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Zooplankton Groups in Lake Timsah, Suez Canal, Egypt Khalied A. El

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Zooplankton Groups in Lake Timsah, Suez Canal, Egypt Khalied A. El Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. ISSN 1110 – 6131 Vol. 23(2): 303 - 316 (2019) www.ejabf.journals.ekb.eg Zooplankton groups in Lake Timsah, Suez Canal, Egypt Khalied A. El-Damhougy1, Hussein A. El-Naggar1*, Mohamed A. Aly-Eldeen2 and Mohamed H. Abdella1 1- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt 2- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt * Corresponding author. [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: To shed some light on distribution, abundance and diversity of Received: April 17, 2019 zooplankton groups in Lake Timsah, four cruises (spring 2015, summer Accepted: May 2, 2019 2015, autumn 2015, and winter 2016) were carried out. In the present Online: May 12, 2019 result, Lake Timsah zooplankton were comprised 13 groups of the animal _______________ kingdom include, Copepoda (with relative abundance of 39.44%); Rotifera (32.72%); Mollusca (15.15%); Tintinnida (4.55%); Polychaeta (3.43%); Keywords: Cirripedia (1.62%); Decapoda (1.24%); Cladocera (0.94%); Ostracoda Zooplankton (0.57%); Appendicularia (0.19%); Fish egg (0.06%); Foramenifera Distribution (0.04%) and Cnidaria (0.04%). Copepoda was found to be the most Lake Timsah diversified group during the study period, it represented by 62 species Abundance comprised 44.93% of the total recorded species, followed by Rotifera (33 Diversity species, 23.91%), Tintinnida (18 species, 13.04%), Cladocera (10 species, Suez Canal 7.25%), Ostracoda (5 species, 3.62%), Mollusca (4 species, 2.90%), Appendicularia (3 species, 2.17%), Cnidaria (2 species, 1.45%) and only one species of Foramenifera represented 0.72% of the total recorded zooplankton species. Seasonally, zooplankton was flourished in summer, while winter is the lowest abundant season. Spatially, because of the difference of water masses entering the lake, each group is dominant in a certain region. Copepods are common in sites that near of Suez Canal due to the presence of saline water masses. While, rotifers and other freshwater zooplanktons are dominant in sites that near freshwater masses, such as western lagoon. INTRODUCTION Zooplankton is found throughout the oceans, seas and lakes of Earth and so on. However, the local abundance of plankton varies horizontally, vertically and seasonally. The primary source of this variability is the availability of light and the secondary one is the nutrient availability (Thurman, 1997). Planktonic groups may be expected to demonstrate minimal seasonal variation, with standing stocks of organisms changing only by a factor of two or three over an annual cycle (Webber and Roff, 1995). The seasonality is often unpredictable and less pronounced than in temperate waters. Annual fluctuations are generally related to shorter-term patterns of variability, for example rainfall, especially in coastal regions (Chisholm and Roff, 1990). Lake Timsah (30o 32' and 30o 36'N latitude and 32o 16' and 32o21'E longitude) lies adjacent to Ismailia City near the middle of the Suez Canal (80 km south Port Said). 304 Khalied A. El-Damhougy et al. It covers about 16 km2 and its depth ranged between 3 and 16 m. The lake is considered as one of the most productive lake along the Suez Canal (Madkour et al., 2006). At the western side, the lake is connected to a small shallow lagoon via a narrow passage. The human population of Ismailia is around 1 million. As estimated by ETPS (1995), the western lagoon receives about833000 m3 day−1 of domestic and agricultural waste waters from many drains (El-Mahsama, Abu-Gamouss, Abu- Attwa and El-Bahtini drains). On the northern side, the lake receives occasional inputs from the Ismailia freshwater canal (Madkour et al., 2006). Studies on the zooplankton groups of Lake Timsah are quite fragmentary when compared to other Egyptian lakes. Most of these studies were based on short-term sampling and considered the lake as one site among many along the Suez Canal (El- Serehy et al. 2000 and El-Serehy et al. 2001). Unfortunately, zooplankton groups have attracted little attention in Lake Timsah and little detailed studies have been performed in this lake (Abou-Zeid, 1990 and El-Sherbiny et al., 2011) Hence the importance of this work is study of zooplankton groups in Lake Timsah to shed some light on diversity, distribution, abundance of their groups in this lake. Diversity indices were studied for measure the ecological "health" or stability of the zooplankton groups inhabiting the lake. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study area is situated at Lake Timsah. Ten stations were selected and covered all localities at Lake Timsah (Fig. 1). Zooplankton samples were seasonally collected from spring 2015 to winter 2016 by using standard plankton net (55μm mesh size, 22.5 cm mouth diameter). Immediately, the collected samples were preserved in 4% neutral formalin solution. In the laboratory, the sample volume was concentrated to 100 ml and the whole sample was examined in Petri dish to identify all groups. Triplicate of 3 ml subsamples were transferred into a countering cell (G.F.C. rafter cell) and each group was counted under binuclear microscope. The identification of zooplankton group was done by using many keys such as, Tregouboff & Rose (1957), Edmondson et al. (1959), Marshall (1969), Boltovskoy (1999), Conway et al., (2003) and El-Naggar (2014). Fig. 1: A land satellite image showing the study area and the investigated stations at Lake Timsah. Four diversity indices were calculated to estimate the stability of groups structure viz, species richness (Margalef, 1968), Shannon–Wiener diversity index (Shannon and Wiener, 1963), Evenness or equitability (Pielou, 1975), and Simpson index (Simpson, 1949). Zooplankton groups in Lake Timsah, Suez Canal, Egypt 305 RESULTS Zooplankton groups composition The examination of zooplankton samples collected from Lake Timsah revealed that the zooplankton groups comprised 13 groups: Copepoda with relative abundance of 39.44%; Rotifera (32.72%); Mollusca (15.15%); Tintinnida (4.55%); Polychaeta (3.43%); Cirripedia (1.62%); Decapoda (1.24%); Cladocera (0.94%); Ostracoda (0.57%); Appendicularia (0.19%); Fish egg (0.06%); Foramenifera (0.04%) and Cnidaria (0.04%). A total of 138 zooplankton taxa were identified during the present study. Copepoda was the most diversify group during the study period, they represented by 62 species comprised 44.93% of the total recorded species. Rotifera (33 species, 23.91%) was the second diversify group, followed by Tintinnida (18 species, 13.04%), Cladocera (10 species, 7.25%), Ostracoda (5 species, 3.62%), Mollusca (4 species, 2.90%), Appendicularia (3 species, 2.17%), Cnidaria (2 species, 1.45%) and Foramenifera (one species, 0.72%) (Table 1). Table 1: Abundance, relative abundance and number of species for each group of zooplankton recorded in Lake Timsah. Annual average Relative No. of Percentage of Zooplankton groups abundance ind./m3 Abundance % species species No. % Copepoda 17175.01 39.45 62 44.93 Rotifera 14250.01 32.72 33 23.91 Tintinnida 1983.33 4.55 18 13.04 Cladocera 408.33 0.93 10 7.25 Ostracoda 250.00 0.57 5 3.62 Mollusca 6600.00 15.15 4 2.9 Appendicularia 83.33 0.19 3 2.17 Cnidaria 16.67 0.04 2 1.45 Foramenifera 16.67 0,04 1 0.72 Cirripedia 708.33 1.63 0 0 Polychaeta 1491.67 3.43 0 0 Decapoda 541.67 1.24 0 0 Fish eggs 25.00 0.06 0 0 Total 43550.02 100 138 100 Temporal distributions of the zooplankton recorded in Lake Timsah. Abundance The total annual average of zooplankton abundance were 43550.02 ind./m3. As shown in (Fig. 2) the abundance of zooplankton varies greatly from season to another. They were flourished in summer with an average of 74833.37 ind./m3 (42.95% of the total recorded zooplankton abundance), followed by spring (25.35%), autumn (22.56 %)and winter cam at the last (9.13% of the total recorded abundance). Fig. 2: The abundance (ind./m3) of recorded zooplankton in Lake Timsah during surveyed seasons. 306 Khalied A. El-Damhougy et al. In this context, the variations of recorded group abundance during investigated seasons were showed that Rotifera in summer was the highest abundant group with an abundance of 34533.35 ind./m3, followed by Copepoda with an abundance of 25233.35 ind./m3, Mollusca (12433.34 ind./m3) and Polychaeta (966.67 ind./m3). During spring, copepod abundance was the highest (21633.34 ind/m3), Tintinnida was the second abundant group (6433.34 ind/m3), followed by Rotifera (4700 ind/m2) and Mollusca (4033.33 ind/m2). During autumn, Copepoda was the highest abundant group (18500.01 ind/m3), followed by Rotifera (0500.01 ind/m3), Mollusca (6733.34ind/m3) and Polychaeta (1333.33 ind/m3). In winter, the highest group was Rotifera (7266.67 ind/m3), followed by Copepoda (3333.34 ind/m3), Mollusca (3200 ind/m3) and Polychaeta (766.67ind/m3), other groups were rare (Fig. 3). Fig. 3: The abundance of different zooplankton groups in Lake Timsah during different seasons. Number of species Fig. 4 shows that the number of zooplankton species was varied seasonally within wide range. From this results, the highest species number (83 species) was recorded in spring, followed by summer (60 species), autumn (37 species) and the lowest species number (24 species) were recorded in winter. Fig. 4: Seasonal variations of number of species in different zooplankton groups in Lake Timsah. In this context, the seasonal variations of species number of each group were explained that spring listed 43 copepod species, 11 tintinnid species, 9 rotifer species, 7 cladosran species, 5 ostracod species, 4 molluscan species, 3 appendicularian species and only one foraminiferan species. On the other hand, there are 28 copepod species, 21 rotifer species, 6 tintinnid species, 2 cladosran species and only one species of each of appendicularian, ostracod and cnidarian were recorded during summer.
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