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Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Pesticides in Terrestrial Ecosystems

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Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Pesticides in Terrestrial Ecosystems Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment Environmental Health Science Laboratory of Pesticides in Terrestrial Toru UTSUMI* Ecosystems Mitsugu MIYAMOTO Toshiyuki KATAGI Ecotoxicological risk assessment of pesticides in terrestrial ecosystems in particular has become one of the most important areas in scientific pesticide evaluation for consideration of biodiversity preservation. In order to develop safer pesticides, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. has been evaluating our pesticides by utilizing scientific knowledge and state-of-the-art techniques in accordance with the latest regulatory criteria for the ecological risk assessment in complicated terrestrial ecosystems. In this article, outlines of the terrestrial ecological risk assessment procedures in the EU, USA and Japan are comparatively summarized and some examples of higher-tier ecotoxicological studies undertaken to demonstrate that our pesticides are benign to the terrestrial environment are introduced along with the recent progress in our research. This paper is translated from R&D Report, “SUMITOMO KAGAKU”, vol. 2011-I. Introduction consider the single hierarchical structure from produc- ers such as algae to multiple levels of consumers such With the increasing awareness of environmental pro- as crustaceans and fish, these aquatic plants and animals tection worldwide, it is becoming more and more impor- are food. tant to evaluate the effects of chemical substances on Terrestrial ecosystems, on the other hand, provide an the natural environment. With pesticides being inten- opportunity (blessing) for all species, including humans, tionally released into the natural environment to protect to survive, just like the aquatic ecosystems, and the crops from harmful insects, weeds and pathogenic assessment of pesticide impact therein becomes one of microorganisms, countries worldwide, with Europe and the most important issues in the safety assessment. the United States taking the lead, have formulated reg- However, evaluation of the risk to terrestrial ecosys- ulatory procedures making environmental risk assess- tems, which maintain interrelationships such as preda- 1), 2) ments indispensable registration requirements. tion, prey, competition and parasitism among the wide Among them, the assessment of ecological risk is uti- variety of living species in a complex mixture of the envi- lized to formulate the policies and measures suitable for ronmental media of air, soil and water systems, is protecting the ecosystem by understanding the impact extremely high-level and complex when compared with of chemical substances prior to their emission into the evaluation of aquatic ecosystems. In addition, the mixing environment. The most important issue is accurate of a wide variety of ecosystems with unique structures assessment of the risks to the organisms in the environ- and functions due to the everyday activities of people ment that make up the ecosystem. and the artificial connections with pesticides and agri- The assessment of the ecological impacts of pesticides cultural activities is a factor that brings about further is classified into assessments for aquatic ecosystems and complexity as in the case of apiculture. Furthermore, assessments for terrestrial ecosystems in the area of there are many species of organisms for which the ecol- pesticide application followed by migration. Methods for ogy is unknown, and the assessment of terrestrial eco- assessing the risks to aquatic ecosystems have been logical risks becomes more difficult because it is cou- debated worldwide ahead of those for terrestrial ones pled with a paucity of toxicological knowledge on because, in addition to its being comparatively easy to terrestrial organisms. To develop pesticides that may be used with more Currently employed by Crop Protection Division- International * confidence in their safety, Sumitomo Chemical is con- SUMITOMO KAGAKU (English 2011-I Edition) 2011-I, Report 5 Copyright © 2011 Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. 1 Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Pesticides in Terrestrial Ecosystems firming their safety by carrying out assessments of the On the other hand, approximately 1.75 million known impact on these complex and obscure terrestrial ecosys- species and 30 million species if the unknown ones are tems based on preserving biodiversity. These assess- included currently inhabit the Earth,5) and of these, the ments are driven by state-of-the-art assessment tech- total number of terrestrial species is estimated to be niques based on the most recent trends in regulations approximately 10 million.6) There are already, for exam- worldwide. In this article, we outline assessments of ter- ple, 4500 species of mammals, 8650 species of birds, restrial ecological risks in Europe, the USA and Japan, 5000 species of reptiles and 2000 species of amphibians give some recent specific examples that demonstrate known among the known vertebrates,7) but there are the safety of our pesticides for organisms in the envi- many species of organisms for which the life cycles, ronment using special higher tier evaluation systems lifestyles, behavioral patterns, types of feed and rates of designed for more exhaustive assessments, and intro- intake as well as reproductive strategies are unknown. duce some recent investigations on the issues to be resolved in the future. (2) Basic methods for assessing terrestrial ecological impact Assessment of Terrestrial Ecological Risk A list of the targeted species and required test data for assessments8)–13) in Europe, the USA and Japan are 1. Concepts for assessing terrestrial ecological given in Table 1. The differences in habitat, forms of risk agriculture, weather and climate, and the culture, ideas, After outlining the diversity and characteristics of the values, industry and other aspects of human society are ecosystems, that is, the natural environment and organ- reflected here, and there are a variety of differences. isms in the environment, that are the target of assess- However, this covers a wide range of groups in the clas- ments of ecological risks, we will give a simple introduc- sification of organisms, including the plants as a basis tion to basic terrestrial risk assessment techniques. of the terrestrial ecosystem, invertebrates that play roles such as soil organisms, food organisms, pollinating (1) Natural environment and organisms in the environ- organisms and natural enemies as well as vertebrates ment including the birds and mammals that are positioned at According to the Convention on Biological Diversity,3) the top of the phylogenetic classification. an ecosystem is a “dynamic complex of plant, animal On the other hand, the basic concepts of assessment and micro-organism communities and their non-living methods are common to both Europe and the United environment interacting as a functional unit.” With ter- States, which early on introduced assessments of the restrial ecosystems, the organism part is divided vari- risks of pesticides to terrestrial ecosystems, which are ously according to the functions performed in the both complex and obscure. While there are some haz- ecosystem, and there are three of these divisions: pro- ard-based assessments, they are basically risk-based ducers generally made up of green plants; herterotroph- methods that compare and evaluate toxicity and estimat- ic organisms that are consumers; and decomposers ed exposure concentrations in various targeted organ- (microorganisms, etc.) that feed on and mineralize isms. excretions and corpses of both. The consumers may Risk-based assessments become increasingly more also be divided according to their order in the food chain precise in stages moving toward the natural environ- into primary consumers (herbivores), secondary con- ment in terms of toxicity and exposure as shown in sumers (carnivores) as well as tertiary and quaternary Fig. 1, that is, they progress in a tiered structure. The consumers. However, unlike aquatic ecosystems with toxicity values obtained during a test window, for exam- their easily conceived interrelationships in a hierarchical ple, in initial lower tier assessments by standardized structure and the food chain for the ecosystem, the tests prescribed by the Organization for Economic Co- organisms in terrestrial ecosystems have a variety of operation and Development (OECD) or the US Envi- means of mobility and feeding habits. In addition, since ronmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the ratio (tox- there are also species that change feeding habits accord- icity/predicted concentration in the environment or ing to environmental conditions, the structure of the predicted exposure concentration) with predicted con- food chain forms a complicated food web rather than centration in the environment and predicted exposure being simple.4) concentration under the worst-case conditions foreseen SUMITOMO KAGAKU (English 2011-I Edition) 2011-I, Report 5 Copyright © 2011 Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. 2 Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Pesticides in Terrestrial Ecosystems Table 1 Data requirements in pesticide registration for representative outdoor use patterns in EU, US and Japan Taxonomic groups Required data EU US JP Acute: Acute oral study R R R Tier-1 Short term: 5-day dietary study CR R CR Long term: Reproduction study CR R NR Birds Avoidance/Palatability test for bait, granules and treated seeds CR NR NR Higher tier Pen/Cage test CR NR NR Vertebrates Wild birds: Field test CR CR NR Acute: Acute oral study R R NR Tier-1 Long term: Reproduction
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