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The Politics of Adoption in Korea

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The Politics of Adoption in Korea LUND UNIVERSITY • CENTRE FOR EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAN STUDIES The Politics of Adoption in Korea Author: Mari Andersson Supervisor: Marina Svensson Master’s Programme in Asian Studies Spring semester 2018 Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to examine the politics of adoption in Korea. A theoretical framework was adopted that address gender, culture, and power inequalities in a domestic and international context in order to understand why so many children have been given up to orphanages, and why international adoption has been and continues to be common in Korea. The thesis is based on secondary data in form of academic work and eight interviews conducted with Koreans in Seoul. The collected data indicates that Confucian beliefs make it difficult for unwed and single mothers to raise their children, and therefore feel forced to give up their children to adoption. Many children have in this way ended up in orphanages. The study also found little indication that the Korean state has tried to mitigate the underlying structural gender inequalities and legal and economic obstacles for single mothers to raise their child. The data also shows that there is a notion that it is better to grow up in West than in Korea. International adoption has therefore been seen as a good option and grown bigger at the same time that domestic adoption in Korea is rare due to concerns of bloodlines. Keyword: international adoption, Korea, gender inequality, abandoned children, orphanages, Confucianism, unwed and single mothers 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my fellow classmates, as well as all professors and staff at the Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, for all encouragement, help, wisdom, and fun times in school. I would like to thank the participants of my interviews in Korea for contributing with important data to my thesis. A special thank to my supervisor, Marina Svensson. I am truly grateful for your invaluable feedback and your guidance that made it possible for me to complete my thesis. To my parents – Thanks for letting me do what I want to do and always supporting me. Lastly, I would like to dedicate this thesis to those children and parents in Korea that never got the same opportunity as me to raise awareness of the adoption process in Korea. 3 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................ 5 1.2 PUTTING ADOPTION FROM KOREA IN A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ......................................................................... 6 1.3 OUTLINE OF THESIS ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 2. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 STUDY DESIGN .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 SAMPLE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 INTERVIEW PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.4 REFLEXIVITY .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 2.5 LIMITATIONS AND DEMARCATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 11 3. A CRITICAL HISTORY OF ADOPTION IN KOREA ............................................................................ 12 4. UNDERSTANDING ADOPTION AND GENDER: CULTURAL AND FAMILY VALUES ................ 16 4.1.CONFUCIANISM .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 4.2 FAMILY-HEAD SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................ 17 4.3 RACE AND BLOODLINES ........................................................................................................................................... 18 4.4 VIEWS ON SEXUALITY AND UNWED MOTHERS ................................................................................................... 19 4.5 DOMESTIC ADOPTION .............................................................................................................................................. 20 4.6 CONCLUSION: UNDERSTANDING ADOPTION WITHIN A CULTURAL AND GENDER FRAMEWORK .............. 21 5. THE POLITICS OF ADOPTION: GENDER, CULTURE, AND POWER INEQUALITIES IN A DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT ...................................................................................... 22 6. HOW VIEWS ON GENDER, FAMILY, AND MARRIAGE EXPLAIN ADOPTION ........................... 24 6.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF MARRIAGE .......................................................................................................................... 24 6.2 SOCIAL STIGMA OF HAVING CHILDREN OUTSIDE OF MARRIAGE ..................................................................... 26 6.3 SOCIAL STIGMA AGAINST SINGLE MOTHERS ....................................................................................................... 27 6.4 ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES TO RAISE A CHILD AS SINGLE MOTHER .................................................................. 28 7. THE POLITICS OF ADOPTION: INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS AND DOMESTIC POLITICS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 29 7.1 BACKGROUND TO INTERNATIONAL ADOPTION ................................................................................................... 30 7.2 THE INCREASE IN NUMBERS OF CHILDREN IN ORPHANAGES .......................................................................... 30 7.3 INTERNATIONAL ADOPTION IS SOMETIMES SEEN AS THE BETTER OPTION ................................................. 31 7.4 THE NEGATIVE VIEW TO ADOPTION IN KOREA AND THE LOW NUMBER OF DOMESTIC ADOPTIONS ...... 34 7.5 THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT .......................................................................................................................... 35 8. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................. 39 9. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 42 10. APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................ 47 10.1 APPENDIX 1: INFORMATION ABOUT THE INFORMANTS ................................................................................. 47 10.2 APPENDIX 2: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................ 48 4 1. INTRODUCTION Adoption from South Korea, hereinafter referred to as Korea, is quite large and has been heatedly debated in the media and in academic works. Since the end of the Korean War in 1953, about 200,000 children from Korea have been adopted internationally (Kim, 2010; Moon, 2015; Walker, 2018). These numbers indicate that Korea is one of the leading countries in international adoption (Hübinette, 2005; Kim, 2010, p. 21; Walker, 2018; Selman, 2009). The US, France, and Sweden are the countries that have the largest number of adopted children from Korea (Hübinette, 2005). The view of adoption is often portrayed through the lens of the adoptees or the adoptive parents, and in many cases the stories of the biological family, the adoption bureau, and the government are ignored. What is often lacking is an understanding of the complexity of adoption and the many actors involved. Scholars and researchers have done important and interesting research on the history of adoption, the consequences of sending children to other countries, and the causes of international adoption. In many of the cases, the researcher has brought up problematic issues and unexpected consequences that put international adoption in the light for further examination. 1.1 Statement of Purpose and Research Questions Korea hosted the Olympic Games in Seoul in 1988, and that is when they started to be criticized for their very high rates of international adoptions (Hübinette, 2005; Chira, 1988). In recent years, the criticism seem to have become more frequent and harsh, and it is noticeable that new perspectives have been brought into this field from adoptees who have become scholars and professors studying international adoption (for example Hübinette, 2005; Lundberg, 2013; Oh, 2015; Park Nelson, 2016). The question whether it is right or wrong to
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