La Reconstruction De Quelques Mots Pour 'Mortier' En Domaine Bantou*

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La Reconstruction De Quelques Mots Pour 'Mortier' En Domaine Bantou* Studies in African Linguistics Volume 28, Number 2, Fall 1999 LA RECONSTRUCTION DE QUELQUES MOTS POUR 'MORTIER' EN DOMAINE BANTOU* Annelies Bulkens Musee royal de I' Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique This article proposes reconstructions of words for "mortar" in Bantu languages. Comparative research indicates that a nominal stem of the type *-du - -nu can be reconstructed on a Proto-Bantu level; however, data from related non-narrow Bantu languages seem to indicate greater historical depth. In the eastern Bantu languages, a second nominal stem, O-tode, is reconstructed. It appears to be closely related to the geographical distribution of a cereal in south-eastern Africa. Finally, two other regional stems with less historical depth are reconstructed for the Great Lakes area and the central African forest region, respectively. 1. Introduction: Le mortier en Afrique subsaharienne L'une des images les plus banales de la vie quotidienne africaine est celie d'une femme pilant de la nourriture dans un mortier en bois. Si nous sommes si souvent confrontes a un tel tableau, c'est parce que Ie mortier est, jusqu'a nos jours, un des ustensiles menagers les plus courants. On trouve des mortiers de toutes les tailles. Depuis les plus petits qui servent a piler les piments jusqu'aux plus grands dans lesquels on fabrique la farine ou dans lesquels on separe la balle du grain. Si, actuellement, Ie mortier africain semble etre etroitement lie aux cultures du mil, du riz, et du mals [Meynen 1927], Ie riz et Ie mals ont ete introduits recemment sur Ie * Je tiens it remercier toutes les personnes qui m'ont fait part de leurs observations. Je pense en particulier it mes collegues J. Baka et B. Janssens, it Y. Bastin et Cl. Gregoire du Service de linguistique de Musee royal de L' Afrique Central, ainsi qu'a E. Cornelissen, O. Gosselain et P. Lavachery de la Section de Prehistoire. Un grand merci egalement it T. Schadeberg pour la lecture attentive du manuscrit et les remarques interessantes qui s'en sont suivies. Merci aussi a tout ceux qui n' ont pas hesite it me dire" comment on dit mortier dans leur langue" ainsi qu' it M. Garsou qui a patiemment corrige la version fran<;aise de ce texte. 114 Studies in African Linguistics 28(2), 1999 continent africain et Meynen suppose qu' au depart, Ie mortier etait associe a la culture du mil. La tentative de reconstruction amene une reflexion plus approfondie sur I 'utilisation de cet objet qui ne semble pas exclusivement liee a la culture des cereales. Dans la cuisine ganda, par exemple, une multitude d'ingredients doivent etre piles pendant la preparation. 11 s' agit entre autres de plantains deshydrates (ebigomba), manioc (mawogo), arachides seches, termites et de jeunes feuilles de I 'haricot (mpindJ) [Bennet et al. 1965]. A cote de sa fonction dans la preparation de la nourriture, Ie mortier a parfois un role ceremoniel. Chez les Hamba, Ie mortier okudi est Ie symbole de prestige Ie plus important. Les ames du lignage ne peuvent s'y asseoir qu'une fois dans leur vie apres avoir effectue d'importants dons. de Heusch [1954] suppose que ce puissant symbole de pouvoir qu'est Ie mortier renverse, est utilise pendant la ceremonie lukutu pour mettre en evidence la valeur des dons matrimoniaux que I' on a revus du gendre. 11 faut alors se demander pourquoi un objet d'usage courant comme Ie mortier peut assumer une fonction rituelle aussi importante [de Heusch 1954]. Vansina, qui a essaye de reconstruire l'univers socio-politique des popula-tions de langues bantoues a partir du proto-lexique, affirme que: "The Bantu-speaking colonists arrived south of the Sanaga with a single system offood production and acquisition that included farming as one element only, albeit a central element." (Vansina 1990: 83). Ces populations possedaient des technologies agricoles qui leur permettaient de cultiver entre autres l'igname (Dioscorea cayenensis), Ie palmier a I'huile et les calebasses [Sinclair et al. 1995]. Vansina ne mentionne aucune cereale comme faisant partie de leur regime alimentaire [Vansina 1990]. Le manque de traces de cereales n'implique pourtant pas l'inexistence du mortier, puisque certaines preparations de I'igname peuvent egalement necessiter une reduction du tubercule effectuee a I' aide de cet instrument. Le pilage des noix de palme afin d'en extraire I'huile, qui est une activite propre a la zone forestiere, semble etre un autre usage important du mortier [Bahuchet 1992]. En outre, les populations bantoues anciennes maitrisaient la technologie et les outils necessaires ala fabrica­ tion d'un mortier. Le travail du bois (*-batj- 'travailler Ie bois') etait bien developpe au moment de la diversification des langues bantoues [Vansina 1990], et, meme si la reconstruction d'un theme pour 'forger' est moins facile-*-tud­ 'frapper, forger')-nous pouvons etre quasiment silrs que la forge etait suffisam­ ment developpee pour permettre la fabrication de differents outils utilises dans la fabrication des mortiers comme l'herminette par exemple [G. Thiry, comm. pers.]. Sans vouloir projeter Ie present dans Ie passe, il peut egalement etre interessant d' etudier la culture materielle des popUlations forestieres contemporaines de maniere a identifier les implications du passage a un mode de subsistance domine par I 'agriculture. Un tel passage a egalement dfi se passer a l'epoque de la dispersion des langues bantoues et a inevitablement entraine Ie developpement de nouveaux objets domestiques. En raison de leur mode de vie (semi-)nomade, les habitants de la foret possedent un nombre d' objets utilitaires fort reduit. Le mortier Ie plus courant La reconstruction de quelques mots pour 'mortier' 115 etant un objet lourd et volumineux, il n'est pas etonnant que nous en trouvions peu parmi eux. Selon Bahuchet, les Pygmees Aka et Baka connaissent un type de mortier plus rudimentaire dans lequel ils preparent leur poison de fleche. Ce type de mortier, entaille dans une grosse biiche ou constitue d'une ouverture rectangulaire creusee dans une racine apparente, ne necessite pas I' emploi de I 'herminette et n' est pas incompatible avec Ie mode de vie nomade de ces populations [Bahuchet 1992]. L' auteur en conclut que Ie mortier et Ie pilage etaient connus des Pygmees independamment des plantes cultivees, cereales, ou tubercules. Les arguments cites ci-dessus nous menent a la conclusion qu'il est fort probable que Ie mortier, sous une forme ou une autre, etait deja en usage a l'epoque de la diversification des langues bantoues, et que cet objet ne semble pas etre exclusivement lie a la culture cerealiere ou a l'agriculture tout court. II est donc sectuisant de tenter la reconstruction d'un terme designant un outil domestique aussi repandu en Afrique contemporaine, surtout si on considere que la mauvaise conservation du bois a pour consequence qu'on trouve tres peu de traces d'un tel objet dans les fouilles archeologiques. 2. Un theme *-du '" *-nu au centre du domaine bantou 2.1. La distribution geographique du theme. Le premier theme que nous aborderons est *-du - *-nu, dont les reflexes connaissent une distribution assez large au centre du domaine bantou. 1 (1) sira B41 -du 7-8 'mortier' [Dodo 1993] logooli E41 -nu 7-8 'mortar' [Guthrie 1970] tongwe F11 -J1U 7-8 'mortar' [Kakeya & Nishida 1976] ngazidja G44a -nQ 7-8 'mortier' [Lafon 1991] suundi H13b -du 9-10 'mortier' [J. Baka, comm. pers.] ganda 115 -nu: 7-8 'mortar' [F. Katamba, comm. pers.] dciriku K62 -nu 7-8 'Marser' [Mahlig 1967] kanyok L32 -nu 7-8 'mortier' [Mukash-Kalel 1982] lamba M54 -nu 7-8 'mortar' [Doke 1933] herero R31 -nJ 7-8 'Marser' [Irle 1917] Quand nous comparons la distribution de ce theme, telle qu'elle apparait, dans la Carte 1, it 1a distribution du theme *-lce 'pilon' (voir carte 2), nous constatons que 1es memes vides s' etablissent dans les distributions respectives des deux 1 Les conventions de notation utilisees dans cet article sont 1es suivantes: * indique une recon­ struction proto bantoue sure; 0 indique une reconstruction regionale. [i e e a J 0 u] representent Ie systeme vocalique proto-bantou. 116 Studies in African Linguistics 28(2), 1999 themes, meme si les attestations du theme *-lce sont plus nombreuses que celles du theme pour 'mortier': I 'extreme nord-ouest, la zone C et les langues de la region interlacustre ne foumissent guere d'attestations. Les reflexes de *-lce sont par contre bien attestes dans I 'Est et Ie Sud du domaine bantou, regions ou les reflexes de *-du - *-nu sont quasiment absents (voir Cartes 1 et 2). Le theme *-du - *-nu n'est donc pas atteste dans les langues orientales du domaine, sauf en swahili, dans les langues comoriennes, et en koti. Bien que Ie swahili, en tant que langue vehiculaire, influence beaucoup les langues avoisinantes (voir °ngalawa 'pirogue' [Bulkens a paraltre a] et *-copa 'calebasse, bouteille' [Bulkens a paraitre b]), il Y a des champs semantiques qui resistent davantage a cette influence. La comparaison avec la distribution de *-copa est fort interes­ sante puisqu' il s' agit de deux objets domestiques. Les bouteilles (en verre) etant d'introduction plus recente, les Swahili, en tant que commeryants, ont sans doute joue un rOle important dans la distribution de cet objet et ils ont donc favorise la diffusion simultanee du substantif avec son nouveau sens. La denomination du mortier, objet deja largement repandu avant une quelconque intervention des commeryants, n'a probablement pas subi l'influence de la langue commerciale. Ceci est un exemple des champs semantiques limites (commerce, nouvelles technologies) dans lesquels une langue vehiculaire exerce preferentiellement son influence sur des langues locales.
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