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Universidad De La República Facultad De Agronomía

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Universidad De La República Facultad De Agronomía UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPÚBLICA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA FLUCTUACIÓN DE LAS POBLACIONES DE PULGONES Y PROSPECCIÓN DE SUS ENEMIGOS NATURALES EN AVENA Y TRIGO por Victoria BARTABURU DEBALI María Magdalena RICCIARDI ETCHEVERRY TESIS presentada como uno de los requisitos para obtener el título de Ingeniero Agrónomo MONTEVIDEO URUGUAY 2016 Tesis aprobada por: Director: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ing. Agr. Adela Ribeiro ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ing. Agr. Horacio Silva ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ing. Agr. Silvana Abbate Fecha: 27 de julio de 2016 Autor: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Victoria Bartaburu Debali ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- María Magdalena Ricciardi Etcheverry II AGRADECIMIENTOS Se agradece a la Ing. Agr. Adela Ribeiro por su apoyo incondicional y la conducción de este trabajo. A todo el personal del Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Unidad Entomología, de la EEMAC especialmente al Ing. Agr. Horacio Silva y el Sr. Noel García por su apoyo y ayuda permanente. Al Ing. Agr. Oscar Bentancourt, quien integra el Departamento de Biometría, Estadística y Computación cuya ayuda fue de suma importancia. A la familia y amigos que supieron apoyarnos en este proceso. III TABLA DE CONTENIDO Página PAGINA DE APROBACIÓN…………………………………………………II AGRADECIMIENTOS……………………...………………………………..III LISTA DE CUADROS E ILUSTRACIONES……………..……………….VII 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................. 1 2 REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA ............................................................... 2 2.1 AVENA ................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Importancia a nivel mundial .................................................... 2 2.1.2 Importancia en Uruguay ......................................................... 3 2.1.3 Insectos que afectan al cultivo de avena en Uruguay ............ 4 2.2 TRIGO .................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Importancia a nivel mundial .................................................... 5 2.2.2 Importancia en Uruguay ......................................................... 5 2.2.3 Insectos que afectan al cultivo de trigo en Uruguay ............... 6 2.3 ÁFIDOS .................................................................................. 6 2.3.1 Importancia económica y daños ............................................. 7 2.3.1.1 Daños ................................................................................ 7 2.3.2 Biología .................................................................................. 9 2.3.2.1 Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (pulgón verde de los cereales) ......................................................................... 10 2.3.2.2 Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (pulgón de la hoja, pulgón amarillo de los cereales) ...................................... 11 2.3.2.3 Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (pulgón de la espiga) .......... 12 2.3.2.4 Sipha maydis (Passerini) (pulgón negro de los cereales) 13 2.3.2.5 Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (pulgón del maíz) ............ 14 2.3.2.6 Rhopalosiphum padi (Linneo) (pulgón de la avena) ........ 15 2.3.2.7 Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki) (pulgón de la raíz) ................................................................................. 16 2.4 ENEMIGOS NATURALES ................................................... 17 IV 2.4.1 Parasitoides ......................................................................... 17 2.4.2 Hiperparasitoides ................................................................. 21 2.4.3 Predadores ........................................................................... 22 2.4.4 Hongos entomopatógenos ................................................... 29 2.4.4.1 Zoophthora (Batko) [sensu Humber] ............................... 30 2.4.4.2 Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudiére y Hennebert) Humber 31 3 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ............................................................. 32 3.1 ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS .............................................. 34 3.1.1 Riqueza ................................................................................ 34 3.1.2 Efecto del clima .................................................................... 34 3.1.3 Redes tróficas ...................................................................... 34 3.1.4 Análisis estadístico ............................................................... 34 3.1.4.1 Abundancia: .................................................................... 34 3.1.4.2 Efecto del cultivo sobre la abundancia relativa ............... 35 3.1.4.3 Comparación de abundancia .......................................... 35 3.1.4.4 Comparaciones de distintas proporciones ...................... 36 3.1.4.5 Correlaciones e intervalos de confianza ......................... 37 4 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN .......................................................... 38 4.1 RIQUEZA ............................................................................. 38 4.1.1 Pulgones .............................................................................. 38 4.1.2 Parasitoides ......................................................................... 40 4.1.3 Hiperparasitoides ................................................................. 40 4.1.5 Predadores. .......................................................................... 42 4.2 ABUNDANCIA ...................................................................... 44 4.2.1 Abundancia, el efecto del clima sobre ésta y la interacción pulgón-enemigos naturales .................................................. 44 4.2.2 Abundancia acumulada relativa. .......................................... 50 4.2.3 Abundancia de las especies de pulgones en relación a los pulgones totales ................................................................... 53 4.3 PORCENTAJE DE PARASITISMO ...................................... 55 4.3.1 Especies de parasitoides y su relación con la especie de pulgón parasitada ................................................................. 57 V 4.3.2 Hiperparasitoides registrados mediante el método de recolección de tallos y el método de red .............................. 60 4.4 REDES TRÓFICAS .............................................................. 61 5 CONCLUSIONES .............................................................................. 63 6 RESUMEN......................................................................................... 64 7 SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 66 8 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................................. 68 9 ANEXOS ........................................................................................... 82 VI LISTA DE CUADROS E ILUSTRACIONES Cuadro No. Página 1. Lista de especies de pulgones por cultivo ................................................... 38 2. Lista de especies de parasitoides por cultivo obtenidos de momias recolectadas en tallos y con red entomológica. ........................................... 40 3. Lista de especies de hiperparasitoides por cultivo ....................................... 40 4. Lista de especies de hongos por cultivo ...................................................... 41 5. Lista de especies, familias o grupos de predadores por cultivo. .................. 42 6. Abundancia relativa (en proporción del total de individuos recolectados) en cada estadio de desarrollo para avena y trigo de pulgones totales (pulgones vivos, muertos por hongos y momias recolectados en el campo), momias (momias de campo y laboratorio) y predadores. .............. 51 7. Abundancia absoluta (No.) y relativa (%) de especies de pulgones en todo el ciclo de avena y trigo ....................................................................... 53 8. Porcentaje de parasitismo de cada especie de pulgón en ambos cultivos .. 55 9. Porcentaje de parasitismo del total de pulgones por cultivo ........................ 56 10. Porcentaje del parasitismo total de cada especie de pulgón causado por las diferentes especies de parasitoides. ...................................................... 57 11. Porcentaje de parasitismo total (considerando todas las especies de pulgones), en cada cultivo, explicado por cada especie de parasitoide....... 58 12. Abundancia relativa de especies de parasitoides por cultivo, muestreo con red entomológica. .................................................................................. 58 VII Figura No. 1. Fluctuación de: a- poblaciones de pulgones totales (vivos, muertos por hongos y momias recolectadas del campo) en avena y trigo, b- de momias en los dos cultivos, c- de la población de predadores en los dos cultivos. Período 23 de junio - 15 de setiembre para pulgones y momias. Período 14 julio- 15 de setiembre para el caso de predadores, (período en el que se realizaron muestreos simultáneos en ambos cultivos). ........................... 44 2. Fluctuación de la población de pulgones totales, momias y predadores recolectados en el cultivo de trigo en el período del 24 de setiembre - 13 de noviembre. .............................................................................................. 48 3. Abundancia
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