DOCSLIB.ORG

The Hukou System As China's Main Regulatory Framework For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Hukou System As China's Main Regulatory Framework For DIE ERDE 143 2012 (3) Thematic Issue: Multilocality pp. 233-247 • Hukou system – Temporary rural-urban migration – China Jijiao Zhang The Hukou System as China’s Main Regulatory Framework for Temporary Rural-Urban Migration and its Recent Changes Das Hukou-System als Chinas wichtigstes Steuerungsinstrument der temporären Land-Stadt-Migration und seine jüngeren Wandlungen With 1 Table More than 50 years ago China’s government established the hukou system in order to prevent rural urban migration, requiring people to stay in the area where they were registered. Migrating to the city without being registered as ‘urban’ implied that the migrants had no access to education, food, housing, employment and a variety of other social services. In 1982, when unskilled labour was in short supply in the booming cities, a programme of gradual reform was started which eased the strict regulations. However, the level of liberalisation varied from one province to another and from one metropolis to the other, creating remarkable differences in the regulatory framework. The paper describes the history of the hukou system and its consequences as well as its reforms from the early beginnings to the present day and discusses the need for further reform. 1. Background operates like a boundary between rural area and urban area and divides the population into rural In most developing nations, economic devel- households and non-rural households (two- opment has promoted massive and uncon- tiered boundaries of belonging); individual inter- trolled migration from the countryside into ests and rights, such as education, healthcare, urban areas (Kasarda and Crenshaw 1991). housing and employment, are linked to the Rural-urban migration is a pervasive feature in household registration. Under this system, rural the developing countries. citizens have no access to social welfare in cit- ies, even though they may live and work there. In China, the hukou1 (household) registration Originally, the idea of the hukou system was to system was set up in 1958. The hukou system severely restrict rural-to-urban migration (John- 234 Jijiao Zhang DIE ERDE son 1988; Yang 1993); it formed the central household registration’ (Regulations, 1958) to mechanism to regulate population flows and, un- control the movement of people between urban til the onset of China’s reform in 1978, effectively and rural areas. Individuals were broadly cate- tied Chinese citizens to their place of residence. gorised as ‘rural (agricultural)’ or ‘urban (non- agricultural)’. Supported by employment, ra- In general, urban areas are centres of development. tioning and housing allocation instruments, Incomes tend to be higher and economic opportu- these regulations effectively constrained rural- nities greater. Driven by real or perceived differ- urban migration until the early 1980s. During entials in economic opportunities (Lee 1966; these decades, people were required to stay in Todaro 1969), the needs of families to diversify the small area where they were born (where risk in the absence of formal insurance mecha- their hukou was), and stay there until they died. nisms (Portes and Böröcz 1989) and social net- They could not move. They could travel, but work connections with others who preceded them there was no access to jobs, public services, (Massey et al. 1993) drive peasants to the cities in education, or even food in other places. search of better lives. Thus, rural-urban migration is also an important channel of social mobility. 3. Objectives of the Hukou System In the past 30 years, the huge labour force in the rural areas has made a great contribution to First of all, through the resident registration, the China’s economic growth, urbanisation and mod- system can help uphold the citizens’ civil rights and ernisation as internal rural-urban migrants. The provide basic information when the government is number of migrants has dramatically climbed drawing up national economic and social-develop- from 6.6 mill. in 1982 to 211 mill. in the year ment plans and arranging the rational distribution 2009 (National Population and Family Planning of the workforce. The household registration sys- Commission 2011). Now, China is experiencing tem is an important, even fundamental part of the the largest magnitude of internal rural-to-urban state administration. For public security depart- migration in the history of mankind. ments, such a system plays a major role in safe- guarding public security and combating crime. On the other hand, however, the two-tier hukou system has failed to take into account the real The second reason for establishing the hukou process of urbanisation in the country and has system was central control over employment. throttled the healthy development and a ration- After the introduction of the people’s communes al flow of China’s labour market. This is why in the countryside, work and income were allo- it was necessary to change the system and cated by the production team (or sometimes the adapt it to changing circumstances. These brigade) to its members, thereby effectively ty- changes in the regulatory framework of the ing the peasants to their home villages. With its hukou system over the past 30 years shall be commitment to full employment, the socialist summarised in the following section. state controlled all urban employment. A third factor related to the enforcement of the 2. A Brief Historical Review of the Hukou registration rules was the supply of daily com- System before China’s Reform (1958-1981) modities, especially staple foods. In the course of the 1950s, the state monopolised the distribution In 1958, the Chinese government began using of virtually all goods, and most free markets dis- the family register system ‘PRC Regulations on appeared. Of course, the peasants grew their own 2012/3 The Hukou System and Temporary Rural-Urban Migration in China 235 food, but the state procurement left them with lit- form in the early 1980s, China’s urban residents tle more than a bare minimum, and that again was enjoyed a range of social, economic and cultural allocated on the basis of team membership. The benefits, while China’s 800 million rural residents food products procured from the peasants served were treated as second-class citizens. to feed the urban population. The state supplied the cities with grain and other food at low prices. Social welfare benefits, including food rations – in the not-so-distant past! – and, even now, ac- Two other factors that contributed to the effec- cess to subsidised housing, education, medical tive enforcement of the registration regulations care, retirement benefits, and the right to em- were the severe shortage of urban housing and a ployment in all but menial jobs, are available climate of strict social and political control2. mainly to those with an urban hukou. An urban hukou confers great advantages in life chanc- Basically, at that time, without hukou, people es. The hukou system created two classes of could not move. There were very few people citizens differing sharply in living standards and moving around in the country, but their status was income (Chan 1994; Knight and Song 1999). practically that of illegal immigrants. These disparities cannot be attributed to the dif- ference between the agricultural and non-agri- As a matter of fact, moving from one place to cultural sectors, as even within the non-agricul- another as a household was very hard indeed. tural sector returns to human capital are much Migrant workers required six different passports lower in rural than in urban China. The institution- to work in provinces other than their own. Peo- al boundary between rural and urban China cre- ple who worked outside their authorised domain ated by the household registration system seems or geographical area did not qualify for grain ra- to prevail over other institutional distinctions in tions, employer-provided housing or health care the Chinese social stratification system. (Pines et al. 1998: 334). Compared to rural- urban migration, which was as difficult as get- The effectiveness of the hukou system in re- ting permanent residence in EU countries, rural- stricting internal migration relied on two other rural migration was relatively easier. administrative systems, through which rationing was carried out. At the rural side, the commune For all kinds of administrative purposes, the entire system enabled local governments to tie peas- country was divided into a hierarchy of places, very ants to the land. All adults had to participate in much in a Christallerian mode. In this context, only agricultural production to receive food rations moves between communities of the same rank or for their households (Parish and Whyte 1978) to communities of a lower rank were permitted and migration was generally prohibited except without going through special procedures. with the permission of the local government. At the urban side, the principal administrative units for most urban residents were the workplace 4. Impacts of the Hukou System organisations (danwei), which administered most social services for their employees (Bian Institutionally, the hukou regulations divided 1994; Naughton 1997; Walder 1986). Without China into two systems, with an ‘invisible wall’ a work unit, it was very difficult to survive in a between them: the urban and the rural system city because housing, food, and other social (Chan 1994). The hukou System was also an services were unavailable through the market. obstacle to the shifting boundaries of economic Moreover, because employment quotas in all and social participation. Before the economic re- urban work units were tightly controlled by the 236 Jijiao Zhang DIE ERDE government labour administration (Walder surplus in rural areas. The abolition of the com- 1986), even rural residents willing to risk los- mune system freed peasants to seek work in the ing food rations by leaving their home villages industrial and service sectors. At the same time, would have little chance of getting a job in a both push and pull factors increased the propen- city.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CURRICULUM VITAE Kenneth J. Ruoff Contact Information
    CURRICULUM VITAE Kenneth J. Ruoff Contact Information: Department of History Portland State University P.O. Box 751 Portland, OR 97207-0751 Tel. (503) 725-3991 Fax. (503) 725-3953 e-mail: [email protected] http://web.pdx.edu/~ruoffk/ Education Ph.D. 1997 Columbia University History M.Phil. 1993 Columbia University History M.A. 1991 Columbia University History B.A. 1989 Harvard College East Asian Studies Study of advanced Japanese, Inter-University Center (formerly known as the Stanford Center), Yokohama, Japan, 1993-1994 (this is a non-degree program). Awards Tim Garrison Faculty Award for Historical Research, Portland State University, 2020. For Japan's Imperial House in the Postwar Era, 1945-2019. Ambassador, Hokkaido University, 2019-present. Branford Price Millar Award for Faculty Excellence, Portland State University, Spring 2015. For excellence in the areas of research and teaching, in particular, but also for community service. Commendation, Consulate General of Japan, Portland, OR, December 2014. For enriching the cultural landscape of Portland through programs sponsored by the Center for Japanese Studies and for improving the understanding of Japan both through these programs and through scholarship. Frances Fuller Victor Award for General Nonfiction (best work of nonfiction by an Oregon author), Oregon Book Awards sponsored by the Literary Arts Organization, 2012. For Imperial Japan at Its Zenith: The Wartime Celebration of the Empire’s 2,600th Anniversary. Jirõ Osaragi Prize for Commentary (in Japanese, the Osaragi Jirõ rondanshõ), 2004, awarded by the Asahi Newspaper Company (Asahi Shinbun) for the best book in the social sciences published in Japan during the previous year (For Kokumin no tennõ; translation of The People’s Emperor).
    [Show full text]
  • Enemies of the Lineage: Widows and Customary Rights in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945
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bstract Enemies of the Lineage: Widows and Customary Rights in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945 by Sungyun Lim Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Andrew E. Barshay, Chair My dissertation examines Korean widows and their legal rights during the Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945), focusing on widows and their lawsuits over property rights, inheritance and adoption. Utilizing civil case records from the Superior Court of Colonial Korea (Ch!sen K!t! H!in), I argue that women’s rights were diminished by the Korean customs adopted by the judicial system under the Japanese colonial state. By examining the production process of Korean customs in the colonial civil courts, I emphasize Korean agency in the transformation of family customs during the Japanese colonial period. Women’s property and inheritance rights developed in close relationship with the Japanese family policy, which aimed to disintegrate the lineages in Korea into nuclear households. The Japanese colonial state strengthened the household system by protecting customary rights that allowed widows to become house-heads.
    [Show full text]
  • ID ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT (IDEEA) Guidance Note
    ID ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT (IDEEA) Guidance Note Please provide comments to [email protected]. © 2018 International Bank for Reconstitution and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, D.C., 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some Rights Reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, or of any participating organization to which such privileges and immunities may apply, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2017. ID Enabling Environment Assessment, Washington, DC: World Bank License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO (CC BY 3.0 IGO) Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Robot Koseki: a Japanese Law Model for Regulating Autonomous Machines Colin P.A
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Commons @ UM Law Journal of Business & Technology Law Volume 14 | Issue 2 Article 3 The Robot Koseki: A Japanese Law Model for Regulating Autonomous Machines Colin P.A. Jones Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/jbtl Recommended Citation Colin P. Jones, The Robot Koseki: A Japanese Law Model for Regulating Autonomous Machines, 14 J. Bus. & Tech. L. 403 () Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/jbtl/vol14/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Academic Journals at DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Business & Technology Law by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Robot Koseki: A Japanese Law Model for Regulating Autonomous Machines COLIN P.A. JONES*© ABSTRACT After touching on some of the conceptual and practical hurdles facing the developing field of robot law, this article will describe the Japanese koseki system of family registration and then explain why it offers a source of models and analogies that are useful in the development of a framework for regulating robots. INTRODUCTION: WHAT TO DO ABOUT ROBOTS A review of the growing body of literature on the relatively new subject of “robotics law” reveals a number of common themes. For example, many works reflexively reference Isaac Asimov’s famous but fictional “three laws of robotics” as a touchstone,1 though it is unclear whether they will * Professor, Doshisha Law School (Kyoto, Japan); A.B., UC Berkeley; LL.M., Tohoku University Graduate Faculty of Law; J.D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth of the Parliamentary Democracy in Japan: an Historical Approach
    The Birth of the Parliamentary Democracy in Japan: An Historical Approach Csaba Gergely Tamás * I. Introduction II. State and Sovereignty in the Meiji Era 1. The Birth of Modern Japan: The First Written Constitution of 1889 2. Sovereignty in the Meiji Era 3. Separation of Powers under the Meiji Constitution III. The Role of Teikoku Gikai under the Meiji Constitution (明治憲法 Meiji Kenp ō), 1. Composition of the Teikoku Gikai ( 帝國議会) 2. Competences of the Teikoku Gikai IV. The Temporary Democracy in the 1920s 1. The Nearly 14 Years of the Cabinet System 2. Universal Manhood Suffrage: General Election Law of 1925 V. Constitutionalism in the Occupation Period and Afterwards 1. The Constitutional Process: SCAP Draft and Its Parliamentary Approval 2. Shōch ō ( 象徴) Emperor: A Mere Symbol? 3. Popular Sovereignty and the Separation of State Powers VI. Kokkai ( 国会) as the Highest Organ of State Power VII. Conclusions: Modern vs. Democratic Japan References I. INTRODUCTION Japanese constitutional legal history does not constitute a part of the obligatory legal curriculum in Hungary. There are limited numbers of researchers and references avail- able throughout the country. However, I am convinced that neither legal history nor comparative constitutional law could be properly interpreted without Japan and its unique legal system and culture. Regarding Hungarian-Japanese legal linkages, at this stage I have not found any evidence of a particular interconnection between the Japanese and Hungarian legal system, apart from the civil law tradition and the universal constitutional principles; I have not yet encountered the Hungarian “Lorenz von Stein” or “Hermann Roesler”. * This study was generously sponsored by the Japan Foundation Short-Term Fellowship Program, July-August, 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Is an Imposed Constitution Legitimate?
    LEGITIMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN : REDUX Is an imposed constitution legitimate? Keigo Komamura Professor of Law, the Faculty of Law, Keio University (Tokyo) Member of the Advisory Council for Constitutional Revision Research Project, Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies, 2010--, Harvard University Visiting Scholar, Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies, 2009, Harvard University Academic Associate, the Program on U.S.-Japan Relations 2009-2010, Harvard University This research paper is based on an occasional paper that I submitted to the Program on U.S.- Japan Relations, Harvard University, 2010. After adding some adjustments, using the paper, I made a presentation at the regular meeting of Constitutional Revision Research Project, Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies, Harvard University on Feb. 11th, 2010. 1 Table of Contents Introduction ----Main Arguments of This Paper I. A Note on “Legitimacy” A. Continuity in Regime as a Concept of Legitimacy B. Approach in This Paper II. A Brief Story of How the Postwar Constitution of Japan was Created III. Who made the Constitution of Japan? : Three Points of View IV. The August Revolution Theory and its Implications A. Continuity and Discontinuity B. What is the August Revolution Theory? C. Interpreting the Declaration as a Legal Authority V. From August Revolution to February Revolution A. Reaction of the Japanese government B. Two Interpretations of the Potsdam Declaration: Matsumoto vs. Nomura C. February Revolution? D. Some Legal Issues concerning the February Revolution: The February coup d'État as well? Tentative Conclusion ----Constitutional Commitments as a Dynamic Legitimacy Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 References 2 Introduction ----Main Arguments of This Paper During my stay at Princeton University as a visiting fellow 2008-09, an American student who studied Japanese politics asked me the following question: “The Japanese People have discussed revision of their postwar constitution many times.
    [Show full text]
  • Arizona Driver License Manual and CUSTOMER SERVICE GUIDE
    Arizona Driver License Manual and CUSTOMER SERVICE GUIDE azdot.gov/mvd Douglas A. Ducey, Governor John S. Halikowski, Director Eric R. Jorgensen, Division Director Dear Arizona motorists: The Arizona Department of Transportation Motor Vehicle Division (ADOT MVD) is pleased to provide this guide to Arizona traffic laws and information for obtaining a driver license or identification card. This manual also provides essential safety information for both new and experienced Arizona drivers. ADOT MVD delivers services to millions of Arizona motorists each year. In line with the Division’s vision of getting Arizona “out of the line and safely on the road” we are continuously improving processes to provide swift and efficient service. In addition to coming into an office, ADOT MVD offers alternative methods for Arizonans to access services. For example, two thirds of all transactions, including common ones like registration renewals, sold notices, title transfers, ordering a replacement license, updating insurance information, ordering a motor vehicle record, and more can be done online at AZMVDNow.gov. We also encourage Arizona drivers to take advantage of the more than 160 privately operated Authorized Third Party locations to serve you across the state. Several of these locations offer both Title and Registration and driver license transactions! Find a location convenient for you atazdot.gov/mvdlocations . We look forward to providing you with outstanding customer service and a safe driving experience while we continue our mission of “moving Arizona’s citizens, economy and infrastructure by getting safe drivers and vehicles on the road.” Sincerely, Eric R. Jorgensen Director Motor Vehicle Division ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 1801 W.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace in East Asia and the Japanese Constitution: a Reexamination 60 Years After Its Making1)
    Article Peace in East Asia and the Japanese Constitution: A Reexamination 60 Years After Its Making1) Akihiko Kimijima The purpose of this article is to review the 60-year history of the 1946 Constitution of Japan in the context of postwar East Asia. If one draws a schematic picture of the Japanese constitution in postwar East Asia, it could be described as the product of the dynamics generated by three elements: (1) the United States, which has defined the postwar world order, i.e., Pax Americana, (2) Japan’s conservative camp, which was integrated into Pax Americana while secretly preserving the continuity of the Japanese Empire, and (3) the Japanese people, who “embraced” the new constitution as their own.2) Soon after World War II the United States changed its policy from disarming to rearming Japan and has ceaselessly asked Japan to play a military role that supports and complements the US military. Japan’s conservatives have consistently developed foreign and security policies based on the US-Japan alliance. On many occasions the Japanese people have opposed the policies of the US and of Japan’s conservatives, relying on the pacifist principles of the postwar constitution. The US and Japanese conservatives have been trying to change Japan’s constitutional pacifism in the past 60 years and have renewed their efforts in recent years. I will attempt to reposition Japan’s constitutional pacifism in the context of East Asia and reconfirm its significance under these circumstances. I. Making of the Japanese Constitution 1. Pax Americana and Postwar East Asia The world order in the past 60 years can be summed up in the single term “Pax Americana.” The United States has been the greatest power, or the hegemon, in creating the world order since World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Law and Society in Korea
    JOBNAME: Yang PAGE: 1 SESS: 2 OUTPUT: Mon Dec 3 11:36:58 2012 Law and Society in Korea Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Yang_Law_and_Society_in_Korea / Division: 00_Prelims /Pg. Position: 1 / Date: 24/10 JOBNAME: Yang PAGE: 2 SESS: 6 OUTPUT: Mon Dec 3 11:36:58 2012 ELGAR KOREAN LAW INASSOCIATIONWITH THE LAW RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Series editor: In Seop Chung, Law Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea In the dramatic transformation Korean society has experienced for the past 40 years, law has played a pivotal role. However, not much information about Korean law and the Korean legal system is readily available in English. The Elgar Korean Law series fills this gap by providing authoritative and in-depth knowledge on trade law and regulation, litigation, and law and society in Korea.The series will be an indispensable source of legal information and insight on Korean law for academics, students and practitioners. Titles in the series include: Litigation in Korea Edited by Kuk Cho Trade Law and Regulation in Korea Edited by Seung Wha Chang and Won-Mog Choi Korean Business Law Edited by Hwa-Jin Kim Law and Society in Korea Edited by HyunahYang Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Yang_Law_and_Society_in_Korea / Division: 00_Prelims /Pg. Position: 2 / Date: 28/11 JOBNAME: Yang PAGE: 3 SESS: 9 OUTPUT: Wed Dec 5 12:52:59 2012 Law and Society in Korea Edited by HyunahYang Professor of Law, Seoul National University, Korea ELGAR KOREAN LAW INASSOCIATIONWITH THE LAW RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK + Northampton, MA, USA Columns Design XML Ltd / Job: Yang_Law_and_Society_in_Korea / Division: 00_Prelims /Pg.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Reporting Standard
    COMMON REPORTING STANDARD TAX IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS LEAFLET Version updated as of October 31th, 2019 Disclaimer: The present informative document, subject to modification, is communicated for information purposes only and has no contractual value. This document is defined based on the information provided by the OECD portal. It contains information that it is the sole responsibility of each country and is (i) of a general nature only and not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual or entity, (ii) not necessarily comprehensive, complete, accurate or up to date,(iii) sometimes linked to external sites over which SG Group has no control and for which SG Group assumes no responsibility and (iv) not professional or legal advice. If you need specific advice, you should always consult a professional tax advisor. TAX IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS This document provides an overview of domestic rules in the countries listed below governing the issuance, structure, use and validity of Tax Identification Numbers (“TIN”) or their functional equivalents. It is split into two sections: Countries that have already published the information on the OECD portal and can 1 be accessed by clicking on the name of the country below Cook Andorra Hungary Malaysia Saudi Arabia Islands Argentina Costa Rica Iceland Malta Seychelles Marshall Aruba Croatia India Islands Singapore Australia Curacao Indonesia Mauritius Slovak Republic Ireland Austria Mexico Cyprus Slovenia Isle of Man Azerbaijan Czech Montserrat Republic South Africa Bahrain
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Japan Through the Koseki 自己と他者の配置−−戸籍を通して日本を見る
    Volume 9 | Issue 29 | Number 2 | Article ID 3565 | Jul 19, 2011 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Geographies of Self and Other: Mapping Japan through the Koseki 自己と他者の配置−−戸籍を通して日本を見る David Chapman Geographies of Self and Other: population documentation (hukou)3 in China has Mapping Japan through the Koseki been based on the household as the fundamental social unit. As part of the Taika David Chapman reforms in the seventh century, along with many other governmental structures adopted Abstract: from China, Japan employed the same system of household registration koseki( seido) to This paper traces the social history of the enhance and centralise the powers of the household registration system (koseki seido) in Yamato imperial court. Once the inhabitants of Japan from its beginning to the present day. The the Yamato-controlled territories were identified paper argues that thekoseki has been an they could be conscripted, taxed and controlled. essential tool of social control used at various Population registration has been practised in stages in history to facilitate the political needs Japan ever since and although it has undergone and priorities of the ruling elite by constructing numerous changes and, in recent times, been and policing the boundaries of Japanese self. supplemented by other legislation, thekoseki This self has been mediated through the has endured the course of Japanese history principles of family as defined by the state and through to the present day and still maintains has created diverse marginalised and excluded primacy in identifying who has legal Japanese others. The study includes social unrest and status. agency of these others in furthering understanding of the role of thekoseki in In this paper I trace the social history of Japanese society.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Dynamics of State Power in North Korea: Militant Nationalism and People‟S Everyday Lives
    UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF STATE POWER IN NORTH KOREA: MILITANT NATIONALISM AND PEOPLE‟S EVERYDAY LIVES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY JIN WOONG KANG IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY MICHAEL GOLDMAN MAY 2011 © Jin Woong Kang 2011 Acknowledgements My dissertation would not have been possible without the advisor and mentors whom I was fortunate to meet along the way during the past eight years that I have been at the University of Minnesota. My advisor Professor Michael Goldman has been instrumental in encouraging me to pursue my studies since the very first time I met him in 2004 when he joined the Department of Sociology. He never failed to cheer me on with praise for my work when I felt underappreciated, and has helped make my work a reality. Professors Ron Aminzade and Jeff Broadbent have given me invaluable insights into placing North Korea within the context of historical and political sociology. Without Professors Tom Wolfe and Hiromi Mizuno, my work would have lacked the historical perspective that it now incorporates. All these mentors‟ guidance, critical comments, and friendship, along with serious discussions that motivated me to revise and reconstruct my work, have helped me complete my dissertation. I would also like to thank Professor Charles Armstrong who contributed generously to this scholarly effort by providing valuable comments. Any controversies or errors that remain are my own. My dissertation work has been funded by the University of Minnesota Graduate School Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship, the National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant, the University of Minnesota Graduate Research Partnership Program Fellowship, the University of Minnesota Dunn Peace Research Scholarship, the Don Martindale Award, and the Anna Welsch Memorial Award.
    [Show full text]