Multiple Code Switching in an Okinawan Speech Community: an Ethnographic Perspective
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On Translation a Short Introduction to the Japanese Language Will
On Translation A short introduction to the Japanese language will illustrate the kind of difficulties one encounters in translating Japanese into the European languages, and vice versa. Linguistically, Japanese is an isolated language. It has no relation to Chinese. It must have had some relation to Korean, another isolated language, but the two went into different directions thousands of years ago. Some linguists claim that the Japanese language, along with the Korean, belongs to the Ural-Altaic family, yet the claim remains hypothetical. The Japanese language features some characteristics that would seem most strange to those who are only familiar with the European languages. For example, a grammatical subject is unnecessary in Japanese to construct a grammatically complete sentence. “淋しい” (Sabishii) means (someone is) lonely. It is a complete sentence, but there is no subject. The sentence may mean ‘I’m lonely,’ ‘you are lonely,’ ‘he/she is lonely,’ ‘the rock is lonely,’ ‘all human beings are lonely,’ etc, depending on the context. It may furthermore refer to a vague sense of loneliness which needn’t be specified. It is true that in some European languages, such as Italian, a grammatically complete sentence is possible without a named subject. But the subject can always be determined by the inflection of the verb (and often also by the changes in the articles, adjectives and nouns): “Sono sola,” “Sei solo.” A Japanese sentence may be very long and still be without a subject. Tale of Genji , for instance, might contain a sequence of three long sentences without subjects, yet in each a different subject would be implied. -
Uhm Phd 9506222 R.Pdf
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UM! films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent UJWD the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adverselyaffect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-band comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms tnternauonat A Bell & Howell tntorrnatron Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800:521·0600 Order Number 9506222 The linguistic and psycholinguistic nature of kanji: Do kanji represent and trigger only meanings? Matsunaga, Sachiko, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1994 Copyright @1994 by Matsunaga, Sachiko. -
=SAMPLE= U.S.A., Three Okinawan Karatedoka Moved to the Mainland
=SAMPLE= ┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉ TRACING KARATEDO’S NAME In its earliest stages, the martial art we know as Karate was called “Ti” ( 手 ---pronounced “Tea” in the Okinawan language, Japanese pronounce it “Te”).------------------------------------- -------------------------------- Now I must introduce one Karatedoka whose name is Kanga Sakugawa, also called “Tudi” (唐手) Sakugawa----------------------------------------- Its Kanji “ 唐手” which began to be pronounced as “Karate” later,-------------------- ------------------ KENTSU YABU (9/23/1866-8/27/1937) AND U.S.A. In 1921, Kentsu Yabu was the first person recognized as a Karatedoka in Okinawa to visit America. Yabu had another distinctive “first” in his life. Rikugun Kyododan (12/1871- 11/1899---Army Instructor Teams) educated non-commissioned officers for the Japanese military.------------------------------- ---------------- Ironically, his first son, Kenden Yabu (1888- 1939), was a person to become a conscientious objector. As a result, Kentsu and Kenden had a very difficult time communicating. Kenden had two younger brothers, Kenyu and Kenshin. Kenden’s solution was to go to America to find a better environment.------- ----------------------------------------When Yabu went to the U.S.A., three Okinawan Karatedoka moved to the mainland of Japan within a few years. It became important to Karatedo history later. They were Choki Motobu who moved to Osaka in 1921, Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo in 1922, and Kanbun Uechi to Wakayama in 1924. THE HISTORY OF KARATEDO IN JAPAN Gichin Funakoshi gave a Karate demonstration (Kusanku-Dai) in Kyoto, Japan, in 1916 with Shinko Matayoshi (page 197), who demonstrated weapons (Tonfa and Kama).-------------------- Later, Kano invited Funakoshi, on behalf of “the Japanese government, to give a demonstration in the first Kobudo Taiiku Tenrankai” (Kobudo Physical Education Exhibition---May 4 - 6, 1922). -
Establishing Okinawan Heritage Language Education
Establishing Okinawan heritage language education ESTABLISHING OKINAWAN HERITAGE LANGUAGE EDUCATION Patrick HEINRICH (University of Duisburg-Essen) ABSTRACT In spite of Okinawan language endangerment, heritage language educa- tion for Okinawan has still to be established as a planned and purposeful endeavour. The present paper discusses the prerequisites and objectives of Okinawan Heritage Language (OHL) education.1 It examines language attitudes towards Okinawan, discusses possibilities and constraints un- derlying its curriculum design, and suggests research which is necessary for successfully establishing OHL education. The following results are presented. Language attitudes reveal broad support for establishing Ok- inawan heritage language education. A curriculum for OHL must consid- er the constraints arising from the present language situation, as well as language attitudes towards Okinawan. Research necessary for the estab- lishment of OHL can largely draw from existing approaches to foreign language education. The paper argues that establishment of OHL educa- tion should start with research and the creation of emancipative ideas on what Okinawan ought to be in the future – in particular which societal functions it ought to fulfil. A curriculum for OHL could be established by following the user profiles and levels of linguistic proficiency of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. 1 This paper specifically treats the language of Okinawa Island only. Other languages of the Ryukyuan language family such as the languages of Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni are not considered here. The present paper draws on research conducted in 2005 in Okinawa. Research was supported by a Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science fellowship which is gratefully acknowledged here. -
Effects of Constructing a New Airport on Ishigaki Island
Island Sustainability II 181 Effects of constructing a new airport on Ishigaki Island Y. Maeno1, H. Gotoh1, M. Takezawa1 & T. Satoh2 1Nihon University, Japan 2Nihon Harbor Consultants Ltd., Japan Abstract Okinawa Prefecture marked the 40th anniversary of its reversion to Japanese sovereignty from US control in 2012. Such isolated islands are almost under the environment separated by the mainland and the sea, so that they have the economic differences from the mainland and some policies for being active isolated islands are taken. It is necessary to promote economical measures in order to increase the prosperity of isolated islands through initiatives involving tourism, fisheries, manufacturing, etc. In this study, Ishigaki Island was considered as an example of such an isolated island. Ishigaki Island is located to the west of the main islands of Okinawa and the second-largest island of the Yaeyama Island group. Ishigaki Island falls under the jurisdiction of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan’s southernmost prefecture, which is situated approximately half-way between Kyushu and Taiwan. Both islands belong to the Ryukyu Archipelago, which consists of more than 100 islands extending over an area of 1,000 km from Kyushu (the southwesternmost of Japan’s four main islands) to Taiwan in the south. Located between China and mainland Japan, Ishigaki Island has been culturally influenced by both countries. Much of the island and the surrounding ocean are protected as part of Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park. Ishigaki Airport, built in 1943, is the largest airport in the Yaeyama Island group. The runway and air security facilities were improved in accordance with passenger demand for larger aircraft, and the airport became a tentative jet airport in May 1979. -
Nansei Islands Biological Diversity Evaluation Project Report 1 Chapter 1
Introduction WWF Japan’s involvement with the Nansei Islands can be traced back to a request in 1982 by Prince Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh. The “World Conservation Strategy”, which was drafted at the time through a collaborative effort by the WWF’s network, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), posed the notion that the problems affecting environments were problems that had global implications. Furthermore, the findings presented offered information on precious environments extant throughout the globe and where they were distributed, thereby providing an impetus for people to think about issues relevant to humankind’s harmonious existence with the rest of nature. One of the precious natural environments for Japan given in the “World Conservation Strategy” was the Nansei Islands. The Duke of Edinburgh, who was the President of the WWF at the time (now President Emeritus), naturally sought to promote acts of conservation by those who could see them through most effectively, i.e. pertinent conservation parties in the area, a mandate which naturally fell on the shoulders of WWF Japan with regard to nature conservation activities concerning the Nansei Islands. This marked the beginning of the Nansei Islands initiative of WWF Japan, and ever since, WWF Japan has not only consistently performed globally-relevant environmental studies of particular areas within the Nansei Islands during the 1980’s and 1990’s, but has put pressure on the national and local governments to use the findings of those studies in public policy. Unfortunately, like many other places throughout the world, the deterioration of the natural environments in the Nansei Islands has yet to stop. -
NOT WRITING AS a KEY FACTOR in LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT: the CASE of the RYUKYU ISLANDS Patrick Heinrich Dokkyo University, Tokyo
NOT WRITING AS A KEY FACTOR IN LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT: THE CASE OF THE RYUKYU ISLANDS Patrick Heinrich Dokkyo University, Tokyo Abstract: Language shift differs from case to case. Yet, specifi c types of language shift can be identifi ed. Language shift in the Ryukyu Islands is caused by the socioeconomic changes resulting from the transition from the dynastic realms of the Ryukyu Kingdom and the Tokugawa Shogunate to the modern Meiji state. We call the scenario of shift after the transition from a dynastic realm to a modern state ‘type III’ language shift here. In type III, one language adopts specifi c new functions, which undermine the utility of other local or ethnic languages. The dominance of one language over others hinges, amongst other things, on the extent to which a written tradition existed or not. In the Ryukyu Kingdom, Chinese and Japanese were employed as the main languages of writing. The lack of a writing tradition paved the way for the Ryukyuan languages to be declared dialects of the written language, that is, of Japanese. Such assessment of Ryukyuan language status was fi rst put forth by mainland bureaucrats and later rationalized by Japanese national linguistics. Such a proceeding is an example of what Heinz Kloss calls near-dialectization. In order to undo the effects thereof, language activists are turning to writing in order to lay claim to their view that the endangered Ryukyuan Abstand languages be recognized as languages. Key words: Ryukyuan languages, language shift theory, writing, language adaptation, language revitalization INTRODUCTION The Ryukyuan languages have rarely been written in their history. -
Sino-US Relations and Ulysses S. Grant's Mediation
Looking for a Friend: Sino-U.S. Relations and Ulysses S. Grant’s Mediation in the Ryukyu/Liuqiu 琉球 Dispute of 1879 Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Chad Michael Berry Graduate Program in East Asian Studies The Ohio State University 2014 Thesis Committee: Christopher A. Reed, Advisor Robert J. McMahon Ying Zhang Copyright by Chad Michael Berry 2014 Abstract In March 1879, Japan announced the end of the Ryukyu (Liuqiu) Kingdom and the establishment of Okinawa Prefecture in its place. For the previous 250 years, Ryukyu had been a quasi-independent tribute-sending state to Japan and China. Following the arrival of Western imperialism to East Asia in the 19th century, Japan reacted to the changing international situation by adopting Western legal standards and clarifying its borders in frontier areas such as the Ryukyu Islands. China protested Japanese actions in Ryukyu, though Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) leaders were not willing to go to war over the islands. Instead, Qing leaders such as Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) and Prince Gong (1833-1898) sought to resolve the dispute through diplomatic means, including appeals to international law, rousing global public opinion against Japan, and, most significantly, requesting the mediation of the United States and former U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885). Initially, China hoped Grant’s mediation would lead to a restoration of the previous arrangement of Ryukyu being a dually subordinate kingdom to China and Japan. In later negotiations, China sought a three-way division of the islands among China, Japan, and Ryukyu. -
K=O0 I. SONG- Part I INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS Mitsugu Sakihara
~1ASAT6 . MAISt;1 -- 1DMO¥ffiHI -KUROKAWA MINJ!K=o0 I. SONG- Part I INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS Mitsugu Sakihara Ryukyuan Resources at the University of Hawaii Okinawan Studies in the United St9-tes During the 1970s RYUKYUAN RESOURCES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII Introduction The resources for Ryukyuan studies at the University of Hawaii, reportedly the best outside of Japan, have attracted many scholars from Japan and other countries to Hawaii for research. For such study Ryukyu: A Bibliographical Guide to Okinawan Studies (1963) and Ryukyuan Research Resources at the University of Hawaii (1965), both by the late Dr. Shunzo Sakamaki, have served as the best intro duction. However, both books have long been out of print and are not now generally available. According to Ryukyuan Research Resources at the University of Hawaii, as of 1965, holdings totalled 4,197 titles including 3,594 titles of books and documents and 603 titles on microfilm. Annual additions for the past fifteen years, however, have increased the number considerably. The nucleus of the holdings is the Hawley Collection, supplemented by the books personally donated by Dro Shunzo Sakamaki, the Satsuma Collection, and recent acquisitions by the University of Hawaii. The total should be well over 5,000 titles. Hawley Collection The Hawley Collection represents the lifetime work of Mr. Frank Hawley, an English journalist and a well-known bibliophile who resided in Japan for more than 30 yearso When Hawley passed away in the winter of 1961 in Kyoto, Dr. Sakamaki, who happened 1 utsu no shi oyobi jo" [Song to chastize Ryukyu with preface], com posed by Priest Nanpo with the intention of justifying the expedition against Ryukyu in 1609 and of stimulating the morale of the troops. -
Characteristics of Developmental Dyslexia in Japanese Kana: From
al Ab gic no lo rm o a h l i c t y i e s s Ogawa et al., J Psychol Abnorm Child 2014, 3:3 P i Journal of Psychological Abnormalities n f o C l DOI: 10.4172/2329-9525.1000126 h a i n l d ISSN:r 2329-9525 r u e o n J in Children Research Article Open Access Characteristics of Developmental Dyslexia in Japanese Kana: from the Viewpoint of the Japanese Feature Shino Ogawa1*, Miwa Fukushima-Murata2, Namiko Kubo-Kawai3, Tomoko Asai4, Hiroko Taniai5 and Nobuo Masataka6 1Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 2Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 3Faculty of Psychology, Aichi Shukutoku University, Aichi, Japan 4Nagoya City Child Welfare Center, Aichi, Japan 5Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya Central Care Center for Disabled Children, Aichi, Japan 6Section of Cognition and Learning, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan Abstract This study identified the individual differences in the effects of Japanese Dyslexia. The participants consisted of 12 Japanese children who had difficulties in reading and writing Japanese and were suspected of having developmental disorders. A test battery was created on the basis of the characteristics of the Japanese language to examine Kana’s orthography-to-phonology mapping and target four cognitive skills: analysis of phonological structure, letter-to-sound conversion, visual information processing, and eye–hand coordination. An examination of the individual ability levels for these four elements revealed that reading and writing difficulties are not caused by a single disability, but by a combination of factors. -
Japanese Language and Culture
NIHONGO History of Japanese Language Many linguistic experts have found that there is no specific evidence linking Japanese to a single family of language. The most prominent theory says that it stems from the Altaic family(Korean, Mongolian, Tungusic, Turkish) The transition from old Japanese to Modern Japanese took place from about the 12th century to the 16th century. Sentence Structure Japanese: Tanaka-san ga piza o tabemasu. (Subject) (Object) (Verb) 田中さんが ピザを 食べます。 English: Mr. Tanaka eats a pizza. (Subject) (Verb) (Object) Where is the subject? I go to Tokyo. Japanese translation: (私が)東京に行きます。 [Watashi ga] Toukyou ni ikimasu. (Lit. Going to Tokyo.) “I” or “We” are often omitted. Hiragana, Katakana & Kanji Three types of characters are used in Japanese: Hiragana, Katakana & Kanji(Chinese characters). Mr. Tanaka goes to Canada: 田中さんはカナダに行きます [kanji][hiragana][kataka na][hiragana][kanji] [hiragana]b Two Speech Styles Distal-Style: Semi-Polite style, can be used to anyone other than family members/close friends. Direct-Style: Casual & blunt, can be used among family members and friends. In-Group/Out-Group Semi-Polite Style for Out-Group/Strangers I/We Direct-Style for Me/Us Polite Expressions Distal-Style: 1. Regular Speech 2. Ikimasu(he/I go) Honorific Speech 3. Irasshaimasu(he goes) Humble Speech Mairimasu(I/We go) Siblings: Age Matters Older Brother & Older Sister Ani & Ane 兄 と 姉 Younger Brother & Younger Sister Otooto & Imooto 弟 と 妹 My Family/Your Family My father: chichi父 Your father: otoosan My mother: haha母 お父さん My older brother: ani Your mother: okaasan お母さん Your older brother: oniisanお兄 兄 さん My older sister: ane姉 Your older sister: oneesan My younger brother: お姉さ otooto弟 ん Your younger brother: My younger sister: otootosan弟さん imooto妹 Your younger sister: imootosan 妹さん Boy Speech & Girl Speech blunt polite I/Me = watashi, boku, ore, I/Me = watashi, washi watakushi I am going = Boku iku.僕行 I am going = Watashi iku く。 wa. -
Study on Okinawa's Development Experience in Public Health
Study on Okinawa’s Development Experience in Public Health and Medical Sector December 2000 Institute for International Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency I I C J R 00-56 PREFACE Recent years have seen a new emphasis on "people-oriented development" through aid in the social development field. Cooperation in the public health and medical sector is becoming increasingly important within this context because of its contributions to physical well-being, which is the basis from which all human activities proceed. Nonetheless, infectious diseases that were long ago eradicated in developed countries are still rampant in developing countries, as are HIV/AIDS and other new diseases. Even those diseases that can be prevented or treated claim precious lives on a daily basis because of inappropriate education and medical care. The government of developing countries, donors, NGOs, and other organizations continue to work to rectify this situation and improve the health care levels of people in developing countries. Japan, as one of the world's leading donor countries, is expected both to improve the quality of its own aid and to take a leadership role in this sector. To help us in this effort, we referred to the history of health and medical care in postwar Okinawa Prefecture. Okinawa's experiences during postwar reconstruction contain many lessons that can be put to use in improving the quality of aid made available to developing countries. In the times immediately following World War II, the people in Okinawa were constantly threatened with contagion and disease due to a lack of medical facilities and personnel, including doctors.