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Kroisos Ve Pamphylia

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Kroisos Ve Pamphylia KROISOS VE PAMPHYLIA Dr. VELI SEV~N Arif Müfid Mansel'in (1905-1975) an~s~ na 24 Eylül 1943'ten 1, ölüm tarihi olan 18 Ocak 1975'e de~in 2, bir ömür boyu denecek kadar uzun bir süre, Pamphylia bölgesinde ara~t~ rmalarda ve kaz~larda bulunmu~~ olan de~erli hocam Ord. Prof. Dr. AR~F M~_~F~D MANSEL'in birinci ölüm y~ldönümü nedeniyle haz~rlam~~~ bulundu~um bu yaz~da, Pamphylia'n~n, M. Ö. 6. yüz- y~l~n ilk yar~s~nda, Lydia kral~~ ünlü Kroisos (M. Ö. 560-547/46) ile ili~kisini inceleme~e çal~~aca~~m. Bilindi~i gibi, bu konudaki yegâne kayna~~m~z Herodot'tur. Ancak, Herodot'un sözü edilen pasajda verdi~i bilgi, gerçekleri ne derece yans~tmaktad~ r? Herodot (I 28), Kroisos'un, Bat~~ Anadolu'daki Grek k~y~~ kent- lerine kar~~~ giri~ti~i ilk hareketlerinden sonraki icraat~ n~~ aynen ~u sözlerle aç~ klamaktad~r: Xp6vou ~-c~.ytvo[tov xcd xotTEc~rpattgbov cryAöv ~rdcv-rov•rt.7)v VTÖZ; "AXuo no•rocgoii obellgvo.~v• yacp KtXixo~v xai Auxion~~ Tönç &XXouç 7rdc~rrocç 1`.~ n'o.~ l~ci1-) ztxe xa-roccrTp4C4LEVO 6 KpoZo-oç. Ek~i o~2c, Au8ot, 41)p6ye, Muaoi, MocpwAuvoi, Xcaopzç, floccpXayöveç, Ouvoi TE xoci. B~ OuvoL, KE'cpeç, "Iowg, Ao~pt.e, AloXg, Hap.cpuXol, A. M. Mansel'in ilk Pamphylia gezisi için bk. "Antalya Bölgesinde (Pam- filya) 1943 Y~l~~ Sonbahar~ nda Yap~lan Arkeoloji Gezisine Dair K~sa Rapor", Belleten 33 (1945), 135-145. 2 ölümünden sonra Arif Müfid Mansel hakk~ nda ç~ kan yaz~lar için bk. H. Taner, "Bir Hoca= Ölümü", Milliyet (2 ~ubat 1975) Hafta Sonu ~lâvesi; ayn~~ yazar, Belleten 154 (1975), 315-318; M. Darga "Yitirdi~imiz Büyük De~er", Cum- huriyet (15 ~ubat 1975); ayn~~ yazar, Mimarl~k Tarihi ve Restorasyon Enstitüsü Bülteni 3 (1975), 34-35; ayn~~ yazar, Belleten 154 (1975), 319-322; E. Akurgal, "Ord. Prof. Dr. Arif Müfid Mansel", Belleten 154. (1975), 309-311; U. i~demir, "Mansel'in Ard~ndan", Belleten 154 (1975), 313-314; U. B. Alk~m, "Ord. Prof. Dr. Arif Müfid Mansel'in Yay~ nlar~", Belleten 154 (1975), 323-337; U. B. Alk~m'~ n listesinden sonra, A. M. Mansel'in yay~mlanm~~~ bulunan en son makalesi için bk. "Die Nymphaeen von Perge", Istanbuler Mitteilungen 25 (1975), 367-372. 186 VELI SENIN Çevirisi: Bir süre sonra, Kroisos, Halys ~rma~~n~n bat~s~nda oturan, Kilikiahlar ve Lykiahlar d~~~nda, bütün öteki uluslar~~ egemenli~i alt~ na ald~ ; bunlar Lydler, Phrygler, Mariandynler, Khalybler, Paphlagonlar, Thyn ve Bithyn Thraklar~, Karlar, 'onlar, Dorlar, Aioller ve Pamphylial~lar'd~r 3. Bu pasajdan anla~~laca~~~ gibi, Herodot, Kroisos'a tabi olan uluslar~n en sonuncusu olarak Pamphylial~lar'~n (HdcgcpuXoL) ad~n~~ saymaktad~r. Nitekim, gerek antik yazarlar 4 ve gerekse Pamphylia tarihiyle u~ra~an modern bilim adamlar~, bölgenin 5 ve bu bölgedeki kentkrin 4 M. O. 6. yüzy~l~n ortalar~ndaki durumunu Herodot'a göre aç~klama~a çal~~arak, Kroisos'un egemenlik sahalar~~ olarak kabul etmi~ler; baz~lar~~ da, bölgedeki Lydia egemenli~inin çok ~l~ml~~ ve hafif oldu~unu, yaln~zca düzenli vergilere (Herodot I 6; I 27: cp6pou cknacyor5) ve muhtemelen orduya kat~lma yükümlülü~üne ba~l~~ kald~~~n~~ ileri sürmü~tü'. 7. Bütün bunlardan anla~~laca~~~ üzere, Strabon ve modern bilim adamlar~n~n pek ço~u, Herodot'un (I 28)'de ileri sürdü~ü, Kroisos'un Pamphylia bölgesini egemenli~i alt~na ald~~~~ ~eklindeki görü~ünü tart~~mas~zca benimsemi~lerdir 5. Ancak sözü edilen pasajda, Kroisos'un do~u siyaseti konusuda verilmi~~ olan bilgilerin ayr~ nt~h bir ~ekilde incelenmesi ~eklinde bir yol izlenecek olursa, Herodot'un (I 28) sundu~u panoramarnn bir hayli kar~~~ k ve o derece de ~üpheli oldu~u ortaya ç~kar. örne~in, Herodot 1 8'ine, "Bir süre sonra Kroisos, Halys ~rma~~n~n bat~s~ nda oturan. ." sözleriyle ba~lamakta ve sonra da Khalybler'in (Xcauf3E4) ad~m vermektedir. Bilindi~i gibi, Khalybler, demircilikleriyle ünlü 3 Herodot I 6'da da I 28'i destekleyen bir kay~t vard~r. 4 Strab. XII ~~ , 2. Ruge 1949, 364; Mansel 1956, 6; Bosch 1957, 18; X. de Planhol, De la plaine Pamphylienne awc lacs Pisidiens (Paris 1958), 69; G. E. Bean, Turkey's Southem Shore (London 1968), 25 ; E. Olshausen, "Pamphylia", KP, IV (1972), 443. A. M. Mansel, Die Ruinen von Side (Berlin 1963), 5; ayn~~ yazar, "Side", RE, Supll. X (1965), 88 ~~ ; ayn~~ yazar, Side Klavuzu (Ankara 1967), 6; Pekman 1973, 17. Weissbach 1931, 459 ; D. G. Hogarth, CAH, III (19604), 518 ; Bosch 1957, 5 ; H. Bengston, Criechische Geschichte 111/4 (München 1969), 75; Pekman 1973, 17. Schubert 1884, 66; Peciley 1968, 8 ~~ 'de bu uluslarm çok çabuk ve zor kullan- madan teslim oldu~unu, ayr~ca ad~~ geçen uluslardan, imparatorlu~a ba~lanma vergisi al~nd~~~n~~ ileri sürmü~tür. J. G. Pedley'nin, bu konuyu da kapsad~~~n~~ sand~~~m, en son çal~~mas~~ Ancient literary sources on Sardis`i (Cambridge 1972) ne yaz~k ki, henüz göremedim; Ayr~ca bk. Hwdey 1966, ~~ ~ o; Duchesne-Guillemin, "Kroisos", KP, III (1969), 352. KROISOS VE PAMPHYLIA 187 (Aishylos, Prometheus, 715), yerli bir Pontus kabilesi olup yerle~me sahalar~~ da bugünkü Ordu ili (antik Kotyora) ve civar~na dü~mek- tedir 9. Anla~~laca~~~ üzere, bu bölge Halys ~rma~~n~ n oldukça do~u- sunda olup Lydia devletinin do~u s~ n~r~ ndan da çok uzaklarda kalmaktad~ r. Ayr~ca Xenophon (Anabasis IV 7, 15) bu kaymi, tüm Pontus bölgesinin en sava~ç~~ kabilesi olarak, aynen ~u sözlerle anlat~r: " Khalybler (Helenlerin) ülkelerinden geçtikleri halklar~n en sava~ç~lar~~ idiler ve dö~ü~ten çekinmiyorlar& ." Lyd egemenli~inin bu yörelere de~in uzanm~~~ olabilece~ini ka- bul etsek bile, bütün vurucu gücü uzun m~zrakl~~ süvari birliklerine dayanan Lydia ordusunun (Mimnermos, frg. 14; Hdt. I 80), or- manl~ k bölgedeki bu cenkçi kav~ni ne ~ekilde egemenli~i alt~ na alm~~~ oldu~u sorununa çözüm bulabilmek bile olanaks~zd~ r. Buradan ~u gerçek ortaya ç~kmaktad~r: Herodot, Khalybler'in yaln~zca ad~ n~~ ve belki de onlar~ n Küçük Asya'n~ n kuzey taraflar~nda oturdu~unu bilmekte, fakat kesin yerle~me bölgeleri ve ya~am ~ekilleri hakk~ nda hiç bir bilgiye sahip bulunmamaktad~ r. Çünkü, eserinin birçok yerinde (I 6; I 28; I 72), Lydia krall~~~= en do~u s~n~ r~~ olarak Halys ~ rma~~n~~ gösterdi~i halde, bu ~ rma~~n daha do~usunda ya~am~~~ olduklar~~ bilinen Khalybler'in Lydia egemenli~i alt~na gir- mi~~ olduklar~ n~~ bildirmesi, dü~tü~ü çeli~kiyi ve Khalybler hakk~ndaki bilgisizli~ini aç~k bir ~ekilde kan~ tlamaktad~ r. Burada ayn~~ pasaj üzerine bir örnek daha verme~i yararl~~ bulu- yorum. Herodot (I 28), Kroisos'un egemenli~i alt~ na ald~~~~ uluslardan bir di~eri olarak Paphlagonlar'~n (IIoccpXayöveç) ad~ n~~ saymaktad~r. Ancak, modern bilim adamlar~ n~n ileri sürdükleri Lydia krall~~~- na tabi uluslar~ n askere kat~lma yükümlülü~ü ~eklindeki iddialar ve buna kar~~l~k da Xenophon'un (Kyropedia Il 1, 5), Kroisos'un Persler'e kar~~~ sava~~ ça~r~s~ na Paphlagoniahlar'~n olumlu cevap 9 Hernekadar, baz~~ antik ve modern yazarlar, Homeros (Il. II 856-857) ve Herodot'a (I 28) dayanarak, Khalybler'in önceleri Halys ~rma~~n~ n bat~s~ nda otur- duklar~ n~~ ileri sürmü~lerse de (bk. W. Ruge, "Chalybes", RE, 111/2 [1899], 2100; J. L. Myres, CAH, III [1925], 662), bu konudaki kan~tlar~, kan~mca çok yetersiz- dir. Khalybler, eskilerin ittifak ettikleri üzere, Halys'in bu taraf~ nda de~il, öteki taraf~ nda, Thermodon taraf~ nda oturuyorlard~. Bunun için bk. H. Stein, Herodotos I (Berlin 1962), 33 vd.; Chr. M. Danoff, "Pontos Euxinos", RE, Supll. IX (1962), 869-87o'teki harita ve ~~ o ~ 4; ayn~~ yazar, "Chalybes", KP,I (1964), 1127; W. Calder- G. E. Bean, "A Classical Map of Asia Minor", Anatolian Studies VII (1957), harita. 188 VELI SEVIN vermedi~i ~eklindeki aç~ klamas~~ göz önüne al~ nacak olursa, Paphla- gonlar'~ n da Lydia egemenli~ini tan~m~~~ olmas~~ çok ~üpheli bir duruma girer ~o. Çünkü, yabanc~~ bir devletin egemenli~ini tan~m~~~ ve ona gerekti~inde asker verme yükümlülü~üne girmi~~ bir ulusa egemen devletin sava~~ için yard~ m ça~r~s~nda bulunmas~~ ve hele olumsuz cevap almas~~ kabul edilecek gibi de~ildir". A~a~~da yeniden k~saca de~inece~imiz üzere, Herodot'un sözü edilen pasaj~ n~ n daha ilk bak~~ta ~üpheli bilgiler kapsad~~~~ aç~ kça anla~~lmaktad~ r. As~l konumuz olan Pamphylia bölgesinin Lydia egemenli~i alt~ na al~n~ p al~nmad~~~~ sorununu meydana ç~ karabilmek için, bölgenin bat~~ ve kuzey kesimlerine bir göz atmak gerekir. Pamphylia bölgesi, bat~dan Lykia, kuzeyden de Pisidia bölgeleriyle s~ mrlanmakta, bat~da yükseklikleri 1500 m.yi a~mayan da~lar, kuzeyde ise, yüksek- likleri bazen 3000 m.yi a~an, yamaçlar~~ sarp ve ar~zal~~ da~~ silsile- leriyle çevrilmi~~ bulunmaktad~ r n. Lydia bölgesinden karayolu ile ba~lant~~ sa~lanmas~~ gayet güç ve de zahmetlidir 13. Nitekim E. Bosch da, M.Ö. 188 y~l~nda yap~lan Apameia bar~~~ antla~mas~ ndan sonra, bölgenin Bergama kral~~ Eumenes II'ye (M. Ö. 197-159) verilmesini aç~ klarken aynen ~u soruyu sormaktad~ r ": "Fakat Eumenes, Ber- gama'dan karayolu ile irtibat temini bu kadar zor ve müdafaas~~ Bergama krallar~~ için güç bir mesele te~kil edecek olan, Pamphy- lia'n~n ele geçirilmesine acaba niçin bu kadar önem veriyordu?" Yine E. Bosch'un aç~klad~~~~ gibi, Bergama'n~ n kuvveti denizlere dayanmaktayd~. Selevkoslar devleti büyük bir devlet olamaktan ç~ k~nca, Bergama gibi bir deniz devletinin, Do~u Akdeniz egemenli~ini eline geçirebilmek için bu k~y~lar~~ elde etmek istemesi gayet do~ald~r.
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