Housing and the City

HOUSING AND THE CITY

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Thursday 19 – Saturday 21, November 2020 Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham

Image: IBeB, Heide & von Beckerath, Photography: Andrew Alberts Annual International Conference of 17ththe Architectural Humanities Research Association

Image: Gleis 21 by einszueins architektur

01 HOUSING Conference AND THE CITY Convenors n the early twentieth century, a desire to that link the subject to the spatiality of the Imaster the workings of the city linked it city. Francoise Choay posits Ildefonso Cerdá’s explicitly to the provision of housing. The Teoriá general de la urbanización of 1867 as processes of ‘the urban’ became an ‘ism’, the the first theory of urbanism, as a ‘science’ that Dr Katharina Borsi Dr Didem Ekici Professor Jonathan Hale multiplication of houses became housing. In the for the first time conceptualised the spaces twenty-first century, cities are witnessing new of the city and its population in conjunction. ways of working, changing social demographics, Since the rise of ‘the urban’ as a field of increased geographical mobility and mass knowledge linking spaces and the population, migrations, as well as the pervasive threat our very conceptions of the self, of intimacy of the climate crisis. New modes of urban and care, have come to be engendered by and domesticity have begun to emerge, among to propel our understanding of urban spaces them ‘co-living’ for young urban professionals, and processes. How to house and group the ‘co-housing’ of various kinds, ‘live-work’ units population, how to ensure its welfare and Senior Tutor and Associate Professor, and other versions of domesticated working. happiness, and how to optimise the potentials Assistant Professor, Professor of Architectural Theory, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sometimes, these trends are born of economic of individuals, families and other segments of University of Nottingham University of Nottingham University of Nottingham necessity; sometimes, they are driven by the urban population have been central urban aspirations of inclusion, solidarity and sharing. questions addressed through the potential of In either case, they are often promoted as architecture throughout the twentieth century. desirable styles of life, experiments in housing How to do this in an increasingly explicitly and working that are linked to the promise of a global context, facing global threats, becomes new kind of collectivity, a new kind of city. The the additional question of the twenty-first. concern of this conference is to investigate the Ye Xu Nick Haynes Sarah Taylor link between housing and urbanism, if not to disentangle it, at least to interrogate it. We ask Housing and the City what these new forms of living and working might mean for the city and, in turn, what After the Pandemic current transformations of the urban might s the world continues to fight the rapid mean for the way we conceive of the home. Aspread of Covid19, we might not yet be in a position to substantively rethink this question, The primary question asked by the conference let alone to predict a new urban reality of is this: what does it mean to be at home in segregation and containment. However, we invite PhD student in Architecture, Studio Tutor and PhD Candidate, Research Administrator, the city in the twenty-first century? Our aim you to reflect and speculate on how the effects Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, is to investigate the historical and theoretical of the pandemic will shape our lives, how it University of Nottingham University of Nottingham University of Nottingham genealogy of this question, premised on an challenges our conception of the home and the understanding that the urban and the domestic, city, and how it affects the complex relationships the public and the private, the individual and between the individual and the collective, the the collective, the political and the personal, public and the private. We ask how it might are not opposing concepts but constructions affect the dynamism of the urban. In consultation with Diana Periton Independent Scholar

02 03 Session Keynote Co-ordinators Speakers Anna Minton Lawrence Barth

Abigail McHardy Poppy Chinn Conor Vale Rachel Marshall Bethan Crouch

'Big Capital: Who is the City for?' 'Dwelling and Critique'

Anna Minton is a writer, journalist and Lawrence Barth is a Programme Co- Reader in Architecture at the University Director of Housing and Urbanism of East London. Her publications include and an urbanist. He has consulted 'Ground Control: Fear and Happiness internationally on urban strategy Tilisha Franklin Lucy Wren Joe Wareham Lottie Smith Ventsislav Videlov in the 21st Century’ (Penguin, 2009 and for cities, architects and landscape 2013) and 'Big Capital: Who is London architects, and has led planning and For?' (Penguin, 2017). design projects for contemporary knowledge environments.

Katharina Bayer Chris Matthews Tim Heide

Technical Team

Eric Atkinson Owen Davies Matthew Urry Christopher Bennett Thomas Wickens

'Together! Potentials of Cooperative 'A History of Council Housing in 'Resilient Structures, Collective Forms' Housing and Self Organisation' Nottingham'

Katharina Bayer is the co-founder of Chris Matthews is a graphic designer Tim Heide is a co-founder of the einszueins architektur in Vienna, an and historian. His most recent books architecture firm Heide & von Beckerath, award-winning practice focussing on include ‘Homes & Places: A History of a practice at the forefront of Berlin’s new forms of urban housing. Nottingham’s Council Housing’ and innovative housing experimentation ‘Cities of the North’, both published in 2016.

Book of Abstracts Designers Ye Xu Rachel Marshall

04 05 Online Exhibition

"Black and White Portraits" & "Bird's Eye View" "Portraits of Domesticity" Emily Andersen Anna Shapiro

06 07 SESSIONS FRIDAY 20.11.20

P 18-22 20.11.20 P 23-25 20.11.20 P 29-32 20.11.20 P 33-36 20.11.20 Estate Logics: Modernisms Modernity, Ideology Types, Utopias R1Thematic transfers in housing R2 O1 and Housing O2 and Cities estate design, 1900–1938 Tilo Amhoff, University of Brighton Irina Davidovici, ETH Zürich Sigal Davidi, Tel Aviv University Didem Ekici, University of Nottingham

From the cell to the territory. The ‘Disurbanist’ project of Language Logics: Housing in translation Gender aspects of apartment planning in Tel Aviv, 1930s Children of Krupp: The factory as a home Irina Davidovici, ETH Zürich Sigal Davidi, Tel Aviv University Maur Dessauvage, Columbia University New York the OSA group Martino Tattara, KU Leuven The logic of Type: A Genealogy of the Berlin Siedlungen A levantine home At The “Bauhaus City” - The work of The Concept of Type in Hellerau Garden City, 1908-1914 Katharina Borsi, University of Nottingham Mizrahi Architects, and the not so “White” city of Tel- Didem Ekici, University of Nottingham Das neue Berlin: Martin Wagner and The Department for Aviv, 1930-1948 City Planning of the City of Berlin (1926-1932) The logic of the norm: LCC urban housing during the Tzafrir Fainholtz, Technion - Israel Institute of Red Vienna, black Vienna: Housing in social democratic Tilo Amhoff, University of Brighton interwar period Technology (1919-1934) and Austro-fascist (1934-1938) Vienna Christopher Metz, ETH Zürich Inge Podbrecky, Federal Heritage Authority, Austria Hypercorbusian Mendelsohn. A lost project for the Four modern kitchens: The impact of Adalberto Libera’s completion of the early thirties in Berlin Paper logics: Red Vienna estates in architectural studies on housing during the 1940s Nottingham estates in 1850 Michele Stavagna, Independent Scholar/Netzwerk publications David Escudero, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Lottie Smith, University of Nottingham Architekturwissenschaft, Berlin Harald Robert Stuehlinger, FHNW Nordwestschweiz How can space be ‘ideological?’ Angelika Schnell, Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna

P 26-28 20.11.20 P 37-40 20.11.20 Collective Reform, Health R3 Inhabitations O3 and Pandemic

Hugh Campbell, University College Dublin Stephen Walker, The University of Manchester

The Ahmedabad pols and the trans individual Urban sanitizing and household pollution in small northern Dorian Wiszniewski, University of Edinburgh towns in the Russian empire, 1870 - 1914 Anna Agafonova, Higher School of Economics, St. Hidden commons: Hutong inversions Petersburg Doreen Bernath, AA Project Cities Programme , Leeds School of Architecture Health, Tuberculosis and the city: Strategies to approach the dwelling hygiene of Berlin (1885-1915) The way we dance: The (re)production of rooftop space Eva Eylers, Independent Scholar in contemporary hong kong urban cinema Zhuozhang Li, University of Liverpool Iberian housing and city. A relationship through documentary cinema Alba Zarza Arribas, University of Valladolid (Spain) - Centro de Estudos Arnaldo Araújo (Portugal) Nostalgia for the Past: Casa Bloc as a Paradigm for Post- Pandemic Housing and Urban Development Carolina B. García-Estévez, Barcelona School of Architecture, ETSAB. Polytechnic University of Catalonia, UPC

08 09 P 41-46 20.11.20 P 55-58 20.11.20 P 59-62 20.11.20 Affective Provision in Collective Forms Scale and Typology Flexibility and Y1 P1 P2 Adaptation Doreen Bernath, Architectural Association, Projective Cities Programme (AAPC), Leeds School of Architecture Nick Haynes, University of Nottingham Paolo Beccarelli, University of Nottingham

From asset to debt and dispossession: Housing in the Revolution begins at home: domestic spaces as spaces of Housing facing transitions Open building and users’ agency: Early and years of economic crisis in Greece resistance in Iran Alessandro Porotto and Gérald Ledent, UC Louvain contemporary experiments in the Netherlands Platon Issaias, Architectural Association, Projective Íñigo Cornago Bonal and Dirk van den Heuvel, TU Hamed Khosravi, Architectural Association, Projective The roomer and the modern man: Hotels as urban Cities Programme Delft Cities Programme housing in the turn of the 19th Century Cellular urbanism: Taller d’arquitectura & the city in space Elina Axioti, Humboldt University of Berlin A denser suburban dream: New typologies of multifamily Raül P. Avilla Royo, Architectural Association, Housing & care cooperatives in the Netherlands: Spatial conversion in an American “ethnoburb” Morphological change and socio-spatial adaption of Projective Cities Programme diagrams of cluster living Joseph Huennekens, Columbia University Gianna Bottema, Architectural Association, Projective low-income housing in Dhaka, Bangladesh Type, urban form, policy-making and housing standards Cities Programme Samira Awwal and Katharina Borsi, University of User-generated change in the North American homes: in Santiago de Chile Nottingham The new era of housing insecurity Alvaro Arancibia, Architectural Association, Projective Kateryna Malaia, Mississippi State University Cities Programme Ex Africa Aliquid novum [there is something new coming Toward participative prefabrication: Housing between from Africa]. Herman Haan’s journeys in pseudo- Yugoslavia And Cuba ethnographic vein Andjelka Badnjar Gojnic, RWTH Aachen Alvaro Velasco Perez, Architectural Association, Projective Cities Programme

P 47-51 20.11.20 P 52-55 20.11.20 P 63-66 20.11.20 Institutes of Care Documenting Urban Blocks and Y2 Y3 Aura P3 Morphologies

Katharina Borsi, University of Nottingham Sabrina Puddu, KU Leuven; and Francesco Zuddas, Sarah Lappin, Queens University Belfast Anglia Ruskin University Ivory combs, hollow squares & broken blocks: The urban Housing Daishan form of the Glasgow tenement Beyond student housing. Or, disorder the students as a Mark Campbell, Royal College of Art John Burns, Holmes Miller Architects de-commodifying urban agent Francesco Zuddas, Anglia Ruskin University Shanghai ladies and lilong housing: The feminine scene Living in the city: How urban form can foster more permeating urban Shanghai sustainable, adaptable and resilient neighbourhoods When artists lived at the Louvre. The establishment of the Jiawen Han, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University Jonathan Tarbatt, C+W Architects, and Chloe Street Royal Academy in 1648 and the state’s effort to house Tarbatt, University of Kent the artists in Paris Representing mass housing as the source of urban fear: Elena Palacios Carral, Architectural Association Cinematic spatial and social stereotypes Housing urban masses around a green yard. Typological Phevos Kallitsis, University of Portsmouth comparison of modern examples in Copenhagen and The future almshouse: what can be learnt from re- Stockholm interpreting a past Chiara Monterumisi, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Alison Pooley, Jenny Pannell, and Sally-Anne Lausanne Francis, Anglia Ruskin University Reinventing public housing: Design strategies for Normalisation as self-empowerment? The house for completing what Modernism left unfinished the criminals between privacy and the hazard of Frederick Biehle, Pratt Institute collectivenes Sabrina Puddu, KU Leuven

10 11 P 67-71 20.11.20 P 72-75 20.11.20 Planning Finding Home B1 Urban Living B2 SESSIONS SATURDAY 21.11.20 Rachel Sara, Birmingham City University Graeme Barker, University of Nottingham P 79-83 21.11.20 Da–Sein dwellings: An exploration into the meaningful New social housing models in Sweden: aspects of home and its relationship to human needs From Folkhemmet to automobile perceptual regimes Cohousing Rachel Sara, Birmingham City University; Dalia Al- Marianna Charitonidou, ETH Zürich Tarazi and Louis Rice, University of the West of R4 Experimenting planned urban living under England Hélène Frichot, The University of Melbourne & KTH commercialisation: Historical reflection on the socialist Biopolitics in the house: The British public housing and the School of Architecture collective housing design in Shenzhen during china’s rise of neoliberal governmentality in the private home reform and opening-up Eleni Axioti, Architectural Association Archaeology of a domed future: Cybernetics as Architects revitalising a ‘liquified’ Japan: shared housing Yiwei Zhang and Jing Xiao, Shenzhen University settlement, through the architecture of geoship and bottom-up community building Enclosure, labour and pseudo-feminist scale: Bourdieu in Hélène Frichot, The University of Melbourne & KTH ; Living in anti-adaptive neighbourhoods Cathelijne Nuijsink, ETH Zürich Algeria NURIT ALFASI, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Helen Runting, KTH Charlotte Grace, Royal College of Art & University of Housing for a ‘lonely generation’ The housing exhibition: Visionary architecture and housing West London Theories of dwelling. Collective versus individual forms of Marija Maric, ETH Zürich and Goethe University in Singapore, c.1963 housing The re-housing crisis: Finding ‘home’ for victims of Eunice Seng, The University of Hong Kong Kirsten Wagner, University of Applied Sciences domestic abuse Bielefeld Housing mid-century Irish publics - some paradigms Rianne Houghton, University of Birmingham Gary A. Boyd, Queens University Belfast; and Brian Cooperative or undifferentiated: Two visions for housing Ward, Technological University Dublin Valentin Bourdon, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

P 76-78 20.11.20 P 84-88 21.11.20 P 89-92 21.11.20 Classification Sharing Living Spatial Practices B3 and Legality R5 R6 Tim Collett, University of Nottingham Robin Wilson, University of Nottingham

Diana Periton, Independent Scholar Claiming the right to the city through inventing housing Everything has changed, yet something must change: alternatives From vernacular to contemporary A classic recipe for informal housing: A gift from British Ronnen Ben-Arie, Technion Institute and Fatina May Zune, Lucelia Rodrigues and Mark Gillott, Bombay to Mumbai Abreek-Zubiedat, ETH Zürich University of Nottingham Rahul Bhandare, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Cooperative Housing as a Substratum for Societal India Integration, Can This Be Achieved in Hamburg Mutirão and the Social Practices of Housing in Brazil Vanessa Grossman, TU Delft Downstairs, upstairs: Space-sharing between domestic Bedour Braker and Jan Braker, Jan Braker Architects workers and their ultra-high net worth employers in London Prodding the threshold between home & city (Lived) Spaces of Belonging, Culture and Gender: Matthew Reynolds, London School of Economics Sophie Ungerer, University of Brighton; and Chloe Spatial Practices of Syrian Women in Houses of Istanbul van der Kindere, University of Westminster and Syria “I map, therefore, I am”: Deep mapping and making Pinar Sezginalp and Susan Rottmann, Özyeğin home in displacement Objects of association - genealogies of small publics University Turkey Sana Murrani, University of Plymouth Peer Frantzen, University of the Arts, Berlin `At Home’ on Screen: Architectures of `Common Things’ The city within the home – Otto Steidle’s Genter Strasse Inga Bryden, University of Winchester houses Florian Kossak, HCU Hamburg

12 13 P 93-97 21.11.20 P 98-101 21.11.20 P 107-111 21.11.20 P 112-116 21.11.20 Standards and Live / Work Being at Home Age and O4 Life Style O5 Y4 Between Data, Y5 Wellbeing Information and Architecture Laura Hanks, University of Nottingham Anna Shapiro, Sheppard Robson Architects, Jonathan Hale, University of Nottingham Architectural Association Silvio Carta, University of Hertfordshire Homes for today and tomorrow: space standards for the From the person to the environment: Creating homes for ‘affluent’ tenant in Britain The living units within the home-office conditions: “Tele- Everybody’s in: Exploring the blurred boundaries of ageing well Savia Palate, Universrity of Cambridge work”, “tele-communication”, and “tele-education” vis-à- publicness and privacy in the 21st century digi-home Gwendoline Schaff, TEAM 11, University of Liège; vis the reinvention of the city and pandemic preparedness Rebecca Onafuye, University of Hertfordshire Ann Petermans, ArcK, Hasselt University, Jan Vanrie, The transformation of the bedroom in housing design from Marianna Charitonidou, ETH Zürich ArcK, Hasselt University; Fabienne Courtejoie, TEAM the 1950s to the 1990s in China From third to first and back: The Domestic Space in the 11, University of Liège; and Catherine Elsen, LUCID, Nan Ye, University of Liverpool; and Jiawen Han, Xi’an Housing typology at fashion kampungs for more Media Library University of Liège Jiaotong-Liverpool University sustainable living-working environment in Bandung Davide Pisu, University of Cagliari Dibya Kusyala, Sri Rahma Apriliyanthi, Adhitya Rizky Exploring ageing migrants’ sense of home using photo- The Evolution and Reasons for China's Collective Housing Digital expressions of home: the digital annex Isnandya, Institut Teknologi Bandung; and Achmad elicitation: An exploratory study in Limburg, Belgium Suits in the 1980s Hazel Cowie, Newcastle University Syaiful Lathif, Telkom University Micheline Phlix, Jan Vanrie and Ann Petermans; Yu Aokun and Yuejia Xu, Beijing University of Civil What is home in the physical/digital urban environment? Hasselt University Engineering and Architecture Working at Home: Architects during the Pandemic in Silvio Carta, University of Hertfordshire China Brokering knowledge boundaries in a multidisciplinary co- The role of IKEA’s home models in the twenty-first century Ye Xu, Katharina Borsi, Jonathan Hale, University of creation project home and city Nottingham Katja Maununaho, Jyrki Tarpio and Helena Leino, Rebecca Carrai, KU Leuven Tampere University Finland Open city / closed city Cinematic representations of women’s roles in Britain’s Frances Holliss, London Metropolitan University; and Social connections in a care home postwar reconstruction Claudia Dutson, Royal College of Art Faye Sedgewick, Lesley McIntyre and Tara Hipwood, Sigrid Preissl, Independent Scholar Northumbria University Towards a more-than-human urbanism: Co-constituting the microbiomes of the built environment Rachel Armstrong, Newcastle University

P 102-106 21.11.20 P 117-120 21.11.20 Planning Housing City and Home O6 as Urbanism Y6 in the Pandemic

Alona Martinez Perez, De Montfort University Renée Tobe, University of East London

Madrid and Belfast: The politics of housing, urban Holobiontic Urbanism: Homes, microbes, domesticity, ambition and walls and absent spaces in two European communities Cities Rachel Armstrong, Newcastle University; Rolf Hughes, Alona Martinez Perez, De Montfort University; and KU Leuven and Nel Janssens, KU Leuven Ciaran Mackel, Belfast School of Architecture Drawing the Distance Nerma Cridge, Architectural Association The changing image of neoliberal housing – dressing as a method Integrating restorative environmental design principles into Merryan Majerowitz and Yael Allweil, Technion IIT apartment housing: The city after the pandemic Terri Peters and Anna Halleran, Ryerson University, Curating the postmodern city: London Docklands 1980- Canada 1998 Ambrose Gillick, Kent School of Architecture and The role of the consumer IoT experience in extending the Planning notion of home Rubem Barbosa-Hughes, University of Hertfordshire No more heroes: Totality, everyday life and uPVC Andrew Stoane, University of Dundee Quick fixes: Spontaneous conditions in London’s historic housing crises Jesse Honsa, KU Leuven 14 15 P 121-125 21.11.20 P 126-130 21.11.20 P 135-138 21.11.20 P 139-143 21.11.20 Threshold Place Pandemic Home Beyond the P4 Collectives P5 Inhabitations B4 B5 Neoliberal City: The emergence of urban commons in Chris Schulte, Allies and Morrison Architects; and Nicholas Beech, University of Westminster John Zhang, University of Westminster Katharina Borsi, University of Nottingham collective housing neighbourhoods Urgent minor matters: Activating archival records for A new archipelago - Dwelling as city in the city Doina Petrescu, University of Sheffield Human capital: Climatic privilege and worker dormitories social housing futures John Zhang, University of Westminster in Singapore Heidi Svenningsen Kajita, University of Copenhagen (Un)homey Quarantine How to design, sustain and defend urban commons in Jennifer Ferng, The University of Sydney and Newcastle University Sigal Eden Almogi, Ben Gurion University of the social housing estates of metropolitan cities ‘’Patterns’’ of threshold spaces in the historical city of A giant horse and an invisible plan: Reflecting on the role Negev. and Shelly Cohen, Tel Aviv University Doina Petrescu, University of Sheffield Jeddah of the architect in neighbourhood plan making The unoccupied streets, the empty homes Basma Massoud, University of Sheffield; and Florian Commoning through house extensions into community Claire Harper, Newcastle University Azin Saeedi, The University of Queensland; and Kossak, Hafen University, Hamburg gardens: The case of Manastur neighbourhood in Cluj, Architecture as an agency of change: the SAAL operation Peyman Yousefjowkar, The University of Art Romania Shikii between housing and city: Exploring building Silviu Medesan, Independent researcher, President of Leal Tokyo: A home as city typology, human behaviour in Shinonome Canal Court in of Sustainable Organised Society Association - S.O.S. Ana Catarina Costa, Centro de Estudos de Nergis Kalli, Newcastle University Tokyo Arquitectura e Urbanismo (CEAU), Faculdade de Cluj, Romania Yang Yang, University of Sheffield Arquitectura da Universidade do Porto (FAUP) Reclaiming the civic commons in the ex-socialist city Vecindad: Redistribution of domestic space in Mexico Burgess Park: in the absence of the Aylesbury Estate Alexandru Axinte, University of Sheffield City Felipe Lanuza, DLA Scan / Devilat Lanuza Architectural Lola Lozano Lara, Architectural Association Studio The ‘Kiez’ as an urban commons - reclaiming contested neighbourhoods in the neoliberal city. Threshold observations: Berlin neighbourhood From technocrats to laymen: Community planning and Katharina Moebus, University of Sheffield adaptations through a pandemic self-help housing for workers in Marshall Plan countries Angela Alcantara, Independent Researcher / Stiftung Sila Karatas Basoglu, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Bauhaus COOP Lausanne EPFL

P 131-134 21.11.20 P 144-148 21.11.20 Urban Assembly Voids and P6 and Reassembly B6 Inhabitations Kat Martindale, Director of Architecture + Urbanism Research Office and University of Nottingham Sandra Meireis & Katharina Borsi

Planning Pyrmont: The life and death of a Sydney suburb Retracing the public void Kat Martindale, Director of Architecture + Urbanism Pari Riahi, University of Massachusetts Amherst Research Office and University of Nottingham Homing and trust in a chronicle of crises: ethnographic Subsidising housing privilege: A public-private partnership insights from Brussels’ social housing at Melbourne’s Hotham Gardens Claire Bosmans and Jingjing Li, KU Leuven Catherine Townsend and Paul Walker, University of Melbourne Hulmanoids: Effects of social exclusion at Hulme Crescents, Manchester Collaboration for Innovation in Housing: The role of the Tanja Poppelreuter and Yudishthir Shegobin, civic university in delivering new homes in the city University of Salford Alessandro Columbano and Matthew Jones, Birmingham City University Architecture engagements. The contribution of TU Architecture students to West-Berlin urban conflicts at the Urban Housing Models as a Stock for New Cityscapes turn of the 1970s Ingrid Mayrhofer-Hufnagl, University of Innsbruck Alessandro Toti, The Bartlett School of Architecture, and Benjamin Ennemoser, UCLA UCL Tenants take over. Unsettling control, tenure and management in Dutch social housing Andrea Migotto, KU Leuven

16 17 ABSTRACTS

Irina Davidovici, ETH Zürich [email protected] his session highlights four of the multiple Estate Logics: Tlogics that underlined the planning of large- Thematic transfers in housing scale housing estates in the first decades of the 20th century. At this critical stage in European estate design, 1900–1938 housing, state and municipal authorities Language logics: Housing in R1 replaced philanthropic initiatives as main actors in the provision of dwellings. The housing Invited Panel policies haltingly articulated in the second half translation of the 19th century, through a combination Chair of philanthropic zeal, public health fears, cross Europe, the similarities of early used in various languages to denote housing. Irina Davidovici and political agency were consolidated into Ahousing estates demonstrate a number Their meaning and etymology throw light on wide-ranging systemic, which anticipated the of pragmatic and ideological common points, typological particularities, cultural settings Speakers contentious reach of the welfare-state. irrespective of localities. Their analysis yields and general attitudes towards the urban Irina Davidovici a number of recurring motifs: the supremacy realm. At the same time, the examination of Katharina Borsi While estates were conceptualized since the of hygienic concerns, implicit and explicit parallel terminologies highlights the common Christopher Metz late 19th century as coordinated administrative mechanisms of social control in design and dimensions of a widespread housing discourse, Harald Robert Stühlinger and architectural entities, their nominal construction, tensions between economic as a varied yet networked field of knowledge. unity sat strangely with the heterogeneity pragmatism and civic ambition, between the This glossary of terms will assist the discussion and polyvalence of the city around or next to conflicting ideologies of reform and capital. of both common and distinct aspects of the them. The ideological and economic thrust This common platform has resulted in familiar housing discourse, produced and reproduced in behind these massive groupings of peoples and and repeated typologies of housing: multi- Europe’s metropolitan centres from the second homes into identifiable urban and suburban storey buildings of standardised flats, arranged half of the 19th century, and still relevant today. figures underplayed social and emotional around courtyards or flattened into street- considerations. The tensions thus created, long terraces. And yet, the comparison of initially articulated at the level of architectural the terms used to denote common housing and urban design, later spilt out in uneasy formations in different languages (French, interplays between urban and suburban, English, German etc.) both confirms affinities residential and civic, permeability and enclosure, and reveals structural particularities. The collectivity and privacy. Some of these tensions different economic, social, and cultural continue until today. conceptions of housing in various European contexts are partially exposed by the language The panel aims to question the logics behind the used. This terminology of housing reflects early articulation of urban housing ensembles the cultural, professional, social and political and examine commonalities and particularities circumstances in which residential complexes in their international dissemination. To this were first conceived. This paper examines end, the speakers address different logics in the estate logics that emerge from the terms the creation of a conceptual and professional discourse on housing.

18 19 Katharina Borsi, University of Nottingham Christopher Metz, ETH Zurich [email protected] [email protected]

The Logic of Type: A Genealogy The logic of the norm: of the Berlin Siedlungen LCC Urban Housing during the Interwar Period

or Hans Scharoun, Siemensstadt, the type does not simply represent Scharoun’s hortly after the First World War, the 1919 the London area, still believed in the value Ffamous modernist Siedlung he planned in conception of housing. Instead, type constantly SHousing Act introduced a new era of large of high tenement buildings for inner-city 1929 with Martin Wagner, exemplified a ‘cell’ calls into question what housing could be? municipal housing estates in Britain. The aim reconstruction schemes. The very first LCC slum in the ‘urban organism’; a seemingly natural was not only to provide more and better houses clearance scheme of the interwar period was unit of inhabitation, key in the functioning of for the working classes, but also to eradicate the Tabard Garden Estate in Southwark in South- the city. Siemensstadt is generally considered so-called un-healthy slums that were perceived East London. Faced with the strong disapproval as an outstanding example of Berlin’s as a hotbed of crime, immorality and infectious of this type of dwelling, the LCC Architect’s De- modernism. Its architectural innovations diseases. Immediately after the war, however, partment was challenged to introduce new and its formal and spatial experimentations the policy of slum-clearance was regarded as sanitary measures and develop innova-tive with the space of the domestic and that less urgent and even counterproductive in the floor plan typologies in order to refute concerns of the neighbourhood represent key effort to overcome the housing shortage. Many about the seemingly “unwhole-some” and tenets of the modern concept of housing. housing reformers expressed the view that the “unhealthy” tenement. The estate thus played problem of overcrowding would resolve itself an important role as a testing ground and The paper sketches moments of a genealogy through the development of garden cities, established new standards that would define of the Berlin Siedlungen to highlight the which would create a countermovement from the typical LCC tenement design of the interwar contribution of type in the formation of urban districts back to the country. Moreover, period. the concept of modern housing. The logic the typology of the high tenement building of type can be identified as a continuity of was increasingly rejected. The newly founded spatial and social reasoning all the way from Ministry of Health, being under the influence of the rise of the urban as exemplified by the vocal garden city propo-nents, tried to prohibit publication of the Berlin extension plan in the erection of tenement buildings of more 1862 and the proliferation of the tenement than three storeys in height – on the grounds - Berlin’s ubiquitous urban typology. This is that such dwellings were detrimental to the a continuity in which architecture evolves health and opposed to the habits and traditions independently, as well as engages and of the British people. Contrary to these official mobilises the discursive terrain of which it government guidelines, the London County forms a part. In the case of the Siedlung, Council (LCC), the local housing au-thority for

20 21 R2 Modernisms

Harald Robert Stühlinger, FHNW Nordwestschweiz, Switzerland Sigal Davidi, Tel Aviv University [email protected] [email protected]

Paper logics: Red Vienna estates Gender Aspects of Apartment in architectural publications Planning in Tel Aviv, 1930s

n the interwar period, the extensive paper will work out and trace the logics housing program of the city of Vienna of housing as mediated in posters, books, I he development of modernist architecture of settlement. The architects' community created nearly 65.000 housing units, which, brochures, films, postcards, newspapers and in the early 20th century encouraged explored ways to adjust European concepts with the exception of a small number of magazines during the Red Vienna period. The T experimentation in redesigning the domestic and knowledge to the local conditions. Topics cottage houses, were organised in multi- trajectories of analysis will touch on questions sphere. More than any other room in the such as climate, financing of construction, use storey apartment buildings. This production about the role of publications in relationship modern dwelling, the kitchen underwent the of local materials, and building methods were was accompanied by an impressive number to the built objects, as well as the addressed most radical change. The kitchen was the discussed, but planning the modern apartment of publications, broadcasting the benefits to public. physical embodiment of the political, cultural in a way that would cater to the needs of the the Viennese public brought about by the and social discourse on the role of women in "new woman" remained in the margins. My municipal housing programme. In the past modern life. Tel Aviv had the fastest growing proposal focuses on the evolution of the new decades, the construction efforts of the ‘Red population in the Jewish community. Its apartments in Tel Aviv and is based on an Vienna’ government in the interbellum period, intensive urban development, especially its analysis of the home-sphere design against the and their effect on the built fabric of the city, modern residential buildings, made it a symbol backdrop of processes and ideas that developed have been well studied. Conversely, however, of modernity and progress. In the 1930s, the in Europe. In my talk, I will present the opinions the production of accompanying books and number of houses in Tel Aviv almost doubled: of woman architect Lotte Cohn, who spoke pamphlets has so far been disregarded. from 3,600 at the beginning of the decade and wrote about fundamental issues of home Compared to other European cities, the to 7,000 in 1940. In 1935 alone, about 850 planning, especially planning of the kitchen in a impressive number of housing publications apartment buildings were built in Tel Aviv. In way that would make the household chores of produced during Red Vienna raises questions the 1930s, the flow of Jewish immigrants into women easier. about their mediatory logic. This emphasis on Mandatory Palestine (Palestine under the housing publications and their role in the public British Mandate; 1920-1948) made residential life of the city deserves closer examination. This planning the principal topic of the architectural discourse. It was widely discussed, and efforts were made to introduce modern dwelling models for the nascent Jewish society, to suit the spirit of Zionist ideology and the new types

22 23 Tzafrir Fainholtz, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology David Escudero, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid [email protected] [email protected]

A Levantine Home at the Four modern kitchens: the impact of Adalberto Libera’s studies on housing during "Bauhous City" the 1940s - The work of Mizrahi Architects, and the not so "White" city of Tel-Aviv, 1930-1948 t remains to some extent unknown the role As will be seen in this contribution, the he city of Tel-Aviv is known for its 1930s sons of the Mediterranean, these architects Iplayed by Adalberto Libera as Director of the appointment of Libera allowed the dispersion Tinternational style buildings and avant-garde came back to Tel-Aviv and built extensively in technical office of the INA-Casa state social and assimilation of these studies that he architecture. Often described as the "white the city, building housing and public buildings housing programme. He held this position from had carried out during the 1940s on modern city" and as a "Bauhaus city", architectural reminiscent of the contemporary architecture 1949, when the program was launched, until housing and, in particular, on kitchen space. historiography tends to celebrate Tel-Aviv of north-Africa and the Levant. Though well 1951, when he resigned. This programme was Therefore, it analyses those four types of as a prim manifestation of central European connected with the French architectural milieu, the most ambitious social housing program in kitchen and studies the impact his ideas had modernist architecture. This depiction of the and highly capable, their work was marginalized Italy after the World War II. During its fourteen within the INA-Casa programme. To do so, it city's history tends to exclude the contribution in the historiography of architecture in Tel-Aviv, years of activity (1949-1963), it promoted the uses the partially unpublished material that of Mizrahi architects, who were natives of the which preferred to emphasis the work of the construction of more than 350,000 homes, makes up the study: texts, charts, sketches Palestine and part of the world of the Levant, to city's central-European émigré architects, as a highly influenced by the suggestions and norms and perspective drawings. The aim is, then, the development of the city, and to the building manifestation of European genius. This paper set at the beginning by Libera’s department. twofold: to shed light on an unknown moment of its modernist heritage. Coming from well- aims on telling the untold story of the Levantine of the author’s work and to reveal its historical established middle-eastern communities, these architects and their clients whos' work helped It is even more unknown the research on significance as a key piece of Italy's largest post- Levantine architects' families and clients where to shape the modernist homes of Tel-Aviv. housing that he had carried out while he was war social housing programme. among the founders of Tel-Aviv, and initiated Concentrating on their distinct contribution retired in Trento during the World War II. His the building of many of the city's residential in the field of housing it will present another sectorial studies were grouped to form a larger buildings. Being of Levantine culture these reading of the architectural history of Tel-Aviv, one that would became a book –entitled La families had a great affiliation to the French beyond the "Bauhaus" as a Mediterranean and tecnica funzionale e distributiva dell'abitazione, language, and choose to send their sons to a Middle-Eastern city. that remained unpublished–, which was study at French speaking metropolises of essential to be appointed to the position at the Europe, and especially to Paris. In Paris these INA-Casa technical office. Libera paid special students studied with architects who worked attention to the kitchen, and designed four for the French Mediterranean colonial project types taking into account not only functional which at the time redesigned "white cities" constraints, but also the socio-economic like Casablanca and Alger. Being themselves context of the inhabitants as well as the Italian cultural background.

24 25 Collective R3 Inhabitations Doreen Bernath, AA Project Cities Programme , Leeds School of Dorian Wiszniewski, University of Edinburgh Architecture [email protected] [email protected] The Ahmedabad Pols and the Hidden Commons: Transindividual Hutong Inversions begin within an image: the Ahmedabad also religion. There are Jain Pols, Hindu Pols, I Kite Festival. The entire population of Muslim Pols and even some mixed Pols. We Ahmedabad’s Old City plus friends and relatives are led to believe that India is a divided nation, ontemporary transformations of remaining co-living, as well as to the wider potential from elsewhere in the city, India and the world, where Muslims and Hindus just do not get on. Ctraditional ‘hutongs’ in the inner city of of community building and dependencies gather on top of the roofs of the Old “Walled” However, 80% of the population of the Old City Beijing have been pulled by two forces: the across older hutong districts and newer City. The roof heights vary from anywhere vote consistently for the Congress Party (INC). municipality’s political wish to clean up the residential districts with distinctly different between two and five or six storeys. Each This is an astonishing statistic on Nirendra hutong’s reputation as slums of dilapidating forms of typologies, densities, with wide person has as many as 40 kites to fly. All kites Modi’s home turf where his Bharatiya Janata building conditions, lack of modern services spread problems of isolation and lack of social are the same size, varying in colour and pattern Party (BJP) advocate, promote and legislate and concentration of low-income and migrant amenities. using the same technology (tissue paper and for division. The Kite Festival is an astonishing workers; and the market economy force bamboo) and precisely the same cotton string act of community that operates between the of gentrification through the process of specification (impregnated with glass powder – scale of neighbourhoods and the metropolitan infiltrations of artistic and cultural activities, usually coloured pink - to facilitate the “cutting” landscape. This paper will add further detail followed by development investments for of the strings and the celebratory cry of “ae to this image of communitarian practices by renovation and expansion, resulting in rising lapet,” which translates as something like draw developing information and data taken from property values and shifts towards private uses, in your string). This is one of the biggest roof fieldwork surveys of the Pol housing alongside as private and commercialised residences. The parties to be witnessed anywhere on earth. an articulation of an Indian conception of public intention of the research is to unravel certain The “Pols” of Ahmedabad are the characteristic and private space as derived from Rabindranath micro attempts at preserving hutong’s unique housing within the Old City of Ahmedabad. Tagore’s projection of the relationship between typologies for a greater shared purposes and Although the Old City is undergoing a the home (oikos) and the world (cosmos) in uses. By countering the forces of privatisations population reduction, on these two days it his novel Ghare Baire and the notion of the of urban spaces, the paper argues for the seems everyone returns. There may be as many transindividual (or intersubjectivity) taken from importance to rethink the genuinely public as 1,000,000 kites flown in each of the two Gilbert Simondon and Félix Guattari. The paper potential of inner city hutongs, through its days of the kite festival. The event lasts all day will provide evidence to show a successful specific arrangement of boundaries, thresholds, and into the night where kites are replaced urban paradigm of cosmo-ecological co- circulations, servicing, to interconnecting with fireworks (but not nearly so many). The habitation between people with differences, a passages and interstitial spaces, as that which monsoon clouds have been replaced by Kite- paradigm that has worked successfully for five not only contribute to the redefinition of clouds for these two days in January each year. hundred years but is currently under pressure neighbourhoods that consolidate a sense of The kite festival is a cosmo-ecological event. by India’s contemporary politics of division. Pols are organised by kin and trade, thereby,

26 27 Modernity, Ideology O1 and Housing

Zhuozhang Li, University of Liverpool Maur Dessauvage, Columbia University New York [email protected] [email protected]

The Way We Dance: Children of Krupp: The Factory The (Re)production of Rooftop space in Contemporary Hong Kong Urban Cinema as a Home

his paper explores the cinematic Way We Dance, 2013, etc.), and rooftop as a his paper takes up the Krupp steelworks the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf and the struggle representation of the socio-spatial (re) living space (such like Protégé, 2007 and Mad T in Essen as a case study through which to against socialism. By looking at the home and production of rooftop spaces in contemporary world, 2017). These films depict the rooftop as T explore the relationship between patriarchy the school as reciprocally interrelated social Hong Kong, through analysing series of Hong not merely an extra layer of spatial production and industrial capitalism in Germany around institutions, the paper seeks to put forward a Kong city films. I argue that rooftop, as a of urban space in terms of its physical, social 1870. I argue that in spite of the ever-increasing more adequate understanding of the material peripheral urban space in vertical Hong Kong, and psychological factors, but also a space division of labor, the conception of the factory and ideological work of company towns in the has historically provided a material and social of empowerment, through everyday tactics, environment for everyday tactical practices for the people to reclaim their right to the as a family persisted as a socially necessary form development of industrial capitalism. within its particular cultural and historical city against a consumerism and privatized of appearance that structured the industrial background. This raises several questions such urban context. Then, by understanding the complex along patriarchal lines. In particular, as what relation between the rooftop and urban blurred public-private boundary in the Hong the paper looks at the way in which Krupp's space in Hong Kong is, and how Hong Kong Kong cinematic urban topography, it argues social welfare program activated the workers' urban cinema represents the appropriation that, along with other tactical practices in the family as the fundamental reproductive unit of rooftop space due to people produce their city, the appropriations of the rooftop space of the factory. Through an examination of the own space of everyday life through socio- empower the local people and provide a planning behind the Kronenberg colony built in spatial practices. In order to demonstrate spatial and ideological basis of the city’s fluid 1872, I propose that there was a close internal this, I will draw particular attention to several identity, or as Abbas states, of its ‘culture of relationship between the workers' dwellings and local films produced after 1979 - all portraying disappearance’. I will conclude by showing how educational institutions. On the one hand, the people’s everyday practices, social structures, cinematic materials could be applied in urban promise of a home on the new company estate architecture and cityscape of contemporary studies relating to the historical urban milieu was intended to stimulate the reproduction at Hong Kong. I will examine the historical context and a chronological study of everyday spatial the level of the family and, on the other hand, of the appropriations of rooftop space in the appropriations in Hong Kong. At the same nondenominational public schools for the city, mainly the Central area and the Kowloon time, based on a general consideration of the children of workers sustained the reproduction Island, from its colonial plan by British planners local social background and influences of both of labor at the level of the steelworks as a such as Sir Patrick Abercrombie, to the Mass colonial and Chinese culture, this study offers whole. In addition, the social organization of Migration Wave. With this urban cultural context an insight and an interdisciplinary visual method the labor through the domestic and educational and the affinity between the city and the cinema to examine the relationship between the urban sphere reflected the wider reforms undertaken since Hong Kong New Wave, I will discuss the strategic plan and people’s everyday socio- by the Prusso-German state in response to cinematic representation of appropriated spatial practices in a dynamic urban context. rooftop space mainly in two types: rooftop as a playground (He’s a Woman, She’s a Man, 1994, Truth or Dare: 6th Floor Rear Flat, 2003; The 28 29 Didem Ekici, University of Nottingham Inge Podbrecky, Federal Heritage Authority, Austria [email protected] [email protected]

The Concept of Type in Hellerau Red Vienna, Black Vienna: Housing in Social Democratic (1919-1934) and Austro- Garden City, 1908-1914 Fascist (1934-1938) Vienna

his paper examines the paradoxical translation of with its promise of “unity within diversity.” Through fter WW 1, Vienna was governed by two of a parlamentary crisis in 1933, installed an Ttype into architecture in the first German garden the fusion of the individual and the collective that Asubsequent but politically opposed city authoritarian fascist opposed to both Social city of Hellerau from its founding in 1908 until was characteristic of type, members of the mass councils. Red Vienna – we celebrated her 100th democracy and Nazi fasicm that took over 1914. Artists and architects involved in the Garden society would be simultaneously emancipated and birthday in 2019 - embarked on an ambitious with the so-called „Anschluss“(annexion)of City Movement and Hellerau sought to shape mass disciplined in the capitalist system. Such a fusion program of late enlightenment comprising social Ausrtia to Germany in 1938. As Red Vienna’s society through design. The development of types that existed in organic societies would grant a in applied arts and in architecture conformed to the limited independence both to architecture and the welfare, education, health, cultural and housing housing success was impossible to top, the desire to reconcile individuality with the uniformity mass subject by resisting their instrumentalization programmes. The latter produced the incredible Austro-Fascists pretended to care for the poor of an organic style during the first decade of the in the capitalist economic system. For architecture, number of more than 61 000 affordable concentrating the unemployeed in so-called twentieth century. Hellerau Garden City founded it entailed a doublefold process: collective aspects housing units within 13 years. Targeting the family asylums in the outskirts of the city, thus in 1908 combined an idealism of communitarian of type would restore a unified organic style, thus housing problem of proletarian families, rents further humiliating those already marginized thought and land reform with a capitalist economy’s resisting the commodification of architecture were kept intentionally low: Tenants payed by poverty and unemployment. City center lots pragmatism about industrial production. The represented by eclectic styles. Individual qualities only about 4% of an average worker’s salary were reserved for prestigious bourgeois housing founders of Hellerau attempted, even if it was of type would restore the architect’s authorship, per month. Flats were mainly concentrated in blocks financed by huge financial support to conditioned by new production methods, to recover which was threatened by using mass produced huge council blocks called „Höfe,“ benefitting private investors. Additional aid was provided by a sense of organic development, reflected for elements. Variations in a given type also created example in the city’s irregular picturesque layout. a certain degree of customization for inhabitants, from vast green spaces and infrastructure such the promotion of demolition of two-and three But they also sought organicism in the production enabling them to have a limited degree of as kindergardes, libraries, meeting romms storey baroque and Biedermeier housing under and perception of type houses. On the one hand, autonomy. Ultimately, the founders of Hellerau etc., but also from their strong architectural the pretext of sanitation following the example the economic emphasis on inexpensive standardized wanted to reconcile industrial capitalist society with presence in the cityscape that worked as as of Mussolini’s Italian „sventramenti.“ My paper production and marketability turned type-houses a perceived social cohesion of an ordered past. powerful means of inscribing politics into the will research the consequences of this change into generic commodities. On the other hand, This basic ambivalence was reflected in numerous urban context. Starting with small one-and two- for the Vienna cityscape. Different poltiical these houses were presented as a remedy for the juxtapositions—the individual and the collective, room apartments with kitchens, electricity, positions may seem likely to develop different uprootedness of the working class by restoring a technology and nature, as well as industry and gas and warm water,standards were enhanced housing concepts if not diverse architectural Heimat feeling as permanent homes. In other words, crafts—that together would fuse into an organic in the course of time, introducing in-house positions and semantics. But as I will show in architecture played a contradictory role: although unity in modern society. Given its ambivalences it was instrumentalized by the capitalist economy, it and contradictions, Hellerau became a true bathrooms around 1930. Red Vienna had my presentations, due to personal continuity in was presented as being autonomous from capitalist representative of Wilhelmine modernity. successfully solved the post-WW1-housing architecture and construction and due to the exchange. The concept of type profiled not only problem. Other than Vienna, the Republic strong presence of an architectural mainstream commodities and buildings, but also the mass subject of Austria was governed by the conservative of „conservative moderity“, buildings 1919- Christlichsoziale Partei which, taking advantage 1938 cannot to be told apart easily.

30 31 Types, Utopias O2 and Cities

Lottie Smith, University of Nottingham Martino Tattara, KU Leuven [email protected] [email protected]

Nottingham Estates in 1850 From the Cell to the Territory. The ‘Disurbanist’ Project of the OSA Group

his essay compares three case study houses Tin Nottingham, built between 1820s-1850s. This period showed critical contextual. ew projects address the relationship Soviet Union and the culmination of a process Changes for Nottingham’s housing, which is Fbetween housing and the city as directly as of rethinking of the proper urban form within represented in the evolving design of the three a series of schemes developed in Soviet Russia which to construct housing units that would chosen case studies. A drawing survey of two towards the end of the 1920s. By focusing on a stimulate the transition from capitalism to contrasting pre 1845 Enclosure Act houses wide range of scales, from territorial planning socialism. Next to the ‘Green City’, the same and analysis of the families that resided there, to the architecture of one’s person cell, these model was applied in few other schemes, provides a visual representation of life for the set of large-scale proposals, generally identified mostly known through few blurred black and working class compared to the middle class with the term ‘disurbanism’, sought a radical white images. These projects represent the during Nottingham’s distension in the industrial rethinking of the living and working conditions internal critique towards the forced communal revolution. These distinctions emphasise that constitute urban life. The first of these character of the dom-kommuna and differently Nottingham’s need for new regulated housing projects is plan for a competition launched in propose ‘flexible’ typological configurations for the working class, resulting in local changes 1928, at the start of the first Five-Years Plan, that could accommodate different forms of in housing law in 1845. A post enclosure house for a ‘Green City’ for 100.000 people to be social association. This proposed contribution covered in the third case study, including the built 40km north-east from Moscow. Architects to ‘Housing and the City’ aims at clarifying inhabiting family, shows where precedent from representative of the new wave of soviet the origins of this planning tradition and its the efficient arrangement of working class architecture were invited to participate. Among interrelation with the rising critique towards back-to-backs and the sanctuary of the middle them there was a team formed by members the forms of large communal houses by class townhouse were used to create the first of OSA group, Mosej Ginzburg and Mikhail primarily focusing on the texts and drawings regulated suburban housing in Nottingham. Barhsch who proposed an application of Mikhail that appeared in SA Sovremennaia Arkhitektura Okhitovich’s ‘disurbanist’ planning principles. – the architectural journal of the OSA group. This proposal to reorganize urban settlements By critically looking to textual sources and by as a network of single persons’ cells, communal redrawing urban plans and housing proposals, houses and collective facilities scattered along the contribution aims to finally shed light infrastructure across rural territories is perhaps on a still uncertain planning tradition and its one of the most radical legacies from spatial resonance in the current housing debate. planning experiments in the early years of

32 33 Michele Stavagna, Tilo Amhoff, University of Brighton Independent Scholar/Netzwerk Architekturwissenschaft, Berlin [email protected] [email protected] Das Neue Berlin: Hyper-Corbusian Mendelsohn: Martin Wagner and The Department for City Planning of A lost housing project of the Early Thirties in Berlin the City of Berlin (1926-1932)

his paper explores the history of the social of the housing programme was only possible his paper aims to reconstruct the genesis Mendelsohn designs cruciform houses Tdemocratic administration of Berlin, and in the socialised building company. This paper Tand context of an unrealized project by (Kreuzhäuser) that develop in an original way its associated municipal city planning schemes argues that Wagner was getting disillusioned Erich Mendelsohn to complete the WOGA some of Le Corbusier's proposals presented in and housing programmes, as well as of the with the plans for the city, with the agency of Housing settlement in Berlin. This "lost" the book "Urbanisme", translated in Germany proposals for the socialisation of the building the building plan to control the development of project, never mentioned by the architect in in 1929. However, the most surprising aspect industry and of the building of the city, which the city, and hence shifted his attention to the his monographs, and not carried out because is that this project was in some way unofficially were to free urban development from the plans for the economy. For him the architects of the global economic crisis, has never been presented by the architect. Although not ambition to make profit through ground rent and the execution of buildings were becoming analyzed by critics. Instead, this is a project of openly, the architect discusses its fundamental and building rent. The instruments were the main driving force of development and not greatest interest, planned in the late spring of aspects in a short controversial essay of May building and housing cooperatives, as a means the civil servants of the city administration. His 1930 and definitively abandoned two years 1931, "Group No.1 - Group No.2", his only of achieving a synthesis between capital and plan for the socialisation of building land and later for lacks of financing, but after having contribution that speaks openly of housing, labour. The architect, city planner, and political building industry, for the public control of the obtained permission to build. If implemented, published in the catalog of the SOWO economist Martin Wagner (1885-1957), director city and housing as public good, eliminating it would have partly changed the nature of building exhibition, sponsored by its publisher of the Department for City Planning of the City the private building industry and real estate the WOGA Housing settlement, from almost Lachmann Mosse, and held at the same time as of Berlin, for example established a holding speculation, are vital alternatives for the suburban housing for middle-class customers, the the great German Building Exhibition in late company for building and housing cooperatives housing crisis of today. to purely urban housing of rental houses with spring of 1931. Mendelsohn's effort to take part in collaboration with the Union of Building high user turnover. Mendelsohn demonstrates in the housing debate, despite his presence in Trades and the Building Workers Association. in this project that he desires to play a role June 1931 at the meeting of the CIAM in Berlin, The ambition was to construct a communal in the debate on Minimum Dwelling, which would have ended with the disappointment economy in the housing and building sector. then was focusing the architectural debate of seeing his project unrealized despite its For Wagner, in his curious intersection between in Europe. The German architect tries to ambitious intentions with respect to the canons the socialisation of the means of production balance the speculative needs of his client, the of functionalism. in the building industry and the scientific publisher and supporter of Americanism Georg management of labour on the building site as Lachmann Mosse, and his own criticism of well as in the architectural office, the ambition more radical housing proposals by his German to increase productivity and to reduce costs fellow architects or foreigner such Le Corbusier.

34 35 Reform, Health O3and Pandemic

Angelika Schnell, Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna Anna Agafonova, Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg [email protected] [email protected]

How can space be Urban sanitizing and household ‘ideological?’ pollution in small northern towns in the Russian empire, 1870 - 1914 sked Fredric Jameson in 1982, discussing settlements as completely alienating. On the AManfredo Tafuri’s critique of ideology. other hand it allowed for a Marxist reading of he report will describe the results of the in the last third of the 19th century, which Today, contemporary collective housing projects post-modernism as being the “cultural logic” Tresearch of contradictions and conflicts caused them to look for solutions in the are considered as being “less ideological” of the “multinational capitalism” (Jameson), between homeowners and sanitary doctors administrative regulation of housekeeping in than in former times. They seem to be more where commodity itself became its own and trustees in cities of Vologda and Novgorod cities. After the 5th pandemic of cholera in pragmatic, more flexible regarding their social ideology, in particular the aesthetic production regions, where the urban population of fewer the 1890s, city governments with governors, and economical management. But can ideology of commodity. As a consequence “not abstract than 50 thousand people in each of town. district councils (zemstvo), and the Ministry of be pushed aside like an annoying fly? According ideas, beliefs, ideologies, or philosophical Meanwhile, but urban pollution and deficit internal affairs began to organize the system of to Tafuri following Karl Marx, ideology is the systems, but rather the immanent practices of of pure water were widespread problems in sanitary inspection. It consisted of increasing “false consciousness” of the bourgeoisie, daily life now occupy the functional position most of these cities. Unsatisfactory sanitary numbers of medical staff and introducing new and as long as architecture is considered as of ‘ideology’” – and not the architectural and conditions were a result of the bacteriological social institutions of public health. In practice, bourgeois – and most of the self-administrative planning process alone. Against this background pollution of an urban area, which caused the sanitary inspectors regularly confronted and collective housing projects are from the paper addresses selected housing projects high morbidity of infectious diseases. The with misunderstanding and aggression from and for typical middle-class tenants – it is in Vienna, from the famous superblocks of Red research period was a time of formation of homeowners who opposed interference with interwoven with the materialistic basis of the Vienna (1919-1934) until the self-administrated the local self-government system, adoption their household. It complicated the work of capitalist system of the bourgeoisie. However, Sargfabrik (1996 and 2000), in order to analyse of new technologies in an urban area, and a the sanitary inspection and made it ineffective ideology as theory has been interpreted in the change of ideological interpretations of time of formation of new social institutions. without the participation of the police. different ways. In particular György Lukács’, housing in the city throughout the century. The author notes that the Municipal reform Antonio Gramsci and Louis Althusser’s of Alexander II was a turning point in urban redefinitions of ideology as a “necessary false development in the 19th century. This reform consciousness”, which comprises all classes, has transformed problems of urban sanitation the entire society, had consequences for from legislation plane to political plane. It housing at the intersection between urbanism gave city governments the right to intervene and architecture. On the one hand it allowed in the everyday life of households. The newly the theoreticians of the Frankfurt school to created municipal self-government has faced criticise the modern architecture of post-war with the problem of excessive urban pollution

36 37 Alba Zarza Arribas, University of Valladolid (Spain) - Centro de Estudos Eva Eylers, Independent Scholar Arnaldo Araújo (Portugal) [email protected] [email protected] Health, Tuberculosis and the City: Iberian housing and city. Strategies to approach the dwelling hygiene of Berlin A relationship through documentary cinema (1885-1915) ith the nineteenth-century conviction settlements, however, hardly offered a rawing on the cinematographic images precarious dwelling and slums. Wthat cities were true breeding grounds model-remedy for the current problems of Dof housing and cities showed by for disease, in particular tuberculosis, also Berlin. As the “Reformsiedlungen” also the documentary cinema, this paper argues that These cinematographic materials projected came the theory that there were places of sanatoria aimed to remedy the “victims” of the studying these filmic news and materials news ways of inhabit alongside with social health outside of the city. The medical theory metropolis and thus took care of the effects allows us to understand the context and social development from the postwar period to the of the ‘immune place’ , developed by Hermann rather than aiming at the actual causes. But and political circumstances in which urban welfare and consumption society, so today they Brehmer in the 1850s, would serve as the without a significant change in the political development took place over the twentieth constitute a cultural heritage which possibility impetus for the development and justification system and a subsequent drastic change in the century. Specifically, the analysis of residential learning from the past and revisiting history of the tuberculosis sanatorium, which, as working and building legislation were there architecture through the newsreels produced to promote new perspectives for the future, the ‘place of health’, was to be situated in any promising and affordable possibilities by the State in Spain and Portugal addresses evaluate the scope and power of the past natural surroundings, ideally in the dry air of to improve the conditions within the city? the urban growth in the main debates on housing policies, their current legacies and their an unspoilt mountain region. Mirroring the Given that the initially promising sanatorium housing and urbanism throughout the second social impact. These film reports, which still live conviction that the individual’s true wellbeing treatment had not proven successful this half of the last century. This approach from in the collective social imaginary, go in depth in could only be restored outside the polluted was one of the questions to be asked during the synchronous audiovisual medium registers comprehending the whole circumstances that city, the „Naturheilkunde“ (natural healing) – the 1899 Conference on TB in Berlin, where the large social neighbourhoods in their own determined the Spanish and Portuguese social movement in Germany aimed to cure also the alternatives in the fight against the disease construction time, which today enables a housing and, consequently, their cities. These psychological diseases believed to be caused were considered. This paper will discuss critical revision of the urban spaces of our topical news, which disseminated architecture by the industrialized city. Not surprisingly the one such alternative approach, the “home inherited cities. to a general public then, today enhance movement fell on fertile soil in and around sanatorium” proposed by the military surgeon contemporary debates and researches on Berlin with its overcrowded living conditions Dr. von Unterberger, an attempt to abandon Since the cinema was one of the main mass housing and inherited urban development. caused by industrialisation and the subsequent the “back to nature” idea and bring the place media until the generalization of television dramatic population growth. In an attempt of health back into the city and the homes of and the only one that disseminated the two- to offer a counter-draft to the failures of the its population. With its renunciation of site dimensional image of architecture, these film metropolis, a number of experimental socialist specificity, the “home sanatorium” may have news focused on residential architecture built „Reformsiedlungen“ (reformist estates) were led the primary sanatorium idea itself ad in the totalitarian regimes of southern Europe created around the turn of the century in absurdum, but it also offered the opportunity contributed to spreading the evolution of the surroundings of Berlin in the State of and a platform for re-thinking the space of mass housing and specially the Spanish and Brandenburg. Often based on single-family health within the city. Portuguese urban housing policies due to rural (terraced) houses the scarcely populated migration to industrialized cities and to replace

38 39 Carolina B. García-Estévez, Barcelona School of Architecture, ETSAB. Polytechnic University of Catalonia, UPC [email protected] he ‘affective turn’ in many different disciplines Tevidence an alternative approach and attitude Affective Provision to the determination of our apparatus of cities and societies. It has become apparent in recent decades Nostalgia for the Past: that it is not enough to fulfil demands for affective in Collective Forms provision as a kind of post-applied software that Casa Bloc as a Paradigm for Post-Pandemic Housing and Y1 activates or remedies certain existing spaces and built structures. This panel proposes a critical debate Urban Development on how considerations of affective provision can be preceding factors in architectural and urban Invited Panel design processes, encompassing immaterial labour he word “nostalgia” is defined as 1: the balcony as the threshold that returns virtually and production, duties and equipment of help and state of being homesick and 2: a wistful or to the street, all in an old, successful ecosystem Chair care, instigation and maintenance of community T Doreen Bernath excessively sentimental yearning for return to or where public and private assist new operative relations and intergenerational bonds, accessible of some past period or irrecoverable condition. models of social distancing, as the current and distributed pedagogical models, habitational and ecological resources, empathetic and psycho- Responding to both definitions, the post- pandemic has recently shown us in Barcelona. Speakers Platon Issaias geographical networks and identities. Papers pandemic city in the twenty-first century could But its lesson dates further back: the utopian Raül P. Avilla.Royo presenting ‘case study’ research on specific cities - encompass nostalgia as a natural aftermath ideals of Charles Fourier’s Phalanstère, the cells Alvaro Arancibia Barcelona, Tehran, Athens, Beijing, Amsterdam, have of our irrecoverable condition. Modernity has of Carthusian monasteries or the systematic Hamed Khosravi a shared basis of recognising architecture and city developed largely as a result of man-made rules Roman castrum are all particular images that as collective forms, arising through interdisciplinary Gianna Bottema and regulations associated with maintaining reoccur over time. From one crisis to another, and multi-scalar processes of collaboration and public health. Faced with a new urban reality today like a century ago, post-traumatic cooperations. More specifically, the panel intends to of segregation and containment, the lesson of regression occurs, offering an escape from unravel a radical redefinition of housing in the city as Casa Bloc (Barcelona, 1933) is how to employ the anxiety of seeing no other future than an that which transgress both the radical organisation confinement as a fragile interscalar balance eternal, cyclical return of domestic realms to modes of shared actions, of order between the interests that shape material and immaterial resources in the most public of realms. Housing, in this expanded co-produced our cities. Designed by the GATCPAC—Group sense, contributes significantly to the wider affective of Catalan Architects and Technicians for the provision in the city, uncovering new values in Progress of Contemporary Architecture—led by resources that are personal, relational, intuitive, Josep Lluís Sert in close collaboration with Le communicative, emotional and plural. Corbusier, it was the first redent superblock (207 duplex dwellings) built in Europe, in the thirties. This mass social housing project addressed the root cause of the complex relationships between the individual and the collective by means of open inner courtyards with facilities, rue corridors to access the duplex, and the

40 41 Platon Issaias, Architectural Association, Projective Cities Programme Raül P. Avilla.Royo, Architectural Association, Projective Cities Programme [email protected] [email protected]

From asset to debt and Cellular Urbanism: Taller dispossession: d’Arquitectura & the City in housing in the years of economic crisis in Greece Space n July 13, 2015 and after almost 20 hours the urban horizon of Greece since the second Oof negotiations, the SYRIZA-led government world war. In a process of further ‘rationalization he City in Space was an experimental of the City in Space in contemporary urban agreed to sign a third memorandum, a €86bn ’of economic transactions related to real estate, Tresearch carried out by the multidisciplinary debates, addressing topics like minimum bailout plan with the triumvirate consisting housing in Greece is de-valorised such that workshop Taller d’Arquitectura, led by Ricardo dwelling, standardization of the household of the European Commission, the European large corporations and banks may acquire and Bofill, during the years 1968-1975. Taller space, monumentalisation of the periphery, Central Bank and the International Monetary accumulate it from the hands of the indebted, d’Arquitectura positioned themselves between affordable housing or industrialization. Fund. Among a new wave of extensive pension the class paradoxically made up of the original utopia and realism, addressing the problem of cuts, tax increases, and the mandatory producers and owners of this very space. The affordable housing by designing an alternative privatization of multiple public companies and model, a social contract within which space to Spanish council housing developed by the assets, the agreement requested the immediate and small-scale land accumulation played military government in the late 60s. Their lift of all legal provisions that protected primary a fundamental role in economic and urban seven years research produced the generation residence in Greece and the introduction of development, turns against itself. Starting from of masterplans departing from a domestic a new law that would allow for immediate the analysis of the contemporary situation, the cell unit through the systematic application of foreclosures. This, together with another presentation will trace the evolution and the rigid movements leading to different variations request to maintain the property tax that was different phases of this project, speculating on that formalized in six buildings, a speculative introduced as part of the previous memoranda, the relation between architecture, economic prototype, an unbuilt masterplan and a book. de facto cancelled one of SYRIZA’s most models and the politics of reconstruction and Four decades after of the conclusion of the important and anticipated reforms on housing dispossession. City in Space, this paper analyses the relevance and the real estate market. Since the recent July 2019 elections, New Democracy conservative government has further implemented policies that has further intensified inequality and the liberalisation of the housing market. These new measures initiate a new property regime that marks the end of a previous model that defined

42 43 Alvaro Arancibia, Architectural Association, Projective Cities Programme Hamed Khosravi, Architectural Association, Projective Cities Programme [email protected] [email protected]

Type, urban form, policy-making Revolution Begins at Home: and housing standards in Domestic Spaces as Spaces of Resistance in Iran Santiago de Chile he aftermath of World War II not only Experiments in the collectivization of domestic his paper challenges the current state of urban exclusion of social housing, this Tmarked the beginning of new geopolitical spaces such as of kitchens and laundries, and, in Tof Santiago de Chile’s social housing and research project investigates a new scenario order but also once again brought discourses some cases, childcare, had already been tested its extreme dependence on the privatized that conceives a domestic-economic centre. of architecture and domesticity back to the in parallel to social movements in Eastern housing market. The close relationship Thus, a radical reorganization of the current front-line of these confrontations. Although the Europe, Western Europe, and the United States between policy-making, minimum standards, social housing logic is proposed, calling for a immediate need for post-war reconstruction until the nineteen-thirties, but they came to and urban form, has limited social housing to completely different model based on four key left almost no time for comprehensive an end in the post-war period. However, in a simplified and isolated type-solution based transformations. theoretical development in architectural countries like Iran it was the second wave of on a reinterpretation of the traditional row- and planning principles, the “occupied” and Modern Movement that aided post-WWII housing model. This has allowed for large- “liberated” territories became laboratories social movements and revitalized the discourse. scale social housing projects, which effectively in which the new concepts of territory, city, Being located at the fault line between the resolved the historical lack of housing provision. and forms of life were tested. At the heart communist and capitalist worlds, Iran became However, the apparent success of the housing of the discourse was the significance of a laboratory in which such ideological projects policy is questioned when the underlying social domestic spaces as spaces of resistance and of were tested. The paper revisits how domestic housing sub-standard is made explicit, which cultivation of community bonds and individual space became a space of resistance in Iran. It fails at several scales and spheres of domestic freedom. Domestic space has been described presents an overlooked chapter in the history and urban life. The main failure is the policies’ as a collective sphere, a breeding ground in of the International Left in Iran and traces the inability to procure adequate location for the which narratives of liberation and radical ideas multifaceted life of a couple who founded the low-income housing. In fact, recent social could develop, as well as a nurturing place for Women’s Association and the Association of housing has only been able to afford plots in collective memories and cultures. Such a task Iranian Architects. The paper discusses how rural peripheries. This has therefore dictated a was mainly performed by women. This was a they redefined domestic spaces in Tehran as lifestyle of exclusion due to the lack of access to true process of the construction of political spaces of resistance where class, gender, social, both basic infrastructures and the urban centre, consciousness—not because of a supposedly and political conflicts are played out. the largest source of employment, services, and “natural” disposition of women toward care and opportunities. In order to address the problem nurture, but as an active space of resistance.

44 45 t is widely believed that responding to the current Ihousing crisis does not only require the creation of more dwelling units, but a general reconsideration of the very idea of living for a broad and diversified range of collective formations – that is, beyond the nuclear family. Mostly winking at co-operativism, ample debate is underway to define governance structures and new typologies beyond traditional housing delivery by public bodies or the market. This has given birth to a Gianna Bottema, Architectural Association, Projective Cities Programme proliferation of studies on the new frontiers of collective [email protected] living that often, and sometimes indistinctively, include also forms of domestic accommodations that have strong ties with major, mostly public, institutions.

This session wants to put focus on this latter sub- Institutes category of housing and its relations with the processes Housing & Care Cooperatives of city making. It sets out to explore those domestic of Care environments that are conceived as the direct product Y2 of a specific institution – health service, education, in the Netherlands: justice, religion, the military being possible cases to consider. Since their constitution and/or reformation in Spatial Diagrams of Cluster Living Invited Panel the modern age, these institutions have embodied the national states’ project for a systematic domestication he paper investigates the typological and to rethink notions of intimacy, privacy and Chair and normalisation of society, which was deployed Ttransformation of elderly accommodation the interior. By the use of typological reasoning Sabrina Puddu through the definition of a number of architectural into housing and care cooperatives within the and design speculation the paper concludes types that can be summarised as the modern institutes of care: the prison, the hospital, the asylum, the district. Through a study in decentralised care with a series of design guidelines that challenge Speakers orphanage, the school, the university, the museum, etc. and support activities, the paper illustrates the the dimensions of family life and introduce Francesco Zuddas different scales and mechanisms that formalise, spatial diagrams of cluster living, care services Besides often including the residential function within Elena Palacios Carral their spaces, as a component of their main agenda implement and challenge the social diagram of and district infrastructure. Alison Pooley dwelling. In recent years, care cooperatives have - to heal, to educate, to reform, to support - these Jenny Pannell institutions have often embarked in wider, separate come to the centre of attention in search for Sally-Anne Francis design and construction plans for housing catered to an alternative response to a crisis in traditional Sabrina Puddu their specific users. The domestic space deployed by forms of assistance. Through the administration these institutions has simultaneously mimicked and of the Right to Challenge, the funding of challenged the ‘normal’ domestic life that happens community organisation and the allocating of in the family dwelling, giving form to a laboratory public land, the municipality of Amsterdam for testing forms of domesticity, and with them new is enforcing housing and care cooperatives in architectural and urban typologies. order to collectivise care responsibility and to regenerate specific neighbourhoods. The The session reflects on such vast set of domestic paper investigates how the shift in rationalities environments, by considering them within a historical in healthcare practise has influenced the trajectory and frame of analysis, but with an eye focused on how ideas whose origins might trace back over two hierarchical division between the home and centuries still survive today. Is it legitimate to ask how the social institution, and has introduced new such domesticity, usually catered to homogenous social asymmetries, mental health issues, financial groups – the sick, the student, the inmate, the old, the models and spatial requirements within the insane – can expand beyond its institutional boundary, dwelling. The paper argues how the design of to be projected onto the wider urban realm and its threshold conditions can be used as a strategy housing urgencies? And how, if anyhow, can specificity to reorganise care relations within the home, and self-referentiality be turned into generalised forms of inhabitation for ‘normal’ living, eventually challenging our very idea of what is normal about housing?

46 47 Francesco Zuddas, Anglia Ruskin University Elena Palacios Carral, Architectural Association [email protected] [email protected]

Beyond student housing. When Artists Lived at the Louvre. The Establishment of the Royal Academy in 1648 and the Or, disorder the students as a State’s Effort to House the Artists in Paris he figure of the artist is often understood domestic space. Here, free accommodation de-commodifying urban agent Tas a kind of curious prototype, whereby the was provided to artists while granting royal sites of living and working are extended beyond privileges that exempted the artist from his paper is proposed as part of the session are always discussed from the inside-in. In the fixed site of the house to the studio, the attaching to guild rules. Ttitled “Institutes of Care” Experiments in today’s neoliberal climate, where subdivision street, the cafe, and the landscape beyond. architecture often rely on the existence of and enclosure reign as the rules shaping Since their lives are rarely organised around Presented through the space of the Louvre, a specific category of clients or users onto social relations and their built environment, conventional task divisions or family structures, this paper will study the relationship between which they can be tested. Yet, not always whether the student residence is located in they presage contemporary society’s embrace institution and domestic space. This will be those clients are properly interpreted for the the monofunctional realm of an educational of the nomadic freelancer, who is supposedly done by assessing the relation between the disruptive potential they might cause to the campus or interspersed within the urban fabric no longer bound by the nuclear family or two, parallel to a new notion of freedom status quo of architectural and urbanistic ideas. does not make much of a difference: in both permanent fixed employment. This paper that was presented through the ideological For a long time, students have been one such cases, the opportunity might be missed for a presents how this informality of arrangement construct of the free artist. This case is used category whose alleged flexibility to adapt to thorough exploration of how to leverage on the is in many ways a mischaracterisation and to foreshadow the ways in which the state non-standard living habits has been amply students’ category as one that could help de- belies the role the state has in making such would lay the foundations for a new subject seized upon, thus making student housing into commodify housing provision and, in turn, have conditions. to emerge: the artist as a freelancer. This a laboratory of ideas for collective domestic an impact on city making. One such way would newly conceived condition not merely allowed living. If, on the one side, student residences be to conceive of students beyond an isolated This condition will be presented through a by, but indeed manufactured by the state, represent the apotheosis of the individual room category and as one case among a vaster set study into the period when The Royal Academy would come to constrict the life and work of as the main building block of a community of of social actors in need for affordable, and of Art and Sculpture was formed in 1648 and the artist to a new type of space: the artist’s co-inhabitants, on the other they also enact somewhat collectivised, forms of dwelling. instrumentally endorsed by the monarchy as a studio. By identifying the inherent relationship an idea of forced collectivity to be consumed project that would – in theory – draw a formal between centralised power, the artist and their within the four walls of a modern machine- separation between artisan and artist. This ‘informal’ living arrangements, the paper traces to-live-in together. As such, the potentially separation - complicated as it proved to be - the development of the studio and its total subversive character of students ends up being aimed to solidify the project of centralisation permeation into contemporary living as one of neutralised within an interiorised – no matter and state-building Henri IV started 40 years design, not accident. how spatially inventive – space, and in fact earlier through the creation of an institution the most celebrated projects for student living as its main instrument. The Louvre, in turn, a place where artists had been living and working simultaneously since 1608, would be transformed into a mix of institution and

48 49 Alison Pooley, Jenny Pannell, and Sally-Anne Francis, Anglia Ruskin University Sabrina Puddu, KU Leuven [email protected] [email protected] The future almshouse: what can Normalisation as be learnt from re-interpreting a self-empowerment? The house for the criminals between privacy and the past hazard of collectivenes

his paper is proposed as part of the session have been provided over the past ten years, his paper is proposed as part of the session the (anti-urban) prototype for incarceration Tentitled “Institutes of Care” Almshouses including over 1,600 new buildings and around Ttitled “Institutes of Care”. 'Normalisation' is inside small pavilions for ‘families’ of inmates, have existed for over a thousand years; north 900 units from remodelling existing dwellings. a penology principle promoting the idea that and passing through a number of experiments western Europe has a shared history of privately The past 20 years have seen renewed interest life in captivity should resemble as much as in the 1970s (Moyer Frederick’s work in the endowed almshouses by local benefactors, in community-based housing initiatives possible ‘normal’ life in free society. As such, US), the inevitably controversial attempts but it is mainly in England and the Netherlands and innovative management and design it allegedly favours self-empowerment for the to domesticate imprisonment are often that charitable foundations with local trustees approaches. Drawing on examples, this paper incarcerated subject. Since 2012, the Belgian welcomed mostly on issues of aesthetics and continue to provide many thousands of explores the influence of the historical English NGO De Huizen – The House – has worked on size, as a neutralisation of the monumental, almshouses. The provision of public and social almshouse model on social and private housing a proposal to reform the country’s penitentiary institutionalised character of the large prison housing has been in decline since the 1980s, by linking the almshouse model to other forms system by substituting large prison complexes complex. At the same time, prison houses adversely affecting households of all ages; of community-led housing. Focusing on their with a network of small-scale, socially engage in a typological struggle to define spatial lower-income groups who cannot access current and future role in housing provision integrated houses. Through collaboration devices that are really capable of allowing affordable high-quality sustainable housing to this paper examines how recent almshouse between academics, activists, prison staff, collective practices inside an environment rent or buy, and older people who need suitable projects reflect upon programmatic and formal and inmates, it has identified a group of 10- where this continues to be considered a hazard, housing to enable them to age well in later life. architectural characteristics, addressing; 15 as the ideal number of inmates in a single and question the notion of privacy in its double Almshouse charities provide social housing for development, finance, policy, and exploitation house, and has examined the basic rules for modern connotation defined by Robin Evans over 36,000 people in around 30,000 dwellings, to inform future decommodified provision. their cohabitation from within an overall as 'solitude' - the enforced isolation of the most are for low-income older people; some The paper concludes on how a combination attempt of integration with the surrounding individual in the cell of the model prisons - and are for other groups equally disadvantaged of private individual dwellings and collective neighbourhoods. This paper wants to trace a 'domesticity' - the restrained intimacy for the in the current overtly commodified housing shared space can contribute to the social possible geneaology of De Huizen’s proposal family in the new model apartments. market. Many almshouse charities are function of housing as an infrastructure for and its attempt to make the prison more providing new almshouses and remodelling living in perpetuity. ‘domestic’ and less a self-contained compound older almshouses by utilising different funding in the city. Starting from the Penal Colony in opportunities. At least 2,500 almshouse units Mettray, which in the 19th century established

50 51 Documenting Y3 Aura

Mark Campbell, Royal College of Art Jiawen Han, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University [email protected] [email protected]

Housing Daishan Shanghai ladies and lilong housing: The feminine scene permeating urban Shanghai his paper considers the dormitory city the sense of the emergence of a market– Tof Daishan, Jiangsu, as an example capitalised state — has been enacted through i" means communities and "Long" Shanghai’s lilong housing has been nationalized, of the complex dynamics of housing and this image. Here, the construction of this vision "Lmeans lanes. This distinctive style of collectivised, and then largely demolished speculative development in China. This of urbanity not only speaks of an acceptance spatial occupation emerged from population and commercialised in the construction tide investigation combines scholarly research and of many of the unresolved problems of the growth and the aim of saving land in the city of China since the 1990s. The last part of the extensive photographic and, especially, filmic modern city, together with a relative lack of of Shanghai in the first part of the twentieth paper will investigate the feminine scene’s documentation. As such, the paper examines architectural imagination, but also, crucially, of century. Every living function was condensed transformation in the commercialized lilong in both the architectural object (mass scale the administrative pressures of housing a large, in a small and compact box-shaped row house. the new context, which is no longer rooted in housing) and modes in which notions of scale aging population. At Daishan, these underlying In the lane-and-community based backdrop of ordinary Shanghai ladies and their everyday and occupancy might be critically evidenced tensions are first evidenced as a form of stasis Shanghai, the images of Shanghai ladies seem lives. through photography and film. The product — a balance between cycles of use and disuse, to haunt every Lilong. However, there is a gap of speculative development and bureaucratic decay and maintenance. In this way, Daishan in understanding the way Shanghai’s urban pressure, Daishan was principally constructed illustrates many of the complexities around the identity was locally and typologically generated within two years with the intention of housing provision of housing. The city is almost entirely by lilong housing and in residents’ interactions 100,000 residents. As the result of logistical determined by its relation to external forces, with Shanghai ladies. This paper draws on the and other political forces, however, the city with the images of its relative lack of occupation novel The Song of Everlasting Sorrow written remains largely unoccupied — isolated from allowing the retrospective questioning of the for a lively illustration of Shanghai’s ladies and the adjacent city of Nanjing and any real sense relevance, or logic, of the original architectural the built environment of lilong housing. It aims of future inhabitation, or relevance. In effect, intentions. to explore the spatial characteristic by which Daishan is a ghost city, with its emptied streets lilong ensures some degree of conformity and scarcely occupied apartment buildings and creativity in the character of Shanghai suggesting an actualised version of Ludwig ladies. Shanghai ladies’ character, which was Hilberseimer’s vertical city project from the partially architecturally, socially and historically 1920s. While the images of Hilberseimer’s conditioned, further determines a certain project have been frequently used to illustrate kind of “set” with which they approached the the dystopia of the modern metropolis, at physical world, and then gradually foster a Daishan the realisation of modernity — in spirit and identity of the city. Since the 1940s,

52 53 Scale and P1 Typology

Phevos Kallitsis, University of Portsmouth Alessandro Porotto and Gérald Ledent, UC Louvain [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]

Representing mass housing as Housing Facing Transitions: the source of urban fear: Domestic Spaces and Uses Build Brussels cinematic spatial and social stereotypes

he paper examines how media and paper analysis the representation of the feeling his paper investigates how residential spaces New dwelling types are designed to meet Tcinematic text affect and are affected by of safety and fear and the way the films by Tshape the specific urban identity. By means to meet contemporary climate and energy an intertextual perception of the fearful city, condensing the urban context manage to of the case study of Brussels, it aims to provide challenges, but they should also reflect evolving by focusing on the role mass housing plays in provide a holistic picture that despite promoting an innovative approach that can explore in new needs and uses in a specific setting. This paper the narrative and the cinematic structure of stereotypes they manage to subvert them. In ways the typical characters of a city and their aims to compare the impact of the uses and horror films. Cultural theorists have explored a constantly growing discourse over security transformation. spaces transformations on the city development the parallels between place and culture, and and violence, the horror genre brings forward a of Brussels, in order to assess their ability to horror films often go beyond scare tactics and key challenge in mass housing that links to the The concept of ‘referential housing type’, embody the urban identity. By means of re- record intentionally or unintentionally the lived public, private and communal spaces and the defined as the archetypal and most ordinary drawings, this analysis evaluates the typological experiences of the fearful city. This content opportunities for human interaction. residential type in a specific place throughout permanence or discontinuity within the urban analysis reveal mental codifications of the city urban history, is able to disclose both fabric. Hence, by clarifying the specific set of and its various spaces and their evaluation typological persistence and discontinuity features, the referential housing type plays an based on the level of safety. of residential spaces over time. Thus, the important role in increasing the knowledge referential type can illustrate and provide on the contemporary urban condition and in The paper aims to present the cultural codes means of understanding in a more dynamic way providing new tools for conceiving the 21st that feed on but most importantly generate the evolutionary mechanisms of dwelling in a century city. images of fearful notional places, based on two built environment, dealing with the legacies Anglophone horror films, which are directly of the 20th century and providing a basis for linked to social mass housing projects. The addressing future changes. The referential paper (re)maps out Chicago's Near North housing type has three main attributes: it and South London through Bernard Rose’s reveals the socio-cultural character of a place, Candyman (1992) and Joe Cornish Attack the enables a better understanding of other Block (2011). It focuses on the representation residential types and provides a possible base of distinctive social housing estates, and of interpretation for new forms of housing and the way these places are presented as living. battlegrounds within western global cities and how this discourse leads to their perception as fearful voids in need of regeneration. The

54 55 Elina Axioti, Humboldt University of Berlin Samira Awwal and Katharina Borsi, University of Nottingham [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]

The Roomer and the Modern Morphological change and socio- Man: spatial adaption of low-income Hotels as Urban Housing in the Turn of the 19th Century housing in Dhaka, Bangladesh

y research paper is concerned with the the manufacturing of the sufficient minimum ousing is one of the vital needs for human spatial organization in the housing typology Mlegacies of architectural forms related to dwelling standards by its modern typologies of Hsettlements and is essential to ensure a using observational and behavioural mapping. urban cultures of lodging and aims to revisit interior space design. My intention is on the one safe, healthy, and sustainable environment. The socio-cultural aspects, behavioural pattern significant histories of the hotel as an institution hand is to illustrate the historical case study of Rapid Urbanization and industrial explosion, in and the spatial arrangement demonstrates the that affected urbanism, housing practices and this period’s hotels and rooms; and on another developing countries, have generated urban- social adaptation and the morphology of this the constitution of the “modern self” between level the capitalist entrepreneurs, the owners rural migration in major cities and resulted in a housing typology. The key research outcome 1870 and 1930. From the beginning of the of hotels, and their collaborating architects and huge scarcity of housing in urban areas. Dhaka, will demonstrate a morphological change in the nineteenth century till about 1940, urban hotels introduce questions such as; How these hotels the capital of Bangladesh is one of the fastest- household setting for low-income housing in a provided sleeping rooms and apartments for can be read today as urban social and economic growing cities in the world. The household densely populated area. longer occupancy ─in addition with provisions experimental models? How did they partook pattern in Bangladesh used to share an introvert of services and a variety of public rooms─ in organising lodging as housing practices and character due to the privacy and social context organizing an important housing infrastructure structured urban life? How have they been in the past. The population and industrial facilitating processes of urbanization in North historically crucial in relation to immigration, explosion have culminated into housing American cities. Hotels were formed as women’s history and the modern city? How the scarcity and given rise to the emerging and corporations where many provided for the lives of urban communities in residential hotels overlooked typology of housing in Dhaka. To realisation of a building with an ambitious scale, were shaped? How hotels influenced modern minimize space, the segregation of household innovative building and material technologies, ideas on practices of privacy? How did they zones and the introvert character has been public spaces and services and a number of respond to notions of housing and commons? changed with time. Low-income people require upper floors with private rooms. The first hotels How the politics and the rationale of these accommodation near their workspace. To were characterized as Palaces of the Public projects has influenced important housing accommodate their necessities within financial and they were aspired as the new democratic projects of modernist architecture of the West boundaries, the people have transformed institutions of the western world born in the and the Eastern Europe during socialism? their household environment to adopt the American Republic. Due to their scale and changes. These changes have transformed the complexity of provisions they were later named character of the urban houses in Dhaka. The as Cities within the City, Monster Hotels or even paper tries to identify the historical growing Machines for Living. Hotel architecture shaped pattern and the key factors for opting this emerging housing typology. It tries to focus on the parameters of the social adaptation and

56 57 Flexibility and P2 Adaptation Alvaro Velasco Perez,Architectural Association, Projective Cities Programme Íñigo Cornago Bonal and Dirk van den Heuvel, TU Delft [email protected] [email protected]

Ex Africa Aliquid Novum [There is Open Building and Users’ something new coming from Africa]. Herman Haan's journeys in pseudo-ethnographic vein Agency: early and contemporary experiments in the Netherlands

his presentation discusses the and growing houses) and Hertzberger in Delft o the architectural professional field in intends reflecting on the contemporary Tnotion of ‘Open Building’ through its (Diagoon houses). Tthe aftermath of World War II, the deserts fascination with post-Eurocentric landscapes conceptualizations and implementations in of North Africa were not much more than an for the discipline of architecture. Herman the Netherlands since the 1960s until today. Even though the paradigm shift as sought exterior to the modern metropolis, a realm Haan’s peculiar take on ethnography presents It focuses on the place of dwellers’ agency by Habraken didn’t happen, there has of escapism. However, to the ethnographic a quest for immersing oneself in the so called in the development of residential open been a consistent experimentation with practices that have developed since the late- ‘other’; an assimilation influenced by the works buildings to investigate the potential of users’ Open Building concepts, with more intense 19th century, that landscape supposed a sort of ethnofiction. Arguably, his was considered a empowerment. production triggered by the crisis of 2008. of primordial land to reflect in early forms schizophrenic practice of architecture; travelling Bottom-up initiatives, housing corporations of habitations. For Herman Haan, “Sunday in desert lands just to return home to build The term ‘Open Building’ was popularised and private developers alike have tested new artist in architecture; (…) Sunday artist in main-street modern domestic spaces. What by Age van Randen, professor of Building arrangements between clients, builders, anthropology” —as Aldo van Eyck qualified 'Ex Africa Aliquid Novum' argues is that this Technology at TU Delft’s Faculty of Architecture architects and municipalities to make their his colleague and friend—, the desert was a process of immersion was in fact a process of in the 1980s. It synthesised the principles projects financially viable, while searching complex geography that moved constantly internalisation in which dealing with exteriors developed in 1961 by John Habraken in his for new housing products. Projects such as in the tension between being outside and at was tightly connected with the possibility theory of ‘Supports’ (Dragers) and is based Solids (Fretton, Eberle), Superlofts (Koehler), home simultaneously. Departing from his 'Life of generating an interior. A connection that on the duality of structure and infill. In or Patch22 (Frantzen) present a range of in the Desert' delivery at the CIAM Otterlo highlights how the relationship between desert the post-war context of consumerism and different ownership models and typological ’59 meeting, the paper proposes retracing and metropolis was not of opposition. Rather, industrialization in construction, Habraken configurations on the promise of supporting the geographical connections between two it affirms the possibility of understanding their proposed a radical transformation of the mass new ways of life and fostering sustainability. For seemingly confronting contexts: North Africa relation as a continuum. housing building industry that aimed at public the first time, the notion of Open Building is and Rotterdam. In the amateurism of Haan — participation and freedom of choice for the carried forward by practice rather than theory. both in architecture and ethnography—, it is user. Supports, durable and collective, were However, these contemporary implementations argued that the metropolis and its exteriors to be delivered by the industry, whereas infill, do not seem to achieve the social agenda that were not delimited distinct realms, but rather changeable and individual, could be tailored originated the term; they have to operate in a relation that fluctuated. A question that by the inhabitants. The SAR-group (Architects’ within a context of real estate speculation and Research Foundation) further developed these gentrification that exclude classes of dwellers ideas, while others proposed variations, among instead of empowering them. them Jaap Bakema in Eindhoven (City plan,

58 59 Joseph Huennekens, Columbia University Kateryna Malaia, Mississippi State University [email protected] [email protected]

A Denser Suburban Dream: User-Generated Change in the New typologies of multifamily conversion in an American "ethnoburb" North American Homes: The New Era of Housing Insecurity

n certain American “ethnoburbs,” municipal This paper considers the conversion district hat is the role of residents in adjusting needs, families simply moved to a different Icontrol of land use has been turned on its in Monsey—its genesis, its impact, and its Wexisting housing to address growing house. This is no longer the case: globally and head. Immigrant and ethnic communities have implications. An analysis of property records, housing precarity? How do residents modify locally housing is becoming less affordable, exploited the hyperlocal regulation system— permits, and geographic data indicates that the architecture of their lived environments driving residents all over the world to change long crucial to the perpetuation of low-density, the conversion district has led to scores of new to fight displacement through gentrification their spaces by coming up with make-shift exclusionary suburbs—to introduce radical units and a variety of innovative typologies. and otherwise growing housing unaffordability architectural solutions to the diminishing new types of multifamily housing. The ultra- Yet, the process has not been without tension. in Western cities, traditionally overlooked housing accessibility. The physicality of such Orthodox Jewish neighborhoods of Monsey, Indeed, the archival record shows that the in the discourse of user-generated housing modifications includes changed functional New York, located about thirty miles northwest district resulted from a collision between change? This paper studies and questions zones, moved walls and partition walls, of New York City, are a particularly extreme political devolution and radical pluralism: attitudes to user-generated modifications accessory dwelling units, modified basements example. A unique municipal zoning innovation spurred by the desire of a particular ethnic with the help of examples from Portland, and attics, new doors and windows, as well there, a multifamily “conversion district,” allows community, but implemented as part of a policy Oregon, a city at the increasingly unaffordable as doors and windows being removed. This families to retrofit their residence to include of containment. North American West Coast. In the previous work studies such architectural solutions from up to three units. Scores of mid-century split- decades, both scholarly and popular literature two perspectives: the state and local policies level houses have sprouted tall additions and used to primarily associate user-generated for housing modifications and on the ground small parking lots in response—all while the modifications in residential architecture with architectural effects produced by residents. It underlying suburban structure, of detached non-Western countries and assign them with addresses conversions of single-family homes homes on winding streets, remains intact. negative terminology: slums or encroachments. into multifamily units, as well as interior Monsey is a real-world case study of a much Although individual modifications in residential modifications to accommodate changes in theorized concept: the suburban retrofit. It architecture were always common in North family structures and lifestyles. Fieldwork is holds lessons for scholars concerned with American cities, during the prosperous performed in Portland, due to its increasingly how environmentally unsustainable American post-World War II decades they became unaffordable housing and a state-enforced suburbs can be altered to allow for more inconspicuous due to the unprecedented urban growth boundary that affects the density density, and for municipal officials struggling increase in housing mobility through affordable and limits urban sprawl. to accommodate changing demographics and mortgages and massive housing construction; shifting preferences in their own communities. rather than modify their homes to fit their

60 61 Urban Blocks and P3 Morphologies

Andjelka Badnjar Gojnić, RWTH Aachen John Burns, Holmes Miller Architects [email protected] [email protected]

Toward participative Ivory Combs, Hollow Squares & prefabrication: Broken Blocks: Housing between Yugoslavia And Cuba The Urban Form of the Glasgow Tenement

he paper departures from a pair of With the IMS system turning into one of lasgow is defined in its urban form by various and diverse ways. Through this urban Tphotographs (FIG.1.2) indicating common the leading Yugoslavian export products, its Gthe presence of the tenement as the development the tenement remained as a dining space in newly built Experimental final product – a flexible flat – became main ubiquitous housing typology throughout constant of the housing units that created blocks in New Belgrade, the capital of socialist products to transfer and it domesticized the city. Since the origins of Glasgow as an these varying urban conditions. This paper will Yugoslavia. On the wall, there is a memo to within the European, African, Asian and South urban centre the tenement emerged as the explore the nature of what it means to be at the youth working actions that ten years ago American market. Thus, in the second part, housing form of choice through the pragmatic home in the changing tenement landscape of collectively started building the city based on the paper traces this transfer of Yugoslavian development and growth of the city to meet Glasgow from the late 18th Century through to voluntary work. Throughout the window, it is learning system and technology in the Cuban housing needs, as well as this form of housing today. What it meant to live in the tenement in possible to observe the new housing built as housing reform during 1960s and 1970s. being an already established typology in the the changing scale from the ‘room and kitchen’ a testing sample for the new prefabricated The argument unfolds from the history of Scottish context. The urban form of the city apartment, to tenement block and finally to system developed by the Institute for Testing Experimental housing built in Havana (1966) by reflected the ‘Ivory Comb’ layouts common in the overall cityscape these blocks create. The Materials in Yugoslavia (IMS). Established the same method of prefabrication, toward the Scottish Burgh planning during the 17th & 18th historical development of urban Glasgow from soon after the Yugoslavian break with USSR larger application of the system throughout the centuries with long narrow lanes, or closes & Ivory Combs, to Hollow Squares and then to in 1948, the emergence of the Institute Cuban province. Finally, the paper concludes wynds, extending perpendicular to the main the Broken Blocks has a lasting legacy on the marked the country’s shift toward its own with the aftermath of application of IMS in streets. At the end of the 18th century ‘New development of contemporary housing in the industrial production. Born out of the heritage Cuban housing reform ending up with the large Towns’ proposed to extend the city and were city, to understand the history of the tenement of technological obscurity, the system aimed scale movement of collective food production planned in an enlightened grid layout creating and the city is to understand what it means to toward participative prefabrication thus in the courtyards of housing built by the IMS. the ‘Hollow Squares’ of the early 19th Century. be at home in 21st century Glasgow. Original including laymen in housing production. In By tracking the historical span between the As the century wore on the growth of the drawings showing the development of the ‘Ivory this specific working conditions, it developed production of housing and materials in modern city’s population, through migrant workers Combs, Hollow Squares & Broken Blocks’ by the particular aesthetics of prefabrication based on architecture, and new agricultural turn the feeding the city’s growing industry created author will be presented along with the paper. collective production of building materials. This paper will try to point to the possibility of overcrowding and unregulated building in is the topic of the first part of the paper that collectively lead prefabrication as one of the these ‘Hollow Squares’. In response a series unfolds the story between the erection of the potential useful legacies of the case of initiatives from the late 19th century and city and the collective production of material in through the 20th century aspired to resolve process of crafting the technology. these problems by breaking the blocks in

62 63 Jonathan Tarbatt, Director of Urban Design, C+W Architects, and Chloe Street Tarbatt, Kent School of Architecture and Planning, University of Chiara Monterumisi, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Kent. [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]

Living in the City: Housing urban masses around a How urban form can foster more sustainable, adaptable and resilient neighbourhoods green yard. Typological comparison of modern examples in

his paper will explore the influence of Copenhagen and Stockholm Turban form on the quality of the urban ince the aftermath of the II world-war till in improved spatial terms the pressing social environment generally, and by extension, on Srecent years, Nordic countries have looked question. An evidence of this was a 3-day event its potential to improve the quality of new as inspiring social and architectural models of exclusively Nordic resonance, the Nordisk neighbourhoods. We outline a taxonomy of to the rest of Europe. Nevertheless, very few Byggnadsdag (1927), which gathered exponents urban forms, explaining the potency of each attentions have been addressed towards the of the countries discussing the housing issue in type to either: create walkable neighbourhoods first bases of their developments, particularly formal, social, economic and technical terms. or car dominated ones; to foster a sense the operations of the Twenties and of the As illustrated by the examples of the Nordic of belonging or a sense of isolation; or to first half of the Thirties. These residential conference, housing urban masses around a provide a setting in which the social life of a interventions – which retained a certain green yard was the key to create new spatial neighbourhood may either flourish or stagnate. continuity with the tradition of the city – and social relations among individuals. This also were rapidly overshadowed by the ferment of entails a valid counterbalance of the minimum The neighbourhood is an increment of functionalist ideas moved, though belatedly, dwellings’ size of which standards, in turn, were placemaking that bridges between the scale of northwards. Yet, these first spatial answers to significantly improved. These estates, differing the block and the scale of the city. We argue modern demand are still under-investigated. in size, formation and density, have in common that, post pandemic, its role as a platform for Beside widening the historical focus, the present the employment of the large courtyard block daily life is more important now than ever contribution pursues to morpho-typologically model, albeit with distinguishing variations in before. New neighbourhoods, however, need compare how Copenhagen and Stockholm the shape of the perimeter and the singly or to be made more sustainable, more resilient to tackled the evil of land speculation and the in groups arrangement. A selection of cases future pandemics and more pleasant places to segregation of previous tenement buildings. studies – whose concrete qualities are still live than recent UK experience and research has This was possible thanks to a favourable appreciable nowadays by inhabitants – aims proven them to be. We postulate an evolution political and cultural milieu, that consisted in to demonstrate the significant reformation of the neighbourhood concept that builds on the progressive outset of social democracies operated with respect to previous high-dense Clarence Perry’s legacy via the New Urbanists, and housing cooperatives. The 1920s-1930s urban blocks. to suggest how a more nuanced approach to served as years of groundwork for translating their urban form might achieve these aims.

64 65 Planning B1 Urban Living

Frederick Biehle, Pratt Institute Marianna Charitonidou, ETH Zurich [email protected] [email protected]

Reinventing public housing: New Social Housing Models in Design strategies for completing what Modernism left unfinished Sweden: From Folkhemmet to Automobile Perceptual Regimes

he quiet successes and loud failures of for tenants and city dwellers both. Based on he article sheds light on the relationship design strategies were explicitly set against TNew York City’s Housing Authority are the work of five successive research studios, Tbetween architecture and corporatism the “ex-cessive reliance on the automobile as well known. Recent criticism has identified this paper will present a series of tactical in Sweden, paying special attention to Cøsta the means of transportation” characterising bureaucratic management as the true catalyst strategies for breaking up super block sites by Esping-Andersen’s The Three Worlds of Welfare American suburbs. In contrast with the Vällingby for failure, giving the architects a pass. But re-streeting and then reintegrating them by Capitalism, and Democracy and the Welfare households that, as David Popenoe notes, had doing so has required apologizing for design adding and shaping new urban fabric. Urban State: The Two Wests in the Age of Austerity “two cars, and a significant percentage (35- positioning now recognized as fundamentally renewal in America has left us with hundreds edited by Alice Kessler-Harris and Mau-rizio 40) [had] […] no car”, Järvalyftet – a large- anti-urban. Today, as public housing has only of decaying super block housing estates. These Vaudagna. It examines how the automobile, scale project that intended to renew a section continued to grow old and intransigent, the city should not be looked at as failures to be erased as a physical and perceptual presence, has of northern Stockholm with a population that surrounds it has become more robust. The (as has been done in Chicago, Baltimore and influ-enced the relationship between welfare of ca. 60,000 – envisioned a renewed role impending collision between the extravagance New Orleans) but as something unfinished. landscapes and social housing in Sweden. for the mo-torways and their connection to of the private market and the neglect of the These case studies will suggest, not that they Starting out from Gro Hagemann’s statement – housing design, as becomes evident in the public may yet prove to be fortuitous. Two are singular solutions to individual locations, in “Paradise Lost: Social Citizenship in Norway description of this project in the OECD Reviews circumstances have altered the calculation. but are prototypical templates, capable of and Sweden” – that “[s]ocial integration was on Local Job Creation, Employment and Skills First is the dramatic fall of in crime. Second is a being applied to other sites and other cities a key part of the folkhem idea, and social Strategies in Sweden: “The new motorway local government with a ten-year plan, Housing everywhere. marginalisation and exclusion re-main low in around Stockholm will go nearby, which better New York, intended to foster diverse livable both Sweden and Norway”, it explores how connects the areas to other communities”. This neighborhoods, preserve existing housing architects and urban designers in Sweden article explores the shift from the model of the stock, and build new affordable housing. The began to take the car into full consideration so-called Folkhemmet (The People’s Home) to result is the remarkable opportunity to create when designing new social housing ensembles, the incorporation of new ideas of proximity a plan to utilize the excess open space on over neigh-bourhoods and cities. During the 1970s, enhanced by the integration of motorways 300 NYCHA estates. The idea presents a radical in contrast with the American drive-centred in the design of social housing in Sweden opportunity to address NYCHA’s budget crisis suburbia, the de-sign of the Swedish suburban during the last few years. Analysing the impact while engaging best practice conclusions for environment, as described in the late-seventies of automobile perceptual regimes on the new affordable and environmentally sustainable issues of Human Envi-ronment in Sweden, was dominant social housing models in Sweden will housing, thus improving the quality of life based on the intention to minimise as much as help us better understand the role of the car in possible the “suburban use of the automobile”. 21st-century social housing design and its social In cases such as the Vällingby suburban district, relevance within the welfare state.

66 67 Yiwei Zhang and Jing Xiao, Shenzhen University NURIT ALFASI, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev [email protected] [email protected]

Experimenting Planned Urban Living in anti-adaptive Living under Commercialization: neighbourhoods Historical Reflection on the Socialist Collective Housing

Design in Shenzhen during China’s Reform and Opening- nti-Adaptive Neighborhoods are defined is particularly difficult as the decline in the Up Aby the method of their planning and numbers of inhabitants and their socio- creation and by their internal structure. This economic profile shows. The research ends ince the 1980s, the Special Economic Hong Kong and beyond. The study thus draws definition refers to Neighborhoods that were with recommending on the possible transition SZone of Shenzhen in China had built a comparison from selected public housing planned by a single planner (or a small group of these neighborhoods to a more adaptive series of pilot projects of collective housing to projects in Hong Kong to indicate the hidden of coordinated planners), built in a short nature and ending the inevitable deterioration. inhabit early immigrants. These communities connections of development concepts and period and populated instantly. It also refers with social facilities, usually developed for implementations between the two regions. to inward-turned neighborhoods, relatively public advantages and architectural values, By reviewing government archives, design separated from the near urban surrounding. experiment and reflect the most initial documents and onsite investigations, the Such Anti-Adaptive neighborhoods comprise transformation of housing development from research is to explore the pioneer experiments a substantial portion of the Israeli living space. planned-economy to commercial housing in of Shenzhen’s public housing in terms of Complete neighborhoods, formerly public China. This article interrogates the Baisha Ling specific urban policies and to articulate the housing built by the state in the 1950s-1960s, comprises about 25% of the Israeli housing ( 白沙岭) and Lianhua ( ) communities fundamental characteristics of residential in Futian District as their莲花 specific housing design during the early era of the Open-up inventory (nearly 500 k apartments out of 2.6 policy known as “two developing models Policy of modern transformation. million apartments), while about 80 newly and three marketing types”( ). It built neighborhoods of this pattern were further adopts typological and双轨三类 spatial analysis built since the 1990s. This paper looks at the on the design strategies to articulate their living experience in such places, inhabiting adaptations to different social requirements families of similar socio-economic profile, and and in the revelation of Shenzhen’s urban living at the gradual decline of attractiveness that transformation. The construction dates of the typifies them. The research explores the urban cases juxtapose with that of the housing reform dynamics over the period of 1983-2013, clearly in local markets, belonging to the period of showing the high attractiveness of the initial learning new principles of social housing from days and the early years that turns into a socio- spatial burden. Aging is such neighborhoods

68 69 Gary A. Boyd, Queens University Belfast and Brian Ward, Eunice Seng, The University of Hong Kong Technological University Dublin [email protected] [email protected]

The Housing Exhibition: Housing Mid-century Irish Publics Visionary Architecture and Housing in Singapore, c1963 – Some Paradigms

n March 18, 1963, the joint exhibition of housing design and planning? By examining n 1965 the American political scientist the cultural and political contexts of their OVisionary Architecture and Housing opened closely the joint exhibition – its contexts, IPaul A. Pfretzschner perceived in Ireland’s advocates; their media and marketing; the at the National Library in Singapore. Sponsored stakeholders, contents and intentions – this ‘dreary’ homogenous residential landscape ‘an new types of tenure trialled in designing for by the fledgling Housing and Development paper traces the genealogies of how the HDB obsession … with the standard three bedroom different types of households. It highlights Board (HDB), “Visionary Architecture” was on constructs its discourses and public credibility [two storey house] on the perimeter of the the paradoxes and contradictions which often loan by the Museum of Modern Art in New through strategic affiliations and invocations. city’. Vast estates of this type reflected and emerged in and from these new positions – York. Comprising seventy-four large photo It posits that the modus operandi of HDB, constructed an ideologically-driven ordinary the market-driven units designed for specific panels, which contained forty-five projects by formed in late 1959, was and is still predicated of an owner-occupied, family-orientated population demographics who ultimately never thirty architects, this was the same exhibition on a transnational transfer of knowledge and dwelling and came to represent the ideal for arrived; the tendency for bottom-up systems held at the MOMA between September 29 circulation of ideas through exhibitions and a still religious country whose Catholic ethos of design to revert to conservative house and December 4 in 1960, which had traveled media publications, not only between the ex- was laced with ruralised cultural references typologies. The schemes examined here are all through various parts of Europe, Australia and colony and Britain, but also with Europe, the often forged in response to a colonial history. essentially modernist, built in contexts where New Zealand before arriving in Singapore. Tied United States and other Asian nations. In so Between the 1950s and 1980s fragments of the idea that architecture could and should to this exhibit was HDB’s “Housing in Singapore” doing, the paper revisits the history of housing competing ideologies emerged to challenge shape and define community and social life was Exhibition, which presented photographs, as a predominantly postcolonial narrative by this State-sponsored landscape. These ranged not yet considered problematic. As prototypes models, and drawings of the housing projects interrogating the ramifications of Cold War from a belief in an untrammelled free market they were often therefore neglected, only re- that it had built and on the drawing board. In geopolitics on national housing imperatives. proffered by large scale developers to advocacy emerging more recently as potential solutions sponsoring “an exhibition of twentieth century of independent, small-scale, bottom-up activism in the context of a renewed and urgent need architecture considered too revolutionary to and co-building executed under quasi-socialist to develop innovation in housing typologies build,” and combining it with its own projects, politics. This paper explores some of the new and the mechanisms through which they are how was the HDB identifying with the European housing models which emerged, examining realised. and American avant-garde tradition? To what their physical space, form and organisation and extent was it making the claim that it was the alternative technologies and methods of able to realize these impossible visions? How construction they often displayed. However was the exhibition received by the intended it also explores more ephemeral aspects: public? To what extent did it inform subsequent

70 71 B2 Finding Home Rachel Sara, Birmingham City University; Dalia Al-Tarazi and Louis Rice, University of the West of England Eleni Axioti, Architectural Association [email protected] [email protected] Da–Sein Dwellings: Biopolitics in the house: an exploration into the meaningful aspects of home and its the British public housing and the rise of neoliberal relationship to human needs governmentality in the private home

he act of dwelling is a primal creation of need for ‘self-actualisation’ and individual he paper explores the development of of the house as home. The focus is moving Tmeaningful place and something that experiences of the home and establishes the Thousing in Britain by visiting a series of from the house as a social right and a welfare every human strives to achieve (Seamon and relationship between our happiness with our moments in its recent history and it questions provision for the British population to the home Mugerauer, 1985), and as such the home ''is home and our general well-being. the ambiguity of the bio-politics category in as an individual achievement of affluence and very charged with meaning because it is closely the context of the emergence of a neoliberal eventually as a wealth asset. This way, the involved with the most intimate aspects of critique of social democratic policy. Initially, home becomes an important element in the our lives'' (Ballantyne, 2002:17). However the paper examines public housing as part deployment of neoliberal governmentality architectural analysis so often overlooks the of the postwar reconstruction and as an that relies on individual responsibility and self- human experience of the home in favour of important element of the welfare state. The management of one's life. This outlines the exploration of space standards, architectural paper discusses the political consensus of the employment of another form of biopolitics that aesthetics and tectonics. This essay interrogates welfare state and the political controversies is centered around the individual rather than the meaning of home in architecture regarding planning policies, public land control, the population and has transformed the house underpinned by Heidegger's ontological and public housing provisions. It analyzes these into the new battlefield of social and political study of being-in-the-world; ‘da-sein’ which practices by incorporating Foucault's theories of conflict within neoliberalism. encompasses the symbiotic relationship governmentality and biopolitics. It attempts to between being and the world (Seamon and show how the techniques of power and control Mugerauer, 1985). The essay builds on the work of the population are inherent in these planning of thinkers such as Bachelard and Jolas (2014) acts as part of a political consensus that was alongside the psychological concept of human realized and eventually came into a crisis. The needs (Deci and Ryan, 2009) to suggest other paper continues by tracing the opening up of ways to understand the home. It reflects on a the housing market and the control of housing series of interviews with residents with a variety production by the forces of the capitalist of different home types who identify with their market economy in the late twentieth century. homes as a reflection of their identity and a The changes that took place in housing are receptacle for their memories. The discussion reflected in both its material production as well expresses the relationship between the human as in the rhetoric of the social presentation

72 73 Charlotte Grace, Royal College of Art & University of West London Rianne Houghton, University of Birmingham [email protected] [email protected]

Enclosure, Labour and Pseudo- The Re-Housing Crisis: Feminist Scale: Finding ‘home’ for victims of domestic abuse Bourdieu in Algeria ccording to the latest figures from the UK’s this paper will also examine the symbiotic AOffice for National Statistics, it’s estimated relationship between a space and its dweller(s) his paper focuses on one drawing taken Drawing on post-colonial and feminist that 2.4 million adults experienced domestic using first-hand accounts of survivors and Tfrom a series of precedent studies, scholarship, I will unpack Bourdieu’s flawed violence or abuse in the year ending March perpetrators from secondary sources. collected to examine the representational understanding of gender through a critical 2019. The number of recorded domestic abuse- limits of architectural thought on account of examination of his plan drawing of the Berber related crimes climbed 24% across England and By acknowledging the spatial qualities of Marxist-feminist and decolonial concerns. Home, hoping to re-activate it in service of Wales alone. As incidents of domestic violence domestic violence, and the inter-dependence From this series I aim to develop criteria for a more emancipatory ends. Whilst I agree with continue to rise, and opportunities to find of identity and the homespace, this paper will representationnal framework useful for study its attempt to express the gender division of viable housing diminish, part of what it means offer an alternative definition of feeling ‘at of-, and solidarity with, decolonial feminist labour, I argue that the drawing perpetuates to be at home in the twenty-first century is to home’ in a society where housing for people, struggles. the gesture of (patriarchal) coloniser structuring also be at risk. not profit, may feel like a luxury unaffordable immutable representations of the colonised to most. Suggesting a more sensitive and In the early years of his career, sociologist Pierre (and feminised) by forming a representational This is especially pertinent in cities, where embodied understanding of domestic space, Bourdieu stayed on from French military service “enclosure” that implies an overly-determined a perfect storm of population growth, the this paper hopes to explore what is different in Algeria to develop ethnographic studies of notion of scale. This undermines Bourdieu’s expansion of private developers, a monopoly about a home over a house for survivors of the Berber region in the lead-up to the Algerian own commitments to social transformation, on aspirational accommodation, and a culture domestic violence and abuse, and why the war of Independence. The “sociospatial” expressed in his later work but not yet reckoned of austerity are limiting individuals’ options. simple act of moving out and finding safe methodology Bourdieu developed in Algeria with in spatial terms. When opportunities for affordable or social shelter is not always an appropriate nor formed the foundation of his career, exploring housing are squeezed, many properties offered sustainable solution for those already feeling colonialism, gender, and social transformation to victims fleeing violence are precarious, displaced. often through spatial concepts that continue unsuitable, and unsafe – and yet are often to be seminal in the architectural humanities. presented as the only option. Bourdieu dedicated much thought to the Berber home, reading domestic space as With that in mind, this paper will explore the the symbolic manifestation of socio-spatial issue of domestic violence through a spatial relations in the region and in-turn a universal lens, outlining how perpetrators use the unique construction of sexual difference on which all space of the home to threaten, injure, and social hierarchy rests. abuse their victims, and how victims react and adapt to a violation of their personal domestic space. Taking a phenomenological approach,

74 75 Classification B3 and Legality

Rahul Bhandare, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), India Matthew Reynolds, London School of Economics [email protected] [email protected]

A Classic Recipe for Informal Downstairs, Upstairs: A gift from British Bombay to Mumbai Space-sharing between Domestic Workers and their Ultra- Housing: high Net Worth Employers in London

his paper explains how the British a significant role in protecting present-day eports by charities and journalists regularly ‘public’/’private’ binary fails to conceptualise Tgovernance in Bombay caused a birth of beneficiaries of informal housing. The paper Rtie the abuse of overseas domestic workers the complexities of the live-in domestic worker. an informal housing in the city. The British connects property rights with legal documents to London’s most affluent neighbourhoods. To answer this conference’s primary question, government had identified the business as in different forms, which the beneficiaries Nevertheless, though much has been written ‘what does it mean to be at home in the city in expensive and absolved itself from providing possessed with them. It discusses how this on the super wealthy’s influence on cities and the twenty-first century?’, my paper challenges housing for the urban poor. This helped future relationship defines property rights and on domestic workers’ lack of rights, little effort the frequent conflation of the physical house governments in the city to not internalise the measures those. It further talks about the has been made to connect these two bodies and the social home by scholars, lawmakers and cost of housing for urban poor. This paper different categories, like legal, semi-legal, and of literature. If, as Thomas Piketty believes, architects alike, in order that the human right to delves into the political economy that led to illegal, which this relationship creates. This we are moving towards 19th century levels of privacy for domestic workers may be enabled, the mushrooming of irregularised housing in paper is an attempt to understand people’s wealth inequality, this paper asks whether we rather than restricted, by future architectural Bombay during the 19th and 20th centuries. knowledge of their individual legal standing are also witnessing the return of segregated design. Neither the British government nor the native and property rights in the informal housing domestic space. Using one of the UK’s most Indian capitalists took the onus of housing for market. The paper argues that only awareness expensive streets, Eaton Square, as a case the urban poor upon themselves; it discusses about one’s property rights and legality can study, I have compared historical floor plans its repercussions. help beneficiaries from demolition of their with contemporary planning documents housing. Only awareness can go a long way in and interviews with property professionals, The role and involvement of the private sector also safeguarding the urban poor from being unearthing a historical legacy of segregated in urban housing , in the city of Bombay moved to State-built structures, which are domestic space, masked by tactics to avoid between the 19th and 20th century, and the often breeding grounds for rather dangerous public scrutiny and evade tax. In addition, current day, has been looked at. Further, the diseases, such as tuberculosis. through interviewing the overseas domestic paper unfolds the mechanism developed by worker charity, Kalayaan, and analysing the current beneficiaries of informal housing their survey data, I find that the explicit to negotiate quality housing with the private segregation of the 19th century has been sector, especially in the post-globalisation era, superseded by boundary erasure, with workers where the State has become invisible. sleeping in communal areas, utility rooms Legal documents, as issued by the State played and family members’ bedrooms. As such, the

76 77 R4 Cohousing Hélène Frichot, The University of Melbourne & KTH School of Sana Murrani, University of Plymouth Architecture and Helen Runting, KTH School of Architecture [email protected] [email protected] “I map, therefore, I am”(1): Archaeology of a Domed Future: Deep mapping and making home in displacement Cybernetics as Settlement, through the Architecture of Geoship

he twenty-tens have witnessed over 1. A participant refugee’s account of the process hen it comes to housing experiments the city to leave the city behind and venture a Ttwo-million displaced people who risked of mapping at Creative Recovery workshop. Wthe concept of co-living is not new. neo-settler logic that claims land upon which their lives journeying to safety in Europe (2). 2. UNHCR Operation Portal, Refugee Early examples can be found amidst the to begin from scratch in a high-tech survival Escaping the trauma of war, conflict, violence Situations, 2019: https://data2.unhcr. 19th C work of the material feminists, as mode? We conclude by asking whose interests and persecution, the displaced were faced org/en/situations/mediterranean#_ Dolores Hayden demonstrates in the Grand are served when it comes to bare survival, and with treacherous seas and border crossings, ga=2.191844650.1698421977.1576660672- Domestic Revolution. Optimistic about whether the best of intentions in fact creates to then be met with detention centres across 479471142.1571220886 emerging technologies and possibilities for the socio-spatial vulnerabilities rather than new Europe. Their traumatic journeys continue socialization of domestic labour, the material modes of living together where housing could inside their countries of arrival as they feminists imagined how households could be be celebrated as a social infrastructure. grapple with migration systems, the search organised into clusters, somewhat like hotels or for decent housing and social integration. This apartment houses, in order to achieve a radical article is grounded in the empirical findings overhaul of traditional conceptions of what of a participatory mapping research project supposedly constituted women’s domestic conducted with a group of refugees and sphere. Instead the aim was to empower asylum seekers in the South West of England, women by placing them at the centre of exploring the spatial practice of making home promising spatial and economic changes. We in displacement. Through the dynamics of the want to keep in mind this moment of optimism process of mapping, the research reveals the and analyse it in relation to the 21st Century synergies and overlaps between the construct emergence of the self-sufficient micro-dwelling of memory that transcends deep space-time with its allusions to a cybernetically switched and the concept of home in diaspora where the on counter-cultural past and its anticipation of maps became spaces of existence, resistance a prepper future that prepares for the end of and imagination. the world as we know it. Specifically, we turn to a speculative project called Geoship in order to interrogate what happens when Gaia intrudes on housing concerns. Is the answer to housing

78 79 Kirsten Wagner, University of Applied Science Bielefeld Valentin Bourdon, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne [email protected] [email protected]

Theories of dwelling. Collective Cooperative or undifferentiated: versus individual forms of housing two visions for housing

he recent projects of collective and co- examined modern housing and urbanism on hroughout Europe, the dominant housing in support of a much broader tradition of what Thousing describe an economically and the background of new family structures, Tproduction practices of the last century "common" means: that of the city, of public socially caused paradigm shift not only of whereas Lefebvre reflected on possibilities of seem to be running out of steam. Housing space, of globalization, in a greater integration housing politics but also of dwelling as an the appropriation of living space and in this is looking for a future. The weakening of of difference and diversity. It involves the architectural form and everyday practice. At context, while maintaining ideological criticism, the power of the state, the instability of the development of the services economy, the the same time, these new housing projects in rehabilitated the single family home. markets and the ecological emergency have led uprooting of professional activity, the increase many regards rely on housing concepts that to the emergence of another way of thinking in life mobilities, in other words the saving have already been developed and discussed based on the "common". Still in the process of through large-scale sharing. It approaches the in the 19th and 20th century. In fact, the being defined at the interdisciplinary level, this question of the third way in a more liberal but theorisation of housing, which was triggered dynamic could distinguish two directions on the also indisputably more widespread form, in a by the industrialisation and hygienics in the architectural level. The first is quantitatively the fragmentation of public and private registers, first half of the 19th century, has already most marginal, and yet the most mediatized. which cooperative housing continues to been determined by partly utopian, partly It concerns the fascination exerted by the preserve. Distinguishing these two trajectories, philanthropic projects of collective housing. recent achievements of housing cooperatives on the theoretical and spatial levels, seems The respective projects from their beginning on on European architects. In the lead, Zurich's useful to glimpse the spatial stakes, but also the were confronted with individual forms of living experiences represent a horizon of action on cross-potentialities, of major deformations of that are more or less epitomised by the single its own for the rest of Europe. At their peak, the domestic sphere. family home with garden. Since then, collective housing in clusters embodies the highest level and individual forms of housing have been of innovation in the sharing of living space, as regularly played off against each other. Even the a socially, economically and environmentally great empirical sociological studies of dwelling virtuous solution. The experiences of sharing from the late 1950s and early 1960s led by by small communities, in a positive assimilation Paul-Henry Chombart de Lauwe and Henri of the theory of commons, represents a Lefebvre have yet started from the controversy first axis of innovation. Taking an opposite between collective and individual forms of direction to the local affirmation of sharing, housing. Within this frame, Chombart de Lauwe the second axis is that of non-differentiation;

80 81 Cathelijne Nuijsink, ETH Zürich Marija Maric, ETH Zurich and Goethe University [email protected] [email protected]

Architects Revitalising a ‘Liquified’ Housing for a ‘Lonely Japan: Generation’ Shared Housing and Bottom-Up Community Building, 2011-

he neoliberal restructuring of the labour show a strong commitment to supporting local his paper examines predatory narratives better understanding of the role of speculative Tmarket in the 1990s, together with communities as a form of bottom-up ‘recovery’ Tof the corporate co-living platforms language in the production of the built the promotion of individual responsibility of Japanese society, I set out to introduce, by whose success on a housing market builds environment and urban imaginaries in a global- introduced by the Koizumi administration and this study, a new form of housing practice that upon the crisis of loneliness and precarity of real-estate-media complex. the 2008 global financial crisis, caused what relies on recovering fundamental places for the Generation Y, known also as Millennials. anthropologist Anne Allison described as a ‘communities’ rather than creating exquisite Drawing from the analysis of real estate ‘liquefying’ of Japan. Once a close-knit society, spaces for ‘individuals’ in contemporary Japan. advertisements for projects such as WeLive, by 2011, it had become clear that Japan had The Collective and Quarters, the paper looks changed into a bondless society (muen shakai) into how these corporate “utopias” respond dominated by a general feeling of ‘enoughness’ to the central question of this conference— (mō jūbun) and in which strong ties between what does it mean to be at home in the city people were lost. This transformation in the twenty-first century? How do generous triggered a much larger societal shift in which promises of home-making and belonging go materialistic consumption patterns gave hand-in-hand with the shrinking square meters way to new forms of ethical consumption. and growing rents? Often described as “the In response, architecture in Japan changed loneliest generation,” Millennials are recognised from a predominantly artistic discipline into a as a potentially new economic frontier and a conscious effort to improve the ‘other’ Japan market niche by real estate industries, while consisting of rapidly depopulating areas. the notion of a “community,” simplified to a mere property amenity, is exploited as a Starting from theoretical discussions in tool for obtaining higher profits. Seeing real Japanese printed media and an archive of estate advertising language as a construction personal interviews, in this paper, I investigate site where entire architectural and urban the new social role adopted by architects projects and imaginaries are being built by the at the start of the twenty-first century. By means of narrative, storytelling and, above examining recent housing interventions that all, fiction, this paper aims to contribute to

82 83 R5 Sharing Living Ronnen Ben-Arie, Technion Institute and Fatina Abreek-Zubiedat, ETH Zurich Bedour Braker and Jan Braker, Jan Braker Architects [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]

Claiming the right to the city Cooperative Housing as a through inventing housing Substratum for Societal Integration, alternatives Can This Be Achieved in Hamburg? n a time of growing urban density, neoliberal the need to reinvent the relations between n 1862 the first cooperative housing in and its subsequent increase of rent precisely Idevelopment and the diminishing of public housing and the city and expand the lexicon of IGermany was founded in Hamburg, nowadays in dynamic urban-centres as Berlin, Hamburg, housing, and increasing housing prices, housing cooperative dwelling in the context of sharing cooperative housing projects are sprouting and Munich. Factually, German cooperative becomes a scarce commodity, and many, economy. Urban collectivity, sharing space in many German cities. Generally speaking, housing accounts for 6% of the total housing particularly young people, find themselves and ownership, the dynamics of life cycle, many European cities embrace the concept of stock in addition to three categories of housing pushed out of the city. In order for dwelling in co-living and co-housing, are all concepts cooperative housing for its socioeconomical companies: municipal housing companies; the city to remain a feasible possibility for most that are being scrutinized through a cultural benefits especially in times of housing crisis, for church organisations; and private investors. ordinary people, new forms of housing must be approach to sharing economy, leading to new instance Zurich, Austria and Germany. Those created, and the lines between collectivity and understandings of the meaning of housing in countries are pioneers in providing cooperative Like many German cities, the social individuality and between public and private, the city, and to the reassertion that living in complexes that tackle intrinsic issues of demographic profile of Hamburg is facing major should be redrawn anew. Thus, inventing the city should and can still be an inclusive sustainability and climate change within changes with pressing societal problems like new modes of housing in the city becomes a possibility. By analysing these projects and affordably owned units for a variety of residents the integration of residents with domestic or necessary condition for being included in the referring to the commons and commoning, with different backgrounds. international immigrant backgrounds, not to city and actualising a basic right to the city. we suggest that the projects propose new mention the skyrocketing rent prices. In this possibilities for producing affordable housing Cooperative housing is based on creating paper we will try to bring to attention that This paper is based on professional Master in the city and the consolidation of collectives democratic spheres for living and communal housing cooperatives should be recognised thesis projects of architecture students at the around housing. That is, new ways for activities. It can be seen as an evolved form of today as a key form of tenancy in Hamburg, Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning understanding housing as commons. informal squatted housing into an established especially with the current prices of the at the Technion Institute. The students, who community with strong social bonds, collective housing market. To have a better understanding as young people encounter the hurdles of identity, and residents’ participation. In essence, of cooperative housing supply, this paper contemporary urban housing conditions as its conceptual scheme is planned through discusses three prominent projects that have they materialise in Israel’s housing crisis for successive collaborations between architects effectively handled the concept of cooperative more than a decade, aim to confront them and future residents who mutually finance and housing from Austria, Switzerland, and through architectural research and design. own (through shares) the units within reciprocal Germany. The aim is to provide some insights In their projects, the students develop new principles and values. In Germany cooperative of the significant role of cooperative housing in housing typologies which take into account housing has become a prevalent option for strengthening the social cohesion and collective acquiring residence at relatively low prices action of Hamburg’s neighbourhoods. during the current booming housing market,

84 85 Sophie Ungerer, University of Brighton and Chloe van der Kindere, University of Westminster Peer Frantzen, University of the Arts Berlin [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected] Prodding the threshold between Objects of Association - home & city Genealogies of small publics

ur proposal is based on the belief that a social aspect or shortcoming of our cities nnovations in ‘co-living’, ‘co-housing’ and spatial and programmatic typologies. It is the OInterior Architecture offers opportunities today. These range from a lack of flexible Inew ‘live-work’ relations compose — or are time when Leisure emerges and pushes the to explore the way we might inhabit cities in spaces for changing family and life structures composed by — new ideas on subjectivity and development of a wide array of specialized the future, by blurring the boundaries between to the shortage of accommodation for an aging inter-subjectivity. Bruno Latour described a societies and associations. I propose to look urban and domestic spaces and designing LGBTQ+ community. The students’ proposals sociology based on associations rather than at these early modern ideas on the subject from the inside out. We focus on examples of for new urban habitats were tested on existing sociations. This is a definition of sociology that and relevant historical urban developments, collective living creatively reflecting on current sites, a Regency town house on the Brighton includes things and environments as much to make them productive in the analysis of trends and polemics. seafront and a Modernist icon in London. as it includes individuals and groups. This contemporary urban trends. Today there is notion of social associations echos Hume's and a trend where small, often expressive and Over two years, students of the Emerging What is the role of Interiors in reinventing Locke‘s principle of the association of ideas. A pavilionesque objects are used to explore and Habitat undergraduate design studio at our urban lives, as domestic and works space, mechanism based on perception and memory, rejuvenate social connections in marginalized Brighton University have been investigating the public and private merge more and more in our which — related to each other — constitutes a neighborhoods. Looking at genealogies of ‘ways we live’ today. Students have identified transient lifestyles? Can a speculative teaching system of thought, that is in constant exchange such small public buildings, as pavilions and pertinent socio-cultural, environmental and approach inspire and form designers equipped with things, with others and the self. Latour coffeehouses as associative objects and political issues, such as home ownership, to change our future cities? The student — I would say — articulates an indiscriminate social actors, might enrich and inform current population densities and shifting living habits, projects, all hypothetical and provocative, task of tracing these very associations. The urbanest discourses on what is private and what and formulated design responses. The studio radiate an optimism that suggests design can Ideas of Hume and Locke would later inspire could be public. This with special consideration encourages bold proposals, inventive and indeed change the quality of our urban lives – a whole range of thinker, writers and artists, of Berlin, where there are many developments innovative solutions, ambitious utopias, and by impacting on our culture. such as: Joseph Adisson, Mark Arkenside and in co-operative housing and public projects. radical designs for a future. What kind of places Horace Walpole. These and others contributed and activities are central to our globalised and helped proliferate a range of semiotic urban lifestyle today and should be at the and phenomenological ideas and theories centre of a new type of urban habitat? on objects, the human environment and the mind. The time in which their ideas flourish, This paper focuses on four student projects, is also a time in which industrialization starts all of which proposed variations of collective to bring forth urbanization, as well as new living. Each proposal centres on a particular group of inhabitants and inventively addresses

86 87 Spatial R6 Practices

Florian Kossak, HCU Hamburg Vanessa Grossman, TU Delft [email protected] [email protected]

The city within the home – Otto Mutirão and the Social Practices Steidle’s Genter Strasse houses of Housing in Brazil

tto Steidle’s Genter Strasse houses in house occupying also the symbolic centre of n August 1960, Revista Acrópole, one of modernism in its reliance on Brazilian non- OMunich are one of the most pivotal private this social and structural ensemble. Ithe most influential design magazines inclusive modernization, which was aggravated housing experiments in post-war Germany. broadcasting Brazilian modernism, featured by Brazil’s political fate. It also lent itself as a While the prime focus in the existing portrayal The open support structure that deliberately the M fascicle of an illustrated “Dictionary of strategy to face the country’s housing crisis. and analysis of these row-houses has been left parts of the spatial volume unfinished and Brazilian Architecture” signed by Carlos Lemos Despite being fostered as a form of resistance on their innovative use of a prefabricated, undefined, the inclusion of communal spaces and Eduardo Corona, two then prominent to socioeconomic, political and productive visible support structure and the resulting such as the shared front garden, or the inclusion tenets of modern architecture in São Paulo. processes, the mutirão was institutionalized spatial flexibility with split-levels and differing of the (semi-) public realm into the building all Closing the entry list was “Muxirão,” a the following decade in “Alternative Housing ceiling heights, this paper wants to focus on an contribute to the manifestation of a different, seemingly esoteric word for the way it was Programs” officially launched by the military. evolving live-work experiment and expression more open understanding of family living and defined, as follows: “So it can be called the After Brazil’s re-democratization, mutirões have of changing social relations and cultural values of working collaboratively in the city. As such collective labor employed to build a mud house been reenacted to challenge the urban effects that has been (and still is) made possible this housing project, although still adhering to […] among other works such as harvesting, of global capitalism. This paper sets out to through this innovative structure. The paper the middle-class ideal of the owner-occupied, based on mutual help, which is carried out investigate the genealogy, institutionalization will argue, that this housing complex, despite terraced house also concretely incorporates by residents of a vicinity, for the benefit of and antiestablishment assessments of the being built in an almost sub-urban setting, is in influences of ’68 that still have their relevance one at a time […] a term arising very often concept of mutirão in the social practices of itself a manifestation of urbanity and contains today. among us as MUTIRÃO.” After the installment housing in Brazil by tracking its migrations “the city within the home”. of the military dictatorship in Brazil only four across language, time, place, technology and years later, this term originally derived from sociopolitical divides: from indigenous kinship The Genter Strasse complex was built in four Tupi indigenous language, which appeared to rural solidarity and industrial modernization, stages between 1969 and 1976. The first stage in Acrópole to be so alien to the lexicon of from palm branch to mud and brick, from originated from Steidle’s diploma project at modernism, was accessed as its very counter- democracy to dictatorship and back. the Munich Art Academy and he built the first cultural backlash. The advocacy of motyrõ, stretch of seven terraced houses for his own meaning “work in common,” or a mutual and extended family (his sister acted as ‘client’) construction society, was twofold. It served as but also to house his just formed practice a critique of the division of labor, alienation, Steidle+Partner Architects, - with Steidle’s own and other unfulfilled democratic promises of

88 89 Pinar Sezginalp and Susan Rottmann, Özyeğin University Turkey May Zune, Lucelia Rodrigues and Mark Gillott, University of Nottingham [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

(Lived) Spaces of Belonging, Everything has changed, yet Culture and Gender: something must change: Spatial Practices of Syrian Women in Houses of Istanbul From Vernacular to Contemporary and Syria rawing on architecture and cultural sketch drawings of houses in Istanbul and n this article, the authors developed an that over the course of time, some things Danthropology, this study explores the reminisced houses back in Syria. Ultimately, this Ienquiry into the way homes in Myanmar remain eternal in the making of homes, which domestic lived spaces of Syrian women living research provides a fine-grained portrait of the manifest their culture and local contexts, are as true in Myanmar today as in vernacular in Istanbul in order to understand how they (lived) space of Syrian women, showing how and traced changes from the archetypal homes of centuries ago, yet something must create belonging in a different social and they reconstruct domestic lives through past safeguarding of occupants to more change to make homes, neighbourhoods, and architectural setting, make sense of cultural and current spatial practices. sophisticated modern-day concerns relating to cities safe and resilient to the global threats of differences and perform and challenge gender resilience and safety, particularly about the way climate change – just as vernacular architecture roles. We analyze data gathered from several climate change and socio-political scenarios achieved such safety for local threats – keeping types of dwellings according to the concept of impacted in the making of homes. We argue within the requirements and traditions of spatial practice of Henri Lefebvre, based on the that everything has changed in Myanmar Myanmar people. spatial organisations and oral histories of the homes’ design, delivery and occupation, yet residential interior spaces. The study explores something must change in the near future in how women’s daily life praxis makes them order to ensure homes are fit for purpose. feel content and safe, and how they reflect on their previous homes in Syria through a lens of The argument was developed using two nostalgia and loss. For example, we examine methods. Firstly, we used “maps and narrative” how domestic habits such as food preparation, developed through an observational analysis decoration, furnishing and daily activities make of the National Race Village, which covered the occupant feel at home. At the same time, Myanmar vernacular homes from a few we explore how houses and domestic lives in centuries ago. Secondly, we drew learnings from Syria are remembered via reflections on spatial a “travel story narrative” exercise that followed changes. Methodologically, we rely on semi- video documentaries covering homes of the structured interviews with women of different 21st century and beyond. The juxtaposition of socio-economic backgrounds and mental map these two narratives led us to the suggestion

90 91 Standards and O4 Life Style

Inga Bryden, University of Winchester Savia Palate, University of Cambridge [email protected] [email protected]

`At Home’ on Screen: Homes for Today and Tomorrow: Architectures of `Common Space Standards for the ‘Affluent’ Tenant in Britain Things’ n 1961, Homes for Today and Tomorrow, homelessness; conditions that neither private perhaps the most influential report on space enterprise nor the local authorities could his paper reflects on the notion of being `at display have the potential to embarrass their I standards in Britain, was published. Its necessity potentially accommodate. home’ in the city, in terms of the reframed owners (or at least, the person appearing T was slowly aroused, and, eventually, demanded, space of the interior appearing on screens. One with them in the onscreen space) – or they by essential mutations on living patterns: the Following these, this paper aims to uncover impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has been on might disappear with the application of virtual employment of women; the popularization of the Parker Morris standards entwinement with the physical space, representation, and idea wallpaper. The agency of objects in the home the television and the widespread use of the car; the state’s own agendas, mapping the frictions of the home. The domestic space has had to is arguably both heightened and diminished by the seeming affluence due to wages increase among the Parker Morris directives, local accommodate new roles, perhaps `absorbing’ being on screen; at the same time, a reminder and, almost, full employment; children’s political realities, and market aspirations that the function of more public spaces usually of restrictions on human agency. education and a rising percentage of people shaped the production of domesticity in Britain. associated with the urban. From their homes, attending university by the late 1950s; all of By highlighting these controversies, the broader inhabitants are connecting with other citizens The paper goes on to consider if there is a which impelled to homes are being built at the impact of this paper is to trace the complex via Microsoft Teams and Zoom, for example, renewed cultural preoccupation with `small present time which not only are too small to interplay of state policy and market forces and `within’ the framed space of screens on things’ as a means of `coping’ with the provide adequately for fairly life but also are during this particular period to provide, on the PCs, laptops and other devices. enormity of the ramifications of the pandemic. too small to hold the possessions, in which so one hand, a better understanding of the social The shrinking of the home to the space of a much of the new affluence is expressed. histories of domesticity and housing in post- Drawing on material cultural studies, screen further emphasises economies of scale, war Britain, and on the other hand, to expand phenomenology and theories of space and whilst a focus on the interior space and objects This affluence in a “home-centered society” on the critique of the rise of the neoliberal place, this paper considers the question `how is therein – a digital representation of actual came along with an increase in home- urbanism in urban studies and social theory as the interior `performed’’? How is the supposed living space – paradoxically highlights their ownership, embodying notions of freedom heavily discussed today. private space curated (or left unmanaged) for `inconsequentiality’. Perhaps `small things’ –or and choice to the emergent so-called middle- public accessibility/viewing? In turn, how do we the `common things’ (as in Pablo Neruda’s Odes class. While, however, on the one hand, this read the reframed interior? A particular focus to Common Things, for example) are revealed seemingly affluent society called for the ideal in the western media and popular culture has as the mundane objects which both comfort us home as envisioned by the Homes for Today been on what we might term the architecture and, elevated, bind us to a connected humanity. and Tomorrow, on the other hand, Britain and rhetoric of the bookshelf. Objects on was still struggling with slum clearance and

92 93 Nan Ye, University of Liverpool; Jiawen Han, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool Aokun Yu and Yuejia Xu, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and University Architecture [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] The transformation of the The Evolution and Reasons for bedroom in housing design China's Collective Housing Suits from the 1950s to the 1990s in China in the 1980s n the 1980s, China's reform and opening up Thirdly, the change of public living concept is the core arly in the 1920s, the intention of between a “bedroom” and other living spaces Ipromoted the modernization of urban housing. of the transformation of housing type. Ethe “destruction of the family and its shifted over the decades, as an epitome Policy adjustment, economic development, and By analyzing the adjustment of policies, the transition replacement by the collective” was embedded of different versions of the ideological and people's living concept accelerated the rapid evolution of economy, and changes of people's living concept, of China's condominiums, and the framework of the the research found that variation of residential in the design proposals of the “collective cultural struggles between collectivism and residential suite design was almost completed during suites is caused by the per capita living area, housing bedroom” and “sleep laboratory” by Soviet individualism. This perspective, as opposed to this period. commercialization, and the people's living concept. architects V. Kuz’min and Konstantin Melnikov. technical and economic perspectives, aims to Firstly, the adjustment of the following policies, In the 1950s, Chinese architects borrowed the unfold the ideological impact on the bedroom The paper divides the development of China's the quantity of urban residential construction, the egalitarian housing policies and collectivist space in seeing the housing standards of the collective residential suites into three stages based standard of residential area and family planning, design principles of the USSR. The idea of bedroom. The deprivation of the bedroom on Takamasa's claim, that people's daily activities resulted in the increase of per capita living area collective living was realised in Tianjin, China, as a private space became part of people’s can be classified into 3 levels. Correspondingly, the of households in 1980s. The commercialization of development process of China's collective housing housing affects the public space in the housing layout. in the project of the Hongshun Li People’s collective memory. In the “Green Wall” series from the founding of the People's Republic of China Secondly, commodity attributes of residential buildings Commune in the 1950s. In this urban collective of paintings by the Chinese artist Zhang to the end of 1980s is divided into three stages.And require clear division of ownership of space, which commune, bedrooms became the only place Xiaogang, the bedroom space again became a bedroom, kitchen and bathroom, living space are has a great impact on public space in the residential for privacy for every family unit while other medium to express the tension between the selected as representatives to show the changing layout in the 1980s. As a commodity, housing needs to living functions were all planned in a public individual and the immersive societal standard process of residential suites. In the process of improve its quality of space to get involved in market way. Instead of private kitchens, there was a of that historical period. In its transformation developing residential condominium, bedrooms can competition. The completion of infrastructure and public canteen, and a public toilet bathhouse from socialist to commercialised mass housing, be regarded as the representative of “Level 1” space, function helps residential space move forward to fine which is the most important one in the first stage. The design. Thirdly, the change of public living concept replaced private bathrooms. Starting from the bedroom space became a symbol of entrance of kitchen and bathroom into the housing is mainly caused in two results: first, the economic this case, this research reviews the historical individualism among rooms in housing design starts the second stage of developing residential recovery makes the public yearn for a better modern change of bedroom design in China’s standard with the intention of alignment with the condominium; and the improvement of “Level 3” living life; second, the increase of information about foreign residential designs from the Maoist era Western understanding of privacy. space contributes to the development of residential living space broadens the public's horizons. Under until the beginning period of the massive condominium in the third stage. In the process of the influence of three aspects, the development of construction of commercial urban housing. China's collective housing development, these three China's collective housing in 1980s has gone through The blurred boundaries and mutual invasion types of space also show their own development three stages, and the modern housing type with living trend.At the same time, the space quality of kitchen space as the core has come into being. Therefore, and toilet and living room is constantly improved. urban-residential, public-private, collective-individual The most obvious is that the living room appears in relationships all affect housing in times of social the residential space and constantly improves, and change. finally becomes the core space in the residential suite.

94 95 Rebecca Carrai, KU Leuven Sigrid Preissl, Independent Scholar [email protected] [email protected]

The role of IKEA’s home models Cinematic Representations in the twenty-first century home of Women’s Roles in Britain’s and city Postwar Reconstruction n order to understand the cultural evolution involving the user and other actors to collude ollowing World War II, London grappled (1944), the documentary Homes for the People Iof domestic life in a hyper-connected global in the home-making process. In particular, Fwith a housing shortage throughout the (1945), and the melodrama The Secret Place society, it is necessary to critically investigate images of home interiors, since 1955 and even 1940s and 1950s. Wartime destruction, and a (1957). My analysis shows that a preoccupation the impact of actors stimulating large capital more with the advent of globalization, and lack of building materials, labour and capital with modern kitchens and their presumed users flows such as real-estate developers, interior new digital art forms and media, have allowed exacerbated the 1930s lack of new housing. permeated the reconstruction discourse. This design companies and their media strategy. IKEA to carry on a 'colonialist program' invading Beginning during the war, public debates created gendered boundaries, which correlated This paper explores the question of what unprecedently real and imaginary territories, correlated reconstruction planning with both women with postwar homes while limiting it means to be at home in the 21st-century generating desired consumer behaviours and, the need for new housing and improved women’s involvement in housing design. city by looking, historically, at the role of the ultimately, exerting data colonialism. design as well as with women’s roles in the This paper explores fiction and non-fiction world's largest home furnishings retailer, IKEA. private space of the postwar home. Through films as well as government documents More specifically, it focuses on one of its most By focusing on their visual impact, this paper the government and the press’s rhetoric, the and press archives to examine both the built effective means of persuading the public and aims to raise awareness of the role of IKEA's gadget-filled kitchen became the symbol of environment and social reconstruction. My ‘colonizing the everyday life’: the interior home models as a tool for influencing domestic, the modern home, which, in turn, became interdisciplinary approach contributes to the on display, a tool in line with the tradition architecture and urban cultures. It seeks to the emblem of reconstruction. In this paper, I fields of film and architecture as well as to the of 'home exhibitions', increasingly used and render manifest IKEA's potential to conceive and therefore examine cinematic representations growing revisionist scholarship of women’s photographed to influence the landscape of mediate the home into shots and scenarios by of the postwar kitchen in relation to both the history that places gender politics at the heart Western living. discussing the following time frameworks. From reconstruction scheme and representations of Britain's postwar reconstruction. the origin of the concept of an ‘Instagrammable’ of women’s experiences. First, I examine how Through the use of 1:1, fictional living spaces, home in 1955 to 1975 when their semiotic the government, industry, and press affected published in the catalogue, displayed in-store, constructions reinforced; from 1975 to 2000s, women’s role in the reconstruction process. and lately, even 3D-modelled and broadcasted when UpToDate visualizations triggered a neo- Second, I explore cinematic representations of on social media, IKEA has exponentially forged liberalization of the house and design practices; women’s involvement in postwar planning and domesticity in physical and imaginary terms. and from the 2000s to nowadays when the use housing. Not only has the company adopted the interior of computer-crafted, broadcasted media spaces I analyse surveys, government reports, press on display to achieve sales goals, teach DIY, have fostered further commercialization of the articles, and British films produced and set in dictate domestic trends and lifestyles but built environment, impacting design methods London between 1944 and 1957. I discuss such also as a stage for increasingly performing and actors even more and enabling IKEA to films as the newsreel A Home of the Future semiotic constructions, identities formation and extract personal information.

96 97 O5 Live / Work Dibya Kusyala, Sri Rahma Apriliyanthi, Adhitya Rizky Isnandya, Institut Marianna Charitonidou, ETH Zurich Teknologi Bandung; and Achmad Syaiful Lathif, Telkom University [email protected] [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The Living Units within the Housing Typology at Fashion Home-office Conditions: “Tele-work”, Kampungs for More Sustainable Living- “Tele-communication”, and “Tele-education” vis-à-vis the Working Environment in Bandung

Reinvention of the City and Pandemic Preparedness andung is the capital of West Java Province, sustaining and inclusive neighborhoods through he paper focuses on the analysis of how to contribute to pandemic preparedness. Bfamous as a fashion mecca. Not only a circular design and development approach. Tarchitects such us Takis Zenetos, Yona Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis provides the latest trends in Indonesia, it is A study of typology was held for a focus on Friedman, Frei Otto and the Archigram among of Zenetos’ design of living units adapted also famous throughout Southeast Asia for the development of affordable housing for lower others conceptualized the reinvention of the to the conditions of working from home. production of materials and products related to income groups specifically in the local fashion relationship between the living units and the Zenetos worked on “Urbanisme électronique: Muslim’s wear. Huge markets for a diverse level industry. home-office conditions. Both Zenetos and Structures parallèles” for more than twenty open up broad production chain opportunities. Yona Friedman were interested in the re- years. This project consisted of individual living So many urban kampungs that originally were The research was conducted by tracing the invention of the home-office conditions and on units spread over a vast infrastructural domain, residential pockets transform into workshops. business patterns that occurred in each village how architecture and urban design strategies presents many affinities with various projects There are 3 study areas: Kampung Binongjati along with the space they used to support their could respond to distance working. They were of suspended megastructures, such as the which is well known as knitting production business activities. In-depth interviews were particularly interested in “tele-work”, “tele- utopian urban network over Paris designed by place, Kampung Suci which now be a reference conducted with several actors involved in the communication”, and “tele-education”. Special Yona Friedman, the Plug-in City by Archigram. for t-shirt and jackets manufacturing and production process representing small, medium attention will be paid to how the architects The paper departs from the hypothesis that the Kampung Cigondewah as the center of the and large scale business. A series of open under study envisioned a new mode of analysis of Zenetos and Friedman’s intention to fabric and processed products industry. questions were asked at the initial interview thinking urbanism able to be adapted to the provide comfortable, flexible and independent to get keywords that support their production continuous mutations in both the social and home-office conditions through the design The growing popularity of these 3 kampungs process and dwelling activities in each area. technological domain. Central for this paper is of “individual living units” using advanced has led to the emergence of many new Then be analyzed in order to get the concept the analysis of the design of flexible systems technological achievements could be helpful facilities found in these areas that are typical of habitation and work which will be further concerning both buildings and infrastructures, for better understanding how architecture between original residents and migrants. developed with a more structured interview. and intending to take into consideration the could respond to the challenge of providing Investments coming in provide greater business The result will be managed qualitatively and accelerating mutation of the living units in contemporary home-office conditions within opportunities along with the provision of analyzed to get a better understanding for the the cities of the future. An aspect that will be the conditions of emergence in the case of variety residential, working facilities and provision of more targeted space if they are explored is the extent to which the core ideas pandemic breakouts, such as the coronavirus infrastructures that create better production developed with more serious programs. of the experimentations of the aforementioned breakout. Special attention will be paid to and shop houses etcetera in an interesting architects with the living units in the city of the complexity of the psychological and phenomenon to study. Where workers live in the future could be incorporated in the design physiological needs of citizens within such areas that are relatively close to the place of of architectural and urban projects aiming conditions. the workshop. In the need for developing self-

98 99 Frances Holliss, London Metropolitan University; and Claudia Dutson, Ye Xu, Katharina Borsi, Jonathan Hale, University of Nottingham Royal College of Art [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Working at Home: Architects Open City/ Closed City during the Pandemic in China

uelled by the coronavirus pandemic, The paper posits that by reframing the space ne of the fundamental principles of prototypes to solve global problems of housing Finformation technologies, climate change of the home through the lens of its inhabitants Omodern urbanism, the separation of home shortage, and gridlock – they nonetheless and rapid evolution of the knowledge we might be able to offer a possible frame for from workplace, is currently being questioned create localised urban problems that threaten economy, people across the world are rethinking the future home. as a result of a rapid increase in the size of their own growth. Looking to the medieval increasingly choosing to work at home the home-based workforce globally, as well home-based worker who inhabited their or live at their workplace. Thus, it's time as there being more women in employment neighbourhood 24/7, and the contemporary to investigate home-based work and the than ever before and, in the context of global tech-worker who lives on-site, the paper to consequent shifts in the conception of home. warming, an urgent need to stop commuting . seeks to discern principles from examples of This paper examines the mixing - or separation the type, cautioning against the private and The paper is based on an elaboration of - of dwelling and workplace at both the building proprietary architectural complex. Questioning architects' understandings and reflections of scale and at that of the urban block, through standard housing and workplace products, this their own homes and graphic interpretations of a comparative analysis of two sites, one in paper asks how the city could benefit from their domestic spaces and live/work scenarios. medieval London and one in C21 Silicon Valley. the current changes in the way we live and Particular emphasis is placed on the group of It examines the meaning and implications for work - architecturally, socially, culturally and professionals involved in the space design and the city of the division between living and environmentally. research because their critical observation and working, public and private, and asks what open-ended imagination of the home are highly the mixed block may contribute to urban (1) F. Holliss, Beyond Live/Work: the effective in helping us to reread the home as life and, conversely, what may be lost in the Architecture of Home-Based Work, Routledge, the tool for the construction of the subject. mono-functional approach. In the medieval 2015 (2) J. Gehl, Cities for People, Island Press, block, intricate combinations of dwelling and 2010 The investigation was conducted in 2020 during home-based workplace, public and private, the pandemic and it involved 20 architects interweave to generate busy fine-grained from 5 major cities in China. It explores mixed-use districts that illustrate Jan Gehl’s ‘soft the ambiguity and diversity of architects’ edge’ principle . In Silicon Valley, vast campuses home-office scenarios from the following assemble work, leisure and accommodation perspectives: physical and virtual space, privacy into a productive whole. Promoted as and subjectivity, the combination of live and work and the relation between home and city.

100 101 Planning Housing O6 as Urbanism Alona Martinez Perez, De Montfort University and Ciaran Mackel, Belfast School of Architecture Merryan Majerowitz and Yael Allweil, Technion IIT [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] Madrid and Belfast: The Changing Image of the politics of housing, urban ambition and walls and absent spaces in two European Cities Neoliberal Housing – Dressing as a Method

ans Ulrich Obrist interviews the architect with countries leaving the EU). The spaces idtown is a way of life […] welcome use urban illusions –the mega-site appears HRem Koolhaas about the Berlin Wall. He as Koolhaas defines and which he refers as "Mhome." (Midtown marketing movie, “cut down” to an autonomous urban fabric, answers: “The Berlin Wall as architecture missing urban presences, are nevertheless and 2:45, 3:10) This paper examines two current disguising housing programs, and “dressing” was for me the first spectacular revelation in generate an urban condition in the European Housing architectural tendencies stemming them as commercial and cultural typologies– in architecture of how absence can be stronger City. In Madrid the PAU (9 Urban Action from neoliberal changes—the densifying city an attempt to bridge together the large site and than presence. For me, it is not necessarily Plans) in the outskirts of the city, explores the and applied segregation policies of mega- the a longing for urban diversity. This paper connected to loss in a metaphysical sense, relationships between real estate and politics sites. As the neoliberal city loses opportunities argues that the “dressing” method betrays but more connected to an issue of efficiency, for the biggest Social Housing Programme built to grow organically, it resorts to exploiting architecture housing’s attempt to assume a where I think that the great thing about Berlin in Spanish History. Madrid was growing fast and leftover –i.e., less attractive– spaces, lacking leading role in the neoliberal city; a city known is that it showed for me how (and this is my these city expansions happened quickly and at urban integration. This phenomenon meets for replicative housing units, buildings, and own campaign against architecture) entirely a big scale. As Ramon Prat writes “The periferia current parcellation policies that prefer to neighborhoods. To expose the spatial result "missing urban presences or entirely erased of Madrid is defined as the area between the market big lots to a singular entrepreneurial of this search, we examine photographs, architectural entities nevertheless generate city’s M-30 and M-40 ring highways and is the company employing a single architectural firm. marketing materials, and architectural what can be called an urban condition[…] And site of a breathtakingly ambitious, government The resulting projects emerge as a reaction to drawings. that was the beauty of Berlin even ten years sponsored urban expansion project. In the world housing crises influenced by neoliberal ago, that it was the most contemporary and the past ten years entire communities have been discourse. They reflect architectural and most avant-garde European city because it had created in what was, until very recently, the entrepreneurial decisions challenging the these major vast areas of nothingness”1 . This city’s literal frontier: thousands of hectares uses of traditional architectural tools and the paper will look at the politics and motivations of on uninhabited scrubland". 2 In Belfast on the public proception while offering a new way of the urban spaces and the housing that resulted other hand after the Good Friday agreement, reading of the city. A case in point is Midtown in the European city with particular emphasis the political reality of the Troubles in the TLV (by Moshe Zur Architects LTD) a large urban on two cities Madrid and Belfast. Most of these city, neglected to include the need for public housing development also comprising offices, spaces resulted after the construction boom housing because it remained (and still does) community services, and commercial use, that led to the 2008 economic crisis, and now a contentious issue. Twenty years after that located on the edge of “Little Tel Aviv.” Trapped are left abandoned in the political crisis facing agreement the void spaces remain and, indeed, between highways, railway infrastructure, and Europe (a continent that suddenly disintegrates the ‘peace lines’ have increased in number. busy roads, Midtown TLV shows how architects

102 103 Ambrose Gillick, Kent School of Architecture and Planning Andrew Stoane, University of Dundee [email protected] [email protected]

Curating the postmodern city: NO MORE HEROES: London Docklands 1980-1998 Totality, Everyday Life and uPVC

he London Docklands Development ways a new urban realm was manufactured that . . . I am for messy vitality over obvious unity models will be forged from which to put it into TCorporation’s urban renewal programme superseded bounded modernist ideas of the “. . .” said Robert Venturi in Complexity and practice. during the 1980s and 1990s was and remains city, replacing them instead with an unstable Contradiction in Architecture (1966). the subject of much derision and despair. and indistinct sense of urbanity. Relying less The paper will put forward the opposite case. It Dissatisfaction at the political character on controlled articulation by architecture and And so unravelled the trope of postmodernism will use the case study of a decaying modernist of the work and its insensitive realisation more on the ongoing curation of perception - the everyday is vital, the totalising force of apartment building in Edinburgh, with a notwithstanding, the architecture and urban and memory through non-planned hybridity, “unity” in design is an imposition from above. longstanding community still retaining many of character of the regeneration have been largely the LDDC’s vision, far from failing, gets to the its first generation tenants. Drawing on archive characterized as a violation of both urbanity heart of the postmodern condition. Venturi’s self-declared formalist manifesto was material, resident interviews, observations and and good taste. However, the LDDC employed subsequently theorised by Colin Rowe and the community records as empirical evidence, I a number of significant architects and planners like, admonishing what came to be known as will argue that the “totalising” forces and the who had been closely involved in the more the “totalising” – or the Gesamtkunstwerk – in formal “unity” of good housing design is in fact ostensibly egalitarian programmes of postwar architecture. A particular target was modernist one of the most powerful agents for stimulating urban renewal and New Town development, housing, which was seen as the most violet a new social solidarity, and that the new anti- including Wyndham Thomas, Gordon Cullen form of hubris. This vilification of the “totalising” heroic mechanics of architectural practice will and Edward Hollamby. This paper explores has been assimilated into the neoliberal era by be unable to yield any sufficient critical power the presence of their thinking as revealed in a new generation of detractors of modernism to release such effect in the future. Promoting the material fabric of Docklands housing. It and its socio-political mission. Instead of what it difference as it does, the new modus-operandi argues that rather than a manifestation of considers the exhausted, archaic and despotic for practice is less of a revanchist victory for failed planning and bad architecture, what we solo heroics of the modernist age, this faction the everyday life and the “right to the city,” and encounter in the Docklands is more accurately sees a new order for residential architecture in more of a subsummation into the neoliberal read as both a natural evolution of modernist which cohesive communities will evolve without age’s unrelenting atomisation of society, its planning approaches but also a perceptive a “totalising” view on how they might operate. fragmentation of the city, its re-distribution of prediction of the future identity of east The fractured remnants of the social-state, work into specialisations, and its need to sell London as a space of leisure, consumption upon which much modernist housing relied, will individualism as an ideological imperative. and identity, in short, of desire. Examining be replaced by a new social economy, and from buildings, drawings, interviews and developer’s this will rise a new order of social solidarity. promotional literature, this paper describes the New democratic and co-operative disciplinary

104 105 Jesse Honsa, KU Leuven [email protected]

ith this session, we would like to offer a new Wapproach to the question of: what does Being at Home it mean to be at home in the city in the twenty- first century? This session is underpinned by the Quick Fixes: Between Data, assumption that the home and its physical extent Y4 is today characterised by a complex combination Spontaneous Conditions in London's Historic Housing Information and Architecture of physical elements (objects, the building and the neighbourhood) and their digital counterparts Crises (familiar sections of social media and the cyberspace in general).

ousing crises are an inherent feature of the sources are often the same. It considers Invited Panel Increasingly, information (intended as the Hcities in a capitalist mode of production, how the collective memory of quick fixes has combination of our knowledge and ideas and data responsible for spurring development. Markets become entwined in cultural constructions Chair we continuously produce and consume) plays a often fail to accurately assess demand, fail and regulatory institutions, preventing new Silvio Carta significant role in both the construction and the to deliver houses for the workers that need change from occuring. While the current UK perception of the home. Information is boundless and does not abide by the rules of physics. As such, them, and run into conflicts with other aspects government has promoted deregulation to Speakers Rebecca Onafuye it is able to permeate possibly everywhere. When of urban ecology. This paper offers a critical increase housing production, it differs from the information is associated with digital technologies, understanding of the nature of housing crises Victorian tolerance for slums: quick fixes have Davide Pisu Hazel Cowie including ubiquitous computing (ubicom) and by considering one of their by-products: the become de facto policy, employing architecture Internet of Things (IoT), the extent of what we refer Silvio Carta spontaneous conditions that arise as workers for legitimacy. as familiar places becomes ubiquitous. This poses and opportunistic individuals attempt to detour new challenges to the traditional notion of housing normal processes to meet housing needs. and home within the city. For example, pervasive The gaps—between supply and demand, technologies like personal digital assistants (PDAs) between low wages and actual housing costs, or self-tracking devices are increasingly and and the literal gaps in the urban fabric—are silently permeating aspects of our experience often filled with temporary, low-cost solutions of living exceeding the physical boundaries of walls, doors and buildings. The way in which we that maintain an abundant, cheap workforce. perceive the home is increasingly characterised by Such easy fixes attempt to avoid the political the displacement of physical and digital objects, nature of crisis, but in doing so they often ubiquity of parts of the same service and the provide the abstract economic crisis with emergence of new categories of places where an image and a smell. The paper catalogues we spend our time feeling at home while being the architectural conditions and tactics of physically somewhere else. This new scenario calls densification, subdivision, self-building and for new reflections, projects and studies to begin to squatting that have been recurring in London understand how the notion of home and housing since the first crises of the Victorian Era, are changing today. arguing that while the smells are different,

10 6 107 Rebecca Onafuye, University of Hertfordshire Davide Pisu, University of Cagliari [email protected] [email protected]

Everybody’s in: From third to first and back: exploring the blurred boundaries of publicness and The Domestic Space in the Media Library privacy in the 21st century digi-home

ocial media has become a part of human life culture into “rooms”; therefore, changing the he notion of ‘being at home’ in the city junction between different spaces and places. S– from sharing parts of their daily routine, way we work and play in the home. This paper Tin the twenty-first century is extended to On one side, it hosts the points of contact discussing the latest news in the media, to will begin by highlighting the subjective and the study of various contemporary typologies, between the physical space, the mental space interacting with friends and family members’ objective qualities of the home and how these whereby the concept of domesticity is and the digital space. On the other, it has posts. In the 21st century, the contemporary qualities have been reconstructed through increasingly more related to the individual and gradually integrated the idea of first place—the city reflects the rich interplay between public digital culture, forming a hybrid of social layers less to physical places. domestic—in a building that has served as a and private boundaries in the home. It is in the domestic space. This paper addresses prototype in the development of the notion of argued that the architecture of social media the conference topics of the current practice This essay takes media libraries as a key ‘third place’. distorts the traditional relations in the 21st of living at home changing within the context case study to understand the evolution of century home by driving inhabitants’ online of digital technologies and smart cities. It also domesticity as a consequence of the spread By exploring the relation between these two actions that re(shape) and (re)constitute the explores the emergent social practices and and ubiquitousness of digital technologies. It sets of ideas vis-à-vis the contemporary notion boundaries between public and private spheres. urban collectives that characterise the digi- focuses on the evolution of media libraries from of Media Library, this article seeks to address Although inhabitants are using the same social home, and the physical/digital relationship their public traditional form, embodied in a three key questions: what are the domestic technologies to interact with one another, the changes the way we dwell in the home. rigid and formally consistent typology, towards components of contemporary libraries, how way in which they use these communication a more indeterminate morphology, which are they related to the emergence of the digital technologies, differ. It is through their social challenges their public nature, integrating the culture and the idea of everyware and what are activity and behaviour, that they become idea of a mix of urban and domestic spaces in a the physical manifestations—be their buildings, intertwined; therefore, reproducing layers single building. objects or interior spaces—of the gradual of the home. This paper seeks to discuss the blurring of private/domestic and public/urban production of the digi-home in the 21st century This work argues that this trend—inaugurated into the Spaces of Information. by analysing the role of the individual in phygital notably by Toyo Ito’s Sendai Mediatheque (physical-digital) space-making illustrating the and OMA’s unbuilt Jussieu Library—had taken power of digital influence of real-life behaviour. place as a response to the development and Inhabitants’ desire of belonging and wanting to affirmation of digital technologies and the be public, shifts the dynamics of the home and World Wide Web. manifests the characteristics of the internet The contemporary media library rests as a

108 109 Hazel Cowie, Newcastle University Silvio Carta, University of Hertfordshire [email protected] [email protected]

Digital expressions of home: What is home in the physical/ the digital annex digital urban environment? his paper presents some updates on our devices) facets of our daily lives. This also Tcurrent work on digital personal spaces includes hybrid aspects where the physical is in the city. In particular, I discuss a number of accessed through the digital (remote access ince March 2020, the UK has been in a state charged and liminal zone within the home that considerations on physical characteristics of of CCTV cameras and security monitors) and Sof limbo, from which only tentative steps is neither domestic or professional. space applied to housing and the notion of vice versa like in the case of personal digital to emerge are being made. Inside our homes, home. In previous works, we demonstrated the assistants (PDAs) (Alexa, Echo etc.). The first we exist in the place contained within our The paper will build on Colomina's idea extent to which the digital personal space is part of this article contextualises the idea of boundary walls, annexed to the digital world. of mass media as the site within which physical (Carta 2018), intertwined with urban discrete living, experiencing space (Carta 2019) In this place, we become a face within a box on architecture is produced, to examine how spaces (Carta, Onafuye and De Kock 2019) as and place-making (Alvarez, Borsi & Rodrigues someone else's screen, limited to the confines digital means will likely be the primary well as inextricably connected to others in the 2017) related the notion of code/space of the camera's view cone. In this time, mediator of our experiences with the world for digital dimension (Carta 2020 AHRA Dundee). (Kitchin and Dodge 2011) and experiential the digital expression of our lives becomes the foreseeable future. This will be examined displacement (Liu et al. 2014). The second part dominant, as many of the activities that would against Baudrillard's description of necessary This work addresses the research question of: presents the analysis of case studies, where typically be constrained to the home are played interaction and simultaneity brought about by withinthe context of the Internet of Things I examined aspects of being at home in the out digitally in a virtual space. the screen. The paper will also take a material (IoT) and ubiquitous computing (ubicomp), cyberspace and their relationship with physical culture approach to considering what the what is the real physical extent of the home spaces. Key projects and emerging practices This paper will explore the connection between screen means within this new home-life. The in the contemporary city? With these new of hybridisation of digital and physical living these versions of home, the version that is totally smooth surface of the screen offers results, we would like to provide new insights are collected and analysed in order to define a lived in in the 'real' world, and the version that us a frictionless portal into the wider world on the ways in which people today live their common pattern of living and being at home in is experienced digitally, by ourselves and by that is out of step with actual temporality. home characterised by a growing and diffused the contemporary city. In particular, I focus on others. The paper makes no attempt to express The paper will explore the spaces in which we sense of displacement (Floridi 2014) and the mutual relationships between physicality a preference for one over the other, or to make will be operating and how boundaries will be discreteness of experience, where elements and virtually of the home through new ways of claims of true authenticity for either version. changed in these new processes, with a view to of the experience of being at home are in living and ubiquitous technologies, in order to What will be explored is the the notion of the understanding how this new lifestyle might play physical places as well as scattered in a number bring the physical dimension of being at home digital space of the home, mediated by screens, out in the long term. of digital devices and cyberspaces. The notion to the fore. Finally, the last section generalises cameras and software, and its relationship to of home and the perception of being at home the findings relating them to the conference the physical place of home. I will argue that in the city in the twenty-first century is here themes of “Philosophical and theoretical these are not separate spaces, but are equally broken down into a number of aspects that positions on the intersection between agential overlapping spaces that create a include physical (familiar objects, the building, housing, urbanism and subjectivity” and the neighbourhood etc.) and digital (e.g. “Representations interrogating the categories of interactions with family members and inner urban and domestic, individual and collective”. circle of social media contacts over mobile

110 111 Age and Y5 Wellbeing Gwendoline Schaff, TEAM 11, Faculty of Architecture, University of Liège; Ann Petermans, ArcK, Hasselt University, Jan Vanrie, ArcK, Hasselt University; Fabienne Courtejoie, TEAM 11, Faculty of Architecture, University of Liège; and Catherine Elsen, LUCID, Faculty of Applied Micheline Phlix, Jan Vanrie and Ann Petermans; Hasselt University [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Sciences, University of Liège [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Exploring Ageing Migrants’ Sense From the person to the of Home Using Photo-Elicitation: environment: creating homes for ageing well An Exploratory Study in Limburg, Belgium ur societies are facing unprecedented past theories and international studies) and ot only do people live longer, older conducted. Moreover, photo-elicitation was Odemographic changes. Population ageing, two focus groups with Belgian multidisciplinary Npeople are becoming more diverse and tested as a methodology during the interviews. in particular, significantly impacts how to design experts (i.e., focus on the current, local heterogeneous. Simultaneously, cities are housing within the city. Indeed, when working situation), we conducted exercises with novice growing and there is also a trend of more life ends and health problems gradually appear, designers with the aim of reflecting on how older people living in these expanding cities. links between people’s lifestyles and their to intervene in housing for older people in an Although this has major implications on housing environment might considerably evolve. In existing environment (i.e., focus on a future design and policy, to date, not much is known many European countries, both governments vision). Enriched by the variety of actors, about how new and diverse groups of older and older people themselves favour “ageing in disciplines, timeframes and contexts, the people experience their housing situation. place” rather than moving into a care centre. results highlight thematic perspectives to be This research focuses on the intersection of Yet, many houses are unsuitable for later taken into account in the design and adaptation ‘housing’, ‘culture’, ‘ageing’ and ‘subjective life. Moreover, in recent years, new forms of environments, in order to move towards a wellbeing’. Although a review of literature of housing have emerged. They explore the society of sharing, inclusion and wellbeing. They demonstrates that deep insights exist on each boundaries between private and institutional also underline the importance of an holistic of these areas of interest separately, research spheres, allowing both intimacy and sharing reflection, from the scale of the individual to on possible interconnections is still lacking. As within the same place. Taking this into account, the scale of the environment, through dynamics part of a larger mixed-methods research project how can we, as designers of the city, enable related to health, emotional, social, built and aimed at exploring how (interior) architectural older people to live as long and as pleasantly contextual interrelationships. design can contribute to older people’s as possible in a (shared) home? And what subjective wellbeing while taking a diversity does this mean in terms of designing at an of ethnic backgrounds into account, we here urban scale? To shed light on this question, we report on an exploratory study to gain insight in integrated reflections and insights from two what cultural elements can be found in ageing studies with a different temporal and spatial migrants’ sense of home. Focusing on the focus into an architectural design workshop. latter, we include a cultural dimension as this is Specifically, based on the results of a literature often overlooked in place-related theories. In review on “ageing well in place” (i.e., focus on this exploratory study, in-depth interviews were

112 113 Faye Sedgewick, Lesley McIntyre and Tara Hipwood, Northumbria Katja Maununaho, Jyrki Tarpio and Helena Leino, Tampere University University Finland [email protected], [email protected], tara.hipwood@ [email protected]; [email protected] northumbria.ac.uk Brokering knowledge Social Connections in a Care boundaries in a multidisciplinary Home co-creation project geing, social connections and loneliness and visual tasks, data towards understanding ities as living environments are facing rapid to the development of Finnish urban housing Aare posing contemporary challenges approaches used to enhance the everyday Cglobal changes. Ageing and international production. for architects and designers of the built social connectivity of older people in the migration, as well as developments in working environment. In addition, the COVID-19 care home was uncovered. The findings of life, economy, and lifestyles, among other In this paper, we ask, from the perspective of pandemic has shone a light on the experience the study highlighted how the integration things, generate new needs and practices for housing design, how does the process of co- of social isolation and confinement of older and accessible placement of technology, everyday life. Hence, there are multiple factors creation work when the goal is to accommodate people in everyday life which has resulted in supported independence, personal control that require diversity and flexibility in housing. diverse social networks and knowledge into a an ever-evolving awareness of the important and virtual connectivity of older residents. However, the situation in Finnish housing shared product. Moreover, we ask, does co- role of building design. It is vital that designers Intergenerational living enriched physical and production and housing market has been creation leverage the end results. We analyse of the built environment learn from existing mutually beneficial connections between the relatively stagnant, and the variation of urban how the multi-directional communication in buildings and users, as well as reflect upon young and old, whereby the young encouraged housing solutions has remained limited. the co-creation process provided means for a housing design to ensure that factors linked to older resident's to develop their ICT skills and new shared understanding between various ageing within care homes will not constitute the old acted as a support system by sharing To expand the scope of possibilities, ‘A actors and disciplines. We also illustrate how towards barriers to staying socially connected. real-life experiences and advice. This paper Cookbook for Agile Housing’, an internet- the combination of architectural solutions and Uncovering the design implications to staying seeks to interest key stakeholders (such as based application, was developed in the social science knowledge on dweller viewpoints socially connected is fundamental in improving policymakers, architects/designers, care home multidisciplinary research project Dwellers in provided novel, multidisciplinary knowledge. quality of life and wellbeing for older people. providers and healthcare professionals), to Agile Cities. It was intended as a source of ideas Furthermore, we raise some critical points in Focusing on themes of care home design and encourage vital yet realistic change to the social of contemporary urban housing for diverse the process of distributing multidisciplinary social connectivity (both physical and virtual), inclusion of older people within society. users: designers, developers, city officials, knowledge to different audiences in the this paper reports on the methods adopted and and researchers as well as citizens interested housing sector. findings elicited from an ethnographic study in housing. The ambitious goal in the making undertaken at a care home in the Netherlands. of the cookbook was to use multidisciplinary The architecturally trained researcher spent co-creation to test, develop, and share a week living in this intergenerational, information about new housing solutions, technology-rich care home. Utilising methods and, via doing this, have incremental impacts of observation, semi-structured interviews

114 115 City and Home Y6 in the Pandemic Rachel Armstrong, Newcastle University; Rolf Hughes, KU Leuven and Rachel Armstrong, Newcastle University Nel Janssens, KU Leuven [email protected] [email protected]

Towards a more-than-human Holobiontic Urbanism: urbanism: Homes, microbes, domesticity, communities Co-constituting the Microbiomes of the Built Environment

ut of the Anthropocene’s cauldron of an inclusive alterbiopolitics characterised by n preparing to inhabit a changing world, we vast and highly varied. Understanding how this Oair pollution, animal welfare abuses, co-inhabitation rather than alienation, ways of Imust forge “… a template for trying to start invisible realm is produced, works and shapes urban overcrowding and international travel, taking care of each other through our conscious again, from the bottom up, the description of our lives can inform the design of domestic steps COVID-19, a deadly new neighbour. engagement with communities of microbes are dwelling places …” (Latour, 2018, p97). Our infrastructures that shape our daily rituals and Spreading through direct contact and indirectly possible—even at times of crisis. The challenges paper examines what it means to domesticate activities of daily life. More than a technical through shared surfaces like door handles, are significant, as our understanding of this a microbial world at a time of planetary crisis, understanding of human-microbial relations, it moves rapidly through cities, mutating space is rudimentary, where state-of-the art and the opportunities this presents to combat new insights into the capabilities of microbes and shapeshifting as it goes—maintaining its includes characterisation of the MBE. Heralding the damaging impacts of the Anthropocene offer ground-breaking opportunities for pathogenicity. This presentation takes a more- the advent of more-than-human inhabitation (Tsing et al., 2017). Interrogating the idea of a reversing the impacts of human development. than-human view of this coronavirus asking and design for a microbial era, which renders household, or oikos, intersections between the Drawing on this notion, our paper develops how its distribution within the urban microbial the “pure” human subject at the centre of microbial realm and the human body through the concept of “home” as a site of human- commons can be negotiated—a space of architectural design as obsolete, the >human domestic activity are considered namely: engaged holobiontic relationships. Exemplified relatively frictionless exchange of biological body with its associated microbial ecologies human microbiome (Turnbaugh et al. 2007), by the research projects Living Architecture, materials all around us. The Microbiome of becomes part of the approach to addressing microbiome of the built environment (Kembel the Wicked Home, and Microbial Urbanism, the Built Environment (MBE) is discussed as challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic, which et al., 2012) and “living” technologies (Bedau, these exemplars of design practices are shown a material/technical/social interface and site cannot be resolved by individuals alone. 2009). Positioning the home as holobiont— to be scalable and therefore implementable, for design where 90% of our daily activities However, big or small, infectious diseases are an intimate entanglement of human, microbe, integrating microbial actions within the oikos to occur between people and microbes, including subjects for collectives, where appropriate “smart” technology that form an ecological unit alter the environmental impacts of the polis. viruses. Casting the city-dwelling human as design can re-articulate our behaviour, and (Margulis, 1998)—proposals for “haunting” a key vector in maintaining, disseminating designed contributions to the maintenance of our homes, making societies and developing and even propagating the urban microbiome, individual health and societal well-being. (holobiontic) cities are identified that fully strategies to establish a healthy MBE are engage acts of care for nonhumans within our explored. In the absence of a vaccine or cure, living spaces at the centre of this transformation our best response to managing the spread of (Puig de la Bella Casa, 2017). While the concept pandemics, is to consider our own microbiomes of microbiome has been widely adopted, our as part of the problem and solution. Through entanglements with the microbial realm are

116 117 Nerma Cridge, Architectural Association Terri Peters and Anna Halleran, Ryerson University, Canada [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]

Drawing the Distance Integrating Restorative Environmental Design Principles into Apartment Housing: The City After The Pandemic

he pandemic has cast a spotlight onto our older women co-housing OWCH in London. he COVID-19 pandemic has forced a large- spaces that can have multiple uses and users; Tdomestic spaces turning them into schools, Shared or communal spaces, have been seen as Tscale, global experiment relating to the 3) bedrooms designed for restful sleep that offices, hairdressers and broadcasting studios. exemplary ways to successfully solve problems impacts of housing quality on our health and contribute to circadian regulation 4) access to During this time of great uncertainty, one thing connected to the high costs of urban locations wellbeing. Our homes should be places where daylight to support wellbeing, moods and social seems certain – the pandemic has made our and sustainable living. By creating strong we safely relax in private, interact with our interactions, 5) thermal comfort and indoor air small overcrowded living spaces even smaller. community, they also relieve loneliness. The families, and increasingly where we study, quality with a focus on natural ventilation 6) Some of the trends which we saw emerging discussion will also include some examples work, exercise, and entertain ourselves. This access to nature, mainly through the design of prior to the crisis have become accelerated, of co-housing which are too large with too a study focuses on mid- and high-rise apartment balconies that have an appropriate size, with such as the move towards a cashless society, transient population to successfully foster a housing, now the fastest growing urban housing well considered access and orientations; 7) unit online shopping and the decay of the high sense of community. Whilst they use the same type in many cities around the world. In the sizes and layouts that enable physical distancing street. Some have been reversed. A new kind of vocabulary and terms such as shared and city after the pandemic, we must integrate and prevent crowding. The architecture corona specific waste has been created with our community, the spaces on offer are too small sustainable and health promoting architecture, based findings in this study are based on the public spaces littered with plastic gloves, masks, and very expensive; you also completely lose or “restorative environmental design” unique challenges of apartment housing in and the like. We have come to realise how any privacy as communal spaces are supervised principles into urban apartment housing. This the North American context, but our findings important access to green spaces is, and how and observed at all times. In reality not very presentation summarizes the results of our are applicable to this kind of housing globally. in an urban environment, even a small balcony different from a hotel, with a false promise of multi-disciplinary study which examined more Renovating and building new apartment can make a big difference. We discovered a new community. One of the pertinent questions the than 100 published papers from environmental housing that is restorative will have enormous sense of community and solidarity with our conclusion will address is whether and how psychology, building science and architecture. impacts on the quality of life of residents and neighbours. Some of us, in areas popular for will the pandemic affect the co-housing model We analyzed the most relevant findings for play a role in the new urban context in the city tourists, have discovered that we actually have long-term. “restorative” apartment housing, and identified after the pandemic. no neighbours, with the isolation increasing design recommendations for designing and problems such as urban loneliness further. This renovating restorative apartment housing. paper proposes to re-examine through the We conclude that architects and designers pandemic lens, the co-living model projects must prioritize 1) windows and views that such as R50 – Cohousing in Berlin, LaBorda - support stress recovery and restoration; 2) the first housing cooperative in Barcelona, and suitable and adaptable lighting levels based on

118 119 Threshold P4 Collectives

Rubem Barbosa-Hughes, University of Hertfordshire Jennifer Ferng, The University of Sydney [email protected] [email protected]

The Role of the Consumer IoT Human Capital: Experience in Extending the Climatic Privilege and Worker Dormitories in Singapore Notion of Home xpectations associated with improvement himself experiencing repeated interactions with limate change intersects with the global nexus between financial power, industrial Eto the quality of life are often amongst the familiar objects. This paper explores how the Crefugee crisis in complex ways, particularly manufacturing, and unparalleled construction main drivers behind the attraction to the notion interdisciplinary field of UX design is dealing in southeast Asian countries like Singapore growth has only served to widen the gulf of smart homes. These enhancements may with the challenging business of conceiving – here, the forced displacement of migrants between rich and poor, Chinese, Malays, and materialise in a wide range of ways, from basic effective, efficient and delightful interaction and laborers reinforces the inequalities of Tamils, permanent and transient populations. applications such as automation of mundane solutions for smart homes. Moreover, this work ethnicity, class, and citizenship as well as In the midst of these socioeconomic trends, tasks and energy saving to more critical ones explores theoretical positions and possible climatic design in segregated dormitories which an activist intersectional definition of climatic like health monitoring and assistance to methodological connections between UX lack air conditioning and shade. Human capital privilege arises from these landscapes of vulnerable adults. As smart homes become design and Architectural Humanities, on the defined by “Asian values,” put forth by Prime financial disparity. more pervasive in cities and towns around us, intersection between housing, urbanism, Minister Lee Kuan Yew, remains at the whims of and their adoption is expected to continue to smart technology and subjectivity. We review planning policies designed to control migrants grow (Statista 2017), naturally the number of approaches which uses the human to human who hold very little economic value for the smart devices is set to increase exponentially interactions as benchmark to uncover early Singaporean government. At the same time, with it. However, in order to support the concepts of user interactions and user migrants are rendered invisible within planning interaction between people and these smart interfaces, as well as other approaches systems that assign alternative standards to objects, user experience (UX) designers are exploring the opportunities for using AI and vulnerable groups. What our research group faced the responsibility of designing interfaces Machine Learning, and discuss the extent which has called “climatic privilege” consists of power which should serve to shorten the bridge smart homes could assist humans to achieve structures, technologies, and legal definitions between people’s intent and the device’s more by supporting distributed cognition. of residency that are used to restrict housing, purpose. Although interaction design challenges Finally, we examine the impact of inadequate school, and work environments. I use the are nothing new, the process of designing implementations and questions around the workers’ dormitories (PBD) in Singapore as a interactions for smart homes anticipates ethics of poor design in the context of smart lens to reflect upon how climatic privilege is greater criticality for the context: home it's home, and how these may impact the notion experienced by vulnerable groups – human potentially one of most intimate, personal of “being at home in the city in the twenty-first capital, climatic design, and migration policies and private places a person could find her or century”. have collided to create an untenable situation in twenty-first century Asia. This complex

12 0 121 Basma Massoud, University of Sheffield and Florian Kossak, Hafen City University Hamburg Yang Yang, University of Sheffield [email protected] [email protected] ‘’Patterns’’ of Threshold Spaces Shikii between Housing and City: Exploring Building Typology, Human Behaviour in in the Historical City of Jeddah Shinonome Canal Court in Tokyo

he availability of public spaces and their in combination with narratives collected from his paper focuses on one housing project- the social challenges and current demands Tinteraction with the private space is one of current or former residents of these houses. TShinonome Canal Court- in central Tokyo in housing. A series of building typologies, the important factors that is associated with This material shall not only allow a better completed in 2005. The housing project as innovative design techniques based on the quality of cities. In that respect, threshold understanding of the relationship between is regarded as the last significant urban architects’ aforementioned design theories, spaces between the private realm of the house housing and the historical city, but it is also regeneration and social public housing project were examined in detail by observing local and the public realm of the street are complex forming the basis of a catalogue of criteria that provided by the Urban Renaissance Agency residents’ behaviour in daily life. The paper moments of social and cultural negotiations can inform contemporary planning and design (UR), a semi-governmental organization argued these building typologies under the are key in the constitution of ‘the urban”. This of residential neighbourhoods in Jeddah, Saudi initially established in 1955 as Japan Housing concept of Shikii were discovered to play paper presents investigations into such spaces Arabia or the contemporary oriental city. Corporation. This housing experiment at the a significant role in generating the new through the case study of historical, large scale beginning of the 21st-century, was involved public space type for collective living in the multifamily houses in the old town of Jeddah. by many renowned Japanese architects. It community. Combined with interviews with The very compact, multi-story typology of tentatively proposed new design solutions users, the manager, and the architect, as well the residential houses in Jeddah portrays an in response to the challenges and updated as obtained archives from the developer UR, intricate relation between the public and the demands in contemporary Japanese society. the paper concluded an interactive relationship private which is shaped and facilitated through The paper aims to interpret the concept of between new building typology and human specific building elements as much as through Shikii (“ ,” literally “in-between space” in behaviour is in favor of cultivating a new public socially conditioned spaces. Japanese)閾 applied to the architectural design realm as an intermediated threshold. It breaks in connecting housing and city through the boundary between housing and city by Mythologically, this research and the paper are the creation of the community space as connecting individual people to form a local revisiting Christopher Alexander’s “Patterns” an emerging type of public space for both community between the realm of family and in order to investigate and classify such internal residents and external visitors. society. thresholds while at the same time questioning The paper firstly introduced and explained and expanding the “Patterns” in relation architect Riken Yamamoto’s architectural to the cultural, social and environmental theories of “local community area” in terms particularities of Jeddah. The paper will present of Shikii, on which the Shinonome Canal here a series of original mapping and drawings Court project was established in response to

12 2 123 Lola Lozano Lara, Architectural Association Angela Alcantara, Independent Researcher / Stiftung Bauhaus COOP [email protected] [email protected]

Vecindad: Redistribution of Threshold Observations: Domestic Space in Mexico City Berlin neighbourhood adaptations through a pandemic

he paper presents an investigation of Sevilla and the corral madrileño in Madrid. he transition into spring in gloomy winter will shared spaces alter in correspondence? Tdomestic space and the relentless and However, the paper also attempts to uncover Tcities like Berlin has always expanded cafes As well as time and age, as normality will not unplanned accumulation of itself in the a less explored relationship to other forms of and bars beyond the limits of their facades. parallel pre-Corona practice, how can a sense metropolitan city, focusing in Mexico City as a housing originating from pre-Hispanic cultures Sidewalk widths are minimised and lined of familiarity be managed? This on-going model of this condition, highlighting the state in the area surrounding Mexico City, such as the with outdoor tables and stools. The wave project follows pedestrian observations through of living in extreme vicinity and raising the housing complexes of Teotihuacan, organised of Coronavirus overlapped this transition building typology photos and concise field notes question of sharing what is perceived as a finite around a common patio, which suggest that period in Berlin, together with the rest of of the district Körnerpark in Berlin Neukölln, resource in the metropolitan city: housing. The the Mexican vecindad is a crossbreed of the Germany. With regulations mainly focused following the Coronavirus outbreak. Briefly paper considers the notion of vicinity, observed two colliding cultures. The paper delineates on interior practices, life outdoors at the introducing transformations of neighbourhood within the historic and legislative context of the evolution of this housing typology and start of the pandemic seemed more like an thresholds, noting observations at the street housing in Mexico City. A vecindad in Mexico its resilience in relation to its architectural adjustment rather than a harsh change with and sidewalk level - this essay revolves mainly is the adaptation of an originally non-domestic definition and the social organisation that alien modifications of the everyday. It has been around street-level small businesses along building to allow a group of households to it engenders. Notwithstanding, its inherent interesting to recognise minimal interventions active and passive areas of the district. share domestic facilities through a central limitations will be explored, giving way to a around a familiar neighbourhood, in particular, street. Vecindad translates to neighbourhood, following chapter within a broader investigation, activations at the edges of buildings at stemming from the Spanish vecino which in which will focus in describing a new condition doorways, by windows, and on the sidewalk. English means both, neighbour and close, in the city, with a much faster working-class Revisiting Marc Augé’s Non-Places, these alluding to proximity, a relationship of close population growth and the implementation of altered conditions of doorways, windows, and distance. The typological case study that best housing as a right by constitutional law during sidewalks somehow further blur the already exemplifies this in Mexico City is the vecindad, the early 20C. fine contrast between the definitions of place designed as a domestic quarter for rent for the and non-place. The temporal appropriation lower social class, based around communal of these pass-thru spaces present visual cues courtyards. The investigation looks to trace more obvious to the usual passerby, suggesting the origins of the typology, exploring and potential relevance in the further study of these continuing to uncover its Hispanic architectural facades. Appropriation and value of space, ancestors, such as the corrales de vecinos in how will interior spaces adjust? Proximity, how

124 125 Place P5 Inhabitations Heidi Svenningsen Kajita, University of Copenhagen/ Newcastle University Claire Harper, Newcastle University [email protected] [email protected]

Urgent Minor Matters: A giant horse and an invisible Activating Archival Records for Social Housing Futures plan: Reflecting on the role of the architect in Neighbourhood Plan making

he history of post WW2 social large-scale also document how the architects dealt with need your help. I’m building a giant horse”. of the fledgling Neighbourhood Plan being Thousing estates in Northern Europe is the social agency of design; say they requested “I The enquiry piqued my interest. The developed by the community and our research exemplary for its decency and approach to residents’ complaints, made accounts of project: a wooden horse, 5.2m high, was to be team, but the value and status of the housing collectivity, but globalised economies and vandalism and guided D.I.Y. landscaping. This towed through the streets of Middlesbrough as proposal itself. The nominal sale value attached migration have in recent decades contributed research activates the archival records by a symbol of community action. It was the part of to the sites had effectively rendered the to financialization together with culturally bringing them to bear on heritage lists and what artist, Isabel Lima (the horse’s originator) economic imperative negligible. This presented and socially coercive policies in this housing. encounters with residents on site today. Starting describes as her ‘visible work’, engaging the an opportunity to refocus the priorities for new Meanwhile on the ground, there are urgent from a bay window, the various sources expose local community in order to solicit from them housing in terms of its essential use value and needs for transformation of large-scale housing concerns often kept distinct across expert-led contributions to her ‘invisible work’ developing role as part of a wider social and environmental estates to support communities’ processes information and residents’ varied descriptions a Neighbourhood Plan for the local area. Since infrastructure for the community. The paper of social reproduction such as informal of their material practices. And, challenging the horse, I have continued working with the reflects on the role of architect as mediator, supervision of children, repair work or day-to- the widespread stigmatization of postWW2 community in Gresham and over the past year working between the proposed housing vision day housekeeping. This paper focuses on such large-scale housing that is often based on have led a cross-disciplinary research project (the visible plan) and the desires and aspirations minor matters by combining archival research causal links between the built environment and with architecture and planning students to test of the community (the invisible plan). and ethnographic fieldwork strategies in line social problems, this research reveals instead what each of our disciplines can contribute to with scholars who have turned to possibilities how unlike minor matters – a term used to the development of a Neighbourhood Plan and in near-sited methodologies and histories describe residents’ concerns in a Byker Housing what we might learn from the artists’ mode (Gosseye, Kajita, Mack, Mattson, Schalk, Stead, Committee memo – can act to disorientate the of ‘visible’ and ‘invisible’ practices. Months van der Plaat). status quo for social housing futures. into the process, amidst a political shift and renewed ambition to ‘see change’, the large The project in question is the Grade ll* heritage vacant sites that had provoked thinking about a listed Byker Redevelopment in Newcastle Upon Neighbourhood Plan, were abruptly conferred Tyne first designed by Ralph Erskine Architects’ to a registered social landlord for £1. A housing between 1969-82. The archived drawings proposal quickly emerged, championed by the and specifications for this redevelopment newly elected Mayor. The housing proposal pertained to construction, but the office files raised questions not only about the status

12 6 12 7 Ana Catarina Costa, Centro de Estudos de Arquitectura e Urbanismo (CEAU), Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade do Porto (FAUP) Felipe Lanuza, DLA Scan / Devilat Lanuza Architectural Studio [email protected] [email protected] Architecture as an agency of Burgess Park: in the absence of change: the SAAL operation of Leal the Aylesbury Estate

lthough architecture is inevitably at the existing structures, the characteristics of the he Aylesbury Estate is a prominent example spatial coherence to an aggregation of green Aservice of the power structures, it may place, the same scale of construction and the Tof on-going large-scale regeneration in areas gradually linked up in the last decades. also act as an instrument for resistance. social network. On the other hand, it introduces South London. This brutalist council housing In an exhibition held in October 2019, I Spatial structures reflect social and political changes that promote a new understanding scheme was built across a decade and gathered videos, thoughts and impressions of organization; nevertheless, in shaping the of the neighbourhood and involve new codes completed in 1977. It was to a great extent local people, photographs, and site-specific space such practices are also conditioned. of conduct, keeping abreast with the societal created in complementarity to Burgess Park, sounds and objects, to build up a situated Through the analysis of the SAAL operation transformation in progress. In analogy with which sits next to it, and plays an overlooked understanding of the different absences coming of Leal (Porto, 1974-77), a project by Sergio Stirling and Gowan’s Infill housing in Preston role in this process of urban change. Absence forward and relating both sites. This paper Fernandez, this article aims to explore the ways (1957-61), the balance between figurative is a relational aspect that comes forward in mostly elaborates on two exhibited pieces. The in which architecture can act as an agency and abstract elements fulfils the inhabitants’ both sites, helping us to understand how they first blends videos taken in the park and in a flat of change in the design of a neighbourhood. aspirations while introducing a certain are closely linked together from an experiential in the Aylesbury and the second is the display of The focus is set on the ability to promote a strangeness that may embody the evolutionary point of view but also historically and as related, passages of interviews to people living around sense of community while ensuring privacy factor. on-going planning operations. Experiences Burgess Park - but not in the Aylesbury. The and individuality. This specific case is one of absence range from the encounter with distancing between both sites becomes evident of the operations developed within SAAL, a traces and fragments of the industrial past as testimonies refer to a disappearing Aylesbury housing programme implemented in Portugal and the dense urban fabric that has given way while the interiors of one of its flats frame the immediately after the Carnation revolution in to Burgess Park’s open green spaces, to the views of a park that seems a memory difficult 1974 which defended the right to the city and emptying and demolition of the Aylesbury and to grasp. Addressing issues of urban memory presented an alternative path for addressing the displacement and dispossession implied and nostalgia while exploring relations between the housing needs of the working classes in the decanting of its residents. While the housing, heritage and public space, this paper via the transformation and improvement Aylesbury is subject to major transformations, offers a complementary view to accounts of of their run-down neighbourhoods. Leal Burgess Park is under a revamp preserving authors like Ben Campkin (2013), Loretta Lees project simultaneously represents continuity and staging some remainders of its industrial (2014) and Jane Rendell (2017) to criticise –and and change. On the one hand, it aims the past. This parallel process consists of the even resist– the on-going regeneration of the preservation and renovation of the local erasure of leftover traces of previous site Aylesbury Estate. morphology and typology, maintaining pre- configurations (not of heritage status) to give

12 8 12 9 Urban Assembly and P6 Reassembly Kat Martindale, Director Architecture + Urbanism Research Office and Sila Karatas Basoglu, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL University of Nottingham [email protected] [email protected]

From technocrats to laymen: Planning Pyrmont: The Life and Community planning and self-help housing for workers in Marshall Plan countries Death of a Sydney Suburb

With the introduction of the Marshall Plan collaboration as a means of self-help for low- yrmont is Sydney’s original mixed-use, live scale urban redevelopment proposals and to Europe after the Second World War, cost housing construction while utilizing Pwork suburb. Following its ‘gift’ to British Sydney was no different, with Pyrmont one architectural practice for workers’ housing faced community planning to integrate workers in Army Private Thomas Jones in 1795, in lieu of of the sites selected. Redevelopment plans a paradigmatic shift by means of procedural housing production and neighbourhood unit for salary, the peninsular changed hands several focussed on delivering housing both through approaches and spatial strategies as well as suburban development. In this regard, postwar times before Edward Macarthur inherited the new apartment buildings and the conversion roles of planner, architect and community workers’ housing programs in Europe utilised site in 1835. He began clearing and subdividing of disused warehouses, many of which feature in housing production. By the promotion of the notion of community as both ‘object’ and the land in preparation for building his own a range of internal services and retail units community participation and cooperation for ‘subject’ of industrial development by making mansion and selling the remainder to a including gyms, dry cleaners, pharmacies and self-help housing in the postwar period, the workers as builders and owners of housing in developer for similar properties. However, mini-marts. This in-house provision has been technocratic activity of modernist architects ‘self-sufficient’ neighbourhoods. the sandstone which refused to support reflected at street level with few active facades of the interwar period for state-led rental farming of any type was discovered to be the or public uses, and has left the once vibrant housing shifted to a popular practice for home As the notion of community is again at the perfect density for building the growing city main road Harris Street, a wide boulevard ownership, of which has pioneered the current agenda for housing of the 21st century, a of Sydney. Being too far from the residential with more traffic than people. Twenty years social housing provision and speculative historical inquiry on dated yet up-to-date areas of the city and needing urgently to on from the Sydney Games, and nearly thirty housing development based on mortgage notion of self-help housing is essential to provide housing for the quarry’s work force, years on from the redevelopment schemes, system in many countries. recall community as the evergreen actor of streets were laid out with a mix of single storey this paper charts the growth of Pyrmont from urbanisation. Within this framework, this paper timber bungalows and two up, two down its establishment in the early 1800s, its rapid This shift is argued to be assisted by the discusses postwar workers’ housing policies sandstone terraces. Shops, churches, wharves industrial decline and corresponding population transnational activity on planning and housing and programs in two Marshall Plan countries and warehouses followed. As the need for crash a century later, through to its Olympic as part of the reconstruction and development (France and Turkey) in relation to transnational Pyrmont sandstone diminished in the early part fuelled redevelopment to become the highest discourse of the United States, the United discourse and activity, and aims to reveal the of the twentieth century, and the warehouses density suburb in the city, and asks if a high Nations and other transnational organisations transnational grounds of the programmatic relocated to a larger port south of the city, population density defines or impacts the social to build welfare states in Europe. Approaching shift from ‘architecture for community’ to residents moved elsewhere and the suburb spaces of a city and their success. the Public Housing Program of the American ‘community in architecture’ with reference started to wind down. Most cities employ the New Deal, postwar workers’ housing policies to housing built by workers via housing Olympic Games as a vehicle to deliver large were developed on state-employer-worker cooperatives in the postwar period.

13 0 131 Catherine Townsend and Paul Walker, University of Melbourne Alessandro Columbano and Matthew Jones, Birmingham City University [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]

Subsidising housing privilege: Collaboration for Innovation a public-private partnership at Melbourne’s Hotham the role of the civic university in Gardens in Housing: delivering new homes in the city

midst massive population growth and demolished Abbotsford Street North Melbourne his paper discusses the interactions projects embedded in the curriculum. Co.LAB Arising housing costs, the current State Housing Commission of Victoria estate, the Tbetween universities, local authorities and brings together students from across a range Government of Victoria, Australia is keen to first stage of Hotham Gardens has, to this practices in the creation of new housing in of disciplines, academics and external partners pursue solutions for housing affordability and day, broadly been considered a success: and the city. Through case studies drawn from the through collaborative learning. Working with increasing housing density in Melbourne. They our paper elucidates these reasons alongside Birmingham School of Architecture and Design Cherwell District Council’s Build! Team, Co.LAB have called for housing choice “in locations criticisms of the scheme. from 1950 and the present, the paper sets out has led the development of a low carbon timber close to jobs and services,” confining the to explore the collaborative potential of the frame self-build housing system. Continuing the urban growth boundary to stop sprawl, and Our paper locates Hotham Gardens in its civic university in developing innovative housing tradition of learning by doing, students tested urban renewal. To further these aims the State historical context amidst slum reclamation and solutions. the system at 1-to-1 scale. Working with the Government is selling post-war inner-city post-war housing shortages. We investigate council, a full prototype is under development Housing Commission Victoria walk-up flats built the interest groups who lobbied for Hotham The Birmingham School of Architecture and for construction in autumn 2020. by the government in response to an earlier Gardens’ construction and its architectural Design pioneered ‘live projects’ in schools housing crisis, saying these are “no longer qualities, alongside the development’s of architecture in the UK and as part of this By comparing these examples, the paper suitable”. Purchased by private developers, reception and the people who lived there. programme delivered a number of innovative seeks to highlight the challenges and virtues they are replaced with high-density housing Considering Hotham Gardens alongside the housing projects in collaboration with the of university-public sector collaboration as a for private sale alongside social housing. The demolition of contemporaneous Housing public sector. Early housing schemes were means to deliver innovative housing. It makes a rhetoric of limiting sprawl, old housing deemed Commission of Victoria estates, we demonstrate designed and detailed by second year students case for greater role for collaboration between unsuitable or slum-like, and the displacement that comparable rhetoric and optimism for and delivered by local builders in suburbs of the university and public sector as a means to of those on low-incomes, clearly parallels a loosely delineated modernity was used in Birmingham. In a later development, third develop alternative models of housing in the the circumstances of the post-war housing both cases to justify the displacement of those year students undertook on site construction, city. shortages in Melbourne. Our paper gives on low-incomes and the sale of public land to getting hands-on with the building process to architectural and historical consideration to private developers. better understand construction processes. these processes by examining the very first Projects such as terraced housing at Rednal and public-private partnership housing development Selly Oak and nurses’ homes at Weston-Under- undertaken in Melbourne: Hotham Gardens, Wetherle were delivered as collaborations North Melbourne, 1959. Built at around the between the School and public sector clients. same time, and proximate to the recently The School continues the tradition of live

132 133 Pandemic B4 Home Ingrid Mayrhofer-Hufnagl, University of Innsbruck and Benjamin Ennemoser, UCLA John Zhang, University of Westminster [email protected] [email protected] Urban Housing Models as a A New Archipelago - Dwelling Stock for New Cityscapes as the City in the City

s the legacies of Ildefonso Cerda or Le (housing) models that have been built in dorno once said that we must learn ‘how crisis, one of depopulation, by arguing for a ACorbusier remind us, industrial revolutions different ecological and cultural contexts across Anot to be at home in one’s home’(Adorno shrinking of the city into moments of intensity, have always impacted how architects and urban history. As our argument will demonstrate, 1974). Despite its origin as commentary on and ’turning the crisis itself into the very project planners conceptualize cities and housing. Machine Learning is not only helpful as an property relation, the phrase nevertheless of the architecture of the city’(Aureli 2011). Today, on the cusp of what is now called “the interpretive instrument but it can also be used captures our current feelings of intense This paper will argue that the current collapse fourth industrial revolution,” new tools are to create original housing typologies. These unease living in a global pandemic. What this of city life into the singularity of the dwelling emerging with which the field of architecture typologies are hybridizations of different urban prolonged period of isolation has thrown into has made our homes into the new archipelago, may attend to fundamental questions of models, which are autonomously generated focus, is not only the inadequacy in our current the new city within the city in which we urban housing in transformative ways. through a computer’s analysis of density, housing design, but the profound change to converse via social network apps, pontificate Inventing original modes of urban domesticity environment, and spatial distributions of the meaning of the home. While public spaces via live streams, and consume by delivery, require new typologies for which there exist housing classes—e.g., private/public housing have remained important arenas for protest where the traditional notion of ‘real’ public no precedents in architecture’s canon or and single/multi-family homes—from aerial and subversion, other aspects of our public space becoming arenas for moments of intense vocabulary. In pursuit of such typologies, photography. Through these experiments, we lives have been increasingly lived in private catharsis when all else fails. By adopting such our research exploits Machine Learning will demonstrate how new urban compositions spaces. The interior realm previously reserved a rhetoric, the paper will hope to speculate on technology in order to derive previously can be created for which no typological for the most intimate moments of our lives ‘what the city might be when one begins by unknown architectural elements from massive precedents exist. have become offices, gyms, conference rooms, considering what it already is’(Mastrigli 2013). datasets. Specifically, our argument will nurseries, stages, as well as recreational and explore the design of new typological hybrids We thus conclude our analysis with a discussion productive nature. Enabled by communication across different scales. It will do so by drawing of how Machine Learning creates strangely and logistic technologies, this transformation upon the argument of Aldo Rossi for whom familiar speculative, alien forms because of its was already in action before the lockdown. architecture implies the city. The city contains habit to preserve certain human architectural The pandemic has simply accelerated our not only past and present architectures but is traditions that it deems important. retreat into the virtual. This paper argues that also a depot of all the futures as he declares. the current crisis can be better understood by revisiting the City in the City - Berlin as a Our research generates new urban (living) Green Archipelago (Ungers et al 1978), in which spaces based on the vast amount of urban Ungers and Koolhaas addressed a different

134 135 Sigal Eden Almogi, Ben Gurion University of the Negev.and Shelly Azin Saeedi, The University of Queensland and Peyman Yousefjowkar, Cohen, Tel Aviv University The University of Art [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] (Un)homey Quarantine The unoccupied streets, the

he Covid-19 period invites new observation together. The quarantine required new uses of empty homes Tand interpretation of residential experiences home spaces, and emphasized the importance during the quarantine and closure in the of thresholds between exterior, communal and home space. We propose evaluating “home interior, private ones. Long-neglected common resilience,” a concept which incorporates roofs, balconies, and courtyards of apartment s the pandemic spreads, we face a Iranians. The home, which was full of guests, geographic, architectural and psychological building were revitalized by daily activities. Our Avariety of changing restrictions for simple filled with music, laughter, heated political theories, thereby expanding our perspective on psychological analysis attempts to understand communications and social relations. Staying oppositions (prohibited elsewhere) is now home practices in crisis situations. multi-use spaces as "potential spaces" at home for longer than expected and going vacant. The home is physically the same but (Winnicott, 1971) in the apartment. out only if necessary, has led to an urge in re- has only a certain number of inhabitants for an Although intended to protect against infection, thinking the experience of home. However, extended length of time. Through discussing seclusion impacts many areas of life; even The article is based on 67 questionnaires using one should first ask how people experienced the cultural background, coupled with state-led creating insecurity. Curtailed freedom of Google Forms, and 12 interviews, conducted via home before this period of crisis. The answer urban approaches as two factors that affect the movement and reduced privacy can be Zoom, and additional visual materials, provided to this question is obviously not identical experience of home in Iran, this paper discusses accompanied by anxiety, frustration and by interviewees, including photographs of their in different countries. In Iran, the culture how the experience of home is different during anger. These emotions are expressions of the home, cognitive mapping and architectural encourages people to gather indoors regularly the hard days of isolation. “unheimlich” or “uncanny” (Freud, 1919), in plans of the apartment. Our analysis utilizes for visiting friends and family. Home is the most which something ordinary, homey or familiar ideas drawn from geography, architecture and welcoming place that accommodates visitors suddenly becomes terrifying or threatening. psychology. warmly. However, the only reason for this The uncanny arouses feelings of instability and behavior is not the Iranian culture. Rather, the disorientation. Understanding the changing housing needs top-down approach of the state in designing during quarantine or closure demonstrates how and controlling the city deprives the citizens The changes during the pandemic and stay- living spaces can be adapted to crisis situations from their rights to enjoy the public realm. at-home period encompass social distancing, that could well return and be part of our lives Within this atmosphere, the urban setting is improving hygiene/preventing contamination, in the future, thus increases the importance of not more than a passageway, it is a non-place hoarding, working from home, and defining home resilience. that does not encourage people’s presence. boundaries between the private and the public. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that they The study, conducted during the enforced “stay- Freud, S. 1919. “The ‘Uncanny.’” In The Standard Edition of prefer to communicate in the free and private at-home” period in Israel, reflects the need for the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (vol. 17), edited by J. Strachey, 217–256. London: Hogarth. sphere of home. When the pandemic started flexibility in living spaces and the importance Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Playing and reality London. Tavistock and isolating regulations were put into practice, of creativity in “home-making” by people living Publications. Manuscript received September, 22, 1993. the experience of home transformed for the

13 6 137 oing beyond state and market (Helfrich & GBollier 2012), urban commons are an open system and space generator based on collaboration and solidarity, which can foster users’ emancipation against the dominant urban paradigm of enclavization (Stavrides, 2017). Furthermore, urban commons are an alternative proposition to the extractive capitalism of alienation and othering from Nergis Kalli, Newcastle University both the urban and the natural world (Petrescu, [email protected] 2017). From the urban commons perspective, sharing the city can foster potential emerging social models which are spatially performed and constantly experimented. Beyond the Tokyo: A Home as City The dismantling of the welfare state in the Western and Eastern parts of Europe was coupled with the Neoliberal City: advent of neoliberalism and its discontents, like B5the emergence of urban commons in the reduction of social housing stock, extreme collective housing neighbourhoods. privatization, rising rents, unemployment and socio- cultural exclusion. Nevertheless, in order to be at home in this neoliberal city, people need a sense of ‘belonging’ (De Angelis, 2017) expressed through person might feel at home when he/she will still carry the meaning of a home through a spatial practice which expands public and private interprets and appropriates the space as our unique relationship with it shaping around A Invited Panel space. Thus, the urban commons are not “an always his/her own by participating in the environment, the events of everyday life. This research aims delayed future nor a coming together in an idealist experiencing the space and getting familiar to speculate on this question with the story space” (Baldauf et. al 2017), but rather a practice Chair with it. Our house, our room or even our seat is of Tokyo; one of the most extreme cases of a of ‘becoming in common’ (Gibson-Graham et. al Doina Petrescu the centre of this form of experience. However, home as city. Tokyoites tend to eat in one of 2013) which can politically reclaim that what we call just like “a room of one’s own”, there is the the 160,000 restaurants of the city, as their home: our neighbourhoods. Speakers everyday space of one’s own, in which house small kitchens at home do not let them cook Doina Petrescu is just a “part” of the “whole”. The physical, complicated dishes, pick a café to gather This panel’s presentations will address the Silviu Medesan social and programmatic connections melt when cosy living spaces cannot accommodate shared question of how the emergence of urban Alexandru Axinte commons in the collective housing estates can be the house into the city, and (necessarily) the a large group of people, take a bath in a Katharina Moebus supported through design practices. The speakers city into the house with its broader meaning. public bath if there is no bath at home. In will introduce some concrete examples that From this perspective, city becomes a home this context, relatively small residential space illustrate new modes of producing commons in as city, a unique and familiar space for each is compensated by the amenities of the city. collective housing neighbourhoods by occupying individual shaped by a continuous relationship However, the relationship between Tokyo and the interstices and valorising the remains of public between the self and the city. The global health Tokyoites goes well beyond this reciprocal assets to reinvent ways of living in common. crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, has disrupted this relationship based on necessities and expands Accounts on the multiple spatial manifestations relationship to an extent. The precautions to the area of desires. Tokyo, the city of of urban commons along the lines of: porous taken to slow down the spread of virus, such as homo movens and nomads will show how communities, co-producing knowledge, reclaiming, quarantine, social distancing and self-isolation indispensable our relationship with the city is performing ecology and enacting struggle. Set in makes it rather hard to reembrace the city as with the cases from contemporary Japanese the context of collective housing neighborhoods of Eastern and Western Europe, the papers presented an extension of home. The difficulty of isolation architecture. Bibliography: in this panel are sharing methodologies of feminist, in tiny flats in compact cities also led to a rise in Petrescu, D. (2017) A Feminine Reinvention of the Commons. The Journal of Design practice-based and activist research. Through case antiurban sentiments of last century glorifying Strategies - Cooperative Cities, 9(1), 38–51. Stavrides, S. (2016) Common Space. The City as Commons. London: Zed Books. study inquiry, the panel aims to situate the urban suburban living. Thus, at the aftermath of the Baldauf et. al (2017) Spaces of Commoning. Artistic Research and the Utopia of the Everyday. Sternberg Press / Publication Series of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. common narrative and practice, investigating the pandemic, many of us wonder whether the city De Angelis, M. (2017) Omnia Sunt Communia. On the Commons and the Transformation specificities and overlappings arising from different to Postcapitalism. London: Zed Books. Helfrich, S. & Bollier, D. (2012). Wealth of the Commons A World Beyond Market and cultural, political and historical contexts and State. Leveller Press. Gibson-Graham, J.K., Erdem, E., Özselçuk, C. (2013). Thinking with Marx For a Feminist practices of Cluj and Bucharest in Romania, and Postcapitalist Politics, in: R. Jaeggi / D. Loick (Eds.) Marx' Kritik der Gesellschaft. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 2013. Paris and Berlin in France and Germany.

13 8 13 9 Silviu Medesan, Independent researcher , President of ‘Sustainable Doina Petrescu, University of Sheffield Organised Society’ Association - S.O.S. Cluj, Romania [email protected] [email protected]

How to design, sustain and defend Commoning through house extensions urban commons in social housing into community gardens: estates of metropolitan cities The case of Mănăștur neighbourhood in Cluj, Romania

ith the question of commons we are inhabitants are facing multiple challenges: he aim of this paper is to analyse how in urban transformation of the area: in 2018 Wat the heart of current discussions on unemployment, poverty, exclusion. The R-Urban Tpublic space and locally produced commons the Municipality proposed a green area. At democracy. According to Antonio Negri and project involves inhabitants in repairing and are perceived, defended and re-produced the same time, next to this future park, new Michael Hardt, the contemporary revolutionary regenerating processes, circular economies in a typical socialist housing neighbourhood real estate developments are proposed by project is concerned with capturing, diverting, and ecological practices via a network of civic in Romania. Mănăștur is a socialist housing investors on top of the area with community appropriating and reclaiming the commons we resilience hubs managed as urban commons. neighbourhood built in the 70s in order to bring gardens, demolishing one third of the plots. produce as a key constituent process (1). The However, this undertaking is not without ‘workforce’ from the villages around Cluj. The I developed the figure of a situated architect question of commons is also directly related to challenges. The example shows how difficult is focus of the communist authorities was mainly who is positioning himself at different levels other major challenges we face today: Climate to set-up and sustain the transition to commons on building housing apartments, ignoring of space production to learn from users and Change, resource depletion, related ecological, in a capitalist society that is based specifically the needs of ‘public spaces’ in between the influence policies through politics of splitting. economic and social crises. Learning how to on principles of commons enclosure, block of flats. Due to interior space scarcity, In this process, the situated architect is able to govern our cities, countries and the planet as privatization and unrestricted exploitation of but also as a way to ‘occupy’ the under- intervene bodily in urban transformation. This a commons is a condition to become more the planet’s resources. The paper argues that designed free space in between buildings, paper is exploring how can a situated architect resilient, but also more democratic. Commons the role of architects is not only to design, but new practices of commoning appeared as influence how urban commons are perceived need to be reclaimed, supported, reinvented also to sustain and actively defend the existing expansions of the apartment into public space. and defended by different urban actors. as part of a complex process of transition and emerging commons together with all those This phenomenon translated into collective towards more resilient forms of living in our who are involved. Note 1. Negri, A. and Hardt, appropriations as community gardens. The cities. This process needs agencies and actors, M. (2009) Commonwealth. Cambridge, MA: gardening agency is spontaneously used as a and architects can play an important role here. Harvard University Press method to produce, over time, „a constituent This paper will focus on the urban commons space for collective modes of functioning and initiated by atelier d’architecture autogeree local political action”(Petrescu, 2017). In 2013, through their project R-Urban developed in as an architect, I initiated together with a group social housing estates in Parisian metropolitan of urban activists “La Terenuri” - a project that suburbs. These estates, which represent the starts an experimentation on how public space derelict remain of the welfare state provision is perceived, produced, and reproduced using from the 1960s, are today in decay and their co-creation. The project acted as an agent

14 0 141 Alexandru Axinte, University of Sheffield Katharina Moebus, University of Sheffield [email protected] [email protected]

Reclaiming the Civic Commons The 'kiez' as urban commons - reclaiming contested neighbourhoods in the neoliberal in the ex-Socialist City city

hile cities are facing climate emergency, repair, maintenance and support, triggering erlin in 2020. More than thirty years By looking closer at the situation in ‘Schillerkiez’ Wcoupled with an increasing unequal access thus collaboration and care among its users Bhave passed since the fall of the wall, in Berlin-Neukölln, which has been going to resources and a shrinking democracy, the urban by activating what De Angelis calls “latent” when the divided city became one again. The through fundamental changes of urban commons narrative have gained momentum commons in society (2017). The paper inquires neoliberal creative city is the dominant image development since the opening of the adjacent (Foster and Iaione, 2016; De Angelis, 2017; the history of public libraries from the perspective of Berlin today, where rents are rampant and former airport Tempelhof as a recreational area Stavrides, 2019) as an alternative socio-political of triggering commoning practices. Based on this housing short. Simultaneously, many Berlin in 2010, this paper will critically analyse and proposition, enabling a more democratic, just trajectory, the paper becomes propositional and neighbourhoods contest these developments reflect the experiences gathered in the nearby and sustainable society. Processes of commoning, designs the inter/LAB action research project by “collectively appropriating and regulating self-organised cultural neighbourhood project enacted through various local patterns of which aims to engage the public library in the shared concerns of the everyday” (Kip et. Common(s)Lab, located in the commercial unit collective living, are articulating implicit or explicit support of emergent urban commons. Caring a al 2015) beyond market and state – through of a historic apartment building, by employing ways of resistance to the hegemonic paradigm participatory approach, interLAB aims to engage practices of commoning. This paper will a relational mapping of the project, semi- of individualization and marketization. Emerging in case study research over a neighbourhood explore the Berlin-specific notion of the ‘kiez’ structured interviews with residents, and social models are spatially performed and public library and community garden which has as an urban commons: local neighbourhoods auto-ethnographic photographs. Through constantly experimented. After 30 years since the the potential to articulate an alternative model fall of communism, thriving neoliberal policies for urban living. Reclaiming these civic assets defined and made by diverse and ‘(trans) a feminist lens of situatedness as Neukölln- brought massive changes in the ex-socialist cities, can foster a more inclusive and just society, local’ communities (Petrescu et. al 2010). The resident, design researcher and practitioner, like the privatisation of the collective housing countering socio-economic segregation and term ‘kiez’ evolved with the rediscovery and this investigation aims to shed light on the apartments. Hosting most of Romania’s urban restoring collaborative patterns of living. The urban renewal of historic apartment building diverse urban commoning practices in the population, collective housing neighbourhoods research uses historical research, semi-structured neighbourhoods in the 1970s in West-Berlin as neighbourhood constituting ways of reclaiming built in socialism are facing radical privatization, place based interviews, participant observation, a promise of collective identity, diversity, and the neoliberal city as a home, or ‘kiez’, for collapsing public infrastructure and rampant focus groups, relational mapping, live projects belonging (Hochmuth 2018). Though already everyone. individualization. Their civic spaces – such as and self-ethnography aiming to evidence and appropriated by tourist marketing and investors, parks, public libraries or cultural facilities - are support the community, the resources and its the term has also become a battle call to fragmented, underfinanced and commodified. governance, which articulates a situated model of collectively reclaim contested neighbourhoods In the ex-socialist city the urban commons are urban commons in the ex-socialist context. through ‘porous’ communities which are ‘always nested by an inherited but fragmented public in-the-making’ (Stavrides 2016; Baldauf et. al grid. This broken and threaten grid needs 2017).

142 143 Voids and B6 Inhabitations

Pari Riahi, University of Massachusetts Amherst Claire Bosmans and Jingjing Li, KU Leuven [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]

Retracing the Public Void Homing and trust in a chronicle of crises: ethnographic insights from Brussels social housing

his project examines the possible future(s) of significantly different from the more structured his project is the product of a inhabitants and spaces as co-productive agents Tthe open and public grounds at the foot of urban spaces of Paris intramuros. By focusing Ttransdisciplinary collaboration between of urbanity, in marge and/or in reaction to the large social housing projects in the suburbs on specific sites in the North and North- an anthropologist and an architect-urbanist, higher forces and institutions. of Paris. Primarily built from second half of eastern Suburbs of Paris, the project analyzes both interested in the lived experience of the 20th century, the social housing projects and re-imagines potential operations, which place in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The that surround the city of Paris exemplify the can redefine one’s perception of these spaces. paper is based on preliminary fieldwork complexity of housing a large population of Possibilities of interaction, exchange and leisure investigations in the Brussels-based Héliport different backgrounds and reduced financial will be discussed both in analyzing the near social housing, and on ongoing socio-spatial means. Vast stretches of open land surrounding past life that was imagined by authors of some discussions on “homing” urban interstices in these complexes and labeled as public, green or of these projects and by proposing, through the North Quarter. As for introduction, we open grounds often turn into no-man’s lands in a series of collages and narratives, new and discuss covid19 as part of a series of urban which violence, inequity and conflict unravels. alternative modes of occupying these spaces. crises. Its global reach and the evidence it Part of a larger research project, this proposal draws about our interdependence questions focuses on scrutinizing these remarkable voids, the sustainability of the system we live in. which are as prominent and powerful in their Then, moving from the big picture to the case extent and reach as the dominant vertical study, we look at everyday tactical uses of structures that surround them. By reading them urban dwellers, recorded before the pandemic as fertile fields to mediate the complexities through ethnographic fieldwork. Marginalized of the dwelling and the dwellers, this paper figure of density and social vulnerability, high- asks the question of what foreseeable future rise social housing constitutes the stage of can be imagined for these grounds that are investigations. With means of representations, open to many forms of reconfiguration. By we discuss the interrelated notions homing considering the differences between the urban and trust in Brussels public housing. Facing the and suburban space, these voids afford the growing evidence of an unsustainable system, possibility to imagine new forms of urbanity/ the illustrations of homing practices and sub-urbanity that are open-ended, viable, and related development on trust invite considering

14 4 14 5 Tanja Poppelreuter and Yudishthir Shegobin, University of Salford Alessandro Toti, The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL [email protected], [email protected] [email protected]

Hulmanoids: Architecture Engagements. Effects of social exclusion at Hulme Crescents, Manchester The contribution of TU architecture students to West-Berlin urban conflicts at the turn of the 1970s

n 1963 West-Berlin city council launched a political demands – e.g. house and work for all bold plan to clear 56.000 deteriorated houses, – with concrete solutions to design problems n December 2019 the Central Library by factors of social exclusion and stigmatisation I mostly inhabited by migrants and working-class – like toilet pods and kindergarten decks. I will in Manchester hosted an exhibition of that was amplified by the urban configuration I communities. The initial consensus around this then argue that the students’ politicisation photographs taken by Richard Davis at Hulme of the estate. The exhibition of photographs at plan was interrupted by architecture students, represented an attempt to bridge the gap Estate during the late 1980s and early 1990s. the Central Library and the amount of attention who first denounced its discriminating between theory and practice that characterises Hulme Estate, or Hulme Crescents, was a Hulme Crescents are afforded in social media and segregating character in September the architectural profession. The historical Brutalist housing estate that had been opened today seems to indicate that the social exclusion 1968. Inspired by the surrounding political significance of the Stadtteilzelle and the Büro in 1972 and was part of a slum-clearance frosted – in return and in retrospect fostered a atmosphere and confronted with rising issues für Stadtsanierung lies in illuminating one of programme. It accommodated more than prevailing sense of belonging that hints at more of unemployment and exploitation, West-Berlin the first times in which architecture students 900 deck-access apartments in four crescent- than a nostalgic gaze into the past. Technical University architecture students played a stimulating role in the struggle for shaped multi-storey megastructures. Soon, jettisoned the idea of both technical and artistic housing and the city. Moreover, it provides us flaws in the construction and material became professionalism in order to claim a direct agency with an original and critical interpretation of apparent and, after a child fell from a balcony on the production of the built environment. one of the most burning contemporary issues: to his death, the estate was deemed unfit for In my paper, I will focus on two groups of the limits and the potentials of architectural families who were subsequently rehoused. To architectural students who, between 1968 and activism. fill the vacant apartments single individuals 1971, launched grassroots campaigns in two and couples without children were encouraged West-Berlin depleted neighbourhoods: the to move in. As a result, an alternative youth Stadtteilzelle in Märkisches Viertel and the Büro culture developed and the Crescents were für Stadtsanierung in Kreuzberg. I will display perceived as a 'stronghold' of unwanted the products of their activism, which does not antisocial behaviour, squatting and crime. The only include social inquiries or political papers Crescents were demolished between 1993 but also a number of alternative architectural and 1995. Despite the social marginalisation, designs and urban plans appeared on local crime and decay, inhabitants of Hulme Estate newspapers, radio and television programmes. during its last years developed a strong sense In light of these experiences, I will discuss how of community and place attachment. The the students interpreted disciplinary knowledge counterculture appears to have been fuelled as a way to expand and concretise their political aims. Their activism, in fact, conjugated radical

14 6 14 7 Andrea Migotto, KU Leuven [email protected]@kuleuven.be

Tenants take over. Unsettling control, tenure and management in Dutch social housing

rban and housing development are not from their inhabited space and the possibility Usolely the space where the authoritarian for institutions to control and co-opt the forms logics of bureaucratic planning and the private of collective engagement. Since the postwar interests of corporate appropriation are period, groups of architects and scholars engendered. They are, essentially, the direct questioned these politics of technocratic outcome of how ownership models, means mass housing provision, arguing that more of control and power, rights to access and democratic and horizontal redistribution of use spaces are structured and distributed decisional power would have generated greater between different social actors, enabling personal and collective empowerment. their identity and agency. This apparatus of legal, organizational and operative knowledge The paper reflects on the social, organizational constitutes the way housing has historically and spatial impacts of decentralized been shaped as a social institution and how governance models experimented in two the dominant forms of domestic culture are social housing projects in the Netherlands reproduced. realized between the 1980s and today. Initially a response to authoritarian planning schemes The social housing sector, as it came to be and to the practices of urban redevelopment structured in the second half of the 20th for land and housing speculation, these century, represent a typical example of projects implemented strategies for direct how the organization and segregation of control, collective tenure and management in productive, managerial and decisional power the attempt to defend local social networks in the hands of companies, experts and amongst inhabitants and to support tenants’ professionals structured the modern notion empowerment through collective engagement of welfare. While representing a crucial policy and solidarity. Assessing the actors and for social protection for the poorest and governance apparatus underlying both indigent, postwar social housing models largely social housing production and reproduction contributed to reproduce centralized and still represents one of the crucial issues, today, paternalist models of welfare provided by the to reimagine the domestic project as an nation-state, fostering the alienation of dwellers empowering social infrastructure.

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