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Universidad Central Del Ecuador Facultad De Ciencias Agrícolas Carrera De Ingeniería Agronómica UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA Análisis de riesgo de plagas en bulbos de lirios (Lilium sp.) originarios de Francia y Nueva Zelanda. Trabajo de titulación presentado como requisito previo a la obtención del Título de Ingeniero Agrónomo Autor: Mosquera Toctaguano Carlos Julio Tutor: Ing. Agr. Nicola Antonio Mastrocola Racines, M.Sc. Quito, Mayo 2017 DERECHOS DE AUTOR Yo, Carlos Julio Mosquera Toctaguano en calidad de autor del trabajo de investigación: ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS EN BULBOS DE LIRIOS (Lilium sp.) ORIGINARIOS DE FRANCIA Y NUEVA ZELANDA, autorizo a la Universidad Central del Ecuador a hacer uso del contenido total o parcial que me pertenece, con fines estrictamente académicos o de investigación. Los derechos que como autor me corresponden, con excepción de la presente autorización, seguirá<~> n videntew s a mi favor •• de conformidad con lo establecido en los artículos 5 6 * &->' 10 y demás pertinentes de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual y su Reglamento. También, autorizo a la Universidad Central del Ecuador realizar la digitalización y publicación de este trabajo de investigación en el repositorio virtual, de conformidad a lo dispuesto en el Art. 144 de la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior. CC: 172096248-7 Av Eloy Alfaro N 30-350 y Amazonas . ,,w;.^ Edif.. MAGAP,, Pisiso 9 1 ,.,-,,. '..-->-.- Código Postal: 170516 df : I --•-•:- ^ . Tetf: (5*3)2 2567232 . ... - •- , :& d¡reccion@agrocatidad gob.ec ' ^ « ^k . : www.agrocaiidad.gob.ee Oficio Nro. MAGAP-CSV/AGROCALmAD-2017-000212-OF Quito, D.M., 24 de marzo de 2017 Asunto: Aprobación del estudio de ARP de bulbos de lirios originarios de Francia y Nueva Zelanda. Ingeniero Antonio Gaíbor Decano UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR - FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS En su Despacho De mi consideración: Como es de su conocimiento el Sr. Carlos Julio Mosquera Toctaguano se encuentra realizando el estudio de Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP) para el establecimiento de requisitos fitosanitarios de importación de bulbos de lirios ( Lilium sp.) para plantar originarios de Francia y Nueva Zelanda, con la finalidad de obtener el título de Ingeniero Agrónomo; al respecto le comunico que hemos finalizado la revisión del proyecto de tesis, documento que cuenta con 3as correspondientes firmas y sellos de aprobación por parte de AGROCALIDAD para ser entregado a la Universidad Central del Ecuador. Adicionalrnente le comunico que mediante el Oficio Nro. MAGAP-CSV/AGROCALIDAD-2016-000053-OF del 28 de enero del 2016, se solicita que las tablas de potencial de malezas, listado mundial y el cuadro de categorización de los estudios de Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP), no deben ser publicados ni subidos en la web, con el fin de evitar inconvenientes con los países con quienes estamos negociando los requisitos tlíosanstarios de importación del producto antes mencionado. Particular que pongo en su conocimiento para ios fines pertinentes. Con sentimientos de distinguida consideración. Atentamente, Patricio Almeida Granja COORDINADOR GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL Referencias: -MAGAP-DGDA/AGROCALIDAD-2017-1710-E APROBACIÓN DEL TUTOR DEL TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN Yo Nicola Antonio Mastrocola Racines en mi calidad de tutor del trabajo de titulación, modalidad Proyecto de Investigación, elaborado por CARLOS JULIO MOSQUERA TOCTAGUANO; cuyo título es: ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS EN BULBOS DE LIRIOS (Lllium sp.) ORIGINARIOS DE FRANCIA Y NUEVA ZELANDA, previo a la obtención del Título de Ingeniera Agrónoma; considero que el mismo reúne los requisitos y méritos necesarios en el campo metodológico y epistemológico, para ser sometido a la evaluación por parte del tribunal examinador que se designe, por lo que lo APRUEBO, a fin de que el trabajo sea habilitado para continuar con el proceso de titulación determinado por la Universidad Central del Ecuador. En la ciudad de Quito, a los 03 días del mes de abril de 2017 Ing. Agr. Nicola Mastrocola, M.Sc. DOCENTE-TUTOR CC.- 1708191471 ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS EN BULBOS DE LIRIOS (Lilium sp.) ORIGINARIOS DE FRANCIA Y NUEVA ZELANDA. APROBADO POR: Ing. Agr. Nicola Mastrocola, M. Se. TUTOR Lie. Diego Salazar, Mag. PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNAL Ing. Agr. Héctor Andrade, M.Sc. PRIMER VOCAL DEL TRIBUNAL Ing. Agr. Jorge Caicedo, M.Sc. SEGUNDO VOCAL DEL TRIBUNAL 2017 IV DEDICATORIA A mis padres Gloria y Carlos Fernando y hermanas Maritza y Ana María v AGRADECIMIENTO Al finalizar este trabajo de investigación quiero expresar mis agradecimientos: A AGROCALIDAD por ser la institución que permitió y colaboró con el desarrollo de esta investigación de igual manera a la Ing. Sandy Serrano y por su conocimiento, orientación y disposición en todo momento. A la Universidad Central del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y sus docentes por sus enseñanzas tanto de la profesión como de la vida. A MIS PADRES: por haberme proporcionado la mejor educación y lecciones de vida, en especial a mi madre por haberme enseñado que con esfuerzo, trabajo y constancia todo se consigue y que en esta vida nadie regala nada, no olvidarme de mi padre que a pesar de todo siempre me acompaño y estuvo ayudándome esto es por ustedes mis queridos viejitos. A MI HERMANA (Jimena): por estar siempre presente APOYANDOME en las cosas buenas y malas de mi vida. A MI ENAMORADA: por estar siempre a mi lado apoyándome, confiando en todos mis actividades Srta. Erika Lema. A MIS COMPAÑEROS ALDEANOS: con los que compartir grandes momentos su apoyo incondicional y sobretodo dándome fuerzas para seguir día a día en mi camino y lograr esta meta. A todos aquello que siguen estando cerca de mí y que le regalan a mi vida algo de ellos. vi ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO CAPÍTULOS PÁGINAS 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 2. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA 3 2.1. Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP) 4 2.2. Normas Internacionales para Medidas Fitosanitarias (NIMF) 4 2.3. Descripción general del cultivo de lirio 5 2.4. Importancia económica del cultivo de lirio en el Ecuador 8 2.5. Importancia económica del cultivo de lirio (Lilium sp.) en Francia 8 2.6. Importancia económica del cultivo de lirio (Lilium sp.) en Nueva Zelanda 9 3. UBICACIÓN, MATERIALES Y METODOLOGÍA 9 3.1. Ubicación 9 3.2. Materiales 9 3.3. Metodología 10 3.3.1. Etapa 1. Inicio del proceso de ARP 10 3.3.2. Etapa 2. Evaluación de riesgos de plagas 14 3.3.3. Etapa 3. Manejo del riesgo de plagas 20 4. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 22 4.1. Etapa 1. Inicio del proceso de ARP, para Francia y Nueva Zelanda 22 4.2. Etapa 2. Evaluación del riesgo de plagas cuarentenarias que afectan a los 182 bulbos de lirios (Lilium sp.) originarios de Francia y Nueva Zelanda 4.3. Etapa 3. Manejo del riesgo de plagas, para Francia y Nueva Zelanda 362 5 CONCLUSIONES 365 6 RECOMENDACIONES 367 7 RESUMEN 368 SUMMARY 369 8 REFERENCIA 370 9 ANEXOS 444 vii ÍNDICE DE CUADROS CUADROS PÁG. 1. Proceso para determinar el potencial de maleza (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 10 2. Ejemplificación de lista mundial de plagas (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 11 3. Formato ejemplificado de la categorización de plagas (AGROCALIDAD, 12 2012) 4. Ejemplificación de finalización etapa 1 (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 14 5. Matriz de calificación para las Consecuencias de la Introducción de las 17 plagas cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 6. Matriz de calificación para la Probabilidad de la Introducción de plagas 19 cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 7. Matriz para los riesgos acumulados de la evaluación de las Consecuencias 20 de Introducción y la Probabilidad de Introducción de las plagas cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 8. Proceso para la determinar el potencial de maleza en bulbos de Lirio 22 (Lilium sp.) 9. Lista Mundial de plagas en bulbos de Lirio (Lilium sp.) 23 10. Plagas reportadas en Lirio (Lilium sp.), originarios de Francia 68 11. Plagas reportadas en Lirio (Lilium sp.), originarios de Nueva Zelanda 124 12. Plagas con potencial cuarentenario que siguen la vía de ingreso en bulbos 180 de lirio (Lilium sp.) a Ecuador, originarios de Francia y Nueva Zelanda 13. Conclusión de la Etapa 2. Riesgo total acumulado, para Francia 359 14. Conclusión de la Etapa 2. Riesgo total acumulado, para Nueva Zelanda 361 viii ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS ANEXOS PÁG. 1. Evento Iniciador. Solicitud de la Empresa Sande Ecuador Cia. Ltda para la 444 elaboración del ARP 2. Clasificación Bioclimática del Ecuador (Cañadas, 1978) 445 ix TEMA: Análisis de riesgo de plagas en bulbos de lirios (Lilium sp.) originarios de Francia y Nueva Zelanda. Autor: Carlos Julio Mosquera Toctaguano Tutor: Ing. Agr. Nicola Mastrocola, M.Sc. RESUMEN La Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de la Calidad del Agro-AGROCALIDAD, procedió a la elaboración del Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP), para el establecimiento de requisitos fitosanitarios para la importación de bulbos de Lirio (Lilium sp.) de Francia y Nueva Zelanda. Para el desarrollo del ARP se utilizó Las Normas Internacionales de Medidas Fitosanitarias, las Normas CAN y “La Guía de Trabajo - Elaboración de ARP”, y como resultado se obtuvieron las siguientes plagas cuarentenarias que siguen la vía de ingreso en bulbos de Lirio; para Francia 39: 2 bacterias, 4 cromistas, 5 hongos, 8 insectos, 1 mycoplasma, 11 nemátodos, 8 virus, mientras que para Nueva Zelanda se obtuvieron 39: 2 bacterias, 4 cromistas, 3 hongos, 8 insectos, 12 nemátodos, 10 virus que siguen la via de ingreso al Ecuador. PALABRAS CLAVES: ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS / PLAGAS CUARENTENARIAS / REQUISITOS FITOSANITARIOS / VÍA DE INGRESO DE BULBOS x TOPIC: PESTS RISK ANALYSIS IN “BULBOS DE LIRIOS” (Lilium sp.) WHICH ARE ORIGINATING IN FRANCE AND NEW ZEALAND. Author: Carlos Julio Mosquera Toctaguano Tutor: Ing. Agr. Nicola Mastrocola, M.Sc. ABSTRACT The Ecuadorian Agency for Quality Assurance of “Agro-AGROCALIDAD” proceeded to the elaboration of the Pest Risk Analysis (ARP), for the establishment of phytosanitary requirements for the importation of lily bulbs (Lilium sp.) from France and New Zealand.
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    Journal of Nematology 22(3):386-394. 1990. © The Society of Nematologists 1990. Phylogenetic Implications of Phasmid Absence in Males of Three Genera in Heteroderinae 1 L. K. CARTA2 AND J. G. BALDWINs Abstract: Absence of the phasmid was demonstrated with the transmission electron microscope in immature third-stage (M3) and fourth-stage (M4) males and mature fifth-stage males (M5) of Heterodera schachtii, M3 and M4 of Verutus volvingentis, and M5 of Cactodera eremica. This absence was supported by the lack of phasmid staining with Coomassie blue and cobalt sulfide. All phasmid structures, except the canal and ampulla, were absent in the postpenetration second-stagejuvenile (]2) of H. schachtii. The prepenetration V. volvingentis J2 differs from H. schachtii by having only a canal remnant and no ampulla. This and parsimonious evidence suggest that these two types of phasmids probably evolved in parallel, although ampulla and receptor cavity shape are similar. Absence of the male phasmid throughout development might be associated with an amphimictic mode of reproduction. Phasmid function is discussed, and female pheromone reception ruled out. Variations in ampulla shape are evaluated as phylogenetic character states within the Heteroderinae and putative phylogenetic outgroup Hoplolaimidae. Key words: anaphimixis, ampulla, cell death, Cactodera eremica, Heterodera schachtii, Heteroderinae, parallel evolution, parthenogenesis, phasmid, phylogeny, ultrastructure, Verutus volvingentis. Phasmid sensory organs on the tails of phasmid openings in the males of most gen- secernentean nematodes are sometimes era within the plant-parasitic Heteroderi- notoriously difficult to locate with the light nae, except Meloidodera (24) and perhaps microscope (18). Because the assignment Cryphodera (10) and Zelandodera (43).
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