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1. INTRODUCTION Water Pollution Is One of the Most Serious of All

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1. INTRODUCTION Water Pollution Is One of the Most Serious of All INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (IJESE) Vol. 7: 23- 33 (2016) http://www.pvamu.edu/research/activeresearch/researchcenters/texged/ international-journal Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA Comparative study on some heavy metals in water, sediments and fish along the Suez Canal, Egypt Abd El-Halim A. Saad1; Waheed M. Emaml; Khalid M. El-Moselhy2*; Emad H. Abou El-Naga 2 and Amal O. Baleg3 1- Zoology Dep. Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt. 2- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt. 3- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture, Al-Zawia, Lybia. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History Concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Fe were determined in Received: Jan.2016 water, sediments and some organs of fish collected from Suez Canal Accepted: March, 2016 during 2013-2014. The canal was divided into three sectors (Port Available online: Dec. 2016 Said, Ismailia and Suez) including 12 stations. 7 different fish species _________________ were collected from four landing sites (Port Said, Lake Timsah, Bitter Keywords: Suez Canal Lakes and Suez). The highest means of investigated metals in water Heavy metals (g/l) were Pb (2.90±1.49), Cd (0.91±0.23), Cu (29.74±25.53 Water (g/g),), Zn (16.56±9.30) and Fe (265.63±25.14). While in sediments Sediments were 11.77±7.62, 0.75±0.82, 11.52±3.35, 14.29±10.69 and Fish 3863.0±93.72 respectively. In fish muscles, Cd recorded the lowest concentration among the studied metals (0.01-0.88 g/g), while the highest one was Fe (6.36-19.07 g/g). High concentrations of the studied metals were observed in liver and gills comparing to those found in muscles. The present concentrations of metals in fish muscles are acceptable by the international legislation limits and are safe for human consumption. 1. INTRODUCTION Water pollution is one of the most serious of all environmental problems and possesses a major threat to the health and well-being of people and ecosystems which caused the loss of biodiversity through the extinction of many species (Alloways and Ayres, 1993). Living organisms require trace amounts of some heavy metals, including cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, strontium and zinc. Excessive levels of essential metals, however, can be detrimental to the organism. Non-essential heavy metals of particular concern to surface water systems are cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, arsenic and antimony (Kennish, 1992). There are many biological and environmental factors affecting the accumulation of heavy metals such as water temperature, sexual state of the fish and metals concentration in the surrounding medium (Dallinger et al., 1987; Nicoletto and Hendricks, 1988). _________________________________ * Corresponding author: e-mail, [email protected] ISSN 2156-7530 2156-7530 © 2011 TEXGED Prairie View A&M University All rights reserved 24 Abd El-Halim A. Saad et al.: Comparative study on some heavy metals in water and fish along the Suez Canal The metal concentrations in water and essential source of fish in Egypt and affected sediments fluctuate drastically depending on by various external factors, industrial and water flow, intermittence (Rainbow, 1995; agricultural wastewater discharge. The Morillo et al., 2005), and environmental middle part of the canal is affected by conditions (Zauke et al., 1998). polluted brackish water from Lake Timsah in Many studies were conducted to the north at km 76 from Port Said; this lake discuss the relationships between metals receives agricultural, industrial fishing, level and factors affecting their accumulation employ local citizen and domestic wastes; in the fish tissues (El-Moselhy, 1993, 1996 and Great and Little Bitter Lakes in the & 2000; Kock et al., 1996; Lemus and southern part (between km 97.5 at Defersoir Chung, 1999; Abd El-Azim 2002; El- and km 134.5 at Ginefa) with saline water. Moselhy and El-Boray, 2004). Studies In the present work, the Suez Canal was concerned to the determination of heavy divided into 3 sectors which are selected to cover metals concentration in water, sediments and the area under investigation (Fig. 1). aquatic organisms from the Egyptian waters 2.1.1 Sector A (Port Said): were carried out by many authors (El- 2.1.1.1 Station 1 (Port Said): the northern entrance of the canal, and affected by Port Said Moselhy and Gabal, 2004; El-Moselhy et al., Harbour. 2005, 2006 and 2014; El-Moselhy and Abd 2.1.1.2 Station 2 (El-Raswa): located infront El-Azim, 2005; El-Moselhy and Yassin, Lake Manzala-Suez Canal connection, and 2005; Hamed, 2005; Soliman, 2006; Hamed affected by polluted water flowing from the lake. and Emara, 2006; Shakweer et al., 2006; 2.1.1.3 Station 3 (El-Qantara): its water is Aboulela et al., 2007 Hamed et al., 2012). affected by the dominant water current in the The present study aimed to evaluate canal. Suez Canal state in relation to heavy metals 2.1.2 Sector B (Ismailia): pollution in water, sediments and fish 2.1.2.1 Stations 4 and 5 (Lake Timsah): there collected along the canal from Port Said to are characterized by different water currents Suez, passed through Lake Timsah and Bitter caused by the passage of ships, receive some sewage effluents as well as fresh water from Lakes. Ismailia sweet channel, and represent brackish water due to land drainage. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1.2.2 Station 6 (Abo Sultan): this is 2.1 Study area characterized by the presence of electrical power The Suez Canal is located in Egypt station. between 29o 55′ N at Suez on the Gulf of 2.1.2.3 Station 7 (Fanara): this considered as Suez and 31o 15′ N at Port Said on the the biggest fish landing site in the Bitter Lakes. Mediterranean Sea, and stretches between Occupied by tourist villages, agricultural land 32o 17′ E and 32o 35′ E, with an average and Fanara fish landing site. length along the major axis of 101 mile (164 2.1.2.4 Station 8 (Elsail bridge): is km) which extending between north of Port characterized by agriculture drain. 2.1.3 Sector C (Suez): Said and south of Port Tawfiq through a 2.1.3.1 Station 9 (Kabreit) and Station 10 series of lakes with different ecological (Shandora): arranged along the two Bitter conditions, from north to south. The cross - Lakes. These stations also, represent a huge sectional area of the canal however varies water body of high salinity and separating Suez 2 between 3900 and 4200 m . The canal depth Canal into two main parts. ranges from 20.5 to 25.5 m (UNEP, 1997). 2.1.3.2 Station 11 (Suez Kornysh) and Station At the northern end, the canal receives 12 (NIOF shore): southern entrance of the canal, polluted brackish water from Lake Manzala, connection between the Suez Canal and Suez which is the largest among them, connected Bay, its water is usually drained from the Gulf of the Mediterranean Sea and Suez Canal; it is Suez most of the year. Abd El-Halim A. Saad et al.: Comparative study on some heavy metals in water and fish along the Suez Canal 25 Fig. 1: A map showing Suez Canal and different studying stations. 2.2 Sampling and metals analysis the samples were air dried and kept until 2.2.1 Water analyzed. 0.5 g of sediment samples was Five liters of surface water samples digested according to the method described were collected seasonally during 2013-2014 by Oreigioni and Aston (1984). The from the different stations using a poly Vinyl extracted solutions were finally kept in Chloride Van Dorn water sampler bottle. The polyethylene bottles for determination of the precautions recommended by Kremling metals by Atomic Absorption (1983) to minimize risk of sampling Spectrophotometer (AAS) Perkin Elmer contamination were followed during model A Analyst 100. Metals concentrations collection, treatment and filtration of were expressed in µg/g. samples. 2.3 Fish The water samples were filtered in a Seven different fish species were dust-free clean Lab through 0.45µm collected once from the four landing sites: fiberglass paper. The metals in the filtrate Port Said (Liza carinata and Sardinilla were extracted using APDC-MIBK gibbosa), Ismailia, Lake Timsah (Liza procedure (Brewer et al., 1969 and APHA, carinata and Pomadaysis stridense), Bitter 1989). Metals in the extracted organic layer Lakes, Fanarah (Liza carinata, Pomadaysis were determined by atomic adsorption stridense and Rhabdosaragus haffara), and spectrometry, Model Perkin Elmer AAnalyst Suez (Saurida undosquamus, 100. The results were expressed in µg/l. Rhabdosaragus haffara, Pomadaysis 2.2.2 Sediments stridense, Nemipetrus japonicas and Sediment samples were collected once Trachurus indicus). The samples were stored from each station along the canal by using in plastic bags and transferred to the Van-Veen grab coated with polyethylene laboratory in an ice box. Muscles, gills and (Amini Ranjbar, 1998). Sediments were kept liver of fish were digested in Teflon vessels in self-sealed acid pre-cleaned plastic bags, with 4 ml HNO3 and 2 ml HClO4 for 12 h at rinsed with metal-free water then transferred room temperature and heated subsequently at to the laboratory. Before sample extraction, 100oC for 2 hr. After cooling, solutions were 26 Abd El-Halim A. Saad et al.: Comparative study on some heavy metals in water and fish along the Suez Canal then made up to 25 ml with double distilled (spring), while Ismailia and Suez sectors water (Denton and Burdon-Jones, 1986). showed the ranges of 2.22 - 16.56 and 3.28 - Metals concentrations were expressed in 15.14 g/l. Stations 3,7 and 9 recorded the µg/g wet weight.
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