THE INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROPAGATORS’ SOCIETY

Combined Proceedings Volume 54 2004

et im re p re e e rt a ir u e q

AUSTRALIAN REGION EASTERN REGION, NORTH AMERICA

REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

IPPS JAPAN REGION NEW ZEALAND REGION

SCANDINAVIAN REGION

SOUTHERN AFRICAN POTENTIAL REGION

SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA WESTERN REGION

ISSN 0538-9143

1

THE INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROPAGATORS’ SOCIETY

Combined Proceedings Volume 54 2004

et im re p re e e rt a ir u e q

AUSTRALIAN REGION EASTERN REGION, NORTH AMERICA REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND IPPS JAPAN REGION NEW ZEALAND REGION IPPS SCANDINAVIAN REGION SOUTHERN AFRICAN POTENTIAL REGION SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA WESTERN REGION

Copyright © 2005. The International Plant Propagators’ Society All Rights Reserved

Published 2005 ISSN 0538-9143 2 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 3

Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society (ISSN 0538-9143) is a yearly publication of the International Plant Propagators’ Society (IPPS), 4616 25th Avenue NE, PMB 582, Seattle, Washington 98105 U.S.A. Phone: 206-543-8602; Fax: 206-325-8893; e-mail: [email protected]

Business Office. Memberships are processed at the regional level, with dues being allocated to both international and regional expenses. Contact the regional secretary/treasurer (http://www.ipps.org) in your area of the world for member- ship information and applications. Correspondence regarding replacement copies of proceedings, claims, and changes of address should be sent to a regional secretary/treasurer.

The International Plant Propagators’ Society is not responsible for statements and opinions published in the Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society; they represent the views of the authors or persons to whom they are cred- ited and are not necessarily those of the Society. The publication of research or other types of information by the Society does not constitute a recommendation or endorsement of products or procedures involved; for general use, label recommen- dations and directions must be followed.

Reprinting and quotations from the Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society are permitted only on the conditions that full credit is given to both the Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society and writ- ten approval is obtained from the author(s). In addition, the volume, pagination, and date of publication must be indicated. 2 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 Contents 3

Contents

DEDICATION OF VOLUME 54...... 5

OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS ...... 8

PAST PRESIDENTS...... 9

INTERNATIONAL AWARD OF HONOR...... 10

HONORARY MEMBERS ...... 10

SUMMARY FOR 2004...... 12

FINANCIAL SUMMARY...... 17

IN MEMORIAM ...... 19

AUSTRALIAN REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 20 Past Presidents...... 20 Australian Award of Honour ...... 21

EASTERN REGION, NORTH AMERICA Officers and Executive Committee...... 21 Past Presidents...... 22 Award of Merit Recipients ...... 22 Fellow Recipients ...... 23

REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND Officers and Executive Committee...... 24 Past Presidents...... 25 Recipients of Rose Bowl Award...... 25 Recipients of the Robert Garner Award ...... 25

IPPS JAPAN REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 26 Past Presidents...... 26

NEW ZEALAND REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 26 Past Presidents...... 27 Award of Merit...... 27 Award of Recognition ...... 27 4 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 5

SCANDINAVIAN REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 27 Past Presidents...... 28

SOUTHERN AFRICAN POTENTIAL REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 28 Past Presidents...... 28

SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA Officers and Executive Committee...... 28 Past Presidents...... 29 Recipients of Sidney B. Meadows Award of Merit ...... 29 Fellow Recipients ...... 30

WESTERN REGION Officers and Executive Committee...... 30 Past Presidents...... 31 Curtis J. Alley Award of Merit Recipients ...... 31

LIST OF PAPERS: Sixth Annual Meeting — Southern African Potential Region...... 32 Thirty-Third Annual Meeting—New Zealand Region...... 32 Thirty-Second Annual Meeting—Australian Region ...... 32 Thirty-Seventh Annual Meeting—Region of Great Britain and Ireland ...... 33 Eleventh Annual Meeting—IPPS Japan Region ...... 34 Thirteenth Annual Meeting—IPPS Scandinavian Region ...... 35 Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting—Western Region...... 36 Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting—Eastern Region, North America...... 36 Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting—Southern Region of North America ...... 39

TECHNICAL SESSIONS: Southern African Potential Region—Sixth Annual Meeting...... 41 New Zealand Region—Thirty-Third Annual Meeting...... 73 Australian Region—Thirty-Second Annual Meeting...... 73 Great Britain and Ireland Region—Thirty-Seventh Annual Meeting ...... 151 IPPS Japan Region—Eleventh Annual Meeting ...... 259 Scandinavian Region—Thirteenth Annual Meeting...... 297 Western Region—Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting...... 333 Eastern Region, North America—Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting...... 381 Southern Region of North America—Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting ...... 561

SUBJECT INDEX ...... 657

PLANT NAME INDEX ...... 678

AUTHOR INDEX ...... 694 4 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 Dedication 5 6 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 7

DEDICATION

The I.P.P.S. International Board of Directors granted the International Award of Honour 2004 to Philip McMillan Browse, a member in the Region of Great Britain and Ireland since 1968. This volume of the Combined Proceedings of I.P.P.S. is dedicated to him as part of the Award, which recognises individuals who have given exceptional and distinguished service to I.P.P.S. and achieved outstanding accom- plishments in plant propagation. Mac, as he is known to many I.P.P.S. members, was nominated for his dedica- tion as a teacher, manager, propagator and researcher; his belief in the potential of young people; his desire to share knowledge and inspiration through his obser- vations and writings as a propagator; his ability to communicate professionalism in plant propagation and husbandry both to fellow professionals and to the wider public; the influence he has had on improvements to many aspects of nursery stock production and his continuing deep commitment to I.P.P.S.. He was born on the Isles of Scilly, in the South West of the UK, in 1936, where he often worked on the holding of R. W. Ward & Son, on the island of St Mary’s, gaining valuable experience and sowing the seed for his love of growing plants. After school he studied horticulture at the University of Nottingham, graduating in 1958 with a Bachelor of Science Degree. After periods as a demonstrator and lecturer at Read- ing University and Merrist Wood College he became Senior Lecturer in Nursery Practices at Kent Horticultural Institute and Hadlow College of Agriculture and Horticulture, Kent, in 1964. He was responsible for setting up state of the art prop- agation facilities at Hadlow and implementing commercial systems of propagation and plant production on a scale not practiced in any other education establishment. His inspirational approach influenced a generation of horticulturists and many of his former students have become leading figures in the industry. He went on to head the horticulture department at Brooksby Agricultural Col- lege (1970 to 1984), where he formed strong links with the local nursery industry in Leicestershire. This was followed by the Directorship of Saratoga Horticultural foundation in California, where he built up a vast knowledge and understanding of Californian and ‘Mediterranean’ plants which he subsequently was able to share both with professional colleagues and members of the public back in the UK. Mac returned to the UK in 1987 to become Director of the Royal Horticultural Society’s gardens at Wisley, Surrey, where his time was marked by his confident determination to re-make extensive parts of the Garden damaged by the devastat- ing storm which hit the area that autumn. He brought his love and understanding of Mediterranean plants with him from Saratoga and created new Mediterranean beds and planted south facing slopes with a range of material from around the world that could thrive in Wisley’s thin, free draining soil. He was the only Director during the last 25 years to undertake propagation master classes as part of a train- ing programme for horticulture students at Wisley. He left the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) in 1990 and worked for 3 years as Principal Horticultural Education Officer in his beloved Cornwall, before becom- ing consultant to two of the most important horticultural projects the county has seen — the restoration of the Lost Gardens of Heligan and the Eden Project. Many acknowledge that without his encouragement and advice the marvellous Heligan Garden would have remained derelict. While at Heligan Philip worked with owner 6 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 Dedication 7

Tim Smit to develop the ideas that led to the Eden Project, which aims to both entertain and educate the public about the vital importance of plants to all aspects of human life. Its success is internationally regarded. Philip continues his involve- ment in both projects as a Director and Consultant. His horticultural activities in Cornwall, which include involvement with many other gardens and horticultural projects in the area, have increased millions of people’s plant knowledge. After 46 years’ commitment to horticulture, and in particular plant propagation, he is still extremely active, working quietly behind the scenes on numerous projects and writings. He was made a Fellow of the Institute of Horticulture in 1987 and re- ceived an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Plymouth in 2000. He has also served on nursery stock committees of the National Farmers Union and numerous training and educational committees and advisory panels. He has written numer- ous books and scientific papers on propagation and other horticultural subjects, which have become a vital source of information to many propagators. His most important books include Hardy Woody Plants from Seed (1979); RHS Handbook on Plant Propagation (1979); Commercial Production of Climbing Plants (1981); Palms for Cooler Climates (1993); and Gardening on the Edge (2004). The GB&I Region of I.P.P.S. was fortunate to have had Philip McMillan Browse’s commitment at its very beginning. He joined in 1968, was elected to the GB&I Committee in 1969, served as Treasurer from 1969 to 1972, became Editor from 1972 to 1976, was elected Vice President in 1976 and served as President from 1976 to 1978. During his Presidential year he also served as International Alternate Director. As one of the earliest members of the Region his enthusiasm and commitment helped to shape it. He had influence and contacts with a wide cross-section of the industry, from young people just beginning their career to many prominent industry leaders, and encouraged all to join, swelling member- ship at a crucial period. He was presented with the Region’s Rose Bowl Award in 1980, in recognition of his contribution. He continues to play an active role in GB&I by his attendance at our Area Meet- ings, where he can always be relied on to stimulate discussion and debate by en- couraging members to share their knowledge and experience. He is also a sought after and regular contributor to our Conferences, not only as a speaker or chairper- son but also as a moderator during Question Box sessions, and he has helped to run Practical Training Workshops on aspects of raising plants from seed. His most recent Conference paper was “The Science Behind Seed Propagation” (published in Volume 51). Even after so many years of active participation in our Society, his com- mitment is as vigorous as ever and when support for I.P.P.S. is needed, his answer is always “Yes”: he is someone who gives his time freely for the benefit of others. Even after such great achievements he is still the same old Mac with the same enthusi- asm for our Society, which is why he is held in high esteem among all the members of GB&I and our industry at large.

Dennis Fordham, International Director Spence Gunn, International Alternate Director Region of GB&I 2004 8 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 9

The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. Mailing Address: 4616 25th Avenue NE, PMB 582 Seattle, Washington 98105, U.S.A.

OFFICERS – 2005

J. Michael Evans Tree of Life Nursery San Juan Capistrano, California 92693 U.S.A. President

Jörgen H. Selchau GPL International as Lavsenvänget 18 Odense V, DK-5200 Denmark Vice-President

International Secretary-Treasurer — JOHN A. WOTT 4616 25th Avenue NE, PMB 582 Seattle, Washington 98105, U.S.A. International Editor — CHARLES W. HEUSER, JR. Department of Horticulture, 315 Tyson Building University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 U.S.A. Botanical Editor — WARREN G. ROBERTS University Arboretum, University of California Davis, California 95616 U.S.A. 8 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. 9

MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOARD OF DIRECTORS J. Michael Evans, President Jörgen H. Selchau, Vice President John A. Wott, Secretary-Treasurer Charles W. Heuser, Jr., Editor David W. Daly, Director from Australian Region Dale Deppe, Director from Eastern Region, North America Jac Duif, Director from Southern African Potential Region John Follett, Director from New Zealand Region Spencer Gunn, Director from Region of Great Britain and Ireland James F. McConnell, Director from Western Region Nobumasa Nito, Director from IPPS Japan Region Jörgen H. Selchau, Director from Scandinavian Region Ken M. Tilt, Director from Southern Region of North America

PAST PRESIDENTS INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROPAGATORS’ SOCIETY, INC. 1961 – Harvey Templeton, Jr.* 1984 – Dr. John A. Wott 1962 – Donald Hartman* 1985 – Ian Tolley 1963 – Dr. William E. Snyder* 1986 – Dr. Philip E. Parvin 1964 – Percy C. Everett* 1987 – Marcus David Byers 1965 – Dr. John P. Mahlsted* 1988 – Ruth Henderson 1966 – William J. Curtis* 1989 – Michael L. Dunnett 1967 – John B. Roller* 1990 – Dr. Elton M. Smith 1968 – Dr. Howard C. Brown 1991 – Edward J. Bunker 1969 – J. Peter Vermeulen 1992 – Edwin S. Kubo 1970 – Henry J. Ishida 1993 – John L. Machen, Sr. 1971 – Ralph Shugert* 1994 – T. Eddie Welsh 1972 – Bruce A. Briggs* 1995 – Christopher G. Lane 1973 – Dr. Charles E. Hess 1996 – Ian Gordon 1974 – Dr. Andrew T. Leiser 1997 – A. Bruce Macdonald 1975 – Arthur Carter 1998 – Jörgen H. Selchau 1976 – Dr. Harold B. Tukey, Jr. 1999 – James “Jim” B. Berry 1977 – George Oki 2000 – Peter Orum 1978 – Lawrence Carville 2001 – Malcolm Woolmore 1979 – Lawrence Carville 2002 – David Hutchinson 1980 – Marcus Peterson 2003 – John Bunker 1981 – Donald Dillon 2004 – Naoki Omori 1982 – Raymond Evison 1983 – Charles Parkerson *Deceased 10 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 11

INTERNATIONAL AWARD OF HONOR 1986 – Dr. William E. Snyder* Eastern 1989 – James S. Wells* Eastern 1990 – Dr. Hudson T. Hartmann* Western 1991 – Mr. Bruce A. Briggs* Western 1992 – Mr. Ralph B. Shugert* Eastern 1993 – Mr. Brian E. Humphrey G.B.&I. 1994 – Mr. O. A. “Jolly” Batcheller* Western 1995 – Dr. Richard H. Zimmerman Eastern 1996 – Mr. A.T. (Tom) Wood G.B.&I. 1997 – Mr. Charles Parkerson Southern 1998 – Mr. Ian Tolley Australian 1999 – Ms. Margaret Scott G.B.&I 2000 – Mr. Peter Orum Eastern 2001 – Mr. Edward Bunker Australian 2002 – Mr. Richard L. “Dick” Marshall Southern 2003 – Dr. Dale Kester* Western 2004 – Philip McMillan Browse G.B.&I.

I.P.P.S. HONORARY MEMBERS 1953 – Dr. Samuel L. Emsweller* Eastern 1957 – Dr. L.C. Chadwick* Eastern 1968 – Dr. F.L. Skinner* Eastern 1973 – Dr. Robert Garner* G.B.&I. 1974 – Martin Van Hof* Eastern Dr. John Wister* Eastern 1978 – Al Fordham* Eastern 1979 – Dr. William E. Snyder* Eastern James Wells* Eastern 1980 – Paul Bosley, Sr.* Eastern Harvey Gray* Eastern Case Hoogendoorn* Eastern Bruce Macdonald G.B.&I. Roy Nordine* Eastern 1981 – Dr. Ronald de Fossard Australian John Roller* Eastern Richard Vanderbilt* Eastern 1982 – Dave Dugan Eastern Roy Halward* Eastern Carl Orndorff* Eastern Ralph Synnestvedt* Eastern 1983 – Dr. Hudson T. Hartmann* Western Riley Roach* Southern 1984 – Oliver A. Batcheller* Western Dr. Gustav A.L. Mehlquist* Eastern Dr. Sidney Waxman* Eastern 1985 – Dr. Curtis J. Alley* Western Keith Lamb G.B.&I. G.F.B. Smith New Zealand 10 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. 11

1987 – Ellaby Martin New Zealand Richard Martyr G.B.&I. 1989 – A. Thomas Wood G.B.&I. 1990 – Bruce A. Briggs* Western 1991 – Bob Ticknor Western 2002 – David Byers Southern John Machen, Sr. Southern

*Deceased 12 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 13

SUMMARY – 2004

This year followed a more typical pattern, with IPPS business routinely occurring. It was a bit unusual in that the time between the International Board Meetings was 17 months. In 2003, we met in May in Australia, and this year we met in Japan in September. We were thrilled that our first International President from IPPS- Japan (Naoki Omori) was our president. The Regional Secretary/Treasurers preformed a yeoman’s job in getting their membership records on our web-based system on time. This enabled us to assist the International Editor in producing copies of Volume 53 in near record time, having arrived in many regions before the International Board began meeting in Japan. Our computer consultant has again been very instrumental in helping with further developments, assisting regional secretaries and keeping our system running and free from all maladies of spam and other electronic graffiti. The following chart displays the membership counts as of December 31, 2004, on the International rolls. This was the fourth straight year of declining total member- ship, although the drop was not quite as high. The Australian, IPPS-Japan, New Zealand and Southern African Potential regions all increased, whereas the Eastern Region N.A., Great Britain & Ireland, Scandinavian, Southern Region of N.A., and Western Regions all declined. The International Board placed membership decline on its meeting agenda for further discussion.

Membership – International Roll – December 31, 2004 Region Active Totals I II 2002 2003 2004 Australian 177 24 223 194 201 East.Reg.N.A. 549 91 701 651 640 G. B. & I. 191 121 346 341 312 IPPS Japan 69 25 94 118 121 New Zealand 148 63 193 204 211 Scandinavian 63 14 123 105 77 Southern Africa 49 8 55 45 57 South.Reg.N.A. 321 0 382 341 321 Western 309 72 514 411 381 Total 1876 418 2574 2413 2294 Increase (Decrease) (9) (161) (119)

The breakdown of orders for books and CDs as well as Membership only (Option II) follows. There was a significant drop in members who ordered the book, while CD sales increased. The three continental North American regions began to offer Membership Only options and a large number of members selected that option. 12 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 Summary 2004 13

SUMMARY – MEMBERSHIP, BOOK, CD COUNTS 2004 Memberships Regional Member Total Total Orders Region Book CD Both Only Members Books CD Book CD Australia 132 39 6 24 201 138 45 5 5 East. Reg. N.A. 416 88 45 91 640 461 133 6 6 G.B.& I. 132 39 20 121 312 152 59 4 1 IPPS Japan 20 46 3 25 94 23 49 6 0 New Zealand 117 27 4 63 211 121 31 6 1 Scandinavian 33 30 0 14 77 33 30 0 0 South. Reg. N.A. 255 46 21 0 321 276 67 2 2 Southern African 32 14 3 8 57 35 17 0 0 Western 200 81 28 72 381 228 109 6 0

Total 1337 410 129 418 2294 1467 540 35 15

Our investments are managed through the D. A. Davidson Company in Seattle, Scott Lisle as our broker. The investment policy approved by the International Board has served us well in these years of some volatility. The objective of the in- vestment policy is to: a. preserve and enhance the purchasing and earning power of our funds. b. To seek as high an annual total return as possible, taking into ac- count the economy and market times. c. Measure our success over a 5–10 year period. d. Seek investments of low to medium risk, safeguarding the Society’s funds.

Our basic strategy has been and will continue to use a conservative growth ap- proach, while always searching for the higher yields. By being able to invest larger sums at each time, we can often obtain a higher rate of interest. There are no investments in high risk or speculative stocks or funds. Each June/July, after the membership dues is received, approximately $90,000 is invested in a shorter-term fund which the Treasurer can use to pay off expenses during the year. Our primary instrument vehicles are: CDs, Government Bonds, and High Quality Corporate Bond or any other high interest safe security deposits. Our fund assets will be held in an investment portfolio with an active, strategic strategy. Our strategy is: a. 40%–50% in fixed income investments b. 25%–30% in mutual funds c. 20%–25% in stocks d. 5% in cash It is our objective to maintain long-term stability and to look at a 5-year invest- ment horizon. However, should we see a holding which has begun to look less 14 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 15 secure, we should move immediately to reduce risk. Our investments would be diversified so as to minimize the risk of any large losses. The entire portfolio will be constructed and maintained to provide prudent diversification with regard to concentration of holdings in individual issues, corporations or industries. In 2004, our total return was 10%. This year, the International Meeting was held in conjunction with the 11th An- nual Meeting of the IPPS-Japan Region in the Okura ACT City Hotel, Hamamatsu, Japan on Wednesday, September 4, 2004. The IPPS-Japan Conference followed on June 9–10, 2004. The International Meeting was preceded by our first International IPPS tour in Japan, which was held August 31– September 7, 2004. Many participants flew into the Kansai airport where we were most honorably met by our hosts. We enjoyed our first train ride into Kyoto where the festivities began. During this busy week, we saw the Kyoto Botanical Garden, Kinkakuji (Golden Pavilion) Temple, Kiyomizudera Temple, and the pottery of Kiyomizu. We also visited the Toudaiji Temple, Kasuga Grate Shrine, and Houryuji Temple in the Nara area. Next we toured the Takii & Company, Ltd. Plant Breeding and Experiment Sta- tion which is the No. 1 seed company in Japan. Later we were almost overwhelmed with the floral displays at the Cactus Village and theBegonia collections which kept our cameras clicking. The M-type Hydroponics along with the Toyoake Flower Mar- ket were also visited. We had the opportunity to attend the huge outdoor display of the PACIFIC FLORA 2004 (Shizuoka International Garden and Horticulture Exhibition) for an entire day. The weather was hot and humid and most of us experienced the rains associated with two typhoons. Two earthquakes also kept us alert. We were treated to tradi- tional Japanese cuisine and our hosts brought us karaoke singing, assorted Japanese beverages and we all enjoyed learning some Japanese as well as the great smile and spirit of “Mr. Thank you very much” — Mr. Shibata. President Omori and his hosts are to be congratulated on a job “well done” for our first Japanese International ex- perience. We also owe a great vote of thanks to Peter Waugh, who has been assisting with arrangements and flying to Japan for meetings during the past several years. The International Board Meeting was conducted by President Omori who had Vice-president Mike Evans assist him. Directors were present from all regions in- cluding Southern African Potential Region. Alternate Directors were in attendance from all regions except Scandinavia. Secretary/Treasurer John Wott and Editor Heuser presented their usual reports. Director Elsa DuToit reported on the successful year in the Southern African Poten- tial Region and encouraged members to attend their next meeting. Director Sheila Bhattacharya reported that Latin America was now considered a part of the West- ern Region. Director Fordham reported on meetings being held in Poland, Hungary, and Bulgaria. The IPPS Journal produced by Dr. Iliev in Hungary was discussed and the Board awarded $300 to the project. There was considerable discussion about placing the Combined Proceedings on our web site. It was finally agreed that we would place the first ten volumes on our website after they had undergone an editorial formatting review, hopefully by October 2005. Work continues on the 50-year Index by Editor Heuser and he is hoping to be able to showcase it at the 2005 International Board Meeting. It is also anticipated that this 14 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 Summary 2004 15

Index will be placed on our website, again hopefully by October 2005. The review by our botanical editor, Warren Roberts, is quite extensive and time consuming. The Board unanimously endorsed Phillip McMillan-Browse as the recipient of the 2004 Award of Honor. Director Selchau reported on the study tour and programs in continental Europe as a prelude to the International meeting in Denmark for 2006. This could include visits in the Netherlands and Germany. Vice President Evans also presented an outline of our pre-tour and meeting site for our 2005 meetings. Director Fordham reported on the constitutional amendments which had already been passed by the regions. He also presented additional amendments which also were accepted for voting in the regions. Director Garrett presented an extensive report on membership retention. He had been asked by the Board to gather information from each region. The Board will ask each Director to report on their regional discussion of this report, with feedback to the International Board in 2005. A further lengthy discussion was held on the placement of all volumes of the Com- bined Proceedings on the web site. The Board did approve a motion that all volumes of the Combined Proceedings should be placed on the website as soon as economi- cally feasible, with the two most recent volumes password protected for member access only. Because of the cost to make them web ready, it will take some time and effort to place all volumes on the web system. The Board also encouraged regional officers to better understand our web sys- tem, including the list serve, chat room, and other member services. They were also encouraged to review and use the label and report systems which have been established. All Board members were encouraged to think how to use the system in a better way. In an earlier pre-meeting, Secretary/Treasurer Wott announced his intention of stepping down as that International Officer at the end of 2006, which will be 20 years in the position. The Board authorized a committee to study the duties of the office, set up and guide the search process for the selection of the successor. It is hoped that the decision for replacement can be confirmed at the 2005 Board meet- ing, giving a year for that person to learn about the position. Considerable discussion was also held on how to produce and distribute the Membership Directory. It was agreed that it would be assembled from the web site, converted to a PDF file and then made available to members through the regional secretaries. The Board made some specific recommendations on what type of infor- mation should be placed into the directory. The Board approved the establishment of the position of Second Vice President. This had been studied for several years. This will require a Constitutional amendment. The budget for 2005 was approved with projected income of $158,240, expenses of $136,590, interest in cash reserves of $5000, for a projected surplus of $16,650. International dues levels were not changed. The Directors from each region shared specific ideas from their meetings as given in their written reports. Directors are encouraged to be sharing 6 month reports to the Board during the year. I would like to acknowledge the leadership of President Naoki Omori. Many in IPPS- Japan helped to make this a most pleasant experience. I would like to acknowledge 16 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 17

Mr. Mikio Minimide, Mr. Masura Shibata, Dr. Musanaori Tomika, and Kaneto Aoyama for all their help in making our tour, meeting, and experience so pleasant. This also includes Peter Waugh from New Zealand. The office of the Secretary/Treasurer continued at the Washington Park Ar- boretum with some storage at the Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. The main IPPS business membership system is housed in an office in Secretary Wott’s residence. This will change early in 2005, as Secretary Wott makes some job changes. This job could not be done without the wonderful cooperation of all the Regional Secretary/Treasurers as well as the International Board members. The regional secretary/treasures are to be commended for all their hard work on the web mem- bership and for sharing all of their comments. This is truly a Society of seeking, sharing and helping. And as always, I must acknowledge my fellow officer, Dr. Charles Heuser, our talented editor. He meticulously keeps me on my toes and is a wonderful work com- panion. Mr. Warren Roberts continues his yeoman service as our botanical editor and his attention to those botanical details is most time consuming. Again this year, Ms. Patricia Heuser was our expert International Board Secretary. Also thanks to those who have helped on a daily basis: Fran Myer — University records; Carol E. Jensen — financial review and counsel; Scott Lisle — financial planning and investments; and Johan Pingree — web consultant and web master. Prepared: April 30, 2005 John A. Wott, Ph. D. Secretary, International 16 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 Summary 2004 17

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

January 1 – December 31, 2004

Balance – January 1, 2003 Checking Account $56 Investments $331,281

TOTAL: $331,337

Receipts Membership Dues $128,315 Sales: Proc. (Vol. 53) 13,940 Sales: Inventory 271 Interest, Investments 6,392

TOTAL: $136,372

TOTAL BALANCE AND RECEIPTS: $467,709

Expenditures: Proceedings: Printing: Volume 53 $36,223 Postage: Volume 53 5,251 Postage – Inventory Sales 98 Sales Promotion 110 CD – Production 2,459 Postage 1,078 Honorarium – Editor 15,597 Secretarial 2,351 Contingency 1,000 Botanical Editor 650 Pre-Conference Tour Costs 5,120 International Board – Travel 13,256 Board Meeting/Lunch 868 Minute Secretary 600 Meeting Supplies 600 Bond/State License 265 Office: Financial Review 695 Secretarial 560 Postage 1,875 Telecommunications 1,888 Stationery, Supplies 203 Plaques – postage 3,200 Honorarium – Secretary/Treasurer 17,861 International President Expenses 500 Award of Honor 18 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 19

Computerization: Insurance 50 Development 9,100 Supplies 599 Refunds, out of stock 56 Bank charges 147

MONEYS EXPENDED $122,260

CONTINGENCIES (Moneys set aside): Total Held In 2004 Index $11,000 0 Botanical Editing 4,420 0 Plaques 26,720 0 Pins 3,200 0 Computer for Editor 1,000 0 Total $45,940

TOTAL EXPENDITURES (including contingencies) $123,260

BALANCE FOR YEAR $13,112

ACTUAL EXPENSES BUDGETED FOR 2002 $142,763

SURPLUS OVER BUDGETED EXPENSES $19,503

BALANCE:

December 31, 2002 Checking Account $5,628 Investments 306,558 TOTAL FUNDS $312,186

Operating Fund Balance for 2004* $13,112 Minus Total Contingencies Held $45,940

John A. Wott Treasurer, International

• Subject to Auditor’s Financial Review • Investment funds subject to Stock Market Adjustments 18 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 In Memoriam 19

IN MEMORIAM It is with the deepest regret that the deaths of the following members during 2004 are recorded:

David Aydelotte Western Region Ian Donovan Eastern Region, North America Robin Hastie Eastern Region, North America Charles (Chuck) Hudson Southern Region of North America Zeke E. Mailman Western Region O. A. Matkin Western Region Robert Papetti Southern Region of North America Ray Pavitt Western Region Tim Rodda Western Region George Ryan Western Region Robert Tomayer Eastern Region, North America Carl Totemeier Eastern Region, North America Ted Van Veen Western Region Jack Wick Western Region 20 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 21

The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. Regional Officers and Committees

AUSTRALIAN REGION

OFFICERS President—GREG MCPHEE, Summerfruit Australia Limited, PO Box 339, Lismore, NSW 2480 First Vice-President—CLIVE R. LARKMAN, Larkman Nurseries Pty. Ltd., PO Box 567, Lilydale, Vic 3140 Second Vice-President—ALAN SAUNDERS, Boulevarde Nurseries, P.O. Box 816, Irymple, Vic 3498 Secretary—PAMELA J. BERRYMAN, 27 Petunia Crescent, Mt Cotton, Qld 4165 Editor—LEISA J. ARMSTRONG, University of Melbourne-Burnley College, 500 Yarra Boulevarde, Richmond, Vic 3121 Historian—IAN GORDON, University of Queensland, Gatton College, Lawes, Queensland 4343

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Greg McPhee, President (term Janis House (term expires 2006) expires 2005) David Cliffe (term expires 2007) Clive Larkman, First Vice-President Andrew Mathews (term (term expires 2005) expires 2007) Alan Saunders, Second Vice- Leisa J. Armstrong, Editor President (term expires 2005) (term expires Dec 2005) Robert Reynolds (term expires 2005) David Daly, International Director David Ponman (term expires 2005) (term expires Dec 2005) Lionel Sach (term expires 2006)

PAST PRESIDENTS, AUSTRALIAN REGION Edward Bunker...... 1973-74 Anthony Biggs...... 1989-90 Edward Bunker...... 1974-75 Ian Gordon...... 1990-91 John Teulon ...... 1975-76 Peter Ollerenshaw ...... 1991-92 Marcus Petersen ...... 1976-77 John Bunker...... 1992-93 Ian Tolley ...... 1977-78 Henry Hilton...... 1993-94 Adrian Bowden...... 1978-79 Fred von Allmen...... 1994-95 Henry van der Staay...... 1979-80 Kevin Handreck ...... 1995-96 Peter B. Smith...... 1980-81 Ross Hall...... 1996-97 Jack Pike...... 1981-82 Ralph Scott ...... 1997-98 Ben Swane ...... 1982-83 Henry Boogaard ...... 1998-99 Dennis Hearne ...... 1983-84 Sandra Hetherington...... 1999-00 Natalie Peate...... 1984-85 Peter Lewis...... 2000-01 Ian Gordon...... 1985-86 Paul Carmen...... 2001-02 Ray Wadewitz...... 1986-87 David W. Daly...... 2002-03 Irene Bowden...... 1987-88 Greg McPhee ...... 2003-04 Anthony Biggs...... 1988-89 20 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. Regional Officers and Committees 21

AUSTRALIAN AWARD OF HONOUR Edward Bunker, 1991 Peter Smith, 1998 Ian Tolley, 1992 Peter Ollerenshaw, 1999 John Teulon, 1993 John Bunker, 2000 Natalie Peate, 1994 Leisa Armstrong, 2001 Tony Biggs, 1995 Ross Hall, 2002 Ian Gordon, 1996 Sandra Hetherington, 2003 Kevin Handreck, 1997

ROD TALLIS MEMORIAL YOUTH AWARD Libby Metcalfe, 1983 Chris Bunker, 1993 Tom Kapitany, 1984 Joe McAuliffe, 1994 Peter Lewis, 1985 Linda Ketelhohn, 1995 Alison Fuss, 1986 Bryan Mole, 1996 Gavin Porter, 1987 Seona Casonato, 1997 Robert Bolch, 1988 Jennifer Gaiardo, 1998 David Daly, 1989 John Messina, 1999 Leisa Armstrong, 1990 Tony Page, 2000 Des Boorman, 1991 Glenis McBurnie, 2002 Steven Eggleton, 1992 Janis House, 2003

EASTERN REGION NORTH AMERICA

OFFICERS President—TOM INTVEN, Canadale Nurseries, Ltd., 269 Sunset Drive, St. Thomas, Ontario N5R 3C4 Canada First Vice-President—STEVE CASTORANI, North Creek Nurseries, 388 North Creek Road, Landenberg, Pennsylvania 19350 Second Vice-President—DR. DARREL A. APPS, Woodside Nursery, 327 Beebe Run Road, Bridgeton, NJ 08302 Secretary-Treasurer—MARGOT J. BRIDGEN, 1700 North Parish Drive, Southold, NY 11971 Editor—DR. CHARLES W. HEUSER, JR., Department of Horticulture, 315 Tyson Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802

BOARD OF DIRECTORS Tom Intven, President Ron Amos (term expires 2005) Steve Castorani, First Vice-President Tom Kimmel (term expires 2005) Dr. Darrel A. Apps, Second Harlan Hamernik (term Vice-President expires 2006) Alan Jones, Past-President Ron Strasko (term expires 2006) Dale Deppe, Director on Dr. Paul E. Cappiello (term International Board expires 2007) Jim Johnson, Alternate Director on James R. Ault (term expires 2007) International Board 22 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 23

PAST PRESIDENTS, EASTERN REGION NORTH AMERICA James S. Wells*...... 1951-52 Ray Halward*...... 1978-79 James S. Wells*...... 1952-53 Wayne Lovelace...... 1979-80 L.C. Chadwick* ...... 1953-54 John A. Wott ...... 1980-81 Richard H. Fillmore* ...... 1954-55 John Sparmann...... 1981-82 Edward H. Scanlon* ...... 1955-56 Don Shadow...... 1982-83 Louis Vanderbrook...... 1956-57 Leonard Stoltz* ...... 1983-84 Hugh Steavenson* ...... 1957-58 Leonard Savella*...... 1984-85 Roy M. Nordine* ...... 1958-59 Elton M. Smith...... 1985-86 Harvey M. Templeton, Jr.*...... 1959-60 Charles Tosovsky ...... 1986-87 Martin Van Hof* ...... 1960-61 Kathleen Freeland...... 1987-88 William E. Snyder*...... 1961-62 Chris Graham...... 1988-89 John P. Mahlstede*...... 1962-63 Peter Orum...... 1989-90 John B. Roller*...... 1963-64 Clayton Fuller*...... 1990-91 Vincent K. Bailey*...... 1964-65 Steven Still ...... 1991-92 J. Peter Vermeulen ...... 1965-66 Paul L. Smeal ...... 1992-93 Stuart H. Nelson ...... 1966-67 Thomas McCloud ...... 1993-94 Ralph Shugert* ...... 1967-68 David Beattie...... 1994-95 David H. Dugan ...... 1968-69 Anna J. Knuttel...... 1995-96 Charles E. Hess...... 1969-70 Kris R. Bachtell...... 1996-97 Thomas Pinney, Jr...... 1970-71 Deborah D. McCown...... 1997-98 William Flemer III...... 1971-72 Tim Brotzman ...... 1998-99 Harold B. Tukey, Jr...... 1972-73 Dale G. Deppe...... 1999-00 David B. Paterson* ...... 1973-74 Dan Studebaker ...... 2000-01 Lawrence Carville...... 1974-75 Richard Bir ...... 2001-02 Lawrence Carville...... 1975-76 James Johnson...... 2002-03 Richard Bosley...... 1976-77 Alan Jones ...... 2003-04 John McGuire...... 1977-78 *Deceased

RECIPIENTS OF EASTERN REGION’S PLANT PROPAGATORS’ AWARD OF MERIT This award is made to the individual(s) who, in the opinion of the Award of Merit Committee, has made a significant contribution to the field of plant propagation. The criteria for selection include scientific discovery and application of facts related to propagation practices and techniques, and/or for service rendered to the science and practice of plant propagation. The following have received the award: L.C. Chadwick*, Columbus, Ohio, 1957 John P. Mahlstede*, Ames, Iowa, 1967 F.L. Skinner*, Morden, Manitoba, 1958 Leslie Hancock*, Cooksville, J.S. Wells*, Red Bank, New Jersey, 1959 Ontario, 1968 H.M. Templeton, Jr.*, Winchester, F.L.S. O’Rourke, Fort Collins, Tennessee, 1960 Colorado, 1969 Carl Kern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1962 Case Hoogendoorn*, Newport, Charles E. Hess, Lafayette, Rhode Island, 1970 Indiana, 1963 Alfred Fordham*, Jamaica Plain, W.E. Snyder*, New Brunswick, Massachusetts, 1971 New Jersey, 1964 Richard H. Fillmore*, Duke Martin Van Hof*, Newport, Rhode University, 1972 Island, 1966 22 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. Regional Officers and Committees 23

William Flemer III, Princeton, Leonard Savella*, Exeter, Rhode New Jersey, 1973 Island, 1988 Harvey Gray*, Melville, Elton M. Smith, Columbus, Ohio, 1989 New York, 1974 Wayne Lovelace, Elsberry, Hugh Steavenson*, Elsberry, Missouri, 1990 Missouri, 1975 David H. Dugan, Rocky River, Thomas Pinney, Jr., Sturgeon Bay, Ohio, 1991 Wisconsin, 1976 Peter Orum, St. Charles, Illinois, 1992 John Roller*, Marshall, Texas, 1977 Charles Tosovsky, Edwardsville, Ray Halward*, Hamilton, Illinois, 1993 Ontario, 1978 Charles W. Heuser, Jr., State College, Sidney Waxman*, Storrs, Pennsylvania, 1994 Connecticut, 1979 Elwin R. Orton, Jr., New Brunswick, Carl Orndorff*, Clarksville, New Jersey, 1995 Maryland, 1980 Chris Graham, Hamilton, Ralph Shugert*, Grand Haven, Ontario, 1996 Michigan, 1981 Robert Gouveia, Norton, J. Peter Vermuelen, Neshanic Massachusetts, 1997 Station, New Jersey,1981 David Bakker, Sr., St. Catharines, John McGuire, University of Rhode Ontario, 1998 Island, 1982 Harold Pellett, Chanhassen, Larry Carville, Vernon, Minnesota, 1999 Connecticut, 1982 Richard (Dick) Bir, Fletcher, Gustav Mehlquist*, Storrs, North Carolina, 2000 Connecticut, 1983 Kris R. Bachtell, Lisle, Illinois, 2001 Richard H. Zimmerman, Beltsville, Deborah McCown, Madison, Maryland, 1984 Wisconsin, 2002 Joerg Leiss, Oakville, Ontario, 1985 Kathy Freeland, St. Charles, James Cross*, Cutchogue, Illinois, 2003 New York, 1986 Jack Alexander, Jamaica Plain, Edmund V. Mezitt*, Hopkinton, Massachusetts, 2004 Massachusetts, 1987 *Deceased

FELLOW RECIPIENTS David R. Dugan, 1990 Richard A. Jaynes, 1993 Kathleen S. Freeland, 1990 John P. Mahlstede*, 1993 Wayne Lovelace, 1990 Gustav Mehlquist*, 1993 Ralph B. Shugert*, 1990 Carl Orndorff*, 1993 Leonard P. Stoltz*, 1990 Elwin R. Orton, Jr., 1993 Al J. Fordham*, 1991 Harold Pellett, 1993 John McGuire, 1991 John B. Roller*, 1993 Tom Pinney, Jr., 1991 Leonard Savella*, 1993 William (Bill) Flemer III, 1992 Elton M. Smith, 1993 Peter Vermeulen, 1992 Hugh Steavenson, 1993 Peter Orum, 1992 Charles Tosovsky, 1993 Philip L. Carpenter, 1993 Sidney Waxman*, 1993 Larry Carville, 1993 James S. Wells*, 1993 James Cross*, 1993 Richard H. Zimmerman, 1993 Joerg Leiss, 1993 Kris Bachtell, 1994 Edward H. Losely, 1993 Clayton Fuller*, 1994 24 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 25

Chris Graham, 1994 Calvin Chong, 1999 Charles W. Heuser, Jr., 1994 Dale Deppe, 1999 Paul Smeal, 1994 Deborah McCown, 1999 Jack Alexander, 1995 Roger Coggeshall, 2000 Darrel Apps, 1995 Alan Jones, 2000 Dick Bir, 1995 Wayne Mezitt, 2000 Don Shadow, 1995 Charles Tubesing, 2000 Bob Simpson*, 1995 George Kimmel III, 2001 David Beattie, 1996 Nina Bassuk, 2001 Robert Gouveia, 1996 Tom Intven, 2002 Egidius “Gied” Stroombeek, 1996 David Schmidt, 2002 John B. Wilde, 1996 Dan Studebaker, 2002 Tim Brotzman, 1997 Mark Bridgen, 2003 Tom McCloud, 1997 Robert Geneve, 2003 Anna J. Knuttel, 1997 Brian Maynard, 2003 Robert McNiel, 1998 Jim Johnson, 2004 Harlan Hamernik, 1998 Ron Kujawski, 2004 Bill Barnes, 1999 *Deceased

REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

OFFICERS President—DR. ALAN HUNTER, Department of Crop Science, Horticulture & Forestry, University College, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland First Vice-President—MARGARET SHEWARD, Avonbank Nurseries, Per- shore College, Pershore, Worcestershire WR10 3JP Second Vice-President—PETER MACDONALD, Life Sciences Group, Educa- tion & Training Division, SAC, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5HW, Scotland Secretary—CLAIRE SHADDICK, The Hurdles, Water Street, Mere, Wiltshire BA12 6DZ Honorary Treasurer—PETER W. BINGHAM, Kingfisher Nursery, Gedney Hill, Spalding, Lincolnshire PE12 0RU HonEditor—SPENCE GUNN, The Hurdles, Water Street, Mere, Wiltshire BA12 6DZ Historian—A.T. (TOM) WOOD, Oakover Nurseries Ltd., Maidstone Road, Hothfield, Ashford, Kent TN26 1AR

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE David Aylieff-Sansom Dr. Alan Hunter, President Steen Berg J.A. Ross Kerby Peter Bingham, Honorary Treasurer; Peter MacDonald, Second Alternate Director on Interna- Vice-President tional Board Margaret Sheward, First Bernard Brennan Vice-President Gill Dowling Duncan Travers Spence Gunn, Director on Carlos Verhelst International Board Jonathan Whittemore Paul Howling, Immediate Elizabeth de Wynne Montagu May Past President 24 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. Regional Officers and Committees 25

PAST PRESIDENTS, REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND Brian Humphrey...... 1968-69 Barry Lockwood ...... 1986-87 Robert J. Garner* ...... 1969-70 John Joe Costin...... 1987-89 A. Douglas Weguelin*...... 1970-71 John Hedger ...... 1989-90 Arthur R. Carter ...... 1971-72 Christopher Lane...... 1990-91 David N. Clark ...... 1972-73 Paul S. Brooking ...... 1991-92 R.F. Martyr* ...... 1973-74 David Hutchinson...... 1992-93 S.J. Haines...... 1974-75 David Pennell...... 1993-94 Brian Howard...... 1975-76 André Briant...... 1994-95 Raymond Evison ...... 1976-77 Dennis Fordham ...... 1995-96 Philip D.A. McMillan Browse ...1977-78 Philip Moreau...... 1996-97 A.T. Wood ...... 1978-79 Patrick Fairweather ...... 1997-98 P.A. Hutchinson...... 1979-80 John Adlam...... 1998-99 Michael Clift ...... 1980-81 Pat Scarborough...... 1999-00 Margaret Scott ...... 1981-82 David Hide...... 2000-01 John Gaggini ...... 1982-83 Peter Bingham ...... 2001-02 Michael Dunnett ...... 1983-84 J.A. Ross Kerby ...... 2002-03 Nicholas Dunn...... 1984-85 Paul Howling...... 2003-04 David Gilchrist...... 1985-86 *Deceased

RECIPIENTS OF G.B. AND I. ROSE BOWL AWARD B.H. Howard, 1974 Michael O. Farmer*, 1990 A.B. Macdonald, 1975 John Joe Costin, 1991 A.R. Carter, 1976 Janette Elizabeth Gaggini, 1992 S.J. Haines, 1977 Christopher G. Lane, 1993 D.N. Clark, 1978 Nicholas Dunn, 1994 R.J. Evison, 1979 David D. Hutchinson, 1995 P.D.A. McMillan Browse, 1980 Paul Brooking, 1996 Brian Humphrey, 1981 James C. Kelly, 1997 Tom Wood, 1982 Spence Gunn, 1998 Robert Garner*, 1983 Ivan Iliev, 1999 Margaret Scott, 1984 Paul Howling, 2000 Lila W. Dick, 1985 Margaret Sheward, 2001 J.G.D. Lamb, 1986 Dennis Fordham, 2002 John B. Gaggini, 1987 Duncan Travers, 2003 Michael L. Dunnett, 1988 Philip Marie Moreau, 2004 Richard Martyr*, 1989 *Deceased

RECIPIENTS OF THE ROBERT GARNER AWARD 1993 1999 Ivan R. Dickings Michael Honour Peter Dummer 2003 Judith A. Medhurst Dennis Carey Norman S. Standbrook John R. Watts 26 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 27

IPPS JAPAN REGION

President—KANETO AOYAMA, Board Director, KANEYA Co., Ltd., 34 Sus- agaoka, Toyohama, Minamichita, Chita-gun, Aichi 470-3412 First Vice-President—NAOKI OMORI, President, Sanyoh Nouen Co.,Ltd., 215 Itsukaichi, Sanyo, Akaiwa, Okayama 709-0831 Second Vice-President—DR. MASARU SHIBATA, President, Ohken Co., Ltd., 15-25 Nobono-cho, Kameyeme, Mie 519-0212 Secretary-Treasurer—MIKIO MINAMIDE, President, Minamide Co., Ltd., 7-8-5 Kanbe, Suzuka, Mie 513-0801 Editor—DR. MASANORI TOMITA, Ibigawa Kogyo Co., Ltd., Bio & Agri., Mate- rials Division, Ta-51 Ueda, Ikeda, Ibi, Gifu 379-2222 Director on International Board—DR. NOBUMASA NITO, Kinki University, School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, 930 Nishimitani, Uchita, Naga, Wakayama 649-6493

MEMBERS OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Yoshimi Fujita, President, Suzuka Flower Grower’s Coop. Aso., 217-1 Hana- gawa, Suzuka, Mie 513-1122 Keisuke Uchida, President, Green Claft, 43-3 Nobono-cho, Kameyama, Mie 519- 0212 Dr. Yutaka Hirata, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Graduate School, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchuu, Tokyo 183-8509 Peter F Waugh, Retired, Carann, P.O. Box 34, Matangi 2030, New Zealand Naoki Omori, President, Sanyoh Nouen Co.,Ltd., 215 Itsukaichi, Sanyo, Akaiwa, Okayama 709-0831 Historian—Dr. Yasuaki Takeda, Junior College of Nihon University, Depart- ment of Agriculture, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0813 Vice Director—Takayoshi Kato, President, Gikoen Co., Ltd., Sabotenmura, Sunami, Motosu, Gifu 501-0312

PAST PRESIDENTS, IPPS JAPAN REGION Dr. Tomohide Yamamoto ...... 1994-95 Dr. Yasuaki Takeda...... 1999-00 Dr. Tomohide Yamamoto ...... 1995-96 Dr. Yasuaki Takeda...... 2000-01 Dr. Tomohide Yamamoto ...... 1996-97 Takayoshi Kato...... 2001-02 Dr. Tomohide Yamamoto ...... 1997-98 Naoki Omori ...... 2003-04 Dr. Tomohide Yamamoto ...... 1998-99

NEW ZEALAND REGION

OFFICERS President—GRANT HAYMAN, Headford Propagators, R D 10, Waimate First Vice-President—RAY LAWSON, 6 Yale Street, Christchurch Second Vice-President—MURRAY MANNALL, PO Box 16148, Hornby, Christchurch Treasurer—SHIRLEY OGILVY, 208 Narrows Road, RD 2, Hamilton Editor—CHRIS BARNABY, 21 Halswell Junction Road, Halswell, Christchurch Historian—BRENT MCKENZIE, 12 Wright Street, Roslyn, Dundein 26 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. Regional Officers and Committees 27

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE John Follett, International Director Chris Barnaby, Editor Grant Hayman, President Glenys Evans Ray Lawson, First Vice-President Brian Frost Murray Mannall, Second Vice-President Nalin Gooneratne Phil Carson, Secretary Ian Williams Shirley Ogilvy, Treasurer

PAST PRESIDENTS, NEW ZEALAND REGION Ellaby Martin ...... 1973-74 Richard Ware...... 1989-90 G.B. Smith ...... 1974-75 Brent McKenzie ...... 1990-91 Noelyn Parr ...... 1975-76 Brent McKenzie ...... 1991-92 Richard Ware...... 1976-77 Jo Dawkins ...... 1992-93 L.J. Bartlett ...... 1977-78 Jo Dawkins ...... 1993-94 Peter Markham...... 1978-79 Robert Appleton ...... 1994-95 J.B. Blackman ...... 1979-80 Robert Appleton ...... 1995-96 James Rumbal...... 1980-81 John Liddle...... 1996-97 Terry Hatch...... 1981-82 John Liddle...... 1997-98 Ruth Henderson...... 1982-83 Ian Duncalf...... 1998-99 Ruth Henderson...... 1983-84 Ian Duncalf...... 1999-00 Barrie McKenzie ...... 1984-85 Peter Waugh ...... 2000-01 Malcolm Woolmore...... 1985-86 Peter Waugh ...... 2001-02 T.E. Welsh ...... 1986-87 John Follett...... 2002-03 T.E. Welsh ...... 1987-88 John Follett...... 2003-04 Richard Ware...... 1988-89

AWARD OF MERIT Graeme C. Platt, Albany, 1994 Noel McMillan, Huntly, 1998 T.E. Welsh, Palmerston North, 1995 Jan Velvin, Auckland, 2001 Terry Hatch, Pukekohe, 1996 Dennis Hughes, Tapanui, 2004

AWARD OF RECOGNITION Mike Geenty, Hamilton, 2004

SCANDINAVIAN REGION

OFFICERS President—MARIANNE BACHMANN ANDERSEN, HORTUS Advising, Holmevej 26, DK-5854 Gislev, Denmark Vice-President—HENRIK STRIDH, Västre Storgatan 67A Kristiansstad, S- 291 53 SWE Secretary/Treasurer—JÖRGEN H. SELCHAU, GPL International as, Lavsenvänget 18, DK-5200 Odense V, DK Editor—ARNE SKYTT ANDERSEN, Royal Vetenary and Agricultural University, Section Horticulture, Thorvaldsensvej 57, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark 28 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 29

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Marianne Bachmann Andersen, Jörgen H. Selchau, Secretary- President Treasurer Jörgen H. Selchau, International Inger Hilmersen Director Kaj Lönne Nielsen Henrik Stridh, Vice President and Jesper Hannibalsen International Alternate Director

PAST PRESIDENTS, SCANDINAVIAN REGION Erik Lund Andersen ...... 1992-93 Morten Rausing Sloth ...... 1999-00 Kaj Nielsen ...... 1993-94 Jörgen H. Selchau...... 2000-01 Sîren Ringgaard...... 1994-95 Jörgen H. Selchau...... 2001-02 Jörgen H. Selchau...... 1995-96 Jörgen H. Selchau...... 2002-03 Jörgen H. Selchau...... 1996-97 Marianne Bachmann ...... Jörgen H. Selchau...... 1997-98 Andersen...... 2003-04 Asger Bertram...... 1998-99

SOUTHERN AFRICAN POTENTIAL REGION

OFFICERS President—JAC DUIF, Straathof’s Seed, Northcliff, 2115 ZAF First Vice-President—HANS SITTIG, Sittig Nursery (Pty) Ltd. Hartbeespoort, 0216 ZAF Second Vice-President—DR. PUFFY SOUNDY, Dept of Plant Production & Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, ZAF Secretary—RILETTE KIGGEN, Department of Plant Production & Soil Sci- ence, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, ZAF Treasurer—GERARD HOOGENDOORN, Hoogendoorn Nursery, PO Box 12421, Onderstepoort, 0110, ZAF

COMMITTEE Jako Breytenbach Prof Hannes Robbertse Arthur George Erik Petersen David du Toit

PAST PRESIDENTS, SOUTHERN AFRICAN POTENTIAL REGION Fienie Niederwieser...... 1999 Hannes Robbertse...... 2002 Fienie Niederwieser...... 2000 Dr. Elsa du Toit...... 2003 Hannes Robbertse...... 2001 Dr. Elsa du Toit...... 2004

SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA

OFFICERS President—BILL TURK, Martin’s Nursery, 2700 Snow Road, Semmes, Alabama 36575 First Vice-President—BOB SMART, Gilbert’s Nursery, 4675 Peachtree Road, Chesnee, South Carolina 29323 Second Vice-President—KAY WALDEN-PHELPS, Clinton Nurseries of Florida, P.O. Box 997, Havana, Florida 32333 28 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. Regional Officers and Committees 29

Secretary-Treasurer—DR. DAVID MORGAN, 332 Warbler Drive, Bedford, Texas 76021 Editor—DR. FRED T. DAVIES, JR., Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2133

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Bill Turk, President Tom Derby (term expires 2005) Bob Smart, First Vice-President Hugh Gramling (term expires 2006) Kay Walden-Phelps, Second Rick Crowder (term expires 2006) Vice-President Diane Dunn, Past President Dr. David Morgan, Secretary- Dr. Ken Tilt, Director International Treasurer Board Dr. Fred T. Davies, Jr., Editor Bill Barr, Alternate Director Dr. Patricia Knight (term International Board expires 2005)

PAST PRESIDENTS, SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA Charles Parkerson ...... 1976-77 James Berry...... 1990-91 Hunter Boulo, Jr...... 1977-78 Buddy Martin ...... 1991-92 Richard Ammon ...... 1978-79 Don Covan ...... 1992-93 Jake Tinga ...... 1979-80 Dick Marshall...... 1993-94 David Byers ...... 1980-81 Mike Miller ...... 1994-95 George L. Taber III ...... 1981-82 Dr. Ted Bilderback ...... 1995-96 Fred W. Garrett ...... 1982-83 Lee C. Howell ...... 1996-97 James Gilbert ...... 1983-84 Doug Torn ...... 1997-98 Thomas Couturier...... 1984-85 Dr. Charles Gilliam...... 1998-99 John Machen, Sr ...... 1985-86 William C. Barr ...... 1999-00 Dr. Fred T. Davies, Jr...... 1986-87 Eelco Tinga, Jr...... 2000-01 Wayne K. Sawyer...... 1987-88 D. Stewart Chandler...... 2001-02 Dr. Carl Whitcomb...... 1988-89 Randy Jacobs...... 2002-03 Ronald Copeland ...... 1989-90 Diane Dunn ...... 2003-04

RECIPIENTS OF SOUTHERN REGION’S SIDNEY B. MEADOWS AWARD OF MERIT

Charles H. Parkerson, Suffolk, John Machen, Sr., Mobjack, Virginia Virginia, 1999 David Byers, Huntsville, Alabama Dr. Carl E. Whitcomb, Stillwater, Dr. Vivian Munday, Watkinsville, Oklahoma, 2000 Georgia Dr. Michael A. Dirr, Athens, Dr. Bryson James, McMinnville, Georgia, 2001 Tennessee James Gilbert, Tryon, North Dr. Fred T. Davies, Jr., College Carolina, 2002 Station, Texas, 1994 Dr. David Morgan, Bedford, Bill Barr, Houston, Texas, 1995 Texas, 2003 James Berry, Loxley, Alabama, 1996 Fred Garrett, Southern Pines, North Dr. J.C. Raulson, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2004 Carolina, 1997 Richard Marshall, Salisbury, Maryland, 1998 30 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 31

FELLOW RECIPIENTS John Machen, Sr., 1993 James Berry, 1999 Charles Parkerson, 1993 Buddy Martin, 1999 Dr. Carl Whitcomb, 1993 Richard Marshall, 2000 Ron Copeland, 1994 Ben Davis II, 2000 Fred W. Garrett, 1994 Wayne Sawyer, 2001 Peter van der Giessen, 1995 James Gilbert, 2002 Judd Germany, 1995 Dr. David Morgan, 2003 David Byers, 1996 Bill Barr, 2004 Dr. Michael A. Dirr, 1997 Doug Torn, 2004 Dr. Bryson L. James, 1998

WESTERN REGION

OFFICERS President—KATHLEEN M. ECHOLS, Midhill Farms, 197 Midhill Road, Marti- nez, California 94553 First Vice-President—DAVID HANNINGS, Horticulture and Crop Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407 Second Vice-President—DOUGLAS E. C. JUSTICE, UBC Botanical Garden, 6804 SW Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 , Canada Third Vice-President—GUY MEACHAM, J. Frank Schmidt & Son, 9500 SE 327th, Boring, Oregon 97009 Fourth Vice-President—MICHAEL NEVIN SMITH, Suncrest Nurseries, Inc., 400 Casserly Road, Watsonville, CA 95076 Secretary-Treasurer—LELIA (LEE) U. DEMPSEY, 11168 Orion Way, Grass Valley, California 95949-9758 Editor—DR. DAVID W. BURGER, Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis, California 95616

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Kathleen M. Echols, President Jill Cross, Director (term expires 2005) David Hannings, First Vice-President Shengjun Lu, Director (term Douglas E. C. Justice, Second expires 2005) Vice-President Michael A. Anderson, Director Guy Meacham, Third Vice-President (term expires 2006) Michael Nevin Smith, Fourth Michael Bone, Director (term Vice-President expires 2006) James F. McConnell, Past President James M. Conner, Director (term James F. McConnell, Director on expires 2006) International Board Kathleen M. Echols, Alternate Director on International Board 30 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 The International Plant Propagators’ Society, Inc. Regional Officers and Committees 31

PAST PRESIDENTS, WESTERN REGION Donald J. Hartman...... 1960-61 Arda C. Berryhill...... 1983-84 Herman J. Sandkuhle* ...... 1961-62 Robert E. Weidner*...... 1984-85 Percy C. Everett* ...... 1962-63 Wilbur C. Anderson...... 1985-86 William J. Curtis*...... 1963-64 Edwin S. Kubo...... 1986-87 Robert M. Boddy ...... 1964-65 Dennis M. Connor...... 1987-88 Howard C. Brown*...... 1965-66 A. Bruce Macdonald...... 1988-89 Henry J. Ishida...... 1966-67 Joseph Solomone...... 1989-90 Robert L. Ticknor ...... 1967-68 Robert L. Mazalewski...... 1990-91 Walter D. Krause ...... 1968-69 Verl L. Holden...... 1991-92 Bruce A. Briggs*...... 1969-70 Lorence R. Oki...... 1992-93 Andrew T. Leiser...... 1970-71 Steven M. McCulloch...... 1993-94 Richard G. Maire*...... 1971-72 J. Michael Evans...... 1994-95 Ted Van Veen* ...... 1972-73 F. Allan Elliott ...... 1995-96 George S. Oki...... 1973-74 Dale E. Kester* ...... 1996-97 Oliver A. Batcheller*...... 1974-75 Beverly Greenwell...... 1997-98 Leslie K. C. Clay...... 1975-76 Eugene K. Blythe...... 1998-99 Donald F. Dillon, Sr...... 1976-77 Richard P. Regan...... 1999-00 Dennis A. McLain ...... 1977-78 Arthur J. Olney ...... 2000-01 J. Harold Clarke*...... 1978-79 Fred D. Rauch ...... 2001-02 Steve Fazio...... 1979-80 Sheila Bhattacharya...... 2002-03 Bruce B. Usrey ...... 1980-81 James F. Mc Connell...... 2003-04 Stanley E. Sorenson*...... 1981-82 *Deceased Philip A. Parvin...... 1982-83

RECIPIENTS OF WESTERN REGION’S CURTIS J. ALLEY AWARD OF MERIT William J. Curtis*, Sherwood, A. Bruce Macdonald, Vancouver, Oregon, 1977 British Columbia, 1991 Hudson T. Hartmann*, Davis, Arda C. Berryhill, Sherwood, California, 1979 Oregon, 1992 Curtis J. Alley*, Davis, California 1980 Andrew T. Leiser, Davis, Bruce A. Briggs*, Olympia, California, 1993 Washington, 1981 Edwin S. Kubo, Sacramento, Donald F. Dillon, Sr., Fremont, California, 1994 California, 1982 Joseph Solomone, Aromas, J. Harold Clarke*, Sun City, California, 1995 Arizona, 1983 Edsal A. Wood*, Wilsonville, Oliver A. (Jolly) Batcheller*, Oregon, 1996 Claremont, California, 1984 Stanley E. Sorenson*, Clayburn, Robert L. Ticknor, Aurora, British Columbia, 1997 Oregon, 1985 Ralph S. Moore, Visalia, California, 1998 Howard C. Brown*, San Luis Obispo, Dale E. Kester*, Davis, California, 1999 California, 1986 J. Michael Evans, San Juan Henry J. Ishida, Vista, California, 1987 Capistrano, California, 2000 George S. Oki, Sacramento, Steve McCulloch, Olympia, California, 1988 Washington, 2003 Fred E. Real*, Fremont, California, 1989 *Deceased Wilbur L. Bluhm, Salem, Oregon, 1990 32 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 33

LIST OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT ANNUAL MEETINGS

SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING—SOUTHERN AFRICAN POTENTIAL REGION Exports—An Australian’s Perspective Greg Mcphee...... 43 Phytosanitary Regulations Regarding Imports and Exports: The Role of the South African Department of Agriculture Corné Hattingh...... 48 Pest Risk Analysis to Determine Regulated Nonquarantine and Quarantine Pests Jantje Moen ...... 51 Early Warning Systems J. H. Venter ...... 56 EurepGap and Plant Propagation Material Requirements Gerhard van der Laarse ...... 61 The South African Rural Bio-Energy Community Programme Gideo van der Merwe...... 63 Essential Oils: Are They Worth Considering as an Alternative Crop? R.A. Learmonth...... 69

COMBINED AUSTRALASIAN MEETING: INCLUDING THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING AUSTRALIAN REGION AND THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING NEW ZEALAND REGION Media Properties Kevin Handreck...... 75 Potting Media Constituents Ian Gordon ...... 78 Legionnaires Disease: A Risk for Propagators Greg McPhee...... 85 Using Nutrition Effectively During Propagation Donald McPherson...... 88 Environmental Control at Proteaflora Andrew Mathews...... 90 Ultraviolet B (UV-B) Radiation Effects on Plants Brian R. Jordan and Rainer W. Hofmann ...... 91 Environmental Control Kevin Harford...... 96 Looking at Controlled Environments with a Focus on Europe Vince Wylaars ...... 101 Environment Harmony: The Greenhouse Environment as it Affects Pot Roses and Other Indoor Ornamentals Brian Frost...... 102 Water: A South African Perspective Elsa S. du Toit and David R. du Toit ...... 104 A Current Overview of Water in Australia David Cliffe ...... 110 Water in Australia: A Nursery Industry Perspective Robert Chin...... 111 32 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 List of Papers Presented at Annual Meetings 33

Irrigation Systems for Soilless Media Eldad Dolev...... 119 Propagation of Ferns from Spores Dolphas Wihongi ...... 122 New Plants from Around the World Dick Alderden ...... 124 Clematis Propagation Carole A. Scholes ...... 131 Three-dimensional Air Root Pruning Peter Lawton ...... 135 Some Aspects of Stock Plant Management Jim Rumbal...... 137 Stock Management: The Camellia Way Geoff Atkinson ...... 143 Gastrodia: An Initial Evaluation of the Market Potential of This Genus in New Zealand J.M. Follett, J.A. Douglas, E. Burgess, and N. Perry...... 145 I.P.P.S. Stewart Island Field Trip Robin Pagan...... 149

THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING—REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND The Role and Performance of Tissue-Cultured Plants at FitzGerald Nurseries Pat FitzGerald ...... 153 Micropropagation and Growth Regulation of Salvia greggii Varigated Sinead Phela, Alan Hunter, and Gerry Douglas...... 157 Efficacy ofMetarhizium anisopliae as a Biological Control of Vine Weevil Larvae in Growing Media Munoo Prasad, F. Shah, and Tariq Butt...... 163 Using Composted Green Waste Materials in Growing Media Michael J. Maher and Munoo Prasad...... 169 Compost Teas and Crop Quality in Nursery Stock Audrey Litterick, Christine Watson, Phil Wallace, and Martin Wood...... 174 The Importance of Sustainable Inputs in Plant Production Bill Riley...... 178 The Effect of European Union Pesticide Legislation in Ireland Anne-Marie Dillon...... 180 Factors Affecting the Availability of Plant Protection Products in Ireland Michael Neary ...... 184 Practical Aspects of Wavelength Selective Spectral Films on Nursery Stock Production in Ireland Christopher Heavey, Michael Maher, and Alan Hunter ...... 188 Disease Management on Nurseries: Cultural Aspects and Developments in Chemistry Patrick Gleeson ...... 191 The Ever-increasing Threat from Phytophthora Pathogens in Europe Kevin J. Clancy...... 195 34 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 35

Comparison of Efficacy of a Pathogenic Fungus, a Parasitic Nematode, and Neem Seed Extract in Control of Black Vine Weevil Michael Gaffney, Gordon Purvis, Michael Maher, and Richard Dunne...... 201 The Development of Fipronil for Vine Weevil Control in the U.K. Alan Horgan...... 207 Producing Trees for Different Market Segments at Flannery’s Nurseries Tom Sheridan...... 212 Year-round Production and Marketing of Semi-mature Trees at SAP Nurseries John Murphy and Grainne Murphy...... 214 Ten Years’ Experience of Grafting Using the Hot-Pipe Callusing Technique Chris and Gwen Byrne ...... 217 Plant Selection in a Changing Climate Mary Forrest...... 220 Use of Long Cuttings to Reduce Propagation Time of Rose and Fruit Rootstocks and Street Trees Wolfgang Spethmann...... 223 The German Debate on Native Tree Production and Use Donnchadh Mac Carthaigh...... 232 The Role of Propagation in Conserving Endangered Endemic Plants of the Virgin Islands Martin Hamilton ...... 235 Behaviour Patterns of Irish Gardening Consumers Alice McGlynn...... 239 Marketing Initiatives at Doran Nurseries Larry Doran ...... 244 Propagation of Myrica gale by Micropropagation and Traditional Propagation Techniques P. MacDonald, K.P. Svoboda, J. Gemmell, and R. Shearer...... 246 Applications of Biotechnology in the Nursery Stock Industry G.C. Douglas ...... 251 Micropropagation of Calceolaria ‘Kentish Hero’ and Zauchneria californica subsp. nana ‘Dublin’ G.C. Douglas ...... 256

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING—IPPS JAPAN REGION Opening Remarks from Incoming International President Mike Evans upon Commencement of the 2004 Annual Conference, IPPS Japan Region Mike Evans ...... 261 The World of Cacti and Succulents—Cultivars of Genera Astrophytum and Haworthia Bred in Japan Seiichi Osada ...... 262 Evaluation of Graft Compatibility for Taxonomical Study in Orange Sub-family Plants Nobumasa Nito...... 266 34 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 List of Papers Presented at Annual Meetings 35

In Vitro Propagation of Cryptocoryne Species Tomoya Araki and Hisashi Harada...... 266 Propagation of Endangered Species Pinus armandii var. amamiana by Tissue Culture Katsuaki Ishii, Yoshihisa Hosoi, Emilio Maruyama, Seiichi Kanetani...... 270 Elicitor-Responsive Photon Emission From Plant Cells Changes in Process of Callus Propagation Hidehiro Inagaki, Kimihiko Kato, Chizuko Kageyama, and Hiroyuki Iyozumi...... 273 Traditional Japanese Vegetables: An Outline of Their Research and Development in New Zealand J. M. Follett and J. A. Douglas...... 274 Effects of Cyanogenic Glycosides and Their Breakdown Products on Callus Growth of Three Prunus Species Charles W. Heuser, Jr...... 278 Commercialization of the South African Bush Tea, Athrixia phylicoides E.S. du Toit...... 283 Effect of Culture Media, Gelling Agents, and Plant Growth Regulators on the Regeneration of Dwarf Pomegranate (Punica granatum var. nana) Shingo Terakami, Yoshihiko Sekozawa, Sumiko Sugaya, Hiroshi Gemma, Nagao Matsuta, and Junnichi Soejima ...... 288 The Vegetative Propagation Technology of Eustoma Masahiro Hayami...... 295

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING—IPPS SCANDINAVIAN REGION Breeding of Pot Plants in Denmark: A Survey Kell Kristiansen, John Larsen, and Henrik F. Brødsgaard...... 299 Introducing DNA Finger Printing in Breeding of Kalanchoë Anita Mortensen...... 303 Protection of Plant Novelties Jörgen H. Selchau ...... 307 Organic Substrate Mixes for Potted Plants—Are They a Realistic Alternative? Kai Lønne Nielsen...... 312 Micropropagation and Biotechnology in Forestry: Preliminary Results From the Danish Christmas Tree Improvement Programme Michel M. H. Kristensen, Jens I. Find, and Peter Krogstrup ...... 315 Effect of Reduction in Ammonium Nitrate of Murashige and Skoog Medium on In Vitro Rooting from the Shoots of Some Horticultural Plants T. Yamamoto...... 321 Plant Tissue Culture and Plant Improvement: Some Recent Findings from Experiments with Schlumbergera, Hatiora (Rhipsalis), and Campanula Sridevy Sriskandarajah and Margrethe Serek...... 323 Investigation on Regeneration from Seedling Tissues of Campanula carpatica Eline Kirk Mørk, Sridevy Sriskandarajah, and Margrethe Serek...... 326 36 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 37

Use of Root Promoting Substances and Procedures: Why and How? Arne Skytt Andersen...... 328

FORTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING—WESTERN REGION Auxin, Bottom Heat, and Time of Propagation Affect the Adventitious Rooting of Leucophyllum candidum ‘Silver Cloud’ Jack J. Kelly...... 335 Actinorhizae and Ceanothus Growing Shengjun Lu...... 336 An Overview of Coastal California Protea Production Jeff Rosendale...... 339 General Session I: Question and Answer Session ...... 341 Comparison of Mist, Fog, and Electrostatic Fog for Vegetative Propagation of Difficult-to-root Plants Richard Y. Evans, Wesley P. Hackett, and Fernanda Larraín...... 343 Using Computer Control System in Tissue Culture Plant Acclimatization Borek Busta ...... 347 Irrigation Runoff from Nurseries: Addressing the Conditional Agriculture Waiver in California Lorence R. Oki ...... 350 Propagation and Plant Sales Community College Style Ernie Wasson...... 355 Koala Blooms: New Australian Plants for California Gardens Brett Hall and Melinda Johnson...... 358 Propagation of Trochodendron aralioides Guy Meacham...... 362 Stepping Up Greenhouse Sanitation Ryan Hall ...... 363 General Session III: Question and Answer Session ...... 365 A Seedy Business Ginny Hunt...... 366 Salvia Propagation Kathleen Navarez ...... 368 Mist Propagation of Citrus Don Dillon, Jr...... 370 General Session IV: Question and Answer Session...... 371 Mimulus aurantiacus: Taming the Sticky Monkeyflower for Everyday Gardens Richard Persoff ...... 372 New Plant Introductions Luen Miller ...... 376 General Session V: Question and Answer Session ...... 380

FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING—EASTERN REGION, NORTH AMERICA President’s Welcoming Remarks Alan Jones...... 383 What’s New in the World of Perennials: Trends in Perennials Steven Still...... 384 36 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 List of Papers Presented at Annual Meetings 37

Perennial Seed Propagation and Helleborus Allen Bush...... 388 Native Wildflower and Grass Propagation Information Neil Diboll ...... 391 What’s New in the World of Coneflowers Echinacea( ) Jim Ault...... 402 Exploring for New Perennials in Northern China Harlan Hamernik...... 406 Propagation of Giant Cane (Arundinaria gigantea) Using Rhizome Cuttings James J. Zaczek, Karl W. J. Williard, Sara G. Baer, John W. Groninger, and Rebecca L. Sexton ...... 408 Trees of Interest at The Holden Arboretum Charles Tubesing...... 412 Elm Selections From The Morton Arboretum Kris R. Bachtell ...... 416 Genetic Improvement of Woody Landscape Plants: Case Studies in Viburnum William A. Hoch and Brent H. McCown ...... 421 Promoting Woody Plants Through Print and the Web Tim Wood...... 424 New Seedling Techniques for Woody Plants Mic Armstrong...... 427 Hardy Shrub Rose Research Trials Laura G. Jull...... 429 A Brief Discussion of Rooted Cutting Propagation at Mitsch Nursery With Focus on Conifers Susan D. Jones ...... 434 Plant Curiosities from Log House Plants Alice Doyle...... 439 Propagating New Hostas at Shady Oaks Nursery Hans Hansen ...... 446 Difficult-to-Propagate Perennials Joerg Leiss ...... 447 Our Experience with Branding Kees Govers ...... 449 Vendor-Assisted Marketing for Perennial Growers Michael Emmons...... 453 Systems for Success: Mechanization of B&B Production Dwight Hughes...... 456 Efficiencies from Rolling Bench Propagation Bill Van Belle ...... 465 New Ideas from J.C. Bakker & Sons Nursery John Bakker III...... 471 Air Conditioned Cutting Room and Other Facility Enhancements Robert Kuszmaul...... 475 On Demand Color Label Printing System Gary Knosher...... 476 38 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 39

Propagation of Rhus copallina var. latifolia ‘Morton’ David Stephenson ...... 478 New and Exciting Plants Chris Hansen ...... 479 A New Idea: Company and Consortium Research Wilbert G. Ronald...... 481 International Uniformity of Plant Names Marco H.A. Hoffman...... 483 New and Exciting Plants from Around the World Geoff Needham...... 484 New Plants for Cold Climates Wilbert G. Ronald...... 487 New Plant Forum Jack Alexander, Vern Black, Dale Deppe, Alice Doyle, Rod Ackerman, Darrel Apps, Dale Hendricks, Deb McCown, and Harlan Hamernik...... 488

POSTER SESSION Cold Hardiness Evaluation of Cornus kousa Provenances Anthony S. Aiello ...... 494 “Fertil” Plugs for Winter Propagation at Canadale Nurseries Ltd. Tom Intven...... 498 The University of Kentucky’s Virtual Arboretum R.E. Durham, R.L. Geneve, C.G. Cassady, and S. Dutton...... 499 Effective Restoration at the Grass Roots Lynda L. Boyer ...... 501 A Comparison of Battery Operated Irrigation Controllers Merits, Benefits, and Usage H. William Barnes...... 505 Pteroceltis tartarinowii: An Elm Family Relative with Potential for the Urban Landscape H. William Barnes...... 507 Propagation of Clematis fremontii and Related Species from Seed H. William Barnes...... 508 Propagation of Alangium platanifolium and Alangium platanifolium var. macrophyllum H. William Barnes...... 510 Low Maintenance Plants and a Soil Mix for Roadside Planters in the Northeast Nicholas Castrataro, Brian Maynard, and William Johnson...... 511 Development of a Rooted Cutting Propagation Method for Prunus serotina Paula M. Pijut and Carolina Espinosa...... 513 Missouri Gravel Bed and a Pot-in-Pot System Superior to White Polyethylene and Foam for Overwintering Syringa pubescens subsp. patula Liners Steven D. Kirk, Chris J. Starbuck, and J. W. Van Sambeek ...... 516 Flower Buds for Container-Grown Hybrid Rhododendron Richard E. Bir and Joseph L. Conner ...... 522 38 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 List of Papers Presented at Annual Meetings 39

Photoperiod and Stock Plant Age Effects on Rhizome, Shoot, and Stolon Initiation from Achimenes Leaf-petiole Cuttings Chad Miller and Mark Bridgen ...... 523 Assessing Christmas Tree Planting Procedures Ricky M. Bates, James C. Sellmer, and David A. Despot ...... 529 Medium Development, Micropropagation, and Acclimatization of Difficult-to-Propagate Hazelnut Corylus( sp.) Hybrids Paul E. Read, Virginia I. Miller, and Mehmet Nuri Nas...... 531 Propagation and Acclimatization of ‘Norton’ Grapevine Paul E. Read and Brant B. Bigger ...... 535 Container Crop Response to Two Spent-Mushroom-Compost Media Treated with Acid-Reaction Chemicals Calvin Chong and L. Rinker ...... 538 Three Waste-Derived Composts Compared in Container Substrates Calvin Chong ...... 541 My Trip to Denmark and Sweden as the 2003 Exchange Propagator Stephanie Solt...... 545 Establishment of Prairie Cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) from Seed and Rhizome Michael Knudson, Nancy Jensen, Rachel Bergsagel, Wayne Duckwitz, and Dwight Tober...... 550 Use of Humidifan for Propagation of Softwood Cuttings Timothy Mercer and Julia Fiske ...... 553 The Forest Nurseries in Northeast China Shen Hailong ...... 555

TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING—SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA Technical Sessions Diane Dunn, Bob Smart, and Bill Turk ...... 563 Color Explosion: Growing Azaleas from Seed Robert (Buddy) Lee ...... 564 Plant-Water Relationships for Woody Ornamental Crops Eric Johnson ...... 566 Solutions for Pot-in-Pot Root Escape, Root Circling, and Heat Shock at Harvest Carl E. Whitcomb and Andy C. Whitcomb ...... 573 Chitalpa: The Next Generation Richard T. Olsen and Thomas G. Ranney...... 578 Starch Utilization During In Vitro Rooting of Easy- and Difficult-to-Acclimatize Sea Oats Uniola( paniculata) Genotypes Carmen Valero-Aracama, Michael E. Kane, Nancy L. Philman, and Sandra B. Wilson ...... 582 Seeking and Sharing Ideas from the Orient Ken Tilt and Fred Garrett...... 587 Offshoot Production of Perennial Groundcovers in Porous Ceramic Glenn B. Fain...... 591 40 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004

Photography Tips for Those Involved in the Nursery Industry Todd Davis...... 594 Waste is a Terrible Thing to Mind Jeff L. Sibley, David M. Cole, and Wenliang Lu...... 596 Propulation Control: Developing Non-Invasive Nursery Crops Thomas G. Ranney...... 604 Propagation of Live Oaks Charles Hudson...... 608 Minimizing Nutrient and Pesticide Exodus: A Collaborative Nursery and Floriculture Initiative Research Project Ted Whitwell...... 610 Removing Nutrients and Pesticides from Runoff Water Using Natural Systems Milton D. Taylor, Sarah A. White, Stephen J. Klaine, Robert F. Polomski, and Ted Whitwell...... 614 The 2005 Gainesville Florida Meeting of the IPPS Southern Region of North America Alan Shapiro ...... 618 Tree Production at Rennerwood Susan Smith ...... 622 Clay as a Pine Bark Substrate Amendment: Past, Present, and Future James S. Owen, Jr., Ted E. Bilderback, and Stuart L. Warren ...... 625 Metallic Flea Beetle Feeding Preferences on Crape Myrtle David W. Boyd, Jr. and Cecil Pounders...... 628 In Vitro Regeneration of Cladrastis kentukea Denita Hadziabdic, Robert N. Trigiano, Stephen Garton, Mark T. Windham, William E. Klingeman, and, Lori A. Weaver-May...... 632 Container and Field Evaluation of Gaillardia pulchella Production in Compost-based Media Helen E. Danielson, Sandra B. Wilson, Richard K. Schoellhorn, and Peter J. Stoffella...... 637 Liverwort Control in Nursery Production Adam Newby, Charles Gilliam, and James Altland ...... 643 Postemergence Oxalis Control with Diuron: Minimizing Crop Injury with Timely Irrigation B.M. Richardson, C.H. Gilliam, G.R. Wehtje, and G.B. Fain ...... 647 Propagating Betula nigra Shiloh Splash PPAF River Birch Thomas G. Ranney, Thomas A. Eaker, Joel A. Mowrey, and Nathan P. Lynch...... 651 41

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

SOUTHERN AFRICAN POTENTIAL REGION

Sixth Annual Meeting

March 4–5, 2004 PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA 42 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 43 72 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 73

COMBINED TECHNICAL SESSIONS

AUSTRALIAN REGION

Thirty-second Annual Meeting

NEW ZEALAND REGION

Thirty-third Annual Meeting

April 29–May 2, 2004 CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND 74 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 151

COMBINED TECHNICAL SESSIONS

REGION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

Thirty-seventh Annual Meeting

August 24–27, 2004 DUBLIN, IRELAND 152 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 258 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 259

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

IPPS JAPAN REGION

Eleventh Annual Meeting

September 9–10, 2004 HAMAMATSU, JAPAN 260 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 296 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 297

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

SCANDINAVIAN REGION

Thirteenth Annual Meeting

September 23–24, 2004 TUNE LANDBOSKOLE, DENMARK 298 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 332 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 333

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

WESTERN REGION

Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting

September 24–26, 2004 SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA 334 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 335 381

TECHNICAL SESSIONS

EASTERN REGION, NORTH AMERICA

Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting

September 26–29, 2004 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN 382 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 560 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 561

TECHNICAL SESSION

SOUTHERN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA

Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting

October 24–27, 2004 GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA 562 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 654 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 655

INDEX

INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROPAGATORS’ SOCIETY 656 Combined Proceedings International Plant Propagators’ Society, Volume 54, 2004 657