sign in sign up
<<
Home , Harappa, Larkana

International Journal of Research and Review www.ijrrjournal.com E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Review Article

The Indus Valley Civilization

Aashaq Hussain Bhat

Muslim Pora Koil, Pulwama,

ABSTRACT

The more noteworthy Indus region was home to the biggest of the four old urban civilization establishments of Egypt, , South Asia and China. It was not found until the 1920's. A large portion of its vestiges, even its significant urban areas, stay to be uncovered. The old Indus Civilization script has not been deciphered. Many inquiries concerning the Indus individuals who made this profoundly complex culture stay unanswered, however different parts of their general public can be replied through different sorts of archeological investigations. was a in the Indus human advancement that thrived around 2600 to 1700 B.C.E. in the western piece of South Asia.

Key words: Indus valley civilization.

INTRODUCTION reason that the mainstays of this human In some cases, disclosures of great progress were found in Harappa, it appeared cultures of the past have been made to be ideal to call it Harappa Civilization. unintentionally. In 1856, Brothers James Approx. 1000 spots are found in India, till and William Burton who were occupied now. The aggregate zone of Sindhu valley with laying out the railroad line from progress is approx. 12, 99,600 square km. It to attempted to get blocks resembles a Triangle for their line from the close-by hills. This The urban culture of the Age burrowing prompted the revelation of two found in Harappa in Pakistani was a antiquated urban communities, Harappa in way softening revelation Up 1853, A. West Punjab and Mohenjo-Daro in Sind. Cunningham, the British designer who The credit of inquiry of this obscure turned into an extraordinary excavator human progress goes conveyed to Ray voyager, saw a Harappan seal. Then the seal Bahadur Dayaram. He uncovered this place demonstrated a bull and six composed in 1921 under the direction of Sir John letters, he didn't understand its significance Marshall. After roughly 1 year in 1922 at much later, in 1921, the possibility of the the season of uncovering one more place site of Harappa was acknowledged when an was found in at . Keeping Indian classicist, Daya Ram Sahni, began in view the information of this place it was exhuming it. At about a similar time, R. D. accepted that this human advancement was Banerjee, a history specialist, unearthed the restricted just to Sindhu Valley. Thus, this site of Mohenjo-Daro in . Both found human advancement was called by the name ceramics and different artifacts 'Sindhu valley'. Be that as it may, with the characteristic of a created progress. progression of time at the point when the Substantial scale unearthing was done the remaining parts of this development were under the general supervision of Marshall in found past the boundary of this valley, this 1931, Mackay uncovered a similar site in human advancement was called by the name 1938. Vats unearthed at Harappa in 1940. In of 'Harappa Civilization’ too. Since, of the 1946 exhumed Harappa,

International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 106 Vol.4; Issue: 7; July 2017 Aashaq Hussain Bhat. The Indus Valley Civilization

and the removal of the pre-Independence construct temples. They Worship gods in and pre-Partition period conveyed to light the form of tree (Pipal) and animals imperative artifacts of the Harappan culture (unicorn). They also believe in ghosts and at different locales where bronze was evil forces and used amulets as protection utilized against them. The chief male diet was the In the post-Independence period, Pashupati Mahadeva, represented in seals archeologists from both India and Pakistan and chief female deity was the Mother uncovered the Harappan and associated Goddess, depicted in various forms. There is destinations. SurajBhan, M.K. Dhavalikar, also a sufficient evidence of phallic J.P Joshi, B.B. Lal, S.R. Rao, B.K. Thapar, worship. Besides those of phallus, numerous R.S. Bisht, and others worked in , stone symbol of female sex organs (, Haryana, and Rajasthan. worship) were discovered. The worship of In Pakistan, in the focal fire is proved by the discovery of fire alters Indus Valley was exhumed by EA. Khan at , , and Harappa. and incredible consideration were paid to the Hakra and pre-Hakra societies by M.R. Weights Mughal. An H. Dani unearthed the The urban population of the Indus Gandhara the graves in the North-West people required more, utilized weights and Frontier Province of Pakistan. American, measures for trade and different exchanges. British, French, and Italian archeologists Various articles utilized for weights have additionally worked at a few locales been found. They demonstrate that in including Harappa. weighing for the most part 16 or its multiples were utilized. For example 16, 64, Date of Civilization 160, 320 and 640. Curiously the convention The Indus Valley Civilization grew of 16 has proceeded in India till present day and developed at the same time when other times and till as of late 16 annas made one civilizations in other parts of Africa and Rs. The Harappans additionally knew the Asia, mainly in the Valleys of the rivers the craft of estimation. We have run over sticks Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris and the engraved with measure marks one of these Hwang-Ho. The Harappan Culture became is made by bronze. important about 4,500 years ago, or as people normally say, in about 2,500 B.C. ECONOMY (Before Christ). The people ate wheat and barley, which they ground in millstones and then Society baked into bread. They liked fruit, such as The Terracotta figure gives us the pomegranates and bananas. The staple food best information about the social life of the of the people comprised wheat, barley, rice, people. Probably Merchant class were ruling milk and some vegetables like peas, the Indus Valley Civilization. The weapons sesamum, and fruits like date palms. such as axes, bows, arrows, and gada were Mutton, pork, poultry, fish etc. were also used. No defense weapons swords were eaten by the Indus people. discovered. The Indus Valley Civilization has a Clothes population of over 5 million people Many spindles were discovered at (Approximately).The Indus Valley people the Harappan sites. This proves the use of consisted of Australoids, Mediterranean, cotton for weaving social cloths. Probably Mongoloid and Alpine races. wool was also used. The garments might have been sewn. The women wore a short Religion skirt which was held at the waist by a girdle. The Indus people did not have an The men wrapped long pieces of cloth organized religious system, as they did not around themselves.

International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 107 Vol.4; Issue: 7; July 2017 Aashaq Hussain Bhat. The Indus Valley Civilization

Agriculture  Faras - Gold Rajasthan - Stealite, Led By and by the rainless, Indus district  Mesopotamia - Lapis, Lazuli Gujarat - is not prolific. However, its prosperous Stealite towns and towns in the past demonstrate  Badaksha - Blue Diamond. Maharastra - that it was ripe in old circumstances. At the Sapphire exhibit, it has just a rainfall of around 15  Saurashtra - Shell, Grey cm. In the fourth century B.C., one of the  Neelgiri - Green Stone. antiquarians of Alexander composes that Sindh was a rich piece of the nation. In prior Following are the commodities which circumstances, the Indus area had more were exported by Harappa citizens: characteristic vegetation which Pulled in  Faras (bay): Gold, Silver, Copper, Lapis more rains. It provided timber fuel for Lazuli, bead of stone, ivory comb, Soot, preparing blocks on a substantial scale and Many types of Wooden, Diamond, furthermore for development. With the Monkeys, Peacock. section of time, common vegetation was  Sumar: Marbal seals, Diamond, Images annihilated by the expansion of farming, Wooden. huge scale touching, and supply of fuel. A  Greek: Cotton significantly more essential explanation  Babylon: Cotton behind the ripeness of the zone appears to  Mesopotamia: Diamonds have been the yearly immersion in the Indus  Egypt: Diamonds, Neckless, Stool, stream. The Indus individuals sowed seeds Images, Candle stand, spoons. in the surge fields in November when the Seals surge water subsided and procured their Seals were made of clay or stone. harvests of wheat and Barley in April before The seals had a design on one side; usually, the coming of the following surge. The the picture of a bull, a tree or some scene Harappans most likely utilized the wooden and above the picture was a line of plowshare. We do not know whether the pictographs (picture like sign used as a furrow was drawn by men or bulls. The script by Harappan).These seals were Harappan people produced wheat, barley, perhaps used by merchants and traders to rai, peas. Wheat and barley were grown in stamp their goods. large quantity, as large quantity of barley were found at . The fall of the Harappa’s The Harappan culture lasted for Trade about a thousand years. By 1500 B.C., when The Indus people have a trading the Aryans began to arrive in India, the relationship with the people of and Harappan culture had collapsed. Why did towns lying along the Persian Gulf. The sent this happen? The may have been goods from one place to another, as objects destroyed by massive floods in the Indus and seals made in Mohenjo-Daro has been must have been a potent cause for the found in Iraq. The trade was carried by extinction of the Harappan culture. The ships from Lothal (where a dock has been point is proved by the silt-clay that covers found) and incoming goods were also the collapsed houses at Mohenjo-Daro. received here. Repeated floods must have forced the

Following are the commodities which people to flee the inundated places and set were imported by Harappa citizens: up permanent habitat elsewhere. Or by an  - Tin, Silver, Gold, Led epidemic or some terrible disease when an Himalaya - Mineral pitch epidemic like plague visits a human  Iran - Tin, Silver, Led Khetadi - Copper habitation, it leaves its trail of death  Baluchistan - Copper, Stealite South everywhere. The scattered skeletal remains, India - Gold, Shell, Grey therefore, lead some to attribute it to

International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 108 Vol.4; Issue: 7; July 2017 Aashaq Hussain Bhat. The Indus Valley Civilization

epidemic like plague, though there is no WORKS CITED concrete proof of outbreak of plague in the  "Archeological Site of Harappa". World region. The climate also began to change Heritage Centre. UNESCO. Retrieved 19 and the region became more and drier like a February 2013. desert. Or else the cities might have been  Aronovsky, Leona; Goliaths, Sutra (2005). attacked and the inhabitants were unable to The Indus Valley. Chicago: Heinemann. defend themselves. The decline of the  Basham, A. L. 1968. Review of A Short by A. H. Dani, Karachi: Harappan cities was a negative step in the University of Karachi Press.1967 . The Aryans who came  Gupta, S. P. (1996). The Indus-Saraswati afterward knew nothing of city life. It took Civilization: Origins, Problems and Issues. nearly another thousand ears to boost cities Delhi: Pretibial Prakashan. ISBN 81-85268- again in India. 46-0.  8. Kenoyer, J.M., 1997, Trade and Facts about Indus Valley Civilization Technology of the Indus Valley: New  The first mention of possibility of the insights from Harappa Pakistan, World Harappan Civilization was made early as  Archaeology. 1826, by Charles Masen.  Lahiri, Nayanjot (ed.) (2000). The Decline  The Civilization was named “Indus and fall of the Indus Civilization. Delhi: Valley Civilization” by Sir John Marshal Permanent Black. ISBN 81-7530-034-5. (1924) after its discovery by Daga Ram  Lal, B. B. (1997). The Earliest Civilization Shana and Vatsa in 1921-22. of South Asia (Rise, Maturity and Decline).  A maximum number of sites were  Pittman, Holly (1984). Art of the : southeastern Iran, western Central explored by S.R.Rao in Gujarat (190). Asia, and the Indus Valley. New  Around 2600 sites have been found in  York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. which 350 have been excavated. ISBN 9780870993657.  The Mohenjadroo is the largest in Indus  1999. Indus Age: The Beginning. New Valley Civilization. Aladdin is the smallest. Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing  and the Rakhigarshi are the  Company. largest sites in India.  2002. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Vistaar  Publications, New Delhi.  2007. Harappan Weights. Puratattva37: 213–217.

How to cite this article: Bhat AH. The Indus valley civilization. International Journal of Research and Review. 2017; 4(7):106-109.

******

International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 109 Vol.4; Issue: 7; July 2017