Ipps Japan Region New Zealand Region

THE INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROPAGATORS’ SOCIETY

Combined Proceedings Volume 55 2005

et im re p re e e rt a ir u e q

AUSTRALIAN REGION EASTERN REGION, North america

REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

IPPS JAPAN REGION NEW ZEALAND REGION

Scandinavian Region

Southern African potential region

SOUTHERN REGION of North America WESTERN REGION

ISSN 0538-9143

THE INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROPAGATORS’ SOCIETY

Combined Proceedings Volume 55 2005

et im re p re e e rt a ir u e q

AUSTRALIAN REGION EASTERN REGION, NORTH AMERICA REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND IPPS JAPAN REGION NEW ZEALAND REGION IPPS SCANDINAVIAN REGION SOUTHERN AFRICAN POTENTIAL REGION SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA WESTERN REGION

Published 2006 ISSN 0538-9143 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society (ISSN 0538-9143) is a yearly publication of the International Plant Propagators’ Society (IPPS), 526 Brittany Dr., State College, Pennsylvania 16803, U.S.A. Phone: 1-814- 238-3494; Fax: 814-238-7051; e-mail: [email protected]

Business Office. Memberships are processed at the regional level, with dues being allocated to both international and regional expenses. Contact the regional secretary- treasurer (http://www.ipps.org) in your area of the world for membership information and applications. Correspondence regarding replacement copies of proceedings, claims, and changes of address should be sent to a regional secretary-treasurer.

The International Plant Propagators’ Society is not responsible for statements and opinions published in the Combined Proceedings International Plant Propaga- tors’ Society; they represent the views of the authors or persons to whom they are credited and are not necessarily those of the Society. The publication of research or other types of information by the Society does not constitute a recommendation or endorsement of products or procedures involved; for general use, label recommendations and directions must be followed.

Reprinting and quotations from the Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society are permitted only on the conditions that full credit is given to both the Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society and written approval is obtained from the author(s). In addition, the volume, pagination, and date of publication must be indicated. Contents

Contents

OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS...... 5

PAST PRESIDENTS...... 6

INTERNATIONAL AWARD OF HONOR list...... 7

HONORARY MEMBERS...... 7

SUMMARY FOR 2005...... 9

FINANCIAL SUMMARY...... 13

IN MEMORIAM...... 16

AUSTRALIAN REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 17 Past Presidents...... 17 Australian Award of Honour...... 18

EASTERN REGION, NORTH AMERICA Officers and Executive Committee...... 18 Past Presidents...... 19 Award of Merit Recipients...... 19 Fellow Recipients...... 20

REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND Officers and Executive Committee...... 21 Past Presidents...... 22 Recipients of Rose Bowl Award...... 22 Recipients of the Robert Garner Award...... 23

IPPS JAPAN REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 23 Past Presidents...... 23

NEW ZEALAND REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 24 Past Presidents...... 24 Award of Merit...... 24 Award of Recognition...... 24

IPPS SCANDINAVIAN REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 25 Past Presidents...... 25 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

SOUTHERN AFRICAN POTENTIAL REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 25 Past Presidents...... 26

SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA Officers and Executive Committee...... 26 Past Presidents...... 26 Recipients of Sidney B. Meadows Award of Merit...... 27 Fellow Recipients...... 27

WESTERN REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 27 Past Presidents...... 28 Curtis J. Alley Award of Merit Recipients...... 29

LIST OF PAPERS: Seventh Annual Meeting — Southern African Potential Region...... 30 Thirty-Third Annual Meeting — Australian Region...... 30 Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting — New Zealand Region...... 31 Twelfth Annual Meeting — IPPS Japan Region...... 32 Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting — Region of Great Britain and Ireland...... 33 Fourteenth Annual Meeting — IPPS Scandinavian Region...... 34 Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting — Eastern Region, North America...... 34 Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting — Western Region...... 36 Thirtieth Annual Meeting — Southern Region of North America...... 37

TECHNICAL SESSIONS: Southern African Potential Region — Seventh Annual Meeting...... 39 Australian Region — Thirty-Third Annual Meeting...... 83 New Zealand Region — Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting...... 149 IPPS Japan Region — Twelfth Annual Meeting...... 209 Great Britain and Ireland Region — Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting...... 235 IPPS Scandinavian Region — Fourteenth Annual Meeting...... 297 Eastern Region, North America — Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting...... 319 Western Region — Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting...... 457 Southern Region of North America — Thirtieth Annual Meeting...... 533

SUBJECT INDEX...... 611

PLANT NAME INDEX...... 632

AUTHOR INDEX...... 647 The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc.

The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. Mailing Address: 526 Brittany Dr., State College, Pennsylvania 16803-1420, U.S.A.

OFFICERS – 2006

Jörgen H. Selchau GPL International as Lavsenvänget 18 Odense V, DK-5200 Denmark President

James D. Gilbert Gilbert’s Nursery, Inc. 4675 Peachtree Road Chesnee, South Carolina 29323 U.S.A. Vice-President

International Secretary-Treasurer — PATRICIA E. HEUSER 526 Brittany Dr., State College Pennsylvania 16803-1420 U.S.A. Honorary International Secretary-Treasurer — DR. JOHN A. WOTT 4606 25th Avenue NE, PMB 582 Seattle, Washington 98105, U.S.A. International Editor — DR. CHARLES W. HEUSER, JR. The Pennsylvania State University Department of Horticulture 315 Tyson Building University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 U.S.A. Botanical Editor — WARREN G. ROBERTS University Arboretum, University of California Davis, California 95616 U.S.A. Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOARD OF DIRECTORS Jörgen H. Selchau, President James D. Gilbert, Vice President Patricia E. Heuser, Secretary-Treasurer Dr. John A. Wott, Honorary Secretary-Treasurer Dr. Charles W. Heuser, Jr., Editor Dr. Arne Skytt Andersen, Director from IPPS Scandinavian Region Dale Deppe, Director from Eastern Region, North America Jac Duif, Director from Southern African Potential Region Spencer Gunn, Director from Region of Great Britain and Ireland James F. McConnell, Director from Western Region Gregory R. McPhee, Director from Australian Region Dr. Nobumasa Nito, Director from IPPS Japan Region David C.G. Ogilvy, Director from New Zealand Region Dr. Ken M. Tilt, Director from Southern Region of North America

PAST PRESIDENTS INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROPAGATORS’ SOCIETY, INC.

1961 – Harvey Templeton, Jr.* 1984 – Dr. John A. Wott 1962 – Donald Hartman* 1985 – Ian Tolley 1963 – Dr. William E. Snyder* 1986 – Dr. Philip E. Parvin 1964 – Percy C. Everett* 1987 – Marcus David Byers 1965 – Dr. John P. Mahlsted* 1988 – Ruth Henderson 1966 – William J. Curtis* 1989 – Michael L. Dunnett 1967 – John B. Roller* 1990 – Dr. Elton M. Smith 1968 – Dr. Howard C. Brown* 1991 – Edward J. Bunker 1969 – J. Peter Vermeulen 1992 – Edwin S. Kubo 1970 – Henry J. Ishida 1993 – John L. Machen, Sr. 1971 – Ralph Shugert* 1994 – T. Eddie Welsh 1972 – Bruce A. Briggs* 1995 – Christopher G. Lane 1973 – Dr. Charles E. Hess 1996 – Ian Gordon 1974 – Dr. Andrew T. Leiser 1997 – A. Bruce Macdonald 1975 – Arthur Carter 1998 – Jörgen H. Selchau 1976 – Dr. Harold B. Tukey, Jr. 1999 – James “Jim” B. Berry 1977 – George Oki 2000 – Peter Orum 1978 – Lawrence Carville 2001 – Malcolm Woolmore 1979 – Lawrence Carville 2002 – David Hutchinson 1980 – Marcus Peterson 2003 – John Bunker 1981 – Donald Dillon 2004 – Naoki Omori 1982 – Raymond Evison 2005 – J. Michael Evans 1983 – Charles Parkerson *Deceased The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc.

INTERNATIONAL AWARD OF HONOR 1986 – Dr. William E. Snyder* Eastern 1989 – Mr. James S. Wells* Eastern 1990 – Dr. Hudson T. Hartmann* Western 1991 – Mr. Bruce A. Briggs* Western 1992 – Mr. Ralph B. Shugert* Eastern 1993 – Mr. Brian E. Humphrey G.B.&I. 1994 – Mr. O.A. “Jolly” Batcheller* Western 1995 – Dr. Richard H. Zimmerman Eastern 1996 – Mr. A.T. (Tom) Wood G.B.&I. 1997 – Mr. Charles Parkerson Southern 1998 – Mr. Ian Tolley Australian 1999 – Ms. Margaret Scott G.B.&I 2000 – Mr. Peter Orum Eastern 2001 – Mr. Edward Bunker Australian 2002 – Mr. Richard L. “Dick” Marshall Southern 2003 – Dr. Dale Kester Western 2004 – Philip McMillan Browse G.B.&I.

I.P.P.S. HONORARY MEMBERS 1953 – Dr. Samuel L. Emsweller* Eastern 1957 – Dr. L.C. Chadwick* Eastern 1968 – Dr. F.L. Skinner* Eastern 1973 – Dr. Robert Garner* G.B.&I. 1974 – Martin Van Hof* Eastern Dr. John Wister* Eastern 1978 – Al Fordham* Eastern 1979 – Dr. William E. Snyder* Eastern James Wells* Eastern 1980 – Paul Bosley, Sr.* Eastern Harvey Gray* Eastern Case Hoogendoorn* Eastern Bruce Macdonald G.B.&I. Roy Nordine* Eastern 1981 – Dr. Ronald de Fossard Australian John Roller* Eastern Richard Vanderbilt* Eastern 1982 – Dave Dugan Eastern Roy Halward* Eastern Carl Orndorff* Eastern Ralph Synnestvedt* Eastern 1983 – Dr. Hudson T. Hartmann* Western Riley Roach* Southern Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

1984 – Oliver A. Batcheller* Western Dr. Gustav A.L. Mehlquist* Eastern Dr. Sidney Waxman* Eastern 1985 – Dr. Curtis J. Alley* Western Keith Lamb G.B.&I. G.F.B. Smith New Zealand 1987 – Ellaby Martin New Zealand Richard Martyr G.B.&I. 1989 – A. Thomas Wood G.B.&I. 1990 – Bruce A. Briggs* Western 1991 – Bob Ticknor Western 2002 – David Byers Southern John Machen Sr. Southern

*Deceased SUMMARY – 2005

SUMMARY – 2005

This completed the 55th year of the founding of this Society in Cleveland, OH. It should be noted that David Dugan, who lives in Cleveland, is the only founding member still with us. The organization has grown, shrunk, formed new regions, changed, but with those 55 volumes of Combined Proceedings, we are being rec- ognized as the world’s leading written source of practical plant propagation information. Our papers are being referenced by major referencing organizations, and the International Society of Horticultural Science, as noted below, is interested in becoming affiliated with us. The bulk of the Society’s work is really carried out by the regions and their officers. The regions hold meetings with innovative topics that result in edited papers that fill our volumes. The secretary-treasurers handle their regional memberships and many meeting details. The International Board sets overall policies and assists with the publication of the “Black Book,” or now a CD, and provides information on membership services. Truly the willingness to seek and to share has helped the Society to become an organization of pride for all members, and this ability “to seek and to share” will serve us well into the future. This year, our overall International membership dropped by 18. Our total membership has been declining for the last seven years, although this year it was a very small drop. There continues to be a larger proportion of the members who prefer the CD, which means the total book count for the volume is falling each year. As printing numbers decline it is increasingly a struggle to produce fewer Black Books at a low cost. The following chart indicates the 2005 membership and its breakdown for CD and Black Books.

MEMBERSHIP COUNTS – 2005 Book Member Total Total Total Region Book CD and CD Only Members Books CD Australia 136 49 12 24 221 158 61 ERNA 410 92 35 93 630 445 127 GBI 112 39 20 127 306 136 70 Japan 17 31 32 16 60 23 49 NZ 109 31 8 63 211 117 39 Scandinavia 32 37 0 16 85 32 37 SRNA 256 53 80 0 336 283 80 RSA 38 19 3 7 67 35 17 WR 183 76 109 68 360 216 109 TOTAL 1293 427 299 414 2276 1445 589

The next chart details membership counts over the last seven years. During that time, the membership dropped 518 members, or a decline of 18½ % from the 1999 membership. All regions are working at retaining members as well as on recruit- ment. This may be a reflection in the demographics of the plant propagation industry, which seems to be occurring world-wide. 10 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

MEMBERSHIP COUNTS LAST SEVEN YEARS Region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Australia 258 238 199 223 194 201 221 ERNA 670 679 697 701 651 640 630 GBI 380 374 353 346 341 312 306 Japan 180 180 140 118 121 94 60 NZ 206 204 193 193 204 211 211 Scandinavia 115 122 123 131 105 77 85 RSA 74 76 55 64 45 57 67 SRNA 395 408 382 344 341 321 336 WR 546 545 514 418 411 381 360 TOTAL 2824 2826 2656 2538 2413 2294 2276

Our investment advisor and broker decided to move to Providence, RI, where he has joined his family’s firm, Brown, Cummins/Lisle. He is making quarterly visits to his clients in Seattle and, in a year or two, hopes to start a west coast branch. The interaction continues the same through telephone calls and emails. This resulted in no interruption in our service. As outlined by the previous International Board, the main scope of work on the web-based computerization program dealt with regional issues on labels and reports. It was noted that several regions were using the program to send mass emails to members regarding regional events. The International Meeting was held in conjunction with the 46th Annual Meeting of the Western Region in the Embassy Suites, in San Luis Obispo on October 19, 2005. The Western Region Conference followed on October 20 – 22, 2005. The International Meeting was preceded by a tour, planned and led by Interna- tional President Mike Evans. It began on October 9, 2005, in the beautiful Califor- nia fall-season in the Los Angeles area, moved south into Orange County and San Diego, backtracked around to Santa Barbara and its environs, and finished in San Luis Obispo, a beautiful and historic town on the central coast of California. While staying in Pasadena, tour stops included Huntington Gardens and Monro- via Nursery. From there, we moved south into Orange County for stops at Rogers Gardens and Tree of Life Nursery. We were treated to true Southern hospitality, Hispanic food and music at the Tree of Life Nursery, where Mike Evans had invited many local people to mingle with us. The California breezes, the strumming of gui- tars, the smell of the barbeque, and colorful decorations were outstanding. As we approached the San Diego area, we saw many specialty nurseries…poin- settias, bromeliads, cactus, tropicals, perennials, tissue culture, plug production, as well as the world famous Balboa Park and San Diego Zoo. We were fortunate to have stayed in San Diego’s historic gaslamp district. From there, we headed north for a tour through the Getty Museum in Los Angeles with our evening destination in Oxnard, CA. We made day trips into Ventura and Santa Barbara to see nurseries specializing in plant genetics, general ornamentals, subtropical fruits, and Mediterranean plants. In addition we visited Santa Barbara Botanic Garden and Lotusland. SUMMARY – 2005 11

The weather was sunny and hot, but not for southern residents. We had plenty of exercise touring up and down those hillsides at nurseries and greenhouses. We did enjoy a rain storm while at the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. The final leg of our tour along the historic “El Camino Real” took us into a most beautiful part of California, where we stopped at the La Purisima Mission. Then it was on to San Luis Obispo for the Business Meeting and Conference. We owe a great deal of gratitude to President Evans, his staff, and all the people who helped to make this such a memorable tour. The International Board Meeting was conducted by President Evans, and directors were present from all regions including the Southern African Potential Region. Alternate directors were present from all regions except New Zealand and Scandi- navia. Peter Bingham served as meeting parliamentarian. Secretary-Treasurer John Wott and Editor Charles Heuser presented their annual reports, which were accepted. The Board reviewed inventory numbers, print numbers, and membership sales. The Board approved the formation of “The International Promotion Committee,” which is to study and then recommend to the 2006 International Board ways for regions to recruit new members. This would be paid by accumulated reserve funds. The Society has received an inquiry from the International Society of Horticul- tural Science (ISHS) in which they would like to be able to place all of our volumes on a web site and make them available, at some cost, to their members as well as ours. They feel that our volumes are scientifically worthy to be indexed and used by the international horticulture community. Dr. Heuser was asked to chair a committee to study the proposal and bring back a proposal at the next International Board meeting. The Regions of New Zealand and Australia, and Southern African Potential Re- gion asked if their papers could be posted on the web early since it can be up to 19 months from the time they hold a meeting until the papers are actually published. The papers will be password protected and then removed when the volume is actually published. Director du Toit reported on progress in IPPS in South Africa with definite goals established. Included are: (A) focus on practical training, (B) motivate nursery own- ers to sponsor employee membership, (C) link to South Africa Government Skills Development Plan. Director Dunn outlined the program in Continental Europe and reported on the Bulgarian Journal now being published. Vice-president Selchau outlined the 2006 International Board Meeting and Tour, which will take place in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. Vice-president elect Gil- bert and Director Tilt reviewed preliminary plans for the 2007 International Board Meeting to be held in Chattanooga, TN. A major item of business was the resignation of Secretary-Treasurer Wott, who will have held the International position for 20 years at the end of 2006. A special committee of the Board conducted a search, held meetings, and then brought forth the nomination of the firm of Calabrese & Heuser for assuming this position starting in January 2006. It was unanimously approved. During 2006, this firm will work with Dr. Wott on the transition. 12 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

Since this is a major change, it will require some Constitutional changes, which will be brought forth at the next meeting. Also the current voting privileges of the Secretary-Treasurer and Editor as currently specified in the Constitution will be eliminated under the new appointments. A Finance Committee was appointed to be responsible for monitoring the financial affairs and authorizing financial activities. The committee will conduct exten- sion review during 2006, including the investment policies, and return to the 2006 with specific recommendations. The joint application of the Great Britain & Ireland and Scandinavia Regions for two promotional workshops, in the Netherlands and in Germany was approved for $10,000. The Regional Directors presented brief updates on IPPS issues within their regions. This is an excellent dialogue for exchange of ideas. Various items concerning the 2006 budget were discussed. The budget was passed with a proposed deficit of $17,440.00. This includes income of $155,200.00 and expenses of $172,640.00. This is largely due to the transition expenses related to the office of Secretary-Treasurer. I would like to thank Mike Evans for his leadership as International President and Jörgen Selchau for being an involved vice-president. Also, it has been a pleasure to work with all the Directors and Alternate Directors this year. As usual, the Regional Secretaries and Regional Treasurers carried on with their tasks in great style and success. I would also like to profusely thank my fellow officer, Dr. Charles Heuser, for his support, guidance, and good humor. The Society owes much gratitude to Warren Roberts for his service as botanical editor. On a daily basis, I would like to mention Carrie Cone, Rebecca Johnson, and Fran Myer from the University of Washington Botanical Gardens. Also thanks to Scott Lisle for his financial advice and to Johan Pingree, web master. Lastly, I would like to thank all those, from all over the world, whose friendship, goodwill, and patience I have enjoyed. This has been a most marvelous position in a Society that can only get better in the future. Starting on January 1, 2006, this position was assumed by the firm of Calabrese & Heuser, 526 Brittany Drive, State College, PA 16803, USA. The principal contact will be Mrs. Patricia Heuser.

Prepared: April 15, 2006 John A. Wott, Ph.D. Honorary Secretary-Treasurer, International Financial Summary 13

Financial Summary

January 1 – December 31, 2005 Funds: January 1, 2005 Checking Acct. $5,628.00 Investments $306,588.00 Total Funds $312,186.00

January 1 – December 31, 2005 Receipts: Dues: current $125,249.00 previous year 51,638.00 Total 176,887.00 Sales: Current-Vol.54 15,420.00 Previous-Vol.53 8,785.00 Inventory 5,418.00 Total 29,623.00 Interest: Checking Acct. 3,213.24 Orginial Issue Discount 93.56 U.S. Treasury 62.38 Total 3,369.18 Dividends: D.A. Davidson 3,339.05 Brown Lisle 1,136.26 Cap.Gains Dis. 862.95 Total 5,338.26 Foreign Tax Paid (13.41) Capital Gains D.A.Davidson - Sh. Term 17.85 - Lng Term (8,321.45) Brown Lisle - Lng Term (10,352.50) Total (18,656.10) Total Income: $196,681.34

Expenditures: Proceedings: Current -Volume 54 Production $19,080.33 Postage 8,213.90 Printing 18,000.84 Postage – Inventory sales 679.00 Production – Volume 55 5,135.00 Total 51,109.07 14 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

CD: Production $3,099.70 Postage 2,100.00 Total 5,199.70 Sales Promotion 238.40 Editor Honorarium 16,400.00 Secretarial Assit. 2,383.60 Expenses/Materials 688.15 Botanical Editor 700.00 Total 20,171.75 Pre-Conference Tour 5,380.00 International Board: Travel 14,795.75 Board Meeting 1,024.00 Minute Secretary 600.00 Mtg. Supplies 1,365.21 Total 17,784.96 Bond – License 315.00 Honorarium: Secretary-Treasurer 18,400.00 Office Expenses: Financial – Consultation 1,203.50 Secretarial – Office 1,140.89 Postage 2,229.00 Telecommunications 1,860.33 Supplies, Mailers 2,799.96 9,233.68 Award of Honor 602.00 Computerization Insurance 55.00 Mgmt.-Development– Direct 14,338.00 Supplies 3,275.00 Total 17,668.00 Plaques – Postage 3,975.00 Refunds – Out of Stock: 482.00 Bank Charges 414.73 Expansion Funds to G.B.&I. 300.00 Miscellanesous 433.00

Total Expenditures: $151,707.29

Exess Income over Expenses: $44,840.64 Financial Summary 15

Contingency Funds held in Investments Index $11,000.00 Botanical Editor 4,420.00 Plaques, new 21,720.00 Pins, new 3,200.00 Computer for Editor 2,000.00 Total $42,340.00

Budget vs. Actual – 2005 Budget Actual Revenues $158,240.00 $196,546.93 Expenses 136,590.00 151,707.29 Surplus $21,650.00 $44,839.64

Funds: December 31, 2005 Checking $25,067.44 Investments - Brown Lisle Total Value $329,786.00 Total Cost ($322,511.00) Total Funds: $354,853.44

Prepared by: John A. Wott Honorary Treasurer, International All fund accounts and balances have been audited and reviewed. This report details all accounts and balances June 28, 2006 16 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

IN MEMORIAM It is with the deepest regret that the deaths of the following members that were reported during 2005 are recorded:

Howard C. Brown Western Region Rob Burrows New Zealand Region John Follett New Zealand Region Michael F. Geenty New Zealand Region Steven Sawada Southern Region of North America Ellen Sutter Western Region Sid Waxman Eastern Region, North America Regional Officers and Committees 17

The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. Regional Officers and Committees

AUSTRALIAN REGION

OFFICERS President — CLIVE R. LARKMAN, Larkman Nurseries Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 567, Lilydale, Vic 3140 First Vice-President — LIONEL SACH, Pohlmans Nursery, P.O. Box 478, Gat- ton, QLD 4343 Second Vice-President — DAVID O. CLIFFE, Narromine Transplants Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 123, Narromine NSW 2821 Secretary — PAMELA J. BERRYMAN, 27 Petunia Crescent, Mt Cotton, Qld 4165 Editor — LEISA ARMSTRONG, University of Melbourne-Burnley College, 500 Yarra Boulevarde, Richmond, Vic 3121 Historian — IAN GORDON, University of Queensland, Gatton College, Lawes, Queensland 4343

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Clive Larkman, President (term Andrew Matthews (term expires expires 2006) 2007) Lionel Sach, First Vice-President David Ponman (term expires 2008) (term expires 2006) Peter Lewis (term expires 2008) David O Cliffe, Second Vice-President Ross Hall, Editor (term expires Dec (term expires 2006) 2006) John Messina (term expires 2006) Greg McPhee, International Director Janis House (term expires 2006) (term expires Dec 2006) Ann Radke (term expires 2007)

PAST PRESIDENTS, AUSTRALIAN REGION Edward Bunker...... 1973-74 Anthony Biggs...... 1989-90 Edward Bunker...... 1974-75 Ian Gordon...... 1990-91 John Teulon...... 1975-76 Peter Ollerenshaw...... 1991-92 Marcus Petersen...... 1976-77 John Bunker...... 1992-93 Ian Tolley...... 1977-78 Henry Hilton...... 1993-94 Adrian Bowden...... 1978-79 Fred von Allmen...... 1994-95 Henry van der Staay...... 1979-80 Kevin Handreck...... 1995-96 Peter B. Smith...... 1980-81 Ross Hall...... 1996-97 Jack Pike...... 1981-82 Ralph Scott...... 1997-98 Ben Swane...... 1982-83 Henry Boogaard...... 1998-99 Dennis Hearne...... 1983-84 Sandra Hetherington...... 1999-00 Natalie Peate...... 1984-85 Peter Lewis...... 2000-01 Ian Gordon...... 1985-86 Paul Carmen...... 2001-02 Ray Wadewitz...... 1986-87 David W. Daly...... 2002-03 Irene Bowden...... 1987-88 Greg McPhee...... 2003-04 Anthony Biggs...... 1988-89 18 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

AUSTRALIAN AWARD OF HONOUR Edward Bunker, 1991 Peter Smith, 1998 Ian Tolley, 1992 Peter Ollerenshaw, 1999 John Teulon, 1993 John Bunker, 2000 Natalie Peate, 1994 Leisa Armstrong, 2001 Tony Biggs, 1995 Ross Hall, 2002 Ian Gordon, 1996 Sandra Hetherington, 2003 Kevin Handreck, 1997 Michael Gleeson, 2005

ROD TALLIS MEMORIAL YOUTH AWARD Libby Metcalfe, 1983 Joe McAuliffe, 1994 Tom Kapitany, 1984 Linda Ketelhohn, 1995 Peter Lewis, 1985 Bryan Mole, 1996 Alison Fuss, 1986 Seona Casonato, 1997 Gavin Porter, 1987 Jennifer Gaiardo, 1998 Robert Bolch, 1988 John Messina, 1999 David Daly, 1989 Tony Page, 2000 Leisa Armstrong, 1990 Glenis McBurnie, 2002 Des Boorman, 1991 Janis House, 2003 Steven Eggleton, 1992 Naomi Diplock, 2005 Chris Bunker, 1993

EASTERN REGION NORTH AMERICA

OFFICERS President — STEVE CASTORANI, North Creek Nurseries, 388 North Creek Road, Landenberg, Pennsylvania 19350 U.S.A. First Vice-President — DR. DARREL A. APPS, Woodside Nursery, 327 Beebe Run Road, Bridgeton, New Jersey 08302 U.S.A. Second Vice-President — DR. BRIAN K. MAYNARD, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 U.S.A. Secretary-Treasurer — MARGOT J. BRIDGEN, 1700 North Parish Drive, Southold, New York 11971 U.S.A. Editor — DR. CHARLES W. HEUSER, JR., Department of Horticulture, 315 Tyson Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylva- nia 16802 U.S.A.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS Steve Castorani, President Jim Johnson, Alternate Director on Dr. Darrel A. Apps, First International Board Vice-President Harlan Hamernik (term expires 2006) Dr. Brian K. Maynard, Second Ron Strasko (term expires 2006) Vice-President Dr. Paul E. Cappiello (term Tom Intven, Past-President expires 2007) Dale Deppe, Director on James R. Ault (term expires 2007) International Board Ben Kobes (term expires 2008) Dr. David Sanford (term expires 2008) Regional Officers and Committees 19

PAST PRESIDENTS, EASTERN REGION NORTH AMERICA James S. Wells*...... 1951-52 Wayne Lovelace...... 1979-80 James S. Wells*...... 1952-53 John A. Wott...... 1980-81 L.C. Chadwick*...... 1953-54 John Sparmann...... 1981-82 Richard H. Fillmore*...... 1954-55 Don Shadow...... 1982-83 Edward H. Scanlon*...... 1955-56 Leonard Stoltz*...... 1983-84 Louis Vanderbrook...... 1956-57 Leonard Savella*...... 1984-85 Hugh Steavenson*...... 1957-58 Elton M. Smith...... 1985-86 Roy M. Nordine*...... 1958-59 Charles Tosovsky...... 1986-87 Harvey M. Templeton, Jr.*...... 1959-60 Kathleen Freeland...... 1987-88 Martin Van Hof*...... 1960-61 Chris Graham...... 1988-89 William E. Snyder*...... 1961-62 Peter Orum...... 1989-90 John P. Mahlstede*...... 1962-63 Clayton Fuller*...... 1990-91 John B. Roller*...... 1963-64 Steven Still...... 1991-92 Vincent K. Bailey*...... 1964-65 Paul L. Smeal...... 1992-93 J. Peter Vermeulen...... 1965-66 Thomas McCloud...... 1993-94 Stuart H. Nelson...... 1966-67 David Beattie...... 1994-95 Ralph Shugert*...... 1967-68 Anna J. Knuttel...... 1995-96 David H. Dugan...... 1968-69 Kris R. Bachtell...... 1996-97 Charles E. Hess...... 1969-70 Deborah D. McCown...... 1997-98 Thomas Pinney, Jr...... 1970-71 Tim Brotzman...... 1998-99 William Flemer III...... 1971-72 Dale G. Deppe...... 1999-00 Harold B. Tukey, Jr...... 1972-73 Dan Studebaker...... 2000-01 David B. Paterson*...... 1973-74 Richard Bir...... 2001-02 Lawrence Carville...... 1974-75 James Johnson...... 2002-03 Lawrence Carville...... 1975-76 Alan Jones...... 2003-04 Richard Bosley...... 1976-77 Tom Intven...... 2004-05 John McGuire...... 1977-78 *Deceased Ray Halward*...... 1978-79

RECIPIENTS OF EASTERN REGION’S PLANT PROPAGATORS’ AWARD OF MERIT This award is made to the individual(s) who, in the opinion of the Award of Merit Committee, has made a significant contribution to the field of plant propagation. The criteria for selection include scientific discovery and application of facts related to propagation practices and techniques, and/or for service rendered to the science and practice of plant propagation. The following have received the award: L.C. Chadwick*, Columbus, Ohio, 1957 Martin Van Hof*, Newport, Rhode F.L. Skinner*, Morden, Manitoba, 1958 Island, 1966 J.S. Wells*, Red Bank, New Jersey, 1959 John P. Mahlstede*, Ames, Iowa, 1967 H.M. Templeton, Jr.*, Winchester, Leslie Hancock*, Cooksville, Tennessee, 1960 Ontario, 1968 Carl Kern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1962 F.L.S. O’Rourke, Fort Collins, Charles E. Hess, Lafayette, Colorado, 1969 Indiana, 1963 Case Hoogendoorn*, Newport, W.E. Snyder*, New Brunswick, New Rhode Island, 1970 Jersey, 1964 20 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

Alfred Fordham*, Jamaica Plain, Edmund V. Mezitt*, Hopkinton, Massachusetts, 1971 Massachusetts, 1987 Richard H. Fillmore*, Duke Univer- Leonard Savella*, Exeter, Rhode sity, 1972 Island, 1988 William Flemer III, Princeton, New Elton M. Smith, Columbus, Ohio, 1989 Jersey, 1973 Wayne Lovelace, Elsberry, Harvey Gray*, Melville, New Missouri, 1990 York, 1974 David H. Dugan, Rocky River, Hugh Steavenson*, Elsberry, Ohio, 1991 Missouri, 1975 Peter Orum, St. Charles, Illinois, 1992 Thomas Pinney, Jr., Sturgeon Bay, Charles Tosovsky, Edwardsville, Wisconsin, 1976 Illinois, 1993 John Roller*, Marshall, Texas, 1977 Charles W. Heuser, Jr., State College, Ray Halward*, Hamilton, Pennsylvania, 1994 Ontario, 1978 Elwin R. Orton, Jr., New Brunswick, Sidney Waxman*, Storrs, New Jersey, 1995 Connecticut, 1979 Chris Graham, Hamilton, Ontario, 1996 Carl Orndorff*, Clarksville, Robert Gouveia, Norton, Massachu- Maryland, 1980 setts, 1997 Ralph Shugert*, Grand Haven, David Bakker, Sr., St. Catharines, Michigan, 1981 Ontario, 1998 J. Peter Vermuelen, Neshanic Harold Pellett, Chanhassen, Station, New Jersey, 1981 Minnesota, 1999 John McGuire, University of Rhode Richard (Dick) Bir, Fletcher, North Island, 1982 Carolina, 2000 Larry Carville, Vernon, Kris R. Bachtell, Lisle, Illinois, 2001 Connecticut, 1982 Deborah McCown, Madison, Gustav Mehlquist*, Storrs, Wisconsin, 2002 Connecticut, 1983 Kathy Freeland, St. Charles, Richard H. Zimmerman, Beltsville, Illinois, 2003 Maryland, 1984 Jack Alexander, Jamaica Plain, Joerg Leiss, Oakville, Ontario, 1985 Massachusetts, 2004 James Cross*, Cutchogue, New H. William (“Bill”) Barnes, York, 1986 Warrington, Pennsylvania, 2005 *Deceased

FELLOW RECIPIENTS David R. Dugan, 1990 Larry Carville, 1993 Kathleen S. Freeland, 1990 James Cross*, 1993 Wayne Lovelace, 1990 Joerg Leiss, 1993 Ralph B. Shugert*, 1990 Edward H. Losely, 1993 Leonard P. Stoltz*, 1990 Richard A. Jaynes, 1993 Al J. Fordham*, 1991 John P. Mahlstede*, 1993 John McGuire, 1991 Gustav Mehlquist*, 1993 Tom Pinney, Jr., 1991 Carl Orndorff*, 1993 William (Bill) Flemer III, 1992 Elwin R. Orton, Jr., 1993 Peter Vermeulen, 1992 Harold Pellett, 1993 Peter Orum, 1992 John B. Roller*, 1993 Philip L. Carpenter, 1993 Leonard Savella*, 1993 Regional Officers and Committees 21

Elton M. Smith, 1993 Harlan Hamernik, 1998 Hugh Steavenson, 1993 Bill Barnes, 1999 Charles Tosovsky, 1993 Calvin Chong, 1999 Sidney Waxman*, 1993 Dale Deppe, 1999 James S. Wells*, 1993 Deborah McCown, 1999 Richard H. Zimmerman, 1993 Roger Coggeshall, 2000 Kris Bachtell, 1994 Alan Jones, 2000 Clayton Fuller*, 1994 Wayne Mezitt, 2000 Chris Graham, 1994 Charles Tubesing, 2000 Charles W. Heuser, Jr., 1994 George Kimmel III, 2001 Paul Smeal, 1994 Nina Bassuk, 2001 Jack Alexander, 1995 Tom Intven, 2002 Darrel Apps, 1995 David Schmidt, 2002 Dick Bir, 1995 Dan Studebaker, 2002 Don Shadow, 1995 Mark Bridgen, 2003 Bob Simpson*, 1995 Robert Geneve, 2003 David Beattie, 1996 Brian Maynard, 2003 Robert Gouveia, 1996 Jim Johnson, 2004 Egidius “Gied” Stroombeek, 1996 Ron Kujawski, 2004 John Wilde*, 1996 Steve Castorani, 2005 Tim Brotzman, 1997 Mike Emmons, 2005 Tom McCloud, 1997 Richard Munson, 2005 Anna J. Knuttel, 1997 *Deceased Robert McNiel, 1998

REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

OFFICERS President — MARGARET SHEWARD, Avonbank Nurseries, Pershore College, Pershore, Worcestershire WR10 3JP First Vice-President — PETER MACDONALD, Life Sciences Group, Educa- tion & Training Division, SAC, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5HW, Scotland Second Vice-President — BERNARD BRENNAN, Castletreasure, Douglas, Cork City, Ireland Secretary — CLAIRE SHADDICK, The Hurdles, Water Street, Mere, Wiltshire BA12 6DZ Honorary Treasurer — PETER W. BINGHAM, Kingfisher Nursery, Gedney Hill, Spalding, Lincolnshire PE12 0RU HonEditor — SPENCE GUNN, The Hurdles, Water Street, Mere, Wiltshire BA12 6DZ Historian — A.T. (TOM) WOOD, Oakover Nurseries Ltd., Maidstone Road, Hothfield, Ashford, Kent TN26 1AR 22 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Steen Berg J.A. Ross Kerby Peter Bingham, Honorary Treasurer; Peter MacDonald, First Vice-President Alternate Director on Interna- Michael Norris tional Board Abi Rayment Bernard Brennan, Second Vice- Margaret Sheward, President President Duncan Travers Spence Gunn, Director on Interna- Peter van Delft tional Board Carlos Verhelst Dr. Alan Hunter, Immediate Past Jonathan Whittemore President Elizabeth de Wynne Montagu May

PAST PRESIDENTS, REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND Brian Humphrey...... 1968-69 John Joe Costin...... 1987-89 Robert J. Garner*...... 1969-70 John Hedger...... 1989-90 A. Douglas Weguelin*...... 1970-71 Christopher Lane...... 1990-91 Arthur R. Carter...... 1971-72 Paul S. Brooking...... 1991-92 David N. Clark...... 1972-73 David Hutchinson...... 1992-93 R.F. Martyr*...... 1973-74 David Pennell...... 1993-94 S.J. Haines...... 1974-75 André Briant...... 1994-95 Brian Howard...... 1975-76 Dennis Fordham...... 1995-96 Raymond Evison...... 1976-77 Philip Moreau...... 1996-97 Philip D.A. McMillan Browse....1977-78 Patrick Fairweather...... 1997-98 A.T. Wood...... 1978-79 John Adlam...... 1998-99 P.A. Hutchinson...... 1979-80 Pat Scarborough...... 1999-00 Michael Clift...... 1980-81 David Hide...... 2000-01 Margaret Scott...... 1981-82 Peter Bingham...... 2001-02 John Gaggini...... 1982-83 J.A. Ross Kerby...... 2002-03 Michael Dunnett...... 1983-84 Paul Howling...... 2003-04 Nicholas Dunn...... 1984-85 Dr. Alan Hunter...... 2004-05 David Gilchrist...... 1985-86 *Deceased Barry Lockwood...... 1986-87

RECIPIENTS OF G.B. AND I. ROSE BOWL AWARD B.H. Howard, 1974 Michael L. Dunnett, 1988 A.B. Macdonald, 1975 Richard Martyr*, 1989 A.R. Carter, 1976 Michael O. Farmer*, 1990 S.J. Haines, 1977 John Joe Costin, 1991 D.N. Clark, 1978 Janette Elizabeth Gaggini, 1992 R.J. Evison, 1979 Christopher G. Lane, 1993 P.D.A. McMillan Browse, 1980 Nicholas Dunn, 1994 Brian Humphrey, 1981 David D. Hutchinson, 1995 Tom Wood, 1982 Paul Brooking, 1996 Robert Garner*, 1983 James C. Kelly, 1997 Margaret Scott, 1984 Spence Gunn, 1998 Lila W. Dick, 1985 Ivan Iliev, 1999 J.G.D. Lamb, 1986 Paul Howling, 2000 John B. Gaggini, 1987 Margaret Sheward, 2001 Regional Officers and Committees 23

Dennis Fordham, 2002 John Adlam, 2005 Duncan Travers, 2003 *Deceased Philip Marie Moreau, 2004

RECIPIENTS OF THE ROBERT GARNER AWARD 1993 1999 Ivan R. Dickings Michael Honour Peter Dummer 2003 Judith A. Medhurst Dennis Carey Norman S. Standbrook John R. Watts

IPPS JAPAN REGION

OFFICERS President — KANETO AOYAMA, Board Director, KANEYA Co., Ltd., 34 Sus- agaoka, Toyohama, Minamichita, Chita-gun, Aichi 470-3412 First Vice-President — NAOKI OMORI, President, Sanyoh Nouen Co.,Ltd., 215 Itsukaichi, Akaiwa, Okayama 709-0831 Second Vice-President — DR. MASARU SHIBATA, President, Ohken Co., Ltd., 1-30-15 Sumiyoshi, Suzuka, Mie 513-0826 Secretary-Treasurer — MIKIO MINAMIDE, President, Minamide Co., Ltd., 7-8-5 Kanbe, Suzuka, Mie 513-0801 Editor — DR. MASANORI TOMITA, Ibigawa Kogyo Co., Ltd., R & D Group, Agricultural Dept., Ta-51 Ueda, Ikeda, Ibi, Gifu 503-2415 Director on International Board — DR. NOBUMASA NITO, Kinki Univer- sity, School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493

MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Yoshimi Fujita, President, Suzuka Peter F Waugh, Managing Director, Flower Grower’s Coop. Aso., 217-1 Carann, P.O. Box 34, Matangi Hanagawa, Suzuka, Mie 513-1122 2030, New Zealand Keisuke Uchida, President, Green Historian — Dr. Yasuaki Takeda, Claft, 43-3 Nobono-cho, Kameya- Director, Ohmi Flori-Science Insti- ma, Mie 519- 0212 tute, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0046 Dr. Yutaka Hirata, Tokyo University Vice Director — Takayoshi Kato, of Agriculture and Technology President, Gikoen Co., Ltd., Sabo- Graduate School, 3-5-8 Saiwai, tenmura, Sunami, Motosu, Gifu Fuchuu, Tokyo 183-8509 501-0312

PAST PRESIDENTS, IPPS JAPAN REGION Dr. Tomohide Yamamoto...... 1994-95 Dr. Yasuaki Takeda...... 1999-00 Dr. Tomohide Yamamoto...... 1995-96 Dr. Yasuaki Takeda...... 2000-01 Dr. Tomohide Yamamoto...... 1996-97 Takayoshi Kato...... 2001-02 Dr. Tomohide Yamamoto...... 1997-98 Naoki Omori...... 2003-04 Dr. Tomohide Yamamoto...... 1998-99 24 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

NEW ZEALAND REGION

OFFICERS President — GRANT HAYMAN, Headford Propagators, R D 10, Waimate First Vice-President — RAY LAWSON, 6 Yale Street, Christchurch Second Vice-President — MURRAY MANNALL, PO Box 16148, Hornby, Christchurch Secretary — GLENYS EVANS, P O Box 98, Waikanae Treasurer — SHIRLEY OGILVY, 208 Narrows Road, RD 2, Hamilton Editor — CHRIS BARNABY, 21 Halswell Junction Road, Halswell, Christchurch Historian — BRENT MCKENZIE, 12 Wright Street, Roslyn, Dundein

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE David Ogilvy, International Director Chris Barnaby, Editor Grant Hayman, President Brian Buschl Ray Lawson, First Vice-President Brian Frost Murray Mannall, Second Vice-President Nalin Gooneratne Glenys Evans, Secretary Ian Williams Shirley Ogilvy, Treasurer

PAST PRESIDENTS, NEW ZEALAND REGION Ellaby Martin...... 1973-74 Richard Ware...... 1989-90 G.B. Smith...... 1974-75 Brent McKenzie...... 1990-91 Noelyn Parr...... 1975-76 Brent McKenzie...... 1991-92 Richard Ware...... 1976-77 Jo Dawkins...... 1992-93 L.J. Bartlett...... 1977-78 Jo Dawkins...... 1993-94 Peter Markham...... 1978-79 Robert Appleton...... 1994-95 J.B. Blackman...... 1979-80 Robert Appleton...... 1995-96 James Rumbal...... 1980-81 John Liddle...... 1996-97 Terry Hatch...... 1981-82 John Liddle...... 1997-98 Ruth Henderson...... 1982-83 Ian Duncalf...... 1998-99 Ruth Henderson...... 1983-84 Ian Duncalf...... 1999-00 Barrie McKenzie...... 1984-85 Peter Waugh...... 2000-01 Malcolm Woolmore...... 1985-86 Peter Waugh...... 2001-02 T.E. Welsh...... 1986-87 John Follett...... 2002-03 T.E. Welsh...... 1987-88 John Follett...... 2003-04 Richard Ware...... 1988-89 David Ogilvy...... 2004-05

AWARD OF MERIT Graeme C. Platt, Albany, 1994 Jan Velvin, Auckland, 2001 T.E. Welsh, Palmerston North, 1995 Dennis Hughes, Tapanui, 2004 Terry Hatch, Pukekohe, 1996 John Follett, Hamilton, 2005 Noel McMillan, Huntly, 1998

AWARD OF RECOGNITION Mike Geenty, Hamilton, 2004 Grant Hayman, Waimate, 2005 Gus Evans, Waikanae, 2005 Shirley Ogilvy, Hamilton, 2005 Regional Officers and Committees 25

SCANDINAVIAN REGION

OFFICERS President — MARIANNE BACHMANN ANDERSEN, HORTUS Advising, Holmevej 26, DK-5854 Gislev, Denmark Vice-President — GRETE WAASETH, Særheim Forskningssenter, Postvegen 213, N-4353 Klepp st., Norway Secretary — ARNE SKYTT ANDERSEN, Royal Vetenary and Agricultural University, Section Horticulture, Thorvaldsensvej 57, DK-1871 Frederiks- berg C, Denmark Treasurer — LARS SANDGAARD, Doktorvej 7, DK – 7190 Billund, Denmark Editor — ARNE SKYTT ANDERSEN, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Section Horticulture, Thorvaldsensvej 57, DK-1871 Frederiks- berg C, Denmark

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Marianne Bachmann Andersen, Inger Hilmersen President Erik Nymann Eriksen Arne Skytt Andersen, International Knud Jepsen Director & Secretary Niels Jörgen Madsen Grete Waaseth, Vice-President and Rune Nielsen International Alternate Director Jörgen H. Selchau, Executive Admin- Lars Sandgaard, Treasurer istrator

PAST PRESIDENTS, SCANDINAVIAN REGION Erik Lund Andersen...... 1992-93 Jörgen H. Selchau...... 2000-01 Kaj Nielsen...... 1993-94 Jörgen H. Selchau...... 2001-02 Sören Ringgaard...... 1994-95 Jörgen H. Selchau...... 2002-03 Jörgen H. Selchau...... 1995-96 Marianne Bachmann...... Jörgen H. Selchau...... 1996-97 Andersen...... 2003-04 Jörgen H. Selchau...... 1997-98 Marianne Bachmann ...... Asger Bertram...... 1998-99 Andersen...... 2004-05 Morten Rausing Sloth...... 1999-00

SOUTHERN AFRICAN POTENTIAL REGION

OFFICERS President—HANS SITTIG, Sittig Nursery (Pty) Ltd. Hartbeespoort, 0216 ZAF First Vice-President—DR. PUFFY SOUNDY, Dept of Plant Production & Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, ZAF Secretary— JAC DUIF, Horticultural Consultant, P.O. Box 35851, Northcliff, 2115 ZAF Treasurer—GERARD HOOGENDOORN, Hoogendoorn Nursery, PO Box 124, Onderstepoort, 0110, ZAF 26 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

COMMITTEE Coleen Cronje Mandie Odendaal Prof Elsa du Toit Clive Mullet Annemarie van der Westhuizen Eric Farringer Erik Petersen

PAST PRESIDENTS, SOUTHERN AFRICAN POTENTIAL REGION Fienie Niederwieser...... 1999 Dr. Elsa du Toit...... 2003 Fienie Niederwieser...... 2000 Dr. Elsa du Toit...... 2004 Hannes Robbertse...... 2001 Jac Duif...... 2005 Hannes Robbertse...... 2002 Jac Duif...... 2006

SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA

OFFICERS President — BOB SMART, Gilbert’s Nursery, 4675 Peachtree Road, Chesnee, South Carolina 29323 First Vice-President — KAY PHELPS, Clinton Nurseries of Florida, P.O. Box 997, Havana, Florida 32333 Second Vice-President — DR. PATRICIA KNIGHT, Mississippi State Univer- sity, P.O. Box 193, Poplarville, Mississippi 39470 Secretary-Treasurer — DR. DAVID MORGAN, 332 Warbler Drive, Bedford, Texas 76021 Editor — DR. FRED T. DAVIES, JR., Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2133

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Bob Smart, President Dr. Gary Knox (term expires 2007) Kay Walden-Phelps, First Hiram Baldwin (term expires 2007) Vice-President Bill Turk, Past President Dr. Patricia Knight, Second James Gilbert, Vice-President, Inter- Vice-President national Board Dr. David Morgan, Secretary- Dr. Ken Tilt, Director International Treasurer Board Dr. Fred T. Davies, Jr., Editor Bill Barr, Alternate Director Interna- Hugh Gramling (term expires 2006) tional Board Rick Crowder (term expires 2006)

PAST PRESIDENTS, SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA Charles Parkerson...... 1976-77 John Machen, Sr...... 1985-86 Hunter Boulo, Jr...... 1977-78 Dr. Fred T. Davies, Jr...... 1986-87 Richard Ammon...... 1978-79 Wayne K. Sawyer...... 1987-88 Jake Tinga...... 1979-80 Dr. Carl Whitcomb...... 1988-89 David Byers...... 1980-81 Ronald Copeland...... 1989-90 George L. Taber III...... 1981-82 James Berry...... 1990-91 Fred W. Garrett...... 1982-83 Buddy Martin...... 1991-92 James Gilbert...... 1983-84 Don Covan...... 1992-93 Thomas Couturier...... 1984-85 Dick Marshall...... 1993-94 Regional Officers and Committees 27

Mike Miller...... 1994-95 Eelco Tinga, Jr...... 2000-01 Dr. Ted Bilderback...... 1995-96 D. Stewart Chandler...... 2001-02 Lee C. Howell...... 1996-97 Randy Jacobs...... 2002-03 Doug Torn...... 1997-98 Diane Dunn...... 2003-04 Dr. Charles Gilliam...... 1998-99 Bill Turk...... 2004-05 William C. Barr...... 1999-00

RECIPIENTS OF SOUTHERN REGION’S SIDNEY B. MEADOWS AWARD OF MERIT Charles H. Parkerson, Suffolk, John Machen, Sr., Mobjack, Virginia Virginia, 1999 David Byers, Huntsville, Alabama Dr. Carl E. Whitcomb, Stillwater, Dr. Vivian Munday, Watkinsville, Oklahoma, 2000 Georgia Dr. Michael A. Dirr, Athens, Dr. Bryson James, McMinnville, Georgia, 2001 Tennessee James Gilbert, Tryon, North Caro- Dr. Fred T. Davies, Jr., College lina, 2002 Station, Texas, 1994 Dr. David Morgan, Bedford, Texas, 2003 Bill Barr, Houston, Texas, 1995 Fred Garrett, Southern Pines, North James Berry, Loxley, Alabama, 1996 Carolina, 2004 Dr. J.C. Raulson, Raleigh, North Dr. Charles Gilliam, Gainesville, Carolina, 1997 Florida, 2005 Richard Marshall, Salisbury, Maryland, 1998

FELLOW RECIPIENTS John Machen, Sr., 1993 Buddy Martin, 1999 Charles Parkerson, 1993 Richard Marshall, 2000 Dr. Carl Whitcomb, 1993 Ben Davis II, 2000 Ron Copeland, 1994 Wayne Sawyer, 2001 Fred W. Garrett, 1994 James Gilbert, 2002 Peter van der Giessen, 1995 Dr. David Morgan, 2003 Judd Germany, 1995 Bill Barr, 2004 David Byers, 1996 Doug Torn, 2004 Dr. Michael A. Dirr, 1997 Don A. Covan, 2005 Dr. Bryson L. James, 1998 Randy Jacobs, 2005 James Berry, 1999 Margie Y. Jenkins, 2005

WESTERN REGION

OFFICERS President — DAVID HANNINGS, Horticulture and Crop Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407 First Vice-President — DOUGLAS E. C. JUSTICE, UBC Botanical Garden, 6804 SW Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Second Vice-President — GUY MEACHAM, J. Frank Schmidt & Son, 9500 SE 327th, Boring, Oregon 97009 28 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

Third Vice-President — MICHAEL NEVIN SMITH, Suncrest Nurseries, Inc., 400 Casserly Road, Watsonville, California 95076 Secretary-Treasurer — LELIA (LEE) U. DEMPSEY, 11168 Orion Way, Grass Valley, California 95949-9758 Editor — DR. DAVID W. BURGER, Department of Environmental Horticul- ture, University of California, Davis, California 95616

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE David Hannings, President Jill Cross, Director (term expires 2005) Douglas E.C. Justice, First Shengjun Lu, Director (term Vice-President expires 2005) Guy Meacham, Second Vice-President Michael A. Anderson, Director (term Michael Nevin Smith, Third expires 2006) Vice-President Michael Bone, Director (term Kathleen M. Echols, Past President expires 2006) James F. McConnell, Director on James M. Conner, Director (term International Board expires 2006) Kathleen Echols, Alternate Director on International Board

PAST PRESIDENTS, WESTERN REGION Donald J. Hartman...... 1960-61 Arda C. Berryhill...... 1983-84 Herman J. Sandkuhle*...... 1961-62 Robert E. Weidner*...... 1984-85 Percy C. Everett*...... 1962-63 Wilbur C. Anderson...... 1985-86 William J. Curtis*...... 1963-64 Edwin S. Kubo...... 1986-87 Robert M. Boddy...... 1964-65 Dennis M. Connor...... 1987-88 Howard C. Brown*...... 1965-66 A. Bruce Macdonald...... 1988-89 Henry J. Ishida...... 1966-67 Joseph Solomone...... 1989-90 Robert L. Ticknor...... 1967-68 Robert L. Mazalewski...... 1990-91 Walter D. Krause...... 1968-69 Verl L. Holden...... 1991-92 Bruce A. Briggs*...... 1969-70 Lorence R. Oki...... 1992-93 Andrew T. Leiser...... 1970-71 Steven M. McCulloch...... 1993-94 Richard G. Maire*...... 1971-72 J. Michael Evans...... 1994-95 Ted Van Veen*...... 1972-73 F. Allan Elliott...... 1995-96 George S. Oki...... 1973-74 Dale E. Kester*...... 1996-97 Oliver A. Batcheller*...... 1974-75 Beverly Greenwell...... 1997-98 Leslie K. C. Clay...... 1975-76 Eugene K. Blythe...... 1998-99 Donald F. Dillon, Sr...... 1976-77 Richard P. Regan...... 1999-00 Dennis A. McLain...... 1977-78 Arthur J. Olney...... 2000-01 J. Harold Clarke*...... 1978-79 Fred D. Rauch...... 2001-02 Steve Fazio...... 1979-80 Sheila Bhattacharya...... 2002-03 Bruce B. Usrey...... 1980-81 James F. Mc Connell...... 2003-04 Stanley E. Sorenson*...... 1981-82 Kathleen Echols...... 2004-05 Philip A. Parvin...... 1982-83 *Deceased Regional Officers and Committees 29

RECIPIENTS OF WESTERN REGION’S CURTIS J. ALLEY AWARD OF MERIT William J. Curtis*, Sherwood, Wilbur L. Bluhm, Salem, Oregon, 1990 Oregon, 1977 A. Bruce Macdonald, Vancouver, Hudson T. Hartmann*, Davis, British Columbia, 1991 California, 1979 Arda C. Berryhill, Sherwood, Curtis J. Alley*, Davis, California, Oregon, 1992 1980 Andrew T. Leiser, Davis, Bruce A. Briggs*, Olympia, Washing- California, 1993 ton, 1981 Edwin S. Kubo, Sacramento, Donald F. Dillon, Sr., Fremont, California, 1994 California, 1982 Joseph Solomone, Aromas, J. Harold Clarke*, Sun City, California, 1995 Arizona, 1983 Edsal A. Wood*, Wilsonville, Oliver A. (Jolly) Batcheller*, Clare- Oregon, 1996 mont, California, 1984 Stanley E. Sorenson*, Clayburn, Robert L. Ticknor, Aurora, British Columbia, 1997 Oregon, 1985 Ralph S. Moore, Visalia, Howard C. Brown*, San Luis Obispo, California, 1998 California, 1986 Dale E. Kester*, Davis, California, 1999 Henry J. Ishida, Vista, California, J. Michael Evans, San Juan Capist- 1987 rano, California, 2000 George S. Oki, Sacramento, Califor- Steve McCulloch, Olympia, Washing- nia, 1988 ton, 2003 Fred E. Real*, Fremont, California, 1989 *Deceased 30 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

LIST OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT ANNUAL MEETINGS

Seventh Annual Meeting — Southern African Potential Region Environmentally Sustainable Production Systems for Producing Ornamental Plants John Bunker...... 41 Protection of Plant Novelties — An Update Jörgen H. Selchau...... 48 Water Recycling: How We Do It Eebbie Deckys...... 53 Grafting of Waxflowers for Root Rot Management Ian Gordon...... 56 Phormiums: Production in 2005 Robert Bett...... 59 Growing Australian and South African Native Plants in Soilless Media Kevin Handreck...... 64 Breeding and Selection of Brachychiton Des Boorman...... 68 New Plants From New Zealand Malcolm Woolmore...... 71 An Insight into an Accredited Potting Mix Supplier in Australia Shaun Windrim...... 73 Sharing Simple, Inexpensive Ideas From Nursery Producers Ken Tilt and Jeff Sibley...... 75 Specialisation — Advantages and Disadvantages Compared Peter Bingham...... 79

Thirty-Third Annual Meeting — Australian Region Adaptation — The Secret of Survival of the Biota Through Geological Time Mary E. White...... 85 Making Us “Future-Proof” — The Evolving Role of Horticulture Elizabeth G. Heij...... 88 Horticultural Education as a Life-Changing Experience Bronwen M. Rowse...... 93 The Role of Clonal Propagation in Forestry and Agriculture in Australia Peter Radke...... 96 Propagation of a South African Arid Zone Plant — Lithops Jac Duif...... 100 Propagation Strategies to Support a Wide Hybridization Breeding Program Within the Chamelaucium Alliance Chris Newell, Digby Growns, and Chris McMullan...... 102 Shoot Dieback of Geraldton Wax Naomi Diplock and Vic Galea...... 105 List of Papers Presented at Annual Meetings 31

Propagation of Bougainvillea Brian Smith...... 110 Grafting Australian Native Plants: 30 Years of Progress David Beardsell...... 112 Grafting Tissue Cultures Directly onto Nursery Grown Stock Jonathan Lidbetter and Pauline Cain...... 114 “Long John” Grafts Allen Gilbert...... 117 Breeding with Indigenous Citrus Species S.R. Sykes...... 120 Auscitrus — The Australian Citrus Budwood Scheme Tim Herrmann...... 124 Some Problems in Water Recycling Stan Leach...... 128 Water Saving, More Than Just Recycling Garry Heyne...... 131 Evaluating an Irrigation System Upgrade John Messina...... 136 Water Disinfecting Techniques for Plant Pathogen Control William Yiasoumi...... 138 Growing Plants in Hot Climates Robert Chin...... 142

Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting — New Zealand Region A Weed or a Rose? The New Zealand Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act Libby Harrison and Geoff Ridley...... 151 Regulatory Barriers to Introducing New Plants Need to Be Minimized to Grow the New Zealand Economy Jim Douglas...... 155 Unforeseen Consequences Keith Hammett...... 160 How to Create a Strong Brand Charlotte Henley...... 163 The Effect of Gibberellic Acid, Potassium Nitrate, and Cold Stratification on the Germination of Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) Seed J.M. Follett, J.A. Douglas, and R.A. Littler...... 165 Using Tissue Culture to Help Develop New Crops P.J. Fletcher, J.D. Fletcher, and J.M. Follett...... 171 Showcasing New Zealand Native Plants at Chelsea Flower Show Trish Waugh...... 174 Making the Most Out of What You Grow — A Client’s Perspective Roger Milne...... 181 Replanting for the Future: Environmental Restoration and a Look at What Is Happening in Tauranga City Mark Dean...... 182 32 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

Superior Callas: More Than Just Great Flowers John F. Seelye, Garry K. Burge, Andrew C. Mullan, and Margaret E. Young...... 190 You Have a New Variety? Chris Barnaby...... 194 Pests Can Be Unintentionally Spread in New Zealand Through Commercial Transport of Nursery Plants Mark McNeill, John Proffitt, Craig Phillips, and Nigel Bell...... 198 Time to Rethink Some Aspects of Agriculture Duncan Burns...... 203 Sprinkler Uniformity in Greenhouses and Nurseries Peter Savory...... 206

Twelfth Annual Meeting — IPPS Japan Region The New Start of IPPS-Japan Region Kaneto Aoyama...... 211 Production of Disease-Resistant Tissue Culture Seedlings Using Endophytic Actinomycetes Hitoshi Kunoh, Tomio Nishimura, Sachiko Hasegawa, Akane Meguro, and Tadao Fujimori...... 212 Disease Resistance and Drought Tolerance of Kalmia latifolia Induced by Endophytic Actinomycetes Tomio Nishimura, Sachiko Hasegawa, Akane Meguro, Hitoshi Kunoh, and Tadao Fujimori...... 213 Current State of the Fruit-Tree Liner Nursery Industry in Japan. Report No. 1 Naoki Omori...... 214 Genetic Resources of Indigenous Citrus Species at Kinki University Nobumasa Nito...... 215 MIYOBI: A New Fertilizer Containing Abscisic Acid Yasuo Kamuro...... 216 Rapid In Vitro Production of Plants From Immature Seeds in Lilium japonicum Hidehiro Inagaki, Hisao Otsuka, and Yoshinori Terada...... 219 The Effect of Slits of Circle Slit Cancel Pot (CS POT) Mikio Minamide...... 222 Hokkaido Travels for Post Tour in 2004 IPPS’s International Meeting Masaru Shibata...... 229 A Plant-Growing Apparatus for Producing

CO2-Dissolved Water Akihisa Minato and Takayuki Asada...... 231 On the Utilization and Propagation of the Variations Induced by Grafting and Synthetic Artificial Chimera Yutaka Hirata, Yuzo Ohta, Gen Hattori, Koji Okayasu and Yoshi Ohashi...... 233 List of Papers Presented at Annual Meetings 33

Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting—Region of Great Britain and Ireland The Role of Training and Education within the U.K. Nursery Stock Industry Leigh Morris...... 237 Preparing for a New Propagation Unit Peter van Delft...... 243 Advantages of In-House Propagation at Bransford Webbs Nursery Karl O’Neill...... 247 Developments in the Supply Chain of Hardy Ornamental Nursery Stock for the Retail Market: A Finished Plant Grower’s Perspective Alastair Hazell...... 250 The Role of Propagation in a Small Specialist Nursery Irene Bowron...... 253 The Development of Sustainable Growing Media Components from Composted Specific Bio-Waste Streams N. Bragg , T.F. Brocklehurst, A.C. Smith, M. Bhat, and K.W. Waldron...... 256 Influence of Rooting Media in Cuttings Propagation of Caryopteris 5 cladonensis ‘Pershore Jubilee’, Rosmarinus officinalis ‘Tuscan Blue’, Fuchsia magellania var. molinae ‘Sharpitor’, and Abeliophylum disticum Suzanne O’Neill...... 259 Integrated Pest Management for Ornamental Protected Plants Neil Helyer...... 262 Experiences in Propagation of Cornus mas and Cornus florida Cultivars Norman Standbrook...... 268 Experiences in Propagation and Production of Grasses and Grass-Like Plants Claire Wilson...... 270 Propagation of Cercis canadensis ‘Forest Pansy’ Nicholas J. Murphy...... 273 Micropropagation of Mother Stock Plants at Walberton Nursery Claire K. Hobbs...... 277 Use of Cost Analysis to Improve Nursery Profitability Will George...... 281 Experience of Applying Lean Manufacturing on a Container Nursery Gill Dowling...... 288 Propagation and Cultivation of Arctostaphylos in Relation to the Environment in its Natural Habitat in California, U.S.A. Lucy Hart...... 291 One Nurseryman’s Perspective on the Changing U.K. Nursery Trade Peter Catt...... 295 34 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

Fourteenth Annual Meeting — IPPS Scandinavian Region Modern Ways of In Vitro Propagation Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide...... 299 Somatic Embryogenesis in Schlumbergera truncata Ezz Al-Dein Al-Ramamneh, Sridevy Sriskandarajah, and Margrethe Serek...... 308 Campanula (Campanulaceae) in Nature and in Pots Gert Jensen, Rune Harboe Nielsen, and Arne Skytt Andersen...... 310

Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting — Eastern Region, North America President’s Welcoming Remarks Tom Intven...... 321 Exciting Developments in the World of Cornus Elwin R. Orton and Thomas J. Molnar...... 322 Developments in Production and Use of Trees, Shrubs, and Perennials Gert Fortgens...... 325 Some Common Misconceptions About Seed Dormancy Robert L. Geneve...... 327 Chanticleer—A Plant-Geek Pleasure Garden R. William Thomas...... 331 Rooting Cuttings Hydroponically in Compost Tea and Wastewater C. Chong, J. Yang, B. Holbein, H.-W. Liu, R.P. Voroney, and H. Zhou...... 333 Plant Propagation — Industry and Development Romel Flores...... 338 From Propagation to Finish: Container Production at Princeton Nurseries Baldomero Aparicio...... 340 Propagating Asclepias tuberosa from Seed: The Process Francisco Castillo...... 343 Nutrition and Management of Perennial Stock Plants Sinclair A. Adam, Jr...... 348 Germination of Rudbeckia fulgida var. sullivantii ‘Goldsturm’ Allen R. Pyle...... 355 Propagation of Sarracenia Species Randolph A. Heffner...... 356 Asters in the Mid-Atlantic Region: Performance Evaluation and Recommendations for Landscape Use Jeanne Frett and Vic Piatt...... 361 Utilization of Global Assets for the Production of Nursery Products David B. Kirwan...... 368 Epimedium: Back to Basics Anthony Eversmier...... 371 Update on Micropropagation of Trillium Taxa S.L. Kitto, David Opalka, and Jesse Sinanan...... 374 List of Papers Presented at Annual Meetings 35

Judge Them by Their Appearance: Trialing Landscape Shrubs at Longwood Gardens Debbie Metrustry...... 375 Conifer Propagation George Smith...... 378 Understock — Keys to Success Brad Thompson...... 380 Cutting Propagation of Large Leaf Rhododendrons and Deciduous Azaleas Henry “Hank” Schannen...... 382 Chip Budding Hard-to-Root Magnolias Richard Hesselein...... 384 Correlation of Growing Degree Days and the Timing of Cuttings H. William Barnes...... 386 Propagating Wild-Collected Seed of Woody Species Shelley Dillard...... 393 Plant Exploration: Gamble for the Big Payoffs James Harbage...... 395 Cutting Edge Perennials: No Bandages Provided!!! Stephanie Cohen...... 398 Plants and Substrates Are the Heart of the Green Roof David J. Beattie, Robert D. Berghage, and Edmund Snodgrass...... 400 New Introductions from Europe Gert Fortgens...... 405 New Plant Forum Jack Alexander, Andrea Bonville, Allen Bush, Jeremy Deppe, Chuck Flinn, Harlan Hamernik, Alan Jones, Susanne Lucas, Chad Osborn, Peter Podaras, Adam Wheeler...... 407 poster session Softwood Cutting Propagation of Native Lauraceae (Lindera benzoin and Sassafras albidum) as Alternatives to Invasive Horticulture Plants Jenna Sicuranza, Nick Castrataro, Bill Johnson, and Brian Maynard...... 415 Propagation of Woody Plants Through “Long” Cuttings Jelle Hiemstra and Bart van der Sluis...... 417 The Development of Verticillium-Resistant Acer Rootstocks Jelle Heimstra and Bart van der Sluis...... 421 Cultivar Trials at Applied Plant Research Margareth Hop...... 423 Use of Paper-Mill Sludges and Municipal Compost in Nursery Substrates Calvin Chong and Peter Purvis...... 428 Interspecific Hybridization of a White-Flowered, Cold-Hardy Alstroemeria Elizabeth Kollman and Dr. Mark Bridgen...... 433 The Effects of Nitrogen Level and Mist Frequency on Rooting of Three Phlox Species Sinclair A. Adam Jr...... 434 36 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

Severe Cutback of Stock Plant Influences Rooting in Shoots of Quercus bicolor and Quercus macrocarpa Naalamle Amissah and Nina Bassuk...... 436 A Comprehensive Echinacea Germplasm Collection Located at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa Joe-Ann H. McCoy, Mark P. Widrlechner, and Jeffrey D. Carstens...... 439 The Grafting of Cedrus libani ‘Pendula’ onto Picea abies H. William Barnes...... 441 A Taxonomic Revision of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis f. pendula and Implications for Rootstock Selection for Grafting H. William Barnes...... 443 Grafting of Prunus davidiana: Possibilites for Production H. William Barnes...... 446 Propagation of Osmanthus armatus From Hardwood Cuttings H. William Barnes...... 448 Mespilus canescens a Newly Discovered Species: Propagation by Grafting onto Crataegus H. William Barnes...... 449 Somatic Embryo Development in Willow Oak S. Wells, S.T. Kester, and R.L. Geneve...... 451 Breeding Rebloom Diploid Daylilies in Colors Other Than Yellow and Gold Darrel Apps...... 454

Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting — Western Region What You Need to Know About Viruses Michael A. Yoshimura...... 459 New Propagation Facilities at Monrovia Nursery, Visalia, California Jeremy Bahne...... 462 General Session I: Question and Answer Session...... 464 The Best Treatment Combination for Air Layering Litchis Michelle Kong...... 466 Propagation of Arbutus ‘Marina’ by Air-Layering Celeste Whitlow and David Hannings...... 469 Improving Handling and Rooting of Thunbergia alata Joseph Coelho, David Hannings, J. Wyatt Brown, and Matt Ritter...... 472 General Session II: Question and Answer Session...... 477 Disease and Pest Avoidance and Control in Cutting Production Gail Shafer...... 479 Trials with Natural Growth Promoting Products John Keller...... 481 Selection of Mycorrhizal Fungi for California Native Plants Lea Corkidi, Mike Evans and Jeff Bohn...... 489 General Session III: Question and Answer Session...... 490 List of Papers Presented at Annual Meetings 37

Best Management Practices at Monrovia Growers to Prevent the Introduction and Spread of Phytophthora ramorum John Keller...... 491 Bryophytes and Soil Acidification Effects on Trees: The Case of Sudden Oak Death Lee F. Klinger...... 493 Selecting the Right Herbicide for Nursery and Landscape Use Robert P. Rice Jr...... 504 General Session IV: Question and Answer Session...... 506 Notes on Propagation of Various Tropical Woody Ornamentals Richard A. Criley...... 507 The Microprogation and Reintroduction into an Open Environment of Sterile Plumeria rubra Adult and Seedling Tissue William S. Miller and Richard A. Criley...... 512 The Propagation of Uluhe Fern (Dicranopteris linearis): Vegetative Versus Spores Ethan A. Romanchak, Richard A. Criley, and Nellie Sugii...... 517 Propagating Native Plants for the Hopi Nation Thomas D. Landis, David R. Dreesen, Jeremy R. Pinto, and R. Kasten Dumroese...... 520 General Session V: Question and Answer Session...... 523 Evaluation of Seedling Quality and Planting Tools for Successful Establishment of Tropical Hardwoods J.G. Mexal, P. Negreros-Castillo, R.A. Cuevas Rangel, and R. Moreno...... 524 General Session VI: Question and Answer Session...... 531

Thirtieth Annual Meeting — Southern Region of North America Technical Sessions Bill Turk, Alan Shapiro, and Bob Smart...... 535 New Plants for the South Ted Stephens...... 536 Growing Quality Trees for Southeastern Landscapes Michael Marshall...... 542 Grafting Deciduous Plants: Before and Aftercare Brian L. Upchurch...... 546 Impact of Nitrogen Concentration on Stock Plant Yield and Cutting Performance of ‘Purple Small Leaf’ and ‘Raspberry Ice’ Bougainvilleas Christopher B. Cerveny, James L. Gibson, and James E. Barrett...... 550 Evaluation of Quinoclamine and Diuron for Postemergence Control of Liverwort Adam F. Newby, Charles H. Gilliam, Glenn R. Wehtje, and James E. Altland...... 556 Pinebark Mini-Nuggets Provide Effective Weed Control in Nursery Crops Grown in Large Containers Ben M. Richardson, Charles H. Gilliam, Glenn R. Wehtje, and Glenn B. Fain...... 561 38 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005

A Propagator’s Notebook Charlotte LeBlanc...... 566 Tropical Heat: New Coleus Introductions From the University of Florida Penny Nguyen and David Clark...... 571 The China Connection — People, Plants, and Plans of a Horticultural Giant David L. Creech...... 575 Methods and Techniques to Improve Root Initiation of Cuttings Mark Crawford...... 581 Optimizing the Water Relations of Cuttings During Propagation Fred T. Davies, Jr...... 585 Educating the Next Generation of Propagators Ozzie Coor...... 593 Propagation Decisions in a Fluid Market Jim Berry...... 595 Propagation of New Introductions Mark Griffith...... 598 A Water Quality Issue: Opportunity or Opponent? Tom Yeager and Ken Kuhl...... 601 Bouncing Back: Lessons Learned from Hurricanes Tacy Callies...... 604 39

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

SOUTHERN AFRICIAN POTENTIAL REGION

Seventh Annual Meeting

March 2–4, 2005 PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA 40 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005 82 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005 83

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

AUSTRALIAN REGION

Thirty-Third Annual Meeting

April 22–24, 2005 MILDURA, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA 84 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005 148 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005 149

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

NEW ZEALAND REGION

Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting

May 12–15, 2005 TAURANGA, NEW ZEALAND 150 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005 208 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005 209

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

IPPS JAPAN REGION

Twelth Annual Meeting

June 10–11, 2005 TSU, Mie, JAPAN 210 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005 235

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting

August 30–September 2, 2005 Winchester, Hampshire, U.K. 236 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005 319

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

EASTERN REGION, NORTH AMERICA

Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting

October 3–6, 2005 ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY 320 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005 456 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005 457

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

WESTERN REGION

Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting

October 20–22, 2005 SAN LUIS OBISPO, CALIFORNIA 458 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005 533

TECHNICAL SESSION

SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA

Thirtieth Annual Meeting

October 23–26, 2005 Gainesville, Florida 534 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 55, 2005