Food Preference of Semi-Provisioned Macaques Based on Feeding Duration and Foraging Party Size
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HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, March 2007, p 13-17 Vol. 14, No. 1 ISSN: 1978-3019 Food Preference of Semi-Provisioned Macaques Based on Feeding Duration and Foraging Party Size ISLAMUL HADI‡∗∗∗, BAMBANG SURYOBROTO, DYAH PERWITASARI-FARAJALLAH Department of Biology, FMIPA, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia Received January 26, 2006/Accepted February 14, 2007 The long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis; also called crab-eating monkeys) have broad geographic distribution in continent and archipelago of Southeast Asia. They have wide ecological plasticity to adapt to various environments. Due to disturbance of habitat and intensive contact with human, long-tailed macaques change their feeding behavior. Here we present food preferences of long-tailed macaques that live in Cikakak Monkey Park in Central Java. By recording the number of individuals who fed on a food patch and the duration of eating the food, we found that proportion of their food from natural resources is greater than those from human sources. They shifted to omnivory feeding mode to adapt to the changing environment. At many times, this omnivorous feeding brought forth crop-raiding which were not in natural behavioral repertory. Conservation effort of long-tailed macaques, and primate in general, should consider the aspect of human-modulated behavior in feeding ecology if we wish to be successful. Key words: feeding ecology, long-tailed macaques, Cikakak monkey park, party size, feeding duration, omnivorous ___________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION contact with human, long-tailed macaques change their feeding behavior. They exploit any available food resources The long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis; also to become more omnivorous (Wheatley 1989). Their main called crab-eating monkey) have broad geographic distribution dietary items are not only fruits but include flowers, leaves, covering southernmost Bangladesh, continent of Southeast seeds, insects, tubers and also take food from human. They Asia, Malayan Peninsula, Sunda Archipelago, Nicobar Islands, are organized into big-sized groups with small home ranges and the Philippines (Fooden 1995), but do not extend to and higher reproduction index (Wheatley 1989; Sulawesi Island because of restriction imposed by Wallace Aggimarangsee 1992). Line. They were suspected to be introduced into Lesser Sunda Most data of feeding ecology in genus Macaca came from Archipelago, Kabaena Island, Angaur Island, and Mauritius Japanese macaque (M. fuscata). Inter-regional, inter-seasonal, (Kawamoto et al. 1988; Matsubayashi et al. 1992; Kondo et and altitudinal variation of food choices in this species had al. 1993; Morwood et al. 2004). They adapt to various habitats been studied (Hanya et al 2003). Data of feeding ecology of ranging from mangrove swamp forests (Hock & Sasekumar Formosan rock macaques (M. cyclopis) had also been reported 1979) to lowland-dense-tropical forests, to sub-alpine forests, (Su & Lee 2001). There is no intensive research to supply and also to places where humans live (Wheatley 1989). These data on feeding ecology of long-tailed macaques in Java facts indicate that they have wide ecological plasticity to adapt Island, where for centuries most of the environments had to various environments; indeed, they were regarded as been changed by human. In this island many of them live in “weed” species (Richard et al. 1989). This plasticity is reflected remnant populations within habitats that provide food and in differences in feeding ecology, reproduction parameters, sanctuary because of anthropomorphic reasons. These sizes of group, and also home ranges of populations living in provisioned troops can be found in recreational areas and diverse environments. places where people considered them as sacred, such as Long-tailed macaques who live in forest with minimum religious complexes and cemeteries (see Aggimarangsee 1992 frequency of contact with human tend to be frugivorous for Thailand and Wheatly 1989 for Bali). Almost all of the because 57-67% to the total of feeding items are fruits (Ungar troops live in small areas with decreasing space for searching 1994; Yeager 1996). In Kalimantan they were noted to consume foods and it is suspected that they face higher individual 17 (Wheatly 1980) up to 24 (Yeager 1996) different fruiting competition because food sources tend to be concentrated. plant species. In the teak forest at Cepu (Java Island) Few studies exist on the interaction of long-tailed macaques Hasanbahri et al. (1996) recorded that fruits were the most and human provisioning. However, to our knowledge, their preferable to be chosen as the food. They are organized in feeding ecology in terms of feeding duration and foraging small-sized groups with large home ranges to find food. In party size had not been documented. Here we present food many places, due to disturbance of habitat and intensive preferences of long-tailed macaques that live in a Monkey _________________ Park in Central Java. When foraged for food, instead of all ‡Current address: Biology Study Program, Mataram University, Jalan Majapahit No. 62, Lombok 83125, Indonesia individuals entered a food patch, the troop formed a party ∗∗∗Corresponding author. Phone/Fax: +62-370-648976, with size that was restricted by particular food patch E-mail: [email protected] characteristics. The variable party size seemed to minimize Copyright © 2007 Institut Pertanian Bogor. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 14 HADI ET AL. HAYATI J Biosci agonistics among individuals during foraging. By recording Mapping (BAKOSURTANAL), Indonesia. This site was a the number of individuals who fed on a food patch and the remnant of primary forest that was surrounded by human duration of eating the food, we found that proportion of food settlements, farming fields, and pine forest. The forest was from natural resources is greater than those from human under the authority of Perum Perhutani Division I Central sources. Java, a subsidiary forestry company under the Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia. The area was a special purpose land MATERIALS AND METHODS (lahan dengan tujuan istimewa, LDTI, Bhs. Indonesia) for conservation of long-tailed macaques and cultural heritage Research Site and Subjects. This research was conducted consisting of old cemetery called keramat and an old mosque in Cikakak Monkey Park, a part of Sub-district Wangon, District called Saka Tunggal (single pole, Jv.) that was built in 1522 of Banyumas, Central Java Province, Indonesia (Figure 1). AD. Tourists come to visit the keramat and to see the monkey The study area lies on 9173400 mN to 9173550 mN and 285300 troop. The troop was provisioned by care takers of keramat mE to 285450 mE, UTM coordinate system zone 48, based on and also got food from tourists. map from National Coordinating Agency for Surveys and The research site encompassed 4.2 ha of LDTI with altitude 30-125 m above sea level and annual rainfall of 2810 mm. The highest rainfall occurs during mid-November to mid- December. A troop of long-tailed macaque inhabited this area. -6 JAKARTA The troop consisted of 84 individuals based on the first -7 SEMARANG incomplete census on September 2003. At the middle of SURABAYA November 2003, one adult male (M09) and four sub-adult males -8 moved out from their troop and settled at the eastern part, 2.5 Cikakak km from keramat. At the end of February 2004, the troop split 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 into two which were named as G1 and G2. The second census 9173700 0 was conducted in March 2004 revealed that G1 and G2 N consisted of 66 and 27 individuals, respectively; during observation five infants were born but one of them was died. After the troop splitted, the observation was focused on G1 that remained in the home range of the original troop. Data 0 9173600 Pine Forest was collected during September-November 2003 (September = 18, November = 18 days) and March-April 2004 (March = 16, April = 11 days) from 07:00-12:00 am and 02:00-05:30 pm daily. Keramat Cemetery 9173500 0 Data Collection Method. Typically monkeys ate food as a troop. When the troop foraged for a food item, its activity y was determined by characteristics of the food patch; that is, er et m by the type or habitus of the source (tree, shrub, or herb), by Ce B c a the scattering of the food (e.g. peanuts in grass field) and by li m ub 9173400 0 P b the abundance of the food (e.g. number of fruit in a tree). ps o lum o C boo C Sizes of the food patch restricted the number of individuals to m l Ba u m enter the patch. Other members of the troop waited outside p s the patch until some individuals stopped to forage and/or Pine Forest moved to different patch, that is, to different food item. The 9173300 0 fact that numbers of individual varied among periods and ps lum food items resemble to those proposed by Read (1987). By C oo considering this fact, present report defined a feeding session mb Ba as a foraging activity of the troop in a particular food patch at a certain time. Food preferences of the troop can empirically 9173200 0 mN Rice Field be described by knowing party sizes and feeding durations on different foods using the following method. 285150285150 mEmE 285250285250 285350285350 285450285450 During a feeding session on a food item, the number of Legends individuals n who fed on the food and the duration t of eating the food were recorded. On session ( = 1 to ), feeding Home range of G1 Home range of G2 SSleeping site of G1 x x m S duration t was measured from the time the first individual Sleeping site of G2 Saka Tunggal Mosque Road ---River ix S Figure 1.