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A Review of the South American Cichlid Genus Cichla, with Descriptions of Nine New Species (Teleostei: Cichlidae)

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A Review of the South American Cichlid Genus Cichla, with Descriptions of Nine New Species (Teleostei: Cichlidae) See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228489880 A review of the South American cichlid genus Cichla, with descriptions of nine new species (Teleostei: Cichlidae) Article in Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters · January 2007 CITATIONS READS 143 1,858 2 authors: Sven Kullander Efrem Jorge Gondim Ferreira Swedish Museum of Natural History Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia 195 PUBLICATIONS 1,666 CITATIONS 52 PUBLICATIONS 632 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Ecology and Conservation of Freshwater Fishes View project Phylogeny of Cyprinidae View project All content following this page was uploaded by Efrem Jorge Gondim Ferreira on 16 March 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil ISSN 0936-9902 Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters An international journal for fi eld-orientated ichthyology Volume 17 Number 4 Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters An international journal for fi eld-orientated ichthyology Volume 17 • Number 4 • December 2006 pages 289-398, 93 fi gs., 27 tabs. Managing Editor Maurice Kottelat, Route de la Baroche 12, Case postale 57 CH–2952 Cornol, Switzerland Tel. + 41 - 32 - 4 62 31 75 / Fax + 41 - 32 - 4 62 22 59 / E-mail [email protected] Editorial board Pier Giorgio Bianco, Dipartimento di Zoologia, Università, Napoli, Italy Ralf Britz, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Sven O. Kullander, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Helen K. Larson, Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia Lukas Rüber, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Ivan Sazima, Departamento de Zoologia & Museu de História Natural, Campinas, Brazil Paul H. Skelton, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa Heok Hui Tan, Raffl es Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters is published quarterly Subscriptions should be addressed to the Publisher: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Wolfratshauser Str. 27, D–81379 München, Germany PERSONAL SUBSCRIPTION : EURO 100 per Year/volume - 4 issues (includes surface mail shipping) INSTITUTIONAL SUBSCRIPTION : EURO 180 per Year/volume - 4 issues (includes surface mail shipping) Manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor: Maurice Kottelat, Route de la Baroche 12, Case postale 57, CH –2952 Cornol, Switzerland CIP-Titelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Ichthyological exploration of freshwaters : an international journal for fi eld-orientated ichthyology. – München : Pfeil. Erscheint jährl. viermal. – Aufnahme nach Vol. 1, No. 1 (1990) ISSN 0936-9902 Vol. 1, No. 1 (1990) – Copyright © 2006 by Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Publisher, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Wolfratshauser Str. 27, D-81379 München, Germany. Printed by Druckerei Wiesendanger, Murnau ISSN 0936-9902 Printed in Germany Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Wolfratshauser Str. 27, D-81379 München, Germany Tel. + 49 - (0)89 - 74 28 27 0 – Fax + 49 - (0)89 - 72 42 77 2 – E-mail: [email protected] – www.pfeil-verlag.de 289 Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 289-398, 93 figs., 27 tabs., December 2006 © 2006 by Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany – ISSN 0936-9902 A review of the South American cichlid genus Cichla, with descriptions of nine new species (Teleostei: Cichlidae) Sven O. Kullander* and Efrem J. G. Ferreira** Cichla, with the junior synonym Acharnes, is widely distributed in the Amazon, Tocantins, and Orinoco river basins, and in the smaller rivers draining the Guianas to the Atlantic Ocean. Within South America transplanta- tions are recorded from the Paraná and Paraguay river drainages in Paraguay and Brazil, and the Paraíba do Sul and Paraguaçu rivers in Brazil. The genus comprises 15 species recognized by external characters of which colour pattern and meristics are most significant. In six species juveniles possess three dark blotches on the side and a dark band connecting the posterior blotch to the dark blotch at the caudal-fin base: Cichla ocellaris is known from the Guianas, including the Marowijne, Suriname, Corantijn, Demerara, and Essequibo river drainages, and also the upper Rio Branco in Brazil. Cichla orinocensis is known from the Negro and Orinoco river drainages in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. Cichla monoculus is widespread in the floodplains of the Amazon basin, in Colombia, Peru, and Brazil, and also col- lected from rivers of Amapá in Brazil, and the lower Oyapock River on the border between Brazil and French Guiana. Cichla nigromaculata is known from the upper Rio Orinoco in Venezuela and, tentatively, the middle Rio Negro in Brazil. Cichla kelberi, new species, is restricted to the Tocantins river basin, but also found transplanted in the Paraná and Paraíba do Sul river drainages and reported from the Nordeste region of Brazil. Cichla pleio- zona, new species, occurs in the Madre de Dios, Beni, and Guaporé river drainages in Bolivia and Brazil, and in the Rio Jamari in Brazil. A lectotype is fixed for Cychla toucounarai which is a synonym of Cichla monoculus. Juveniles and young of the remaining nine species, in addition to the three midlateral blotches, possess a dark horizontal band extending from the head to the dark blotch at the caudal-fin base: Cichla mirianae, new species, is restricted to the upper Tapajós river drainage, in the Juruena and Teles Pires rivers, and the upper Xingu river drainage in Brazil. Cichla melaniae, new species, is restricted to the lower Xingu river drainage in Brazil. Cichla piquiti, new species, is restricted to the Tocantins river basin, but transplanted in the Paraná river basin in Brazil and Paraguay. Cichla thyrorus, new species, occurs in the Rio Trombetas in Brazil, upstream from the Cachoeira Porteira. Cichla jariina, new species, occurs in the Rio Jari in Brazil, where it is so far recorded only from the region of the Santo Antonio rapids. Cichla pinima, new species, occurs in the lower parts of southern tributaries of the Rio Amazonas in Brazil (Tapajós, Curuá-Una, Xingu), and the lower Tocantins and Capim rivers. Tentatively identified specimens are recorded from the Amapá, Araguari, and Canumã rivers in Brazil. Cichla pinima occurs translocated in the Rio Paraguaçu in southeastern Brazil, and is reported as translocated from the northeast of Brazil. Cichla vazzoleri, new species, occurs in the Uatumã and lower Trombetas rivers in Brazil. Cichla temensis is known from the Negro and Orinoco river drainages in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. It is also recorded from blackwater rivers along the Rio Solimões-Amazonas in Brazil (Tefé, Rio Puraquequara, Rio Uatumã, and Silves). Cichla intermedia is restricted to the Casiquiare and Orinoco river drainages in Venezuela. * Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, POB 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] ** Centro de Pesquisas de Biologia Acuatica, INPA, CP 478, 69083-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol. 17, No. 4 290 A phylogenetic analysis suggests that C. intermedia, C. piquiti, and C. melaniae are successive basal species, whereas an unresolved group composed of C. jariina, C. pinima, C. temensis, C. thyrorus, and C. vazzoleri is the sister group of (C. mirianae,(C. orinocensis,((C. ocellaris, C. nigromaculata),(C. monoculus, C. kelberi, C. pleiozona))). Introduction Fifteen nominal species are referable to Cich- la (Table 1). The majority were described in the Species of the genus Cichla are among the major period 1821-1855 and frequently based on field food and game fishes in South America. They are observations and drawings. Revisions by Günther known locally by the collective names tucunaré (1862), Pellegrin (1904), and Regan (1906) distin- in most of the Amazon region, pavón in Vene- guished principally only the two species C. temen- zuela, toekoenali in Suriname, and lukanani in sis and C. ocellaris with varying synonym lists. Guyana (Kullander, 2003). Günther (1862) also listed C. conibos and C. mul- Cichla has been the subject of several recent tifasciata, and Regan recognized C. multifasciata reviews dealing with phylogenetic position (Stiass- based on the drawings and sketchy information ny, 1982, 1987; Kullander, 1986, 1998), life history from Castelnau (1855). Castelnau’s names, how- (Zaret, 1980), and particular species (Machado, ever, more likely refer to unrecognizable species 1971, 1973; Kullander, 1986; Kullander & Nijssen, of Crenicichla (Kullander, 1986). Most literature 1989). There are surprisingly few studies on the before Machado’s (1971) revision mentioned only ecology and behaviour of Cichla. Lowe-McConnell two species, viz. C. temensis and C. ocellaris. (1969) reported on field observations of C. ocella- Ringuelet et al. (1967: 507) reported C. chacoen- ris in Guyana, and Winemiller (2001) summarised sis (Holmberg, 1891) from Argentina. Holmberg ecological
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