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Assessment of Eutrophication in Lake Timsah, Suez Canal, Egypt

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Assessment of Eutrophication in Lake Timsah, Suez Canal, Egypt See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284483790 Assessment of eutrophication in Lake Timsah, Suez Canal, Egypt Article · January 2006 CITATIONS READS 9 99 3 authors, including: Fedekar F. Madkour Mohsen El-Sherbiny Port Said University King Abdulaziz University 86 PUBLICATIONS 297 CITATIONS 63 PUBLICATIONS 243 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: my project is Study on diversity of seaweeds in Wadi El-Gemal, Red Sea, and effect of their extracts on the bacteria of medical importance View project Ecological studies on Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirotris at the southern egyptian coast, Red Sea. View project All content following this page was uploaded by Fedekar F. Madkour on 24 July 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF AQUATIC RESEARCH ISSN: 1687-4285 VOL. 32, SPECIAL ISSUE, 2006: 259-272 ASSESSMENT OF EUTROPHICATION IN LAKE TIMSAH, SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT FEDEKAR MADKOUR, MAHER AAMER AND MOHSEN EL-SHERBINY Department of Marine Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Eutrophication – Physico-chemical parameters – Biomass – Lake Timsah –Suez Canal. ABSTRACT To assess the eutrophication level in Lake Timsah, seasonal distribution of physico- chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass were studied during the period between autumn 2005 and summer 2006. Ten stations were chosen to represent the impact of different human activities on the lake. The results indicated the presence of different habitats in the study area. Variations in salinity appeared to be the key to all changes in water quality in the lake. The western lagoon showed the lowest surface salinity (average: 1.5‰). The surface salinity increased gradually eastward fluctuating between 12 and 37.8‰. The lake is considered as a low transparent water body as the average Secchi disc readings ranged from 0.38 to 1.91 m in the western lagoon and navigation route respectively. Dissolved oxygen showed well oxygenated water at both the surface and near the bottom (annual averages: 5.2-7.7 mg/L). The highest concentrations of all measured nutrients appeared in the western lagoon and decreased gradually eastward coinciding with the increase of salinity reaching to the lowest values in the navigation route. The annual averages of nutrients at the surface and near the bottom respectively fluctuated between 0.68-4.87 and 0.21-1.63 µM for phosphate; 5.11-36.5 and 2.45-7.13 µM for nitrate; 0.06- 0.76 and 0.03-0.09 µM for nitrite and 3.36-29.93 and 0.66-2.71 µM for silicate. As a result of enrichment, phytoplankton growth was intensive as indicated by high concentration of chlorophyll a (annual average: 10.8-22.7 µg/L). The high nutrient salts and phytoplankton biomass together serve as a good indicator to classify Lake Timsah as eutrophic lake. 1. INTRODUCTION nitrogen and/or phosphorus and organic matter, causing an increased growth of algae Eutrophication of coastal waters has been and higher forms of plant life to produce an considered one of the major threats to the unacceptable deviation in structure, function health of marine ecosystems for more than 30 and stability of organisms present in the years (Ryther and Dunstan, 1971; Nixon, water and to the quality of water concerned, 1995; Elmgren, 2001; Bachmann et al., compared to reference conditions. 2006). The different processes and effects of Lake Timsah is considered as one of the coastal eutrophication are well known and important natural resources in Ismailia City. documented (Cloern, 2001; Conley et al., It represents a source of fishes, crustaceans 2002; Ronnberg and Bonsdorff, 2004). and shellfish largely consumed by local Andersen et al., (2006) reviewed recent population. Its role as nursery and feeding developments in the definitions of coastal ground for many larvae and juveniles of eutrophication and concluded that the crustaceans, molluscs and fishes is well accepted definition of eutrophication is the established (Mohammad, 1982; El-Etreby, enrichment of water by nutrients, especially 1986; Ghobashy et al., 1992; El-Mor, 1993; ASSESSMENT OF EUTROPHICATION IN LAKE TIMSAH, SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT Ahmed, 2005). Moreover, the northern and region. Lake Timsah is considered as the western shores of the lake are rapidly biggest water body at Ismailia City with developing for tourism purposes. surface area of about 15 km2. The maximum Accordingly, increasing human activities depth of the lake is 6m in the western part during the last years in Lake Timsah can (undredged part) and 20 m in the eastern part greatly accelerate eutrophication by (dredged part). At the western side, the lake increasing the rate at which nutrients and is connected to a small, shallow lagoon organic substances enter the lake. These (about 1 m depth) via a narrow connection. substances can over stimulate the growth of This lagoon receives domestic and algae, creating conditions that interfere with agricultural wastewaters mainly from El- the recreational use of the lake, and health Mahsama and Abu-Gamous drains. and diversity of indigenous fish, plant and Accordingly, Lake Timsah suffers from the animal population. In addition, the particular domestic pressure such as sewage pollution, water quality of the lake affects the role of herbisides and pestisides (ETPS, 1995). the Suez Canal on the migration of the organisms between Mediterranean and Red 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seas. Many studies were carried on the ecology The present study extended from autumn and distribution of the biota in Lake Timsah 2005 to summer 2006 during four successive and only few of these studies gave seasons. Ten stations were chosen to cover information about the concentrations of the different localities representing variable nutrient and chlorophyll a (Gab-Alla, 1985; impacts on the lake (Fig. 1). Stations 1-3 are El-Serehy, 1989; Eweda, 1998; Nassar and located in the navigation route of the Canal, Shams El-Din, 2006). There is no study stations 4-9 throughout the lake and station performed on the water quality parameters to 10 in the western lagoon. All measurements indicate and characterize the eutrophication and water samples were taken at surface and status in the lake. In this context, the main near bottom waters except at station 10, objective of this study is to introduce data where surface samples only were taken due to about the water quality parameters and its shallowness. Water temperature, salinity, phytoplankton biomass of Lake Timsah that pH and dissolved oxygen were measured in required for assessing the trophic status and situ at each station using ordinary stand on the eutrophication problems in the thermometer, refractometer (ATAGO, lake. S/MILL, Model 8607), pH meter (JENWAY, Model 3070) and oxygen meter (JENWAY, 1.1. Study area Model 9070), respectively. Water Lake Timsah is one of the lakes in which transparency was estimated using a white the Suez Canal passes through (30° 13`, 30° enameled Secchi disc. For nutrients and 35`N and 32° 16`, 32° 18`E). Before the chlorophyll a, water samples were collected opening of the Suez Canal in 1896, the lake by PVC Nansen bottle (1.5 L). Nutrient was a saline shallow swamp which has been concentrations (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and receiving the Nile fresh water at high floods silicate) were determined in filtered seawater through the valley of Wadi Tumilat. After the using GF/C filters according to the methods Canal opening, the lake was filled with the described by Parsons et al., (1984). For mixture of Mediterranean and Red Sea chlorophyll a, 500 ml of water samples were waters. After the completion of Aswan High filtered by 0.45 µm membrane filter, then Dam, the outflow of the Nile fresh water was extracted with 90% acetone and measured stopped and the lake received fresh water spectrophotometrically at the wave lengths from Ismailia fresh water canal which 630, 645, 665 and 750nm (Parsons et al., provides drinking and irrigation water to the 260 FEDEKAR MADKOUR et al 1984). For statistical analysis, a 2-tailed software program SPSS V. 12. Cluster Pearson Product Moment (PPM) Correlation analysis was applied according to Bray and and one way ANOVA were performed using Curtis (1957) using Primer Package V. 5. Ismailia Sweet water Canal 1 7 8 Lake Timsah 10 9 4 l Western lagoon a n 6 a C 2 z e u S 5 3 Fig. (1) 261 ASSESSMENT OF EUTROPHICATION IN LAKE TIMSAH, SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT 3. RESULTS (1-2‰) throughout the whole study area (Fig. 2). The surface salinity increased gradually Water temperature in the lake follows the from annual average of 12‰ at station 9 normal seasonal fluctuations of Egyptian (near to the connection with western lagoon), climate. Thus, the lake was progressively to 28.5‰ at station 4 (in the middle of the warmed during spring reaching maximum lake). At navigation route (stations 1-3), the seasonal averages in summer (30.9 and effect of inputs is approximately disappeared. 28.9°C at the surface and the near bottom, The near bottom salinity was much higher respectively). While it decreased through than surface water with seasonal average autumn and reaching minimum seasonal fluctuated between 39.5 and 41.5‰. Seasonal averages in winter (16.7 and 16.6°C at the pattern was observed in surface salinity with surface and near the bottom, respectively) the highest average of 31.4‰ in summer and (Fig. 2). There is no significant variation in the lowest in autumn (37.6‰). water temperature between stations. The The pH of Lake Timsah water lies on the highest and the lowest surface temperatures alkaline side (annual averages: 8 and 8.06 for (32 and 15°C, respectively) were observed in surface and near bottom, respectively), the western lagoon (station 10) due to its demonstrating narrow spatial and temporal shallowness.
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