKISH LEGISLATION SYSTEM. AFTER 2000, UNESCO HAS STARTED LOOKING FOR MANAGEMENT PLANS AS A PRE-CONDITION FOR THE INSCRIPTION OF SITES AND ENTITIES IN THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST. THUS, THE AIM IS TO PROTECT A SITE OR ENTITY WITH ALL ITS ASPECTS AND IN A PROCESS OF PARTICIPATION BY ALL STAKEHOLDERS. SUBSEQUENTLY, MANAGEMENT PLANS HAVE BECOME OBLIGATORY IN TURKEY SINCE 2004, ACCORDING THE TURKISH LAWS. WORLD HERITAGE LIST AS OF APRIL 2018, THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST INCLUDES 1073 PROPERTIES FORMING PART OF THE CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WHICH THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE CONSIDERS AS HAVING OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE. 832 OF THESE PROPERTIES ARE CULTURAL, 206 OF THEM ARE NATURAL AND 35 OF THEM ARE MIXED (CULTURAL / NATURAL) 17 PROPERTIES FROM TURKEY HAVE BEEN INCLUDED IN THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST UNTIL THE PRESENT. 14 PROCESS FOR INSCRIPTION TO UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST SITE MANAGEMENT PREPARATION OF EVALUATION OF and NOMINATION NOMINATION MANAGEMENT FILE FILE PLAN DETERMINATION OF BOUNDARIES FOR MANAGEMENT SITES ESTABLISHMENT OF SITE MANAGEMENT UNITS PREPARATION OF MANAGEMENT PLAN WORLD HERITAGE LIST: SOME EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE NATURAL HERITAGE IGUAZU FALLS, BRAZIL & ARGENTINA 17 INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE FADO, URBAN POPULAR SONG OF PORTUGAL 18 INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE MEVLEVİ SEMA CEREMONY 19 KARAGÖZ 20 MAIN HEADINGS CULTURAL TOURISM: DEFINITION, CONTEXT CULTURAL TOURISM IN THE WORLD AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST TURKEY IN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST THE NOMINATION PROCESS OF BURSA IN THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST EVALUATION TURKEY IN WORLD HERITAGE LIST NAME INSCRIPTION DATE CATEGORY LİK Historic Areas of İstanbul (İstanbul) 1985 Cultural Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (Nevşehir) 1985 Natural/Cultural Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği (Sivas) 1985 Cultural Hattusha: The Hittite Capital (Çorum) 1986 Cultural Nemrut Dağ (Adıyaman) 1987 Cultural Xanthos-Letoon (Antalya - Muğla) 1988 Cultural Hierapolis-Pamukkale (Denizli) 1988 Natural/Cultural City of Safranbolu (Karabük) 1994 Cultural Archaeological Site of Troy (Çanakkale) 1998 Cultural Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (Edirne) 2011 Cultural Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (Konya) 2012 Cultural Bursa and Cumalıkızık: The Birth of the Ottoman Empire (Bursa) 2014 Cultural Pergamon and Its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape (İzmir) 2014 Cultural Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (Diyarbakır) 2015 Cultural Ephesus (İzmir) 2015 Cultural Archaeological Site of Ani (Kars) 2016 Cultural Aphrodisias (Aydın) 2017 Cultural TURKEY IN WORLD HERITAGE LIST 1-Historic Areas 2-Göreme National 3-Great Mosque 4-Hattusha: The of İstanbul Park and the Rock and Hospital of Hittite Capital (İstanbul) 1985 Sites of Cappadocia Divriği (Sivas) (Çorum) 1986 (Nevşehir) 1985 1985 5-Nemrut Dağ 6-Hierapolis- 7-Xanthos-Letoon 8-City of Safranbolu (Adıyaman) 1987 Pamukkale (Denizli) (Antalya - Muğla) (Karabük) 1994 1988 1988 TURKEY IN WORLD HERITAGE LIST 9-Archaeological 10-Selimiye Mosque 11-Neolithic Site 12-Bursa and Site of Troy and its Social of Çatalhöyük Cumalıkızık: The Birth (Çanakkale) 1998 Complex (Edirne) (Konya) 2012 of the Ottoman Empire 2011 (Bursa) 2014 13-Pergamon and 14-Ephesus 15-Diyarbakır 16-Archaeological Its Multi-Layered (İzmir) 2015 Fortress and Site of Ani (Kars) Cultural Hevsel Gardens 2016 Landscape (İzmir) Cultural 2014 Landscape (Diyarbakır) 2015 17. Aphrodisias (Aydın), 2017 25 MAIN HEADINGS CULTURAL TOURISM: DEFINITION, CONTEXT CULTURAL TOURISM IN THE WORLD AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST TURKEY IN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST BURSA IN THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST EVALUATION LOCATION OF BURSA 27 SHORT HISTORY OF BURSA: BEGINNINGS Situated in the Southern Marmara region, which has been the cradle of many civilizations since 6500 BC, Bursa was founded in the second century BC by the Bithynians. Upon the suggestion of Carthagian General Hannibal, who sought asylum in the region after fleeing the Romans, the Bithynian king Prusias I built the city called Prusias ad Olympum on a hill in 185 BC and surrounded it with city walls. Through time, the name of the city was first converted into Prusa and later into Bursa. • In 74 BC, Bithynia, and thus Bursa was added to the territories of the Roman Empire. • After the division of the Roman Empire into East and West in 395 AD, Byzantian period
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