ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN (EMMP) Project/activity, Organizational/administrative, and Environmental Compliance Data Project/Activity Data Project/Activity Name: Feed the Future Senegal Nafoore Warsaaji Geographic Location(s) (Country/Region): Senegal/West Africa Implementation Start/End Dates: March 11, 2020- March 11, 2023 Contract/Award Number: SBAR-CPFF-72068520C00001 Implementing Partner(s): Connexus Corporation Tracking ID: Tracking ID/link of Related IEE: Tracking ID/link of Other, Related Analyses:

Organizational/Administrative Data Implementing Operating Unit(s): (e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office) Lead BEO Bureau: Prepared by: Date Prepared: Submitted by: Date Submitted:

Environmental Compliance Review Data Analysis Type: EMMP Additional Analyses/Reporting Required: EMMR

Purpose Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plans (EMMPs) are required for USAID-funded projects, as specified in ADS 204, when the 22 CFR 216 documentation governing the project (e.g. the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) specifies mitigation measures are needed. EMMPs are in important tool for translating applicable IEE conditions and mitigation measures into specific, implementable, and verifiable actions.

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP i An EMMP is an action plan that clearly defines: 1. Mitigation measures. Actions that reduce or eliminate potential negative environmental impacts resulting directly or indirectly from a particular project or activity, including environmental limiting factors that constrain development. 2. EMMP monitoring indicators.1 Criteria that demonstrate whether mitigation measures are suitable and implemented effectively. 3. Monitoring/reporting frequency. Timeframes for appropriately monitoring the effectiveness of each specific action. 4. Responsible parties. Appropriate, knowledgeable positions assigned to each specific action. 5. Field Monitoring/Issues. Field monitoring needs to be adequately addressed i.e. monitoring dates, observations, issues identified and resolution. This field is primarily for documentation during implementation. As of 2020, additional measures are added to address the need to practice social distancing, wear face coverings, and limit group sizes to prevent the spread of coronavirus during the global pandemic. These measures apply to activities involving meetings and group training. Generally, EMMPs are developed by the IP (and updated at least annually) in conjunction with the Annual Work Plan. Some IEEs include a general EMMP; in such instances it is incumbent on the IP to tailor the general EMMP once activities are fully defined. Responsibility for ensuring IPs develop appropriate EMMPs and budget for their implementation rest with USAID CORs/AORs. An EMMP is a living document. It should be reviewed against the IEE and updated/tailored as needed over the life of implementation, e.g. when new sites are identified or changes in scope are made through award modifications and IEE Amendments.

1 Note: EMMP monitoring indicators differ from performance indicators, which are the measures that USAID uses to detect progress towards the results included in a Results Framework.

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Project/activity, Organizational/administrative, and Environmental Compliance Data ...... i PURPOSE ...... I 1.0 PROJECT/ACTIVITY SUMMARY ...... 1 Nafoore Warsaaji Vision and Staffing ...... 1 2.0 SITE SPECIFIC INFORMATION ...... 3 Activity Description and Locational Information ...... 3 Water for Irrigation and GIRE (integrated water resource management) ...... 5 Summary of Principal Environmental Concerns for Reg. 216 ...... 7 3.0 COVID-19 AND ITS IMPACT ON THRESHOLD DETERMINATIONS ...... 11 Threshold determinations from Senegal IEE documents ...... 12 4.0 ANNUAL REPORTING ...... 16 5.0 EMMP TABLE FOR FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI ...... 17 USAID APPROVAL OF EMMP ...... 25 COPY OF EMMR TABLE FOR FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI ...... 26 APPENDICES TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN EMMP ...... 28 1. Sample Environmental Review Form to use with credit or grant applications to screen partners’ activities ...... 29 2. Key features of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ...... 34 3. Summary of essential information and allowed/ banned pesticides from the USAID /Senegal Agriculture PERSUAP ...... 36 4. Pesticide Safer Use Compliance Tracker - Illustration ...... 44 5. Environmental impacts of fertilizer ...... 46 6. USAID Water Quality (and quantity) Assurance ...... 48 7. 2001 Study on Horticultural Production Impacts on Les Niayes (FR) ...... 50

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP i Feed the Future Senegal Nafoore Warsaaji EMMP

1.0 Project/Activity Summary Feed the Future Senegal Nafoore Warsaaji’s purpose is to help smallholder horticulturalists, including those already being supported under existing Feed the Future projects like Kawolor and previous USAID projects like Yaajeendé, Nataal Mbay/ PCE/SAGIC, and Wula Nafaa, to amplify their commercial activities and integrate farmers into existing horticulture value chains. The original proposal was updated in light of the Feed the Future COVID 19 Impact Enterprise Recovery Scope of Work. To address value chain challenges, Nafoore Warsaaji aims to provide technical assistance, training, material, and other agricultural, financial and market services to mitigate short- and long-term COVID-19 crisis impacts on horticulture value chain actors, particularly smallholders, youth and women, in the Feed the Future Zone of Influence (ZOI). This pandemic has revealed the urgent need to address several key issues in the horticulture market value chains. Nafoore Warsaaji aims to: (i) strengthen production planning to better supply local and national markets with locally produced horticultural products on an ongoing basis; (ii) improve post-harvest and logistics supply chains to reduce post-harvest loss and improve off-taking of horticultural produce; (iii) improve the coordination of upgrading actions between actors at different levels in the value chain in order to cooperatively address key bottlenecks and gaps highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic; and, (iv) help promote market incentives, lift barriers and address key regulatory issues to further catalyze the consumption of local horticulture products. Connexus views the expansion of Nafoore Warsaaji as a path to address these VC challenges but also as an opportunity to pave the way for stronger markets systems, and more private sector investment in priority horticulture value chains in Senegal. Many of Nafoore Warsaaji’s participants became engaged in horticulture through USAID and Feed the Future livelihoods, nutrition, water, and resilience programming, and are now poised to focus more of their efforts on commercial horticulture to increase household revenues. Nafoore Warsaaji is designed to engage these participants in increasingly lucrative and structured business deals with private sector partners, including input suppliers, MFIs, banks, insurance companies, off-takers, and end market buyers. In addition, extending the activity ZOI into the Niayes will allow Nafoore Warsaaji to link to existing commercial horticultural VCs and test a wider range of business models and finance products with producers and other institutional actors who have a broad range of professional experience in horticultural production. Nafoore Warsaaji Vision and Staffing Connexus and Nafoore Warsaaji will collaborate with the Kawolor Activity in the Feed the Future ZOI. Lessons learned and experience from activities undertaken in the Niayes Zone will also be shared with Kawolor in order to improve the value chain structuring process in the expanded ZOI. Nafoore Warsaaji will work with Kawolor on establishing horticulture corridors aimed at increasing the availability of safe and nutritious food, especially in the poorest areas of the ZOI. Connexus will also engage the private sector in a way that will leverage increased development results and create a more sustainable market infrastructure for commercial horticulture. Nafoore Warsaaji’s strategy is to structure local horticultural value chains into single or multi-crop horticultural “hubs.” A hub is a virtual entity, made up of sellers, suppliers and buyers linked by business relationships around a specific crop or set of crops. As it evolves, the hub will diversify in the number and type of actors that interact— eventually including the entire range of VC actors--, and will expand to service local, regional, national, and even international markets. Hubs will provide producer groups with a useful mode of organization to facilitate technology transfer at vital demonstration plots, including COVID safety and pesticide safer use training. Hubs also serve as sites where private sector partners can engage with large numbers of producers, and as venues for secondary businesses, such as last mile entrepreneurs (LMEs) and value-added enterprises, to develop

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 1 around them. LMEs include community agro-dealers, farmer advisors, Community Based Solution Providers and CultiVert agents. (SOW pg. 36) Nafoore Warsaaji’s goals are to reach 30,000 farmers with new technologies, to increase their gross margins on horticultural produce by 50%, to bring in $3,000,000 in new sales, and to attract $2,000,000 of private sector investment. The last two goals include priority benefits to smallholders negatively impacted by COVID. 15,000 individuals will be sensitized on virus transmission prevention. After three years, farmer groups will be able to fulfill export produce orders; contracts can be aggregated using smaller lots and producers through intermediaries; a greater range of finance options and technical assistance will be available (including for long- term investments); quality and consistency of production will be improved; and more women and youth will find employment in production enterprises. In particular, food processing is expected to employ some 200 women organized into groups. In terms of staffing, NCBA currently has funds and staff dedicated to horticultural production and is working with CultiVert to enhance input supply and technical support. Core staff includes a chief of party with agribusiness and finance specialties; agricultural value chain and market systems specialists; and capacity building specialists. Staff were chosen for this project for their technical knowledge and expertise on the subject. International STTA will only be used as needed to bring in best practices and innovative approaches that are not readily available in Senegal. Connexus will reinforce the collaboration with the Kawolor Activity in the Feed the Future Zone of Influence. Lessons learned and experience from activities undertaken in the Niayes Zone will also be shared with Kawolor in order to improve the value chain structuring process in the ZOI. Nafoore Warsaaji will work with Kawolor on establishing horticulture corridors aimed at increasing the availability of safe and nutritious food, especially in the poorest areas of the ZOI. Input and Technology Suppliers: Nafoore Warsaaji has already partnered with a variety of agricultural input providers, such as Agroseed, Green Senegal, Elephant Vert, as well as technology suppliers, such as Holland Greentech (drip irrigation and greenhouses, as well as crop spraying, etc.) and Bonergie (solar powered pumps, etc.) . All these private sector partners have agreed to offer technical assistance as needed to support our FGs’ paths toward commercial horticulture production by bundling the cost of technical assistance in their product offerings. Last Mile Entrepreneurs (LMEs): For those rural areas that lack support for inputs, technologies and technical assistance, Nafoore Warsaaji will work with LMEs, such as community agro-dealers, farmer advisors, Community Based Solution Providers and CultiVert agents, to strengthen linkages between suppliers/buyers and rural growers and negotiate agreements to cover their costs through product sales commissions and bundled finance. While each type of LME offers unique solutions, they all share the overarching goal of bridging the gap between markets and rural smallholders, which is important to enable small farmers to participate in commercial horticultural markets. Horticultural Buyers and aggregators: To assess demand for horticulture in Senegal, Connexus has already begun to engage large buyers, such as Auchan’s suppliers, Club Tiossane, UNACOIS’s members, who helped to understand what constraints they face in accessing horticultural goods that meet their needs in terms of quality, quantity and timing. Nafoore Warsaaji will work with buyers to make sure affiliated FGs can meet these specifications in exchange for higher prices and in sufficient quantities and timing through the hub networks. Financial Service Providers: Nafoore Warsaaji intends to build on its successful relationships developed with local financial institutions in Senegal, including LBA and Ecobank, which have partnered with Connexus on its USDA-funded LIFFT-Cashew project, facilitating finance for the cashew value chain actors. We will leverage Kawolor’s partnership with CMS and forge new alliances for insurance (i.e. CNAAS) and financial leasing (e.g. Locafrique) to ensure a broad range of financial needs are met along the horticultural value chain, in addition to the direct value chain finance offered by some of the input and technology providers.

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 2 Other local firms: Connexus intends to engage other local firms to support this activity, including a local law firm for registration, information technology (IT) firms to support the development of a digital data system for managing logistics and traceability and local hotels for organizing capacity building activities.

2.0 Site Specific Information Activity Description and Locational Information While USAID has focused on increasing production of core agricultural staples such as rice, maize and millet, cereals already represent approximately two thirds of the Senegalese diet. Therefore, increasing the quality and quantity of horticulture production and its commercialization are important for improving dietary diversity and closing the nutrition gap. Most poor still live in rural villages with limited access to markets and finance, which are needed to invest in high quality inputs and small, low-cost irrigation. Such investments are required to increase productive yields and income for smallholders, while encouraging climate smart agriculture and more efficient use of water and natural resources for communities. Nafoore Warsaaji staff will organize hub and spoke networks; each hub will initially be composed of at least 10 of the strongest FGs ranging from 25 to 35 producers each. The hubs will be situated at central sites on existing gardens operated by the strongest Kawolor farmer groups. Off-takers and buyers will establish depots, value added and contract farming activities at the hubs to facilitate aggregation and trade. In the first quarter, selection criteria for the hubs will be determined, and will include geographic location, existing access to water, access to land for future expansion, existing equipment, and demonstrated success in producing for local markets. Water sources for irrigation will probably include the Senegal and Gambia Rivers, but will mostly consist of existing borehole sources.2 All field level trainings will be conducted on site at the hubs or at the regional offices that Kawolor operates throughout the FTF zone of intervention (ZOI). Proximity to Protected Areas Nafoore Warsaaji’s work zones overlap with USAID Feed the Future target areas, plus a recently added zone in Les Niayes. The FTF ZOI, which coincides with most of Nafoore Warsaaji’s work zone, is shown below, side-by-side with the applicable IEE’s map of protected areas in Senegal dated 2002. 3

2 Personal communications with Connexus Vice President of International Programs, May 20, 2020 3 Source: A. Medeiros/USAID and Worldwide Fund for Nature, cited in the 2015 Senegal ETOA page 17

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 3 SAINT- LOUIS

Ferlo LOUGA Nord Wildlife Rsv MATAM

As shown above, the FTF ZOI does overlap somewhat with Senegal’s Ferlo Nord Wildlife Reserve (487,000 ha, established in 1996); this reserve, together with Ferlo Sud, forms the central portion of the 2012 UNESCO Biosphere Reserve known as the Ferlo (2,058,214 total hectares). In this zone, endangered species Gazella rufifrons and G. dorcas are reported as still present, but they, along with most other wild mammals, have been hunted very heavily and are extremely rare in the region -- though they are in the process of being re-introduced. The endangered tortoise Geochelone sulcata occurs within the site, which is also important for Palearctic migrants, especially raptors. These include Circus macrourus, C. pygargus, and Falco naumanni. The Ferlo is currently the only refuge of the red-necked ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus) in the Sahel. The additional NW intervention zone is in Les Niayes, which follows 135 km of the western seacoast of Senegal. According to USAID’s 2020 Tropical Forest and Analysis (page 22), this “special system” covers 2,000 square kilometers and contains important bodies of fresh water, has a shallow water table, and supports some of the last remaining Guinean and Sudanian vegetation in the country, including 419 recorded species (of which the versatile rônier palm is one).

Maps of Les Niayes zone: (1) Shaded red - from Mise En Oeuvre de L’approche Gire Par La Proposition d’un Schéma de Gestion de L’eau Agricole dans la Commune de Darou Khoudoss Au Sénégal, 20194; (2) With horticulture zone shaded purple - from the 2016 USAID PERSUAP5

4 Essay written by Florence Lessard for a master’s degree in Environment at University of Sherbrook: https://www.memoireonline.com/02/13/6920/m_Approche-participative-dans-la-gestion-integree-des-ressources-en-eau-de-la-zone-des-Niayes-de-Da0.html 5 Source cited: http://www.comap.ca/kmland/display.php?ID=222&DISPOP=VRCPR

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 4 Les Niayes is already under threat from human intrusion as well as coastal , requiring any project intervention to be carried out with strict guidelines and sensitization of actors. Besides large-scale garden irrigation and tree clearing, other major threats are anarchic , sand and gravel mining, and garbage dumping. Senegal’s Forest Service is involved in Niayes land management (Biodiversity analysis page 37); but more can be done through planning, improved governance, and integrated water resource management or GIRE (gestion intégrée des ressources en eau).

Ferlo Nord Wildlife Reserve (http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6846) The Ferlo is characterized by a great diversity of ecosystems and vegetation types which include savanna, shrub and herbaceous gallery forests along rivers, shrub-steppe, valleys, ponds and pastures. The Wildlife Reserve lies in north- eastern Senegal, south of the Senegal river which forms the border with Mauritania at this point. It lies between the valleys of the Senegal river and the Ferlo river, which usually remains dry. The area is crossed by a several river channels, but it has dried sandy soils and some pockets of clay. In the rainy season, water accumulates in old river channels and depressions, so wildlife and lush vegetation concentrate there. The vegetation is Sahel thorn-bush savanna dominated by Acacia species and Balanites aegyptiaca; larger Bombax costatum, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Combretum glutinosum; and Boscia shrubs. Droughts combined with by cattle and goats have turned much of the land into semi-desert.

Water for Irrigation and GIRE (integrated water resource management) In the context of irrigating gardens, environmental concerns include: • drawing uncontrolled amounts of water from the Senegal and Gambia Rivers and their tributaries, leading to impacts on downstream users • allowing pesticide and fertilizer residues to flow back into surface and groundwater sources, impacting fisheries as well as downstream users and vegetation • incidental use of drawn water as drinking water The following explanations come from the Senegal WASH IEE document (2016-2020).

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 5 Intense extraction of groundwater for irrigation, industry, and drinking over the past 50 years -- at a rate of over 100,000 cubic meters per day6 in the 10 years before 2009 -- along with drought, have led to a 30m decline in the water table and caused changes in groundwater flow and salinization. Surface water that is needed for irrigation among other uses is threatened from unplanned dams, invasive Typha, and agricultural and industrial runoff and . According to USAID’s Regional Vulnerability Assessment for West Africa (2012), the World Bank identified the combination of and agricultural expansion as the main source of demand for water in Senegal. But, while 93% of surface and well water is used for agriculture, irrigated land is only 4% of the total land in crops, pointing to the inefficiency of water management. The USAID Senegal WASH IEE promotes these ways for policy makers to strengthen water management: • educating and training farmers on efficient irrigation and drainage systems • adopting regulations that govern application of fertilizers and pesticides • imposing taxes on large-scale farmers and industrial polluters • harvesting and storing rainwater Also, according to the 2016 WASH IEE, The Directorate for the Management and Forecast of Water Resources (DGPRE) requires that all boreholes be subject to testing of initial rate of flow to enable monitoring and sustainable management of groundwater resources. Subsequently, ASUFORs (Borehole Water User Associations) conduct monthly measurements and recordings of withdrawals, and they provide annual assessments of the status of water resources. (pg 19) In terms of governance, Senegal’s Ministry of Hydraulics and Sanitation “promotes the sustainable management of water resources and universal access to clean water for all needs”. One of its programs is Integrated Water Resource Management or GIRE in French. Its Office of rural Boreholes OFOR manages rural water sources and infrastructure, and village-based Water Associations or ASUFORs manage local water systems including boreholes, working with private operators (USAID WASH IEE page 25). These are the principles inherent to GIRE7: 1. Freshwater is a limited and vulnerable resource, essential to life, development, and the environment; therefore, socio-economic development must be reconciled with protection of natural ecosystems/ watersheds/ aquifers. 2. The development and management of water resources should be founded on a participatory approach involving users, planners, and decision-makers at all levels. 3. Women are at the heart of water provision, management, and preservation; therefore, women must be involved in water management. 4. Because of opposing or competing needs and uses, water must be considered an economic asset, and therefore all humans have a right to it at an affordable price and with sufficient quality; but everyone also has a responsibility to exploit water with efficiency to avoid waste. When it comes to river water use, a certain amount of monitoring may be accomplished by the use of rainfall and flow measurement stations along the banks, and water sampling in the vicinity of USAID-sponsored garden sites. Organized groups can be sensitized on issues related to water use and quality. Due to a general lack of equipment and gauges, preventative actions are preferable (and more cost-effective), such as establishing

6 The IEE refers to this article: Madioune, D., Faye, S., Orban, P., Brouyère, S., Dassargues, A., Mudry, J., ...Maloszewski, P. (n.d.). Application of isotopic tracers as a tool for understanding hydrodynamic behavior of the highly exploited Diass aquifer system (Senegal). Journal of Hydrology, 443-459 7 Essay written by Florence Lessard for a master’s degree in Environment at University of Sherbrook: https://www.memoireonline.com/02/13/6920/m_Approche-participative-dans-la-gestion-integree-des-ressources-en- eau-de-la-zone-des-Niayes-de-Da0.html

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 6 vegetation buffers between gardens and flowing water, using a minimum of pesticide and fertilizer, and avoiding overwatering. Application of GIRE when it comes to Les Niayes is more problematic. The natural water table replenishment rate is hard to monitor due to the subterranean lakes of the zone. At the same time, weak application of participatory water management means that few people are involved in water use decisions; much less women. Lastly, growers do not pay for their water as a rule, so there is less incentive to conserve it the way that industrial and household users do through metered bills. Nafoore Warsaaji has no intention of becoming a borehole or well-drilling activity, although it does need boreholes in many instances for its garden irrigation. If in the future Nafoore Warsaaji expands to a point of focusing more on boreholes, more environmental concerns will be raised about water quality testing.

« Parallèlement aux efforts déployés pour améliorer le taux de couverture en eau potable des villes et des campagnes, le développement de l’agriculture irriguée, grosse consommatrice d’eau et source de pollution, s’est considérablement renforcé sous l’impulsion des pouvoirs publics et du secteur privé, avec des interventions s’étendant dans la zone des Niayes, et dans les vallées des fleuves Sénégal, Gambie, Casamance et Anambé. » - Plan d’Actions pour la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau du Sénégal, 2007 : Global Water Partnership (http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/sen175584.pdf)

Summary of Principal Environmental Concerns for Reg. 216 Most activities in Nafoore Warsaaji’s portfolio concern training, creating hub/ supply/ marketing structures, and facilitating access to funding so that growers can access equipment, water, and inputs for garden production. Even though inputs and equipment are sourced via third parties, the activities include certain components that always require parallel mitigation activities to be written into the workplan and into any agreements signed with loan or credit beneficiaries. • Any expansion of horticultural surfaces must avoid protected areas and further threats to water quality and endangered vegetation and animals. The main areas of concern are the disappearing habitats of red-necked ostrich, dama and dorcas gazelles, and bird sanctuaries along the Senegal River and the Ferlo National Wildlife Reserves; and the few remaining Sudanian and Guinean forest vegetation stands within Les Niayes. • There is a legal requirement (Forestry Code decree No. 2019-110, art. 39) to protect areas that are 30 meters on each side of watercourses, and a band of 100 meters around pond edges. This has implications for locating new garden sites and demonstration sites. • Training in safer pesticide use and correct dosage of fertilizer must be carried out wherever inputs are delivered. This will be the greatest challenge: connecting LMEs (as defined above) with input suppliers who assure that safer use pesticide training happens and is recorded. • Preventing runoff due to misuse or overuse of either product is a key practice to build in to garden activities: vegetation buffer strips; storage of products away from water and under a roof; maintenance of equipment to prevent leaks; proper training in application and especially in reading labels to identify prohibited or restricted-use products. • Integrated Pest Management must be the preferred practice before chemical pesticides are prescribed. This pertains to all sizes of producer groups.

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 7 • Water diversion from rivers and streams for irrigation must be done in an appropriate way to avoid impacts on fisheries and wildlife, as well as on downstream users. Existing organizations should already have an integrated water use plan (IWRP or GIRE); otherwise, one should be set up. • Borehole rehabilitation involves people and animals drinking the improved water source, and thus needs to be accompanied by water testing if the activity becomes large-scale. • Disposal of dysfunctional solar panels and damaged irrigation piping must be planned for. • Any food value-adding processing must be accompanied by training in safer (cleaner) production methods. • Any storage or warehouse receipts activity that results in building structures must undergo an amendment to this EMMP. • When horticultural produce is ready for the market, testing for residual fertilizer and pesticides must be done before produce can be placed in the market. Labs in Dakar are one resource for such testing.

Reducing Pollution from Runoff Careless or unnecessary use of garden fertilizers can contribute to nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of streams, rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters Nutrient management consists of pollution-prevention practices that manage the rate, time, and method of fertilizer application. This reduces the likelihood of phosphorus transfer from runoff or of nitrogen leaching into groundwater. Synthetic (manufactured) and natural (organic and inorganic) fertilizers provide nutrients for plant growth. The nutrients that are mostly likely to limit plant growth if not present at adequate levels are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Nitrogen is a mobile nutrient in constant motion, like water. Nitrogen applied to the soil can be used by plants, washed off the soil surface, leached through the soil, or lost to the air as a gas. Some nitrogen from fertilizer moves into the atmosphere through denitrification; the air we breathe is 78 percent nitrogen. Nitrogen from granular fertilizer can enter streams from surface runoff. Nitrogen loss is higher when a heavy rain immediately follows a surface application of fertilizer, especially on sloped areas. Incorporating fertilizer into the soil or lightly watering (up to 2.5 cm) after making a surface application will reduce the nitrogen loss from surface runoff and from denitrification. Nitrogen losses also can occur with soil erosion. Improper placement or excessive application of compost or manure can cause water pollution. Heavy rains can wash these materials or their leachate into surface water. Phosphorus promotes early root formation and growth, as well as the production of flowers, fruits, and seeds. When applied as fertilizer, phosphorus is quickly bound by soil particles. Phosphorus is relatively immobile in soils, except sand. Since phosphorus does not leach through the soil water, how can it be part of the water quality problem? One answer is that fertilizer applied to a hard surface can easily be washed away. Phosphorus is also a component of plant material, compost, manure, and leaves, which can be blown or washed into water. - NC State Extension: “Gardener's Guide to Protecting Water Quality” - https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/a- gardeners-guide-to-protecting-water-quality

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 8 Feed the Future Senegal’s Nafoore Warsaaji will implement activities described in the Senegal Food Security and Management IEE that have either a categorical exclusion or negative determination, with conditions. In the WASH IEE, the borehole rehabilitation activity would require water testing, even though it is meant to supply irrigation water. Below is a summary of the IEE activity categories and determinations that apply to Nafoore Warsaaji. Activities with determination “negative with conditions” will be copied by IEE category into the EMMP table following this section as per the USAID template. Impacts from the corresponding IEE are copied into the EMMP Table using IEE wording modified to fit Nafoore Warsaaji activities more precisely. Then a field oriented EMMP reporting table and action checklist (to create the annual EMMR) will be provided to project staff for implementation. Below are some photographs from previous EMMP missions in Senegal as reminders of some of the impacts of human activity. Photo from the Senegal Feed the Future Programmatic Environmental Assessment (2010): risks associated with irrigation schemes along the river

Informal irrigation schemes: In addition to the long-established and formal irrigation schemes found along the Senegal River, one also encounters informal irrigation schemes being developed without public permits. The canal on this site was built by a group of entrepreneurs tapping the water without permission. Individuals in turn use pumps such as seen here to develop irrigation schemes nearby, often for horticulture and using modern agricultural inputs without much guidance or control.

Photo from Yaajeendé 2012 Field Assessment for EMMP: Wildlife and vegetation along the river threatened by producers (in this case, a Seba Python, and uncontrolled livestock impacting water quality and wildlife habitat)

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 9

Photo from Kawolor/ Kaffrine site: Waterlogged (green) soil; standing water as a mosquito breeding site around poorly maintained irrigation basin

Photo from Kawolor/ near Kaffrine: Solar panel covered in sand; drip irrigation piping no longer maintained; water use meter onsite non-functioning

Backpack sprayers with broken hoses, jerry-rigged parts

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 10 3.0 COVID-19 and its impact on threshold determinations Certain activities that would have been classified as Categorical Exclusions because of their minimal or zero- impact on the environment are now considered potential “spreading events” because they bring people together in groups and in proximity. These activities involve mainly training and conducting studies that involve participants. Their modified threshold determinations are presented in the table below, and recommended mitigation measures are presented in the EMMP table that follows. Nafoore Warsaaji will design and implement a quality control and good agriculture practices program based on the specifications set in the contract farming and out growers’ arrangements. Nafoore Warsaaji’s team will make sure that this program complies with obligatory COVID-19 transmission barriers. The Innovation Fund that supports small grants, loan guarantees, and purchase orders will follow criteria and procedures for management of disbursements and reporting contained in a brief manual; the manual will be updated to integrate COVID-19 issues and activities. As a general reminder, COVID-19 virus spread is prevented as follows, as cited on Senegal’s French Embassy page:8

Rappel des recommandations contre la COVID-19 (coronavirus) : • Se laver très fréquemment les mains avec une solution hydro alcoolique (SHA) ou à l’eau et au savon • Respecter les distances physiques avec vos interlocuteurs • Porter un masque en particulier en présence d’interlocuteurs • Se couvrir la bouche et le nez avec le pli du coude ou avec un mouchoir en cas de toux ou d’éternuement – jeter le mouchoir immédiatement après et se laver les mains • Éviter les contacts proches avec les personnes qui ont des symptômes grippaux • En cas de symptômes grippaux, de fièvre, de toux et de difficultés à respirer, consulter un médecin sans tarder.

The following bulletin was published on Senegal’s Health and Social Action Ministry site - note that wearing a mask is not mentioned on this particular list:9

West African Health Organization (WAHO) advises citizens to comply with the prevention protocols and measures instituted by our countries’ authorities. Citizens should:

• Regularly and thoroughly wash hands with soap and water; or, if not possible, clean them with an alcohol- based hand sanitizer. • Practice physical distancing by maintaining at least 1.5 meters between yourself and other people, by limiting in-person visits, and by avoiding crowded areas. • Protect the elderly: adults 60 and older, especially those with preexisting medical conditions, who are more vulnerable to COVID-19. • Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth. Hands touch many surfaces and can pick up viruses. Once contaminated, hands can transfer the virus to your eyes, nose, or mouth. From there, the virus can enter your body and make you sick.

8 https://sn.ambafrance.org/Coronavirus-2019-nCoV-3295 9 http://www.sante.gouv.sn/politique-de-sante/politique-sanitaire

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 11 • Practice respiratory hygiene: Make sure you, and the people around you, follow good respiratory hygiene. This means covering your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze; then dispose of the used tissue immediately. • Seek medical care early: If you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing, stay at home, seek medical attention and call in advance. Follow the directions of your local health authority. Threshold determinations from Senegal IEE documents FS&NRM IEE Determinations Category Determination Nafoore Warsaaji Activity; description A. Improving Categorical Exclusion* None*Any training activity that brings trainees in contact with other agricultural under §216.2(c)(2)(xiv) people must follow guidelines to prevent the spread of COVID: policies Studies, projects or programs Participants must wear masks, keep a distance of 1.5 meters from intended to develop the other participants, and wash hands frequently. Nafoore Warsaaji capability of recipient will sponsor many training events and will need to require COVID countries to engage in prevention measures to be followed and taught by their development planning intermediaries, CultiVert workers, and grantees. B. Strengthening Categorical Exclusion SOW pg. 11 Encouraging climate smart agriculture as a way to agricultural under §216.2(c)(2)(xiv) boost production and credit worthiness rating of producers institutions, projects or programs *Any training activity that brings producers in contact with other increasing intended to develop the people must follow guidelines to prevent the spread of COVID: capacity of agric capability of recipient Participants must wear masks, keep a distance of 1.5 meters from producers to countries to engage in other participants, and wash hands frequently. Nafoore Warsaaji adapt to climate development planning will sponsor many training events and will need to require COVID change, §216.2(c)(2)(i) training: use prevention measures to be followed and taught by their promotion of ICT manuals with CSA, CA, IPM, intermediaries, CultiVert workers, and grantees. applications and and ISFM* knowledge management C. Business Categorical Exclusion Workplan 3.1 New finance products offered for horticulture: strengthening under §216.2(c)(2)(i) training local financial institutions to understand opportunities, activities Education, technical challenges and gaps in the horticultural value chain and help them assistance, or training develop financial products that will offer solutions programs Workplan 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1 Identify and build commercial §216.2(c)(2)(xiv) Studies, partnerships between producers, financial institutions, and projects, programs intended suppliers/buyers/federations; organize and install pilot hubs; create to develop the capability 3-year hub business plans; improve aggregation of horticultural of recipient countries to produce for sale and financing engage in development SOW pg. 29 Develop low-tech systems to improve traceability of planning produce COVID-19 exception: SOW pg. 31 Structure contract farming activities and out-grower As commercial partnerships schemes with FGs and off-takers, including production schedules are built, meetings between and targets; track and monitor sales and conduct participatory producers, suppliers, and evaluations on a regular basis. buyers will require using NOTE: PPP development with demonstration sites telephones where possible, requires a negative determination with conditions - see and wearing masks and Category F practicing 1.5 meter spacing when meeting in person.

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 12 Category Determination Nafoore Warsaaji Activity; description D. Facilitation, Categorical Exclusion Workplan 3.1 New finance products for horticulture: mitigate Promotion, under §216.2(c)(2)(xiv) risks by focusing on contracts and relationships of trust within the and/or Provision Studies, projects, programs value chain; design loan terms and repayment schedules that are of Financing intended to develop the timed to coincide with harvest revenues. Financial institutions to Instruments and capability of recipient be trained in the use of Environmental Review Forms as they Access to credit: countries to engage in process funding requests. (See conditions in the next row) training and capacity development planning SOW pg. 7: Nafoore Warsaaji s Innovation Fund used to building §216.2(c)(2)(i) Education, buy down risk and encourage private sector businesses to engage technical assistance, or in new partnerships, contracts, and financing mechanisms training programs* Workplan 3.2 Insurance for horticulture to be sold through technology packages to cover losses from pests, disease, drought *Any training activity that brings producers in contact with other people must follow guidelines to prevent the spread of COVID: Participants must wear masks, keep a distance of 1.5 meters from other participants, and wash hands frequently. Nafoore Warsaaji will sponsor many training events and will need to require COVID prevention measures to be followed and taught by their intermediaries, CultiVert workers, and grantees. D. Facilitation, Negative, with conditions: Workplan 3.1 An Innovation Fund will be set up as Grants under Promotion, (IEE pg 48) “All anticipated Contract and will be managed by the Finance director. (Activities and/or Provision fund transfers by using Nafoore Warsaaji innovation grants or credit of Financing organizations receiving applications must be screened with the Environmental Instruments and USAID funds in the form of Review Form in appendix. The form documents the fact that Access to credit: loans, equity investment, sub- environmental damage will be prevented or mitigated by Activity- application process awards and sub-contracts prescribed mitigating actions. This will be especially important for must reflect the inputs and equipment.) environmental compliance (IEE pg 49) “Entities considered for financial assistance or requirements and substantial TA in the areas of agro-processing, pest management, documentation ... in input distribution, and construction must first undergo an initial accordance with Regulation environmental, health and safety review of their operations for 216, sub-awardee(s) is/are general soundness and compliance with GoS requirements. This subject to conditions of this assessment must be the basis for compliance commitments and IEE. IP must provide sub- supportive TA as required above. Assessments must be updated awardee(s) a copy of this IEE following conclusion of assistance. All such assessments must be and where necessary provide maintained in project files and summarized in quarterly or 6- training [in] pollution month project environmental compliance reporting.” prevention and environmental compliance.” F. Inputs to agric. Categorical Exclusion Workplan 2.1 Identify priority gaps and create technology production: land, packages §216.2(c)(2)(i) Education, water, fertilizers, technical assistance, or *Any training activity that brings producers in contact with other pesticides, seeds, training programs* people must follow guidelines to prevent the spread of COVID: equipment Participants must wear masks, keep a distance of 1.5 meters from other participants, and wash hands frequently. Nafoore Warsaaji will sponsor many training events and will need to require COVID prevention measures to be followed and taught by their intermediaries, CultiVert workers, and grantees.

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 13 Category Determination Nafoore Warsaaji Activity; description F. Inputs to Negative, -conditions apply SOW pg. 23 Facilitation of support services including disease and agricultural to each site based on: pest diagnosis, crop spraying, soil analysis, installation and production: land, maintenance of related equipment and fencing • water source and water, fertilizers, proximity thereto SOW pg. 24 Improve storage, distribution of seed/ seedlings pesticides, seeds, • pesticides promoted equipment; SOW pg. 30 Lease-to-own equipment financing • herbicides promoted demonstration Workplan 2.1 Technology packages for producer groups that • fencing material sites include pesticides and crop spraying, herbicides, solar pumps, NOTE that borehole ségue banna irrigation systems, drip irrigation systems, fencing rehabilitation and water drawing operations are Workplan 2.3 Public private partnerships (PPP) with Holland subject to WASH guidelines GreenTech = demonstration sites; groups provided with seeds, since water will be drunk by fertilizers, soil analysis and crop protection services on credit... producers - see table below G. Post-harvest Categorical Exclusion SOW pg. 29 Facilitate knowledge sharing and cooperation and food under §216.2(c)(2)(iii) among value chain actors; document, disseminate and replicate processing Analyses, studies, academic successes. activities: or research workshops and *Any training activity that brings producers in contact with other meetings* Training and SBCC people must follow guidelines to prevent the spread of COVID: §216.2(c)(2)(viii) Programs Participants must wear masks, keep a distance of 1.5 meters from involving nutrition other participants, and wash hands frequently. Nafoore Warsaaji will sponsor many training events and will need to require COVID prevention measures to be followed and taught by their intermediaries, CultiVert workers, and grantees. G. Post-harvest Deferral, because at this SOW pg. 29 Examine how to support investments in horticultural and food time, no specific activity is storage around specific crops that are suitable for short term processing known storage, such as onions, niebe, potato, sweet potato. activities: NOTE: If warehouse receipts is implemented and Product-specific post- warehouses are built, a new mitigation activity will have harvest activity to be undertaken for best practices related to construction as well as consideration for size of structure H. Support for Categorical Exclusion None small-scale under §216.2(c)(2)(iii) livestock and/or Analyses, studies, academic poultry or research workshops and management: meetings research, training, §216.2(c)(2)(i) Education, and capacity building technical assistance, or training programs H. Livestock Negative, with conditions None promotion

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 14 Category Determination Nafoore Warsaaji Activity; description I. Interventions to Categorical exclusion under Although the general goal of Nafoore Warsaaji is to improve improve nutrition: §216.2(c)(2)(viii), nutrition nutrition through offering more horticultural produce in the research and program health care or market, there are no specific nutrition indicators as part of the training components population and family activity. planning services §216.2(c)(2)(xiv) Studies, projects or programs intended to develop the capability of recipient countries to engage in development planning J. Support to Negative, with conditions No explicit activity stated: However, with runoff from gardens Fisheries and located near the Senegal or Gambia River, impacts on fisheries will Fishery Mgmt occur and must be mitigated through runoff prevention K. Agricultural Categorical Exclusion under: Workplan 1.2, 1.3 Develop baseline methodology and tools and research & §216.2(c)(2)(iii) Analyses, conduct baseline; formative value chain analyses - document innovation and studies, academic or review and mapping agricultural research workshops and extension meetings L. Monitoring & Categorical Exclusion under: Workplan 1.1 Articulate learning agenda for business models Evaluation §216.2(c)(2)(iii) Analyses, 1.4 Stakeholder mapping to assess investment ready groups studies, academic or research workshops and 1.5 Gender and youth inclusion analysis and integration plan meetings §216.2(c)(2)(viii) 1.6 Activity Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (AMELP) Programs involving nutrition, health care or population 1.8 Facilitate participative stakeholder assessment, adaptive and family planning services* management, knowledge sharing and cooperation among value chain actors to assess, document, disseminate and replicate §216.2(c)(2)(v) Document successes and information transfers *Any meeting activity that brings producers in contact with other people must follow guidelines to prevent the spread of COVID: Participants must wear masks, keep a distance of 1.5 meters from other participants, and wash hands frequently. Nafoore Warsaaji will sponsor many training events and will need to require COVID prevention measures to be followed and taught by their intermediaries, CultiVert workers, and grantees.

Senegal WASH IEE Determinations 1A. Construction or Negative, with Workplan 2.1 Technology packages for producer groups that rehabilitation of conditions (including include pesticides and crop spraying, herbicides, solar pumps, small-scale water/sanitation well location in relation to ségue banna irrigation systems, drip irrigation systems... infrastructure; sanitation facilities, and protection and water quality plan if in the maintenance of future many garden existing water irrigation wells are used sources: borehole, river irrigation components for drinking water)

**Kindly note that the highlighted text is purposely highlighted to speak specifically of Nafoore Warsaaji’s

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 15 activities that have been assessed in the I.E.E and are subsequently addressed in the EMMP table (and EMMR Reporting).

4.0 Annual Reporting Annually, the Implementing Partner will prepare an Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Report (EMMR) to be submitted to the Activity Manager/AOR/COR and the USAID Environmental Compliance Database. This report will summarize the effectiveness of mitigation measures, issues encountered, resolutions, and lessons learned. As appropriate, attachments such as site photos, verification of local inspections, and product warranties, should be included. For Nafoore Warsaaji’s work, most reporting will be summaries of reports received from implementers and suppliers during the year.

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 16 5.0 EMMP Table for Feed the Future Senegal NAFOORE WARSAAJI

Field Monitoring/ Issues/ Identified Monitoring and Resolution Activity/Sub- Environmental Monitoring Reporting Responsible Monitoring dates, observations, Activity Aspects, Impacts Mitigation Measure(s) Indicator(s) Frequency Parties issues identified, resolution FS&NRM IEE, p. 53-60 Activity Category D: Facilitation, Promotion, and/or Provision of Financing Instruments and Access to credit Workplan 4.1, 4.2, Transmission of 1. Start with immediate training 1. All team Quarterly report Procurement: 4.3, 5.1 Identify and COVID-19 is possible and information of Nafoore members have will contain: Finance build commercial through in-person Warsaaji team members and followed the WHO - Report on director partnerships between meetings where masks financial partners at all levels, training or procured safety Meeting and producers, financial are not worn to using the guidelines listed above equivalent offered masks and mission institutions, and prevent virus- in section 3.0 above and detailed by Ministry of sanitation revisions to suppliers/buyers/feder containing exhalation in WAHO and Senegal Ministry Health materials reduce droplets from reaching ations of Health publications; 2. COVID-19 - Names of all personal others; where a 1.5- parallel planning project contact: COP meter distance is not training sessions are available results in revised personnel with team respected between from WHO on prevention, risks, meeting and trained in Reporting on participants; and response: mission formats COVID training and where hand sanitation https://openwho.org/courses/introdu ction-au-ncov and schedules prevention and meeting is not promoted on- response compliance: site. 2. Go through previously 3. Masks, gloves, approved workplan to identify and hand sanitizing - Descriptions of MEL specialist where in-person gatherings can materials are mission and field be replaced by remote contacts, ordered, and a meeting agendas and which field missions can be distribution including initial avoided protocol is set up COVID training for staff and for /retraining and 3. Devise a strategy for assessing field participants confirmation that how many masks, gloves, and proper seating hand-sanitizing units/methods are 4. All field meeting agendas begin with arrangements, required to carry out fieldwork, mask wearing, and procure needed materials COVID safety training and info and hand 4. Revise meeting agendas sanitation throughout the year to reflect 5. Training agenda protocols were spaced seat placement, protective and dates on followed wear distribution protocol, and record for - Highlight at beginning each session with quarterly reporting least one training in social distancing/ producer or

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 17 Field Monitoring/ Issues/ Identified Monitoring and Resolution Activity/Sub- Environmental Monitoring Reporting Responsible Monitoring dates, observations, Activity Aspects, Impacts Mitigation Measure(s) Indicator(s) Frequency Parties issues identified, resolution prevention protocols that 6. Posters are supplier participants can follow obtained and practicing right continuously displayed protocol each 5. Assure that finance partners, prominently in all quarter suppliers, and other collaborators NW and partner receive appropriate training offices to remind according to their planned the public of missions; inform producers on precautions that what to do when others are not must be taken following the protocols FINANCIAL Credit or grant user Mitigation measures to assure 1. Environmental 1. Annual report Finance ASSISTANCE10 applications for input best practices and safety Review Form on summary of director will supply and marketing correspond to elements in the file for individual approved design grant Workplan 3.1 An services do not table below for: grant or credit applications wording to Innovation Fund will applications by new necessarily reflect best • Training for pesticide use 2. Quarterly include be set up as Grants practices or products. suppliers compliance, under Contract, • Buying GMO seeds reporting from 2. Signed grant with support managed by the • Irrigation systems awardee from the MEL Finance director -- Nafoore Warsaaji • Boreholes rehabilitation awardees about agreement Specialist at impact potential to activities are generally • Used equipment disposal use of and contains training on inputs Nafoore be assessed during low impact as long as • Demonstration plot necessary Warsaaji. the application certain conditions are compliance (avoiding (especially compliance text The MEL process fulfilled, as below; the protected areas, following size pesticides and main concerns are limits and best practices). 3. Quarterly fertilizers) Specialist will SOW pg. 30 • pesticides/ A requirement to satisfy followup reports 3. Annual report assist with Lease-to-own herbicides, these measures and provide of awardee- summary of organizing equipment financing • treated seed, and reports on them will be provided training mission documentation (IEE pg. 48) [those • horticulture included in any grant or loan and activities to be observations received and receiving] “USAID produce residues agreement. sent in field visit each time grant reporting in Nafoore funds in the form of when entering the Nafoore Warsaaji will do reports with photo sites are visited Warsaaji loans, equity market. testing of produce on its way evidence of 4. Training investment, sub- compliance where documents on Annual

10 NOTE that all COVID precautions being taken by NW for its activity meetings and missions must be also taken by NW partners who are using USAID grant money to carry out the program. This means that all finance partners must plan appropriately spaced meetings and distribute masks and sanitation supplies when face-to-face contact is necessary. Partners must undergo WHO, WAHO, or GoS COVID prevention and response training as well.

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 18 Field Monitoring/ Issues/ Identified Monitoring and Resolution Activity/Sub- Environmental Monitoring Reporting Responsible Monitoring dates, observations, Activity Aspects, Impacts Mitigation Measure(s) Indicator(s) Frequency Parties issues identified, resolution awards and sub- A certain risk for to market appropriate file year-round Report. contracts must spreading COVID Face-to-face meetings between 4. Awardee- 5. Finance Financial reflect the virus is found in face- financial partners and clients must submitted records partners queried director will environmental to-face meetings respect COVID prevention and of PERSUAP and monthly on use touch base compliance between financial response measures as described seed handling of protective with finance requirements and partners and client above. Procurement of masks training to remain materials and partners to documentation ... in participants. and other materials must be on file at Nafoore appropriate confirm accordance with budgeted. Warsaaji. seating protocol was Regulation 216” 5. Budgets for arrangements respected. protective Information is equipment reflect passed to MEL that protocol was specialist for respected. When quarterly contacted by NW, reporting. finance partners affirm respecting the protocol. FS&NRM IEE, p. 53-60 Activity Category F: Inputs to agricultural production: land, water, fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, equipment NOTE: The following mitigation actions and indicators are part of the requirement for recipients benefiting from Nafoore Warsaaji grants and credit. SEED SUPPLY Crop types and Solicit documentation from GoS 1.Documentation Once per year MEL Specialist fertilizers must be apt Research Institute on validity of on each seed type when seeds are at Nafoore Seed and for soils and available selected seed /plant varieties, (if required) is on ordered; Warsaaji with germplasm verification of water to avoid failure; fertilizers, and sites, when file at NW documentation assistance required; of seed sources from field compliance with GMOs should have 2. Visual and photos kept teams of USAID and GoS been tested for use in USAID Biosafety Review on non- verification of dyed requirements11 Senegal local seeds before purchase seed is done and on file at NW Kawolor for noted in mission photos reports. Staff can take pictures as evidence to send

11 IEE page 49: “Entities considered for financial assistance or substantial TA in the areas of agro-processing, pest management, input distribution, and construction must first undergo an initial environmental, health and safety review of their operations for general soundness and compliance with GoS requirements.”

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 19 Field Monitoring/ Issues/ Identified Monitoring and Resolution Activity/Sub- Environmental Monitoring Reporting Responsible Monitoring dates, observations, Activity Aspects, Impacts Mitigation Measure(s) Indicator(s) Frequency Parties issues identified, resolution SEED SUPPLY • Human health risks • Treated seed is to be dyed and Photographic Once per year in MEL Specialist due to consumption distributed with sensitization. evidence of sample annual reporting; at Nafoore SOW pg. 24 of treated seed and • Seed-grower certificates (or seed orders documentation Warsaaji with Improve storage of untested GMOs other validation) are required showing source of of seed sources, assistance and distribution of • Application of to show appropriateness of seed and dyed biosafety, and from field seed and seedlings pesticides to prevent selected crop seed for site and treated seed photos kept on teams of seed spoilage (see climate. Biosafety review file at NW Kawolor for next row and SUAP • Use of GMOs can only be on file (if needed) photos of dyed information in undertaken in conformity with seed appendix for proper USAID biosafety review and handling practices) require an amendment to the • Crop failure due to IEE. inappropriate seeds • Ensure distributed seed/ inputs used adhere to grower’s certification and climate requirements. If unavailable, document seed quality testing; make results available upon request. PESTICIDE USE: • Human illness and • Only use pesticides after 1. IPM training Review IPM and MEL Specialist pollinator loss due IPM (integrated pest mandatory before PERSUAP at Nafoore IPM and to wrong pesticide management) measures PERSUAP training: PERSUAP training manuals Warsaaji; use, no protective have been used (described content in Annex at each signing of (This activity is gear, leaky sprayers in annex) to this EMMP Assistance an agreement from Agric summarized • Mortality of non- • Request and use pesticides only 2. PERSUAP with private specialists in here; actual target pest species; in the context of the PERSUAP reviewed by partner or NW and content is loss of biodiversity that has been approved (main contractor - all Nafoore Warsaaji Kawolor, and contained in elements in appendix to this • Contribution to before prefinancing year. Communicatio annex) report) buildup of toxins in and using any form IPM and Safer ns specialist, to SOW pg. 23 environment • PERSUAP Safer Use component of pesticide or Use Training ensure proper Facilitation of • Runoff into streams includes training for all sites at chemical treatment summarized each training in IPM support services due to wrong least once, including child labor, 3. Safer Use quarter and and PERSUAP including disease application (aquatic exposure to chemicals, safe use training program yearly (training and pest diagnosis, impact) of equipment like backpack given to service content, crop spraying... sprayers, protective clothing provider for participants) (see more complete SUAP in training to be given

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 20 Field Monitoring/ Issues/ Identified Monitoring and Resolution Activity/Sub- Environmental Monitoring Reporting Responsible Monitoring dates, observations, Activity Aspects, Impacts Mitigation Measure(s) Indicator(s) Frequency Parties issues identified, resolution appendix) at all hubs; all sites Workplan 2.1 visited at least Technology • Procure and use pesticides once. Training packages for safely as in the current content and producer groups approved PERSUAP, elements participants include pesticides of which are appended to this documented and and crop spraying, report. In the absence of a sent in to Nafoore herbicides... PERSUAP, pesticide use is not permitted. Warsaaji

SOLAR PANELS • Solar panels and • Assure training in regular 1. Staff mission 1. Annual MEL Specialist AND PUMPS pumps require cleaning of panels for crop reports on regular reporting on at Nafoore proper maintenance, success: training content in visits to producer monitoring Warsaaji; Workplan 2.1 and disposal when manuals sites will verify missions Finance Technology no longer • Assure that users are aware of whether best 2. Warranties to director to packages for functioning to keep disposal / options for practices are being be placed in safeguard producer groups glass, metal, , solar panels and pumps implemented and EMMR equipment that include ... solar and silicon off public recommend warranties pumps, ségue banna land training if needed (“California”) 2. Warranties for irrigation systems... solar panels received DRIP • Drip tape or piping • Best practices for drip system 1. Staff mission 1. Annual MEL Specialist IRRIGATION must be maintained include regular flushing and reports on regular reporting on at Nafoore to avoid crop failure cleaning tanks. Either the visits to producer monitoring Warsaaji; Workplan 2.1 and puddling that producer learns the process or sites will verify missions with Assistance Technology creates mosquito pays someone to do it whether best photo support from agric packages for reproduction sites • When irrigation equipment is practices are being 2. Each site’s specialists in producer groups • Used drip piping no longer useable, disposal implemented and person in charge Kawolor to that include ... drip becomes a waste includes recycling as per green recommend maintains provide photo irrigation systems... disposal issue economy - NW could contact training if needed documentation support. • Water-holding tanks in-country recyclers as needed 2. Water use on water use On-site people meters and other each month, with in charge will become muddy and • Place meters or install other laden with bacteria if measurement procedures at gauges are installed summaries receive not used/ cleaned water sources to track water at borehole sites handed in training in regularly removal and detect overuse and compared to quarterly water volume

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 21 Field Monitoring/ Issues/ Identified Monitoring and Resolution Activity/Sub- Environmental Monitoring Reporting Responsible Monitoring dates, observations, Activity Aspects, Impacts Mitigation Measure(s) Indicator(s) Frequency Parties issues identified, resolution • Overdrawing water calculated water and quality can ultimately result needs so that monitoring to in salinization of actual water use is report on water supplies calibrated and these reported RIVER • Cumulative use of • Assure training in correct 1. Regular visits to 1. Quarterly or MEL Specialist IRRIGATION irrigation water application of fertilizers and sites with photo semi-annual field at Nafoore year-round could pesticides; include sensitization evidence of runoff visits photos and Warsaaji; SOW pg 19: decrease amount of on impacts of excess pesticide treatment and interviews Assistance ...most of the sites water available to and fertilizer runoff pump maintenance summarized in from agric in the Senegal River wildlife, livestock, • Avoid commonly used broad that follows best annual report specialists in Valley are located downstream users spectrum insecticide practices: no waste 2. Annual report Kawolor to on the Senegal • Maintenance and Deltamethrin in garden on site, no oil spills contains number provide photo River - [river leaky motorized schemes adjacent to water, 2. Fertilizer dosing of river water support irrigation pumps cause oil to particularly in wetlands (“bas- training delivered users supported components on enter public fonds”), Senegal /Gambia Rivers with inputs by Nafoore the Senegal and Warsaaji and waterways • Leave buffer strips of unfarmed 3. Random Gambia Rivers] their cumulative • Greater risk for soil in riparian zones interviews with pollution of water producers closest impact (estimate • Channel garden water runoff of volume of source with through vegetative filter strips to the river to fertilizers and verify anti-pollution water removed • Use fertilizer in dosed amounts practices each year) pesticides if requires training from input incorrectly applied, suppliers 4. Number of river impacting fish water users • Provide training in clean oil resources and reported for each changes and maintenance of riparian ecology: site with pumps that includes removal of pyrtheroids are toxic calculations, on waste from riverbanks and to fish and aquatic amounts of water streams to burial sites inland insects used; work in • Monitor water quality and conjunction with availability in conjunction with river observers rain gauge data and 5. Input suppliers environmental observers provide fertilizer training along with pesticide training

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 22 Field Monitoring/ Issues/ Identified Monitoring and Resolution Activity/Sub- Environmental Monitoring Reporting Responsible Monitoring dates, observations, Activity Aspects, Impacts Mitigation Measure(s) Indicator(s) Frequency Parties issues identified, resolution (see Annexes, and this requirement is included in signed agreements DEMONSTRATI Potential Mitigation plans for PPP activities 1. Plots, extension, 1. Annual report MEL Specialist ON SITES environmental are contained in this table and in or land-clearing will contain a at Nafoore impacts must be the Safer Use Action Plan Annex within 5km of rough map of Warsaaji, with Workplan 2.3 screened using and must be agreed to by the protected areas demonstration support from Public private Environmental Review partners. require an sites to show the Finance partnerships (PPP) Form in Appendix. Training and implementation amendment to the distance from director and with Holland Holland GreenTech requirements for Holland IEE. Land clearing watercourses possibly GreenTech = must be informed of GreenTech or other partners within 30m of and protected assisted by demonstration USAID environmental include: streams/ rivers is areas. Kawolor field sites; groups policy regarding the • irrigation system against Senegal law. 2. Annual report team with provided with below: maintenance and disposal Therefore, will contain closer ties to seeds, fertilizers, Fertilizer: Nitrogen when broken; intervention sites summaries of producers and soil analysis and and other toxins run • correct seed choices for the are to be mapped training content experience crop protection off into drinking water site; with GPS and and participants using GPS services on credit, due to wrong fertilizer compared to training in • correct fertilizer use. application; Senegal Protected technologies Crop protection: Areas. In addition, • correct pesticide use to follow-up random This is taken to mean avoid contamination of people, verifications will pesticide use in some pollinators, fisheries, and other assure compliance instances. Impacts are nontarget species - following with best practices. listed above the PERSUAP for the activity Demonstration and using IPM whenever 2. Training sites must avoid “Loss possible no matter the size program that or alteration of of the client group partners will use ecosystems and natural should be on file • Environmental reporting habitat due to should be done by the with NW and agriculture plot clearing, appropriate officer in Nafoore include elements of monoculture, or Warsaaji or Kawolor IPM and pesticide unsuitability of seed safer use as well as Mapping of demo sites is varieties” (IEE pgs. 54- all topics at left. required to ensure that they are 58) 30m from streams/rivers and Dates of training

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 23 Field Monitoring/ Issues/ Identified Monitoring and Resolution Activity/Sub- Environmental Monitoring Reporting Responsible Monitoring dates, observations, Activity Aspects, Impacts Mitigation Measure(s) Indicator(s) Frequency Parties issues identified, resolution 5km from protected areas. and people attending handed in to NW offices every quarter.

Senegal WASH IEE, p. 30-33 Activity Category 2. Expansion of Multiple-use Water Systems for agric, livestock, horticulture Identified Monitoring and Field Monitoring/Issues/Resolution Environmental Monitoring Reporting Responsible Field monitoring: monitoring dates, Activity/Sub-Activity Aspects, Impacts Mitigation Measure(s) Indicator(s) Frequency Parties observations, issues identified, resolution WATER NEEDS If any boreholes IF boreholes are Reports on water 1. Each time a MEL Specialist ASSESSMENT are rehabilitated repaired for irrigation availability new hub is set at Nafoore by either NW or purposes, water quality assessments done up, a water Warsaaji, SOW pg 25: NW will work with FIs, input and its partners for will be tested on a case by partners will assessment is working with technology firms and use in gardens, by case basis to ensure indicate whether being done - Kawolor staff LMEs, to assess water they may be used it is not contaminated there are cases for throughout the where for drinking water by arsenic, or by rehabilitation of year. The annual appropriate needs and to create appropriate finance whether planned nitrogen or other boreholes at each report will or not. The water garden-related inputs. site. This report summarize the SOW Pg. 19: would then need In the event that water will be on file and report and ...balancing use of water testing. quality becomes an will show whether indicate whether for drinking around its use issue, the water quality water testing will boreholes are for agriculture... assess assessment procedures be needed, being repaired stresses on potable water set up by USAID and whether resources for drinking Kawolor will be their water prior to gardening followed. quality is being activities tested.

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 24 USAID Approval of EMMP

Approval: Carrie Teiken, COR [required] Date

Clearance: Abdoulaye Boly, Mission Environmental Officer [as appropriate] Date

Clearance: [NAME], Regional Environmental Advisor [as appropriate] Date

Concurrence: [NAME], ______Bureau Environmental Officer [as Date appropriate]

DISTRIBUTION:

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 25 Copy Of EMMR TABLE for Feed the Future Senegal Nafoore Warsaaji [Period Covered]

This table is being presented on an informational basis so that its content will become familiar to Nafoore Warsaaji staff. The original of the table is being submitted by the consultant separately; it should be filled out separately by Nafoore Warsaaji staff, then submitted to USAID quarterly or annually.

Summary Field Mitigation Monitoring/Issues/Resolution Outstanding Project/Activity/ Measure(s); (i.e. monitoring dates, observations, Issues, proposed Sub-Activity Monitoring indicators issues identified and resolved) resolutions Activity 1: Facilitation, Promotion, and/or Provision of Financing Instruments and Access to credit (Category D of FS&NRM IEE) Financial assistance: Environmental Review New credit or loan screening form on file applications for loan applicants Agreements signed Requirement to with inputs and provide PERSUAP and service suppliers seed handling training and associated reports included in all grant and credit agreements Activity 2: Supplying inputs to agricultural production: land, water, fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, equipment (Category F of FS&NRM IEE) Seed and germplasm Adapted seed varieties compliance w. GoS Storage, distribution Dyed and documented of seed (pesticide seed stock aspect in SUAP) IPM training to Producer training in reduce pesticide use IPM including physical (Elements of this removal, crop timing, training are in best practices occurs appendix and in the before PERSUAP SUAP Annex) training PERSUAP training to PERSUAP make pesticide use implementation and safer training through input (SUAP activity suppliers includes tracker table is avoiding prohibited contained in the chemicals, child labor, Annex to this EMMP) effects of exposure, safe use of sprayers, protective clothing Solar panels and Management of panels pumps promotion that includes cleaning and planning for recycling; warranty on file Drip irrigation Management includes systems flushing system and

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 26 Summary Field Mitigation Monitoring/Issues/Resolution Outstanding Project/Activity/ Measure(s); (i.e. monitoring dates, observations, Issues, proposed Sub-Activity Monitoring indicators issues identified and resolved) resolutions cleaning tanks, recycling River irrigation Water availability systems - Senegal monitoring; and Gambia Rivers Runoff management to avoid pesticide, fertilizer, motor oil in the river Fertilizer use training Fertilizer training to be to keep runoff out of included in input waters supplier tasks - include in agreements signed; Runoff filters near rivers Demonstration sites No clearing near protected or sensitive areas (within 30m of stream, within 100m of pond); maps to confirm All pesticide/IPM, fertilizer, and seed rules (as above) followed Activity 3: Senegal WASH IEE, p. 30-33 Activity Category 2. Expansion of Multiple-use Water Systems for agric, livestock, horticulture Water needs [Assessment identifies assessment effort needed to refurbish wells in case further quality compliance measures may be needed - place marker]

Additional Comments

FEED THE FUTURE SENEGAL NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP 27 APPENDICES to the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan EMMP

Feed the Future Senegal Nafoore Warsaaji Activity: Reference documents in English (Note: parts of this appendix are also available in French)

• This reference contains documents related to fulfilling requirements for training manual content and mitigation actions to be taken during project implementation. • A separate Annex contains the Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) with specific pesticide and IPM training information and compliance tracking table.

Appendix Table of Contents 1. SAMPLE ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW FORM TO USE WITH CREDIT OR GRANT APPLICATIONS TO SCREEN PARTNERS’ ACTIVITIES ...... 29 2. KEY FEATURES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) ...... 34 IPM as discussed in the USAID ECOS (FORMERLY GEMS) sector guidelines “Integrated Pest Management” ...... 34 3. SUMMARY OF ESSENTIAL INFORMATION AND ALLOWED / BANNED PESTICIDES FROM THE USAID SENEGAL AGRICULTURE PERSUAP ...... 36 List of Approved and Disallowed Active Ingredients, with cautions and restrictions ...... 37 LIST OF PESTICIDES REJECTED AND BANNED ...... 41 Safer Use Action Plan Basic Concepts To Incorporate Into Training ...... 43 4. PESTICIDE SAFER USE COMPLIANCE TRACKER - ILLUSTRATION ...... 44 5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FERTILIZER ...... 46 6. USAID WATER QUALITY (AND QUANTITY) ASSURANCE ...... 48 7. 2001 STUDY ON HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION IMPACTS ON LES NIAYES (FR) ...... 50

ANNEX OF REFERENCES FOR NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP - 2020 - PAGE 28 1. SAMPLE ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW FORM TO USE WITH CREDIT OR GRANT APPLICATIONS TO SCREEN PARTNERS’ ACTIVITIES USAID Standard DCA Loan Provisions include that approval of loans will be contingent upon the submission by the Guaranteed Party of evidence sufficient to demonstrate compliance with local environmental laws and the Bank partner’s environmental policy and to enable USAID to make an assessment of the environmental impact of such activities. (Text from WASH IEE page 8-9: General USAID Standard Loan Provisions for Environmental Impact) (a) The Loan must not be used to finance any of the following: (1) Goods or services which are to be used primarily to meet military requirements or to support police or other law enforcement activities, (2) Surveillance equipment, (3) Equipment, research and/or services related to involuntary sterilization or the performance of abortion as a method of family planning, or (4) Activities which significantly degrade national parks or similar protected areas or introduce exotic plants or animals into such areas, (b) The Loan must not be used to finance any of the following without the prior written approval of USAID: (1) Pharmaceuticals, (2) Pesticides, (3) Logging equipment, (4) Luxury goods (including alcoholic beverages and jewelry), (5) Establishing or expanding any enterprise that will export raw materials that are likely to be in surplus in world markets at the time such production becomes effective and that are likely to cause substantial injury to U.S. producers, (6) Activities which would result in the loss of forest lands due to livestock rearing, road construction or maintenance, colonization of forest lands or construction of dams or other water control structures, (7) Activities which are likely to have a significant adverse effect on the environment, including any of the following (to the extent such activities are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment): (a) Programs of river basin development, (b) Significant irrigation or water management projects (including dams and impoundments), (c) Agricultural land leveling, (d) Major drainage projects, (e) Large scale agricultural mechanization, (f) New lands development, (g) Resettlement projects, (h) Penetration road building or road improvement projects, (i) Construction of power plants or industrial plants, or (j) Large scale potable water and sewerage projects, (9) Activities which the Guaranteed Party is aware are reasonably likely to contribute to the violation of internationally recognized rights of workers. Approval of loans to finance activities described in subsections (2), (3), (6) or (7) above will be contingent upon the submission by the Guaranteed Party of evidence sufficient to demonstrate compliance with local environmental laws and to enable USAID to assess the environmental impact of such activities.

ANNEX OF REFERENCES FOR NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP - 2020 - PAGE 29 Screening instructions: The applicant or beneficiary will provide a list of their activities. The Finance director of the project, with assistance from technicians working with the project, places each activity into the screening table (2 pages below). Using the following two tables, the screeners will find each beneficiary activity and check the box for level of impact on the environment. Examples of activities with low, high, or moderate/ unknown impact are given below. Activities within Nafoore Warsaaji’s workplan are highlighted. Where moderate or unknown risks are discovered, conditions for mitigation must be described and enforced. Where high-risk activities are discovered, the Mission Environmental Officer must be consulted. Screening: Identify low-risk and high-risk activities For each activity you have listed in Section B of the Screening Table 2 pages below, refer to this list to determine whether it is a very low-risk or high-risk activity. Indicate the “screening result” according to its column in Section B of the Screening Table.

Very low-risk activities High-risk activities (Activities with low potential for adverse biophysical or health (Activities with high potential for adverse biophysical or health impacts; including §216.2(c)(2)) - no EMMP needed impacts; including §216.2(d)(1)) Provision of education, technical assistance, or River basin development training. (Note that activities directly affecting the New lands development environment do not qualify.) Planned resettlement of human populations. Community awareness initiatives. Penetration road building, or rehabilitation of roads over 10 Controlled agricultural experimentation exclusively for km length, and any roads which may pass through or near the purpose of research and field evaluation confined to relatively intact forest lands or other sensitive ecological areas small areas (normally under 4 ha. /10 acres). This must be carefully monitored, and no protected or other Substantial piped water supply and sewerage construction. sensitive environmental areas may be affected). Major bore hole or water point construction. Technical studies and analyses and other information Large-scale irrigation; Water management structures such generation activities not involving intrusive sampling of as dams and impoundments endangered species or critical habitats. Drainage of wetlands or other permanently flooded areas. Document or information transfers. Large-scale agricultural mechanization. Nutrition, health care or family planning, EXCEPT Agricultural land leveling. when (a) some included activities could directly affect the Procurement or use of restricted use pesticides (see environment (construction, water supply systems, etc.) or PERSUAP), or wide-area application in non-emergency (b) biohazardous (esp. HIV/AIDS) waste is handled or conditions under non-supervised conditions. (Consult MEO.) blood is tested. Light industrial plant production or processing (e.g., sawmill Construction or repair of Small-scale construction. operation, agro-industrial processing ...) facilities if total surface area to be disturbed is < 10,000 sq. ft. (1,000 sq. m.) (and when no protected or sensitive High-risk and typically not funded by USAID: environmental areas could be affected). Actions affecting protected areas and species. Actions Intermediate credit. Support for intermediate credit determined likely to significantly degrade protected areas, such arrangements (when no significant biophysical as introduction of exotic plants or animals. environmental impact can reasonably be expected). Actions determined likely to jeopardize threatened & Maternal and child feeding conducted under Title II of endangered species or adversely modify their habitat (esp. Public Law 480. wetlands, tropical forests) Title II Activities. Food for development programs under Activities in forests, including: Title III of P.L. 480, when no on-the-ground biophysical ▪ Conversion of forest lands to rearing of livestock interventions are likely. ▪ Planned colonization of forest lands Capacity for development. Studies or programs ▪ Procurement or use of timber harvesting equipment intended to develop the capability of recipients to engage ▪ in development planning. (Does NOT include activities Commercial extraction of timber directly affecting the environment) ▪ Construction of dams or other water control structures Small-scale Natural Resource Management activities that flood relatively intact forest lands for which the answer to ALL SUPPLEMENTAL ▪ Construction, upgrading or maintenance of roads that SCREENING QUESTIONS (see Natural Resources pass through relatively non-degraded forest lands. (Includes supplement) is “NO.” temporary haul roads for extractive industries) (This list of activities is taken from the text of 22 CFR 216 and other applicable laws, regulations and directives)

ANNEX OF REFERENCES FOR COMMERCIALIZING HORICULTURE NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP - 2020 - PAGE 30

Identifying activities of unknown or moderate risk All activities NOT identified as “very low risk”, or “very high risk” are considered to be of “unknown or moderate risk.” Common examples of moderate-risk activities are given below. Check “moderate or unknown risk” under screening results in Section B of the Screening Table for all such activities. Then describe mitigating actions in the FINDINGS part of the table. If an activity carries a high risk for environmental impact, consult the Mission Environmental Officer as to what to do next.

Common examples of moderate-risk activities CAUTION: If ANY of the activities listed in this table may adversely impact (1) protected areas, (2) other sensitive environmental areas, or (3) threatened and endangered species and their habitat, THEY ARE NOT MODERATE RISK. All such activities are HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES.

Small-scale agriculture, NRM, sanitation, etc. (You may Sampling. Technical studies and analyses or wish to define what “small scale” means for each activity) similar activities that could involve intrusive Agricultural experimentation. Controlled and carefully sampling, of endangered species or critical monitored agricultural experimentation exclusively for the habitats. (Includes aerial sampling.) purpose of research and field evaluation of MORE than 4 ha. Water provision/storage. Construction or NOTE Biotechnology/GMOs: No biotechnology testing rehabilitation of small-scale water points or water or release of any kind are to take place within an assisted storage devices for domestic or non-domestic country until the host countries involved have drafted and use. Water points must be located where no approved a regulatory framework governing protected or other sensitive environmental areas biotechnology and biosafety. could be affected. All USAID-funded interventions which involve NOTE: USAID guidance on water quality biotechnologies are to be informed by the ADS 211 requires testing for arsenic, nitrates, nitrites series governing "Biosafety Procedures for Genetic and coliform bacteria. Engineering Research". In particular this guidance Support for intermediate credit institutions details the required written approval procedures needed when indirect environmental harm conceivably before transferring or releasing GE products to the field. could result. Medium-scale construction. Construction or rehabilitation Institutional support grants to NGOs/PVOs of facilities or structures in which the surface area to be when the activities of the organizations are disturbed exceeds 10,000 sq. ft. (1000 sq. meters) but known and may reasonably have adverse funding level is $200,000 or less. (E.g. small warehouses, environmental impact. farm packing sheds, agricultural trading posts, produce Pesticides. Small-scale use of USEPA- market centers, and community training centers.) registered, least-toxic general-use pesticides. Rural roads. Construction or rehabilitation of rural roads Use must be limited to NGO-supervised use by meeting the following criteria: farmers, demonstration, training and education, ▪ Length of road work is less than ~10 km or emergency assistance. ▪ No change in alignment or right of way NOTE: Environmental review (see step 5) ▪ Ecologically sensitive areas are at least 100 m away must be carried out consistent with USAID from the road and not affected by construction or Pesticide Procedures as required in Reg. 16 changes in drainage. [22 CFR 216.3(b)(1)]. ▪ No protected areas or relatively intact forest are within 5 Nutrition, health care or family planning, if (a) km of the road. some included activities could directly affect the environment (e.g., construction, supply systems, Food for Title II & III Small-Scale Infrastructure. etc.) or (b) biohazardous healthcare waste (esp. Development programs under Title II or III, involving small- HIV/AIDS) is produced, syringes are used, or scale infrastructure with the known potential to cause blood is tested. environmental harm (e.g., roads, bore holes).

Quantity imports of commodities such as fertilizers

ANNEX OF REFERENCES FOR COMMERCIALIZING HORICULTURE NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP - 2020 - PAGE 31 Environmental Review Form for NAFOORE WARSAAJI loan/grant applicants A. Applicant information Organization Parent grant or project Individual contact Address, phone and title & email (if available) Proposed Amount of subproject funding /subgrant requested (brief description) Period of performance Location/ proposed activity

B. Activities, screening results, and findings (these are examples) Screening result Findings, MITIGATION (Use table examples of (Complete for all moderate/unknown activities) and high-risk activities ONLY)

Proposed activities to be undertaken by Nafoore Warsaaji beneficiary

(Beneficiary will provide descriptive listing of its activities. *

NW will then compare each activity with the tables on the adverse *

previous 2 pages in order to assign a risk category.) very unlikely

Risk Continue on additional page if necessary) - ignificant Significant Adverse impacts are possible Very Low Risk Low Very High or Moderate risk unknown S impacts With specified mitigation, significant adverse impacts are very unlikely 1. Clearing of land not previously used for agriculture, to Mapping of establish agricultural demonstration plots: specify sites, location and other details above X annual calc. of (small scale = Dimensions: <5 contiguous hectares, or <15 total area non-contiguous hectares in a single Dept. of Senegal) - 2. Fertilizer procurement in quantity Training /monitoring

X in using small doses 3. Small-scale water points or boreholes X 4.Restricted-use pesticide procurement/ sales to USAID permission, Water producers IPM and quality after

X SUAP runoff is training monitored required Strict 5.Limited, controlled use of least-toxic approved Labels control of submitted pesticides product X to USAID with record- for approval keeping *Screening results with an asterisk require completion of mitigation planning

ANNEX OF REFERENCES FOR COMMERCIALIZING HORICULTURE NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP - 2020 - PAGE 32 C. Certification: I, the undersigned, certify that: 1. The information on this form and accompanying environmental review report (if any) is correct and complete. 2. Implementation of these activities will not go forward until specific approval is received from the C/AOTR. 3. All mitigation and monitoring measures specified in the Environmental Review Report will be implemented in their entirety, and that staff charged with this implementation will have the authority, capacity and knowledge for successful implementation.

(Signature) (Date)

(Print name) (Title)

Note: if screening result for any activity is “high risk” or “moderate or unknown risk,” this form is not complete unless accompanied by an environmental review report.

BELOW THIS LINE FOR USAID USE ONLY Notes: 1. For clearance to be granted, the activity MUST be within the scope of the activities for which use of the ERF is authorized in the governing IEE. Review IEE before signature. If activities are outside this scope, deny clearance and provide explanation in comments section. The Partner, C/AOTR, MEO and REA must then confer regarding next steps: activity re-design, an IEE or EA. 2. Clearing an ERF containing one or more findings that significant adverse impacts are possible indicates agreement with the analysis and findings. It does NOT authorize activities for which “significant adverse impacts are possible” to go forward. It DOES authorize other activities to go forward. The Partner, C/AOTR, MEO and REA must then confer regarding next steps: activity re-design, an IEE or EA. Clearance record C/AOTR (print name) (signature) (date)  Clearance given  Clearance denied USAID/XXXX MEO (print name) (signature) (date)  Clearance given  Clearance denied Regional Env. Advisor (REA) (print name) (signature) (date)  Clearance given  Clearance denied Bureau Env. Officer (BEO)* (print name) (signature) (date)  Clearance given  Clearance denied C/AOTR, MEO and REA clearance is required. BEO clearance is required for all “high risk” screening results and for findings of “significant adverse impacts possible. The BEO may review”

Note: if clearance is denied, comments must be provided to applicant

ANNEX OF REFERENCES FOR COMMERCIALIZING HORICULTURE NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP - 2020 - PAGE 33 2. KEY FEATURES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) These points are illustrative of details contained in Senegal’s Agriculture PERSUAP (2015-2020). Nafoore Warsaaji will refer to its adapted Safer Use Action Plan that also contains IPM training material for its producers and for associated grantees to include when they provide inputs to producers.

IPM as discussed in the USAID ECOS (FORMERLY GEMS) sector guidelines “Integrated Pest Management” Pests are defined here as organisms that cause damage or destruction to crops, forest plantations, and domestic animals. They include viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, insects, mites, nematodes, birds, rodents and other animals. Field and post-harvest crop losses due to pests range from 25 percent to 50 percent worldwide and may be higher in the developing world. Pests responsible for animal diseases may also infect humans; chronic diseases transmitted by insects inflict pain and suffering and diminish people’s ability to work. Synthetic pesticides (herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, rodenticides and other synthetic chemical controls) have, for the past 50 years, become the dominant means of controlling pests in developed countries. Since the Green Revolution in the 1960s, they have also been heavily used in the developing world, especially Asia and Latin America. Now, African farmers wishing to expand production and reach markets for trade are increasingly using pesticides as well. However, markets for organic products confound this use, as the new “green revolution” in organic and pesticide-free products takes off. Increasing pesticide use can be attributed to a number of factors, including • Larger-scale, more intensive crop, forestry and livestock production to meet the demands of expanding populations. Resulting monoculture conditions are highly susceptible to pest outbreaks and require increased and more intensive use of pest controls. • Aesthetic requirements of export markets (for visually “perfect” or “clean” food and garden products). • Use of high-yield varieties and breeds. This helps feed growing populations and may make crops more cost- competitive on international markets. However, they are often more susceptible to pests than traditional ones. IPM concepts • Use both preventive and responsive/curative options that are available to manage pest problems. Farmers may prevent pests (and avoid requiring pesticides) by the way they select plants, prepare the site, plant and tend growing plants... farmers may respond to or cure the problem via physical, mechanical or biochemical methods. • Plant selection - choose pest-resistant strains, choose proper locally adapted plant varieties, diversify plant varieties or intercrop plants, provide or leave habitat for natural enemies • Site preparation and planting - choose pest-free or pest-avoiding planting dates (e.g., early planting in rainy season avoids stem borers in cereals), improve soil health, weed before sowing the crop, use an appropriate planting density, enhance/provide shade for shade-grown crops, assign crop-free (fallow) periods and/or rotate crops, install buffer zones of non-crop plants and/or physical barriers, rotate crops, use low-till or no-till methods • Plant tending/cultivation practices - fertilize and irrigate appropriately, remove weeds while small • Responsive/Curative Interventions including:

ANNEX OF REFERENCES FOR COMMERCIALIZING HORICULTURE NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP - 2020 - PAGE 34 o Physical/mechanical control - remove or destroy diseased plant or plant parts and pests, weed, install traps o Biochemical control - pheromones (very effective, but not currently easily accessible or economical; however, they are becoming more so), homemade botanical pesticides, repellents o Biological control - release or augment predators and parasites of pest and microbial pesticides

Examples of Nonchemical Pest Management Techniques

• Maintaining good soil fertility and a diverse agroecosystem • Planting resistant crop varieties • Selecting proper plant varieties for location and season • Rotating crops • Planting clean seed • Correct planting and harvest periods • Proper irrigation methods • Correct fertilizer and rates • Good crop sanitation • Hand picking of larger pests • Use of natural control agents (biological control) • Using attractants and repellents on selected pests

ANNEX OF REFERENCES FOR COMMERCIALIZING HORICULTURE NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP - 2020 - PAGE 35

3. SUMMARY OF ESSENTIAL INFORMATION AND ALLOWED/ BANNED PESTICIDES FROM THE USAID /SENEGAL AGRICULTURE PERSUAP The SUAP Annex contains complete information on these pesticides, how to use them safely, and how to provide training to users in the horticultural activity.

Information from USAID’s ECOS Safer Use Manual (formerly GEMS) • USAID finances pesticides only on a case-by-case basis. • USAID does not finance pesticides through non-project assistance. • Pesticides canceled or suspended by USEPA are never approved for USAID use. • Products classified as “Restricted Use Pesticides” by USEPA are almost never approved for USAID use and may be used only by a certificated pesticide applicator or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. • The use of plant-derived pesticides not registered with USEPA, such as nicotine-based commercial products or smallholder farmer concoctions, will not be promoted under a USAID-funded project without completing a pesticide review—for example, an IEE, EA, or PERSUAP. • USAID-financed (approved) pesticides may not be used in combination with non-approved pesticides. • USAID-funded equipment should not be used to apply non-USAID-approved pesticides. However, the USAID Administrator may waive certain rules in an emergency.

The 166-page USAID/Senegal Economic Growth PERSUAP thoroughly covers the topic and includes a template for the Safer Use Action Plan. It is based on specific value chains and pesticide uses. It covers USAID/Senegal portfolio in rice, maize, millet, legumes, tubers, green leafy vegetables, vegetables, fruit and livestock, including seed treatment and storage; and conditions for procuring pesticides. Proposed action to take for use with Nafoore Warsaaji: (1) Make a list of pesticides that will be promoted through NW and its partners; (2) Compare pesticide active ingredients with approved or banned pesticide AIs in the PERSUAP; (3) Identify which named /branded products sold or used in Senegal have these active ingredients; (4) Fill in the SUAP template for partners and trainers to use, so that Restricted Use pesticides are not supplied to smallholders, so that banned pesticides are not promoted, and so that the appropriate protective clothing (PPE) can be supplied as needed. “Should future—or current—activities address different value chains or require the procurement, use or support to use of pesticide active ingredients (AIs) not authorized by this PERSUAP or for uses not authorized by this PERSUAP, an amendment to this PERSUAP will be necessary.” - page iii

ANNEX OF REFERENCES FOR COMMERCIALIZING HORICULTURE NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP - 2020 - PAGE 36

SELECTED PERSUAP ACRONYMS AI Active Ingredient MAER Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Equipment ANCAR L’Agence Nationale de Conseil MEO Mission Environmental Officer Agricole et Rural AOR/COR Agreement Officer Representative MoA Ministry of Agriculture /Contracting Officer Rep. BEO Bureau Environmental Officer MoE Ministry of Environment CFR Code of Federal Regulation MoH Ministry of Health CILSS Comité permanent Inter-Etats de MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel CNCR National Council for Rural Co- PERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action operation Plan CORAF/ West and Central African Council for PIC Prior Informed Consent WECARD Agric Research and Development CSP Sahelian Pesticide Committee PMP Pest Management Plan FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants Rodenticide Act FtF Feed the Future PPE Personal Protective Equipment GEMS Global Environmental Management REO Regional Environmental Officer Support GUP General Use Pesticides RUP Restricted Use Pesticide INSAH Institut du Sahel SRV Senegal River Valley IP Implementing Partner SUAP Safer Use Action Plan IPM Integrated Pest Management US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WHO World Health Organization

List of Approved and Disallowed Active Ingredients, with cautions and restrictions

IMPORTANT NOTE: any product containing these Active Ingredients that is marked with skull and crossbones or the words “danger” or “poison” may ONLY be used by professionally trained certified and registered pest control specialists and NEVER by smallholder farmers. Where required by the Advisory column in the table below, IPs must submit pesticide product label to MEO/A/COR for review and approval. MEO/A/COR will review product label against USEPA guidance for restricted use pesticides provided at https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker- safety/restricted-use-products-rup-report IPs must always review pesticide label's PPE requirements and environmental hazards statement and always keep pesticides away from water sources. Active Ingredients that have been identified as potential groundwater contaminants are identified in the Advisory column below.

ANNEX OF REFERENCES FOR COMMERCIALIZING HORICULTURE NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP - 2020 - PAGE 37

TABLE 8. PESTICIDES (ACTIVE INGREDIENTS) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND MANDATORY RESTRICTIONS (Based on information provided in ANNEX B of the Programmatic PERSUAP) HERBICIDES ADVISORY 2,4-D acid, ester, or salts Possible carcinogen, suspected endocrine disruptor, potential groundwater contaminant Salt and acid forms can be extreme eye irritants Many products containing this AI are RUP—IPs must submit the product label with description of the proposed use to the COR for MEO approval prior to procurement or use. Acetochlor Potential groundwater contaminant All products in combination with Atrazine are RUP. Few other products are also RUP. IPs must submit the product label with description of the proposed use to the COR for MEO approval prior to procurement or use. Bensulfuron methyl Potential groundwater contaminant. Bispyribac sodium Potential groundwater contaminant Clethodim Potential groundwater contaminant Clomazone Potential groundwater contaminant Dicamba Potential groundwater contaminant, potential developmental/reproductive toxin. Included in many RUP products. Check all ingredients for approval. Diuron Known water pollutant, use care around open water Fluazifop-P-butyl Potential developmental/reproductive toxin Fluometuron Glyphosate and Some Glyphosate products are classified as Acute Glyphosate salts Toxicity I due to potential for eye irritation and are RUP. Do not use products that have Danger sign. In 2015, Glyphosate was identified as a potential carcinogen by USEPA. Glyphosate-isopropyl ammonium products are RUP. IPs must submit the product label with description of the proposed use to the COR for MEO approval prior to procurement or use. Nicosulfuron Potential groundwater contaminant. When combined with Atrazine, this AI is RUP. Do not use. Orthosulfamuron Potential groundwater contaminant, possible carcinogen Oxadiazon Potential carcinogen and developmental/reproductive toxin Pendimethalin Possible carcinogen suspected endocrine disruptor. Highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrate. Penoxysulam/penoxsulam Potential groundwater contaminant, possible carcinogen Prometryn Potential ground water contaminant Propanil Possible carcinogen suspected endocrine disruptor. Moderately toxic to birds and aquatic organisms. Tembotrione Possible carcinogen Terbutylazine Also, microbicide and algaecide Tribenuron methyl Possible carcinogen Triclopyr Slightly to moderately toxic to aquatic organisms

ANNEX OF REFERENCES FOR COMMERCIALIZING HORICULTURE NAFOORE WARSAAJI EMMP - 2020 - PAGE 38

TABLE 8. PESTICIDES (ACTIVE INGREDIENTS) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND MANDATORY RESTRICTIONS (Based on information provided in ANNEX B of the Programmatic PERSUAP) RUP when combined with Picloram (potassium salt), do not use FUNGICIDES ADVISORY Azoxystrobin Potential groundwater contaminant RUP when combined with some ingredients. All product ingredients must be approved for use. IPs must submit the product label with description of the proposed use to the COR for MEO approval prior to procurement or use. Difenoconazole Possible carcinogen, suspected endocrine disruptor (used in treated seed) Copper hydroxide Microbicide, nematicide and fertilizer Copper sulfate Use only acute toxicity Class II or III products; not Class I (pentahydrate) Iprodione Highly toxic to crustaceans Mancozeb Potential groundwater contaminant, carcinogen and developmental/reproductive toxin Mefenoxam/ Metalaxyl-M Potential groundwater contaminant (used in treated seed) Miclobutanil Likely developmental/reproductive toxin, suspected endocrine disruptor Tebuconazole Potential ground water contaminant, possible carcinogen, suspected endocrine disruptor RUP in combination with Lambda-cyhalothrin, do not use INSECTICIDES ADVISORY Abamectin (Avermectin) Potential reproductive and developmental toxin suspected endocrine disruptor. Many products are RUP. IPs must submit the product label with description of the proposed use to the COR for MEO approval prior to procurement or use. Acetamiprid Do not use during flowering to protect foraging honeybees When combined with Bifenthrin RUP, do not use D-phenothrin Highly toxic to fish and aquatic organisms, suspected endocrine disruptor Azadirachtin (botanical Suspected endocrine disruptor neem extract) also nematicide Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Bacillus sphaericus Beta-cyfluthrin Use only formulations of 10% or less AI, most formulations below 10% are GUP, and above 10% are RUP Chlorantraniliprole Potential groundwater contaminant When combined with Lambda-cyhalothrin RUP, do not use Chlorothalonil Do not use products with acute toxicity I for eye irritation. Potential groundwater contaminant, likely carcinogen, Cyantraniliprole Cypermethrin Possible carcinogen, potential endocrine disruptor Cypermethrin (alpha) Many products are RUP. IPs must submit the product label with description of the Cypermethrin (beta) proposed use to the COR for MEO approval prior to procurement or use. Most Zeta-cypermethrin products are acute toxicity I, do not use

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TABLE 8. PESTICIDES (ACTIVE INGREDIENTS) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND MANDATORY RESTRICTIONS (Based on information provided in ANNEX B of the Programmatic PERSUAP) Deltamethrin Highly toxic to some aquatic organisms Some products are RUP for some crops and applications. IPs must submit the product label with description of the proposed use to the COR for MEO approval prior to procurement or use. Flubendiamide Highly toxic to fish Fludioxinil Potential groundwater contaminant Insecticidal soap Recommended to use natural soaps and not to use detergents, dish soaps, or any products with degreasers, skin moisturizers, or synthetic chemicals. Indoxacarb, S-isomer High toxicity to bees and birds Imiprothrin Highly toxic to fish Imidacloprid Linked to honey-bee colony collapse disorder. Should not be used during flowering, only during vegetative growth and for seed treatment. Several products and AI combinations are RUP. IPs must submit the product label with description of the proposed use to the COR for MEO approval prior to procurement or use. Lambda-cyhalothrin Highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms, toxic to bees. Many products and AI combinations are RUP. IPs must submit the product label with description of the proposed use to the COR for MEO approval prior to procurement or use. Lufenuron Malathion Toxic to bees When combined with gamma-Cyhalothrin RUP, do not use Novaluron Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) When combined with Bifenthrin RUP, do not use Permethrin May NOT be used for crop and wide area applications such as nurseries. Such uses are RUP. Weak carcinogen suspected endocrine disruptor, Highly toxic to fish and aquatic organisms. IPs must submit the product label with description of the proposed use to the COR for MEO approval prior to procurement or use. Pyriproxyfen Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) Pirimiphos-methyl May interfere with proper functioning of the nervous system Spinosad Slightly to moderately toxic to some aquatic organism Some products are RUP when combined with Bifenthrin, or Lamda-cyhalothrin do not use Spirotetramate Tagetes oil Terbutryn Possible groundwater contaminant, possible carcinogen, possible endocrine disruptor Thiamethoxam Potential ground water contaminant (used in treated seed) Some products and used are RUP. IPs must submit the product label with description of the proposed use to the COR for MEO approval prior to procurement or use. Thyme oil Exempt, not regulated

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TABLE 8. PESTICIDES (ACTIVE INGREDIENTS) APPROVED WITH CAUTIONARY ADVICE AND MANDATORY RESTRICTIONS (Based on information provided in ANNEX B of the Programmatic PERSUAP) Trifloxysulfuron sodium Potential groundwater contaminant

RODENTICIDE ADVISORY Brodifacoum Use in bait traps only, required to be enclosed in bait stations that are inaccessible to children and non- target animal species. FUMIGANT ADVISORY Aluminum Phosphide EPA Toxicity Class I. All products are marked DANGER. All warehouse pest control activities for protection of agricultural commodities must be performed only by trained and certified pest control specialists. Only products approved in Senegal for control of pests in warehouses and its surroundings can be used by the fumigators. In addition, Aluminum Phosphide fumigation must comply with the USAID Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) for Phosphide Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodity (http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm); see Annex T-1 for guide to compliance requirements.

LIST OF PESTICIDES REJECTED AND BANNED Only pesticides specifically approved (i.e., appearing in the “lists of approved pesticides” above) under this PERSUAP are authorized for use under FtF in Senegal. For reference, the tables below document pesticides (as AIs) that were specifically considered and rejected for use by the analysis undertaken in this PERSUAP. Toxicological summaries and US EPA registration status for each are presented in Table B-1 in Annex B of the original programmatic PERSUAP.

TABLE 9. PESTICIDES REJECTED

PESTICIDES REJECTED REASON FOR REJECTION Aclonifen Not registered by USEPA Alletrin, d-trans allethrin Used mostly for control of mosquitos and flies in homes and gardens Asulam Used mostly for cane sugar Bendiocarb Acute toxicity Bifenthrin Most products are RUP Bromadiolone Anti-coagulant rodenticide, RUP, certified for use only indoors Cartap Not EPA registered Chlorpyrifos-ethyl Most products are RUP Cycloxidim Not registered by USEPA Cypermethrin (zeta) Diflubenzuron RUP, all products and uses Dimefluthrin Not registered by US EPA Emamectin benzoate Use mostly for ornamental trees, most products are RUP Esbiothrin Not registered by USEPA Fenitrothion Registered for use of ornamental crops only Haloxyfop-R-methyl Not registered by USEPA

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PESTICIDES REJECTED REASON FOR REJECTION Hexazynone Known groundwater contaminant, some products are acute toxicity I Isoxadifen-ethyl Not registered by USEPA Mepiquat chloride Plant growth regulator used exclusively on cotton Mesothrione, Most products are RUP Metolachlor, S-Metolachlor Most products are RUP Methomyl All methomyl products, except the 1% bait formulations, are classified as restricted use pesticides. Oxadiargyl No US Federally registered products containing this chemical Oxamyl RUP chemical due to acute toxicity and toxicity to birds and mammals. Pencycuron No US Federally registered products containing this chemical Pyribenzoxim Not registered by USEPA Profenofos Restricted to use on cotton solely Pretilachlor Not registered by USEPA Propaquizafop Not registered by USEPA Pyriproxyfen Alleged (not substantiated) link to microcephaly Teflubenzuron Not registered by EPA Transfluthrin No US Federally registered products containing this chemical

12 TABLE 10. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS) BANNED BY THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION PESTICIDE USE Aldrin Used mostly on corn and cotton Chlordane Used on agricultural crops, lawns, gardens, as fumigant for termite control DDT Malaria control Dieldrin Used mostly on corn and cotton Dioxins (polychlorinated) Byproduct of pesticides Endrin Pesticide used to control insects, rodents, and birds Furan (polychlorinated) Byproduct of pesticides Heptachlor Used in household and Agriculture Hexachlorobenzene Fungicide used on seeds Mirex Insecticide and flame retardant Toxaphen Insecticide used primarily on cotton

12 "What Is Pesticide Regulation?" Environmental Performance Index, Yale University. 17 Aug 2015. http://epi.yale.edu/files/pops_final.pdf

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Safer Use Action Plan Basic Concepts to Incorporate into Training Improperly used pesticides damage these natural resources and non-target organisms: • honeybees—needed for pollinating two-thirds of all crops • fish—needed for aquifer health and human food • birds—needed to control insect pests • predators and parasitoids—needed to control insect pests • earthworms—needed for soil health • mollusks and crustaceans—needed for aquifer health and human food • clean water—needed for drinking, irrigating and washing • biodiversity and rare species—needed for ecosystem functioning

➔ Where a project has direct control over pesticide use, assure that the following rules are implemented. ➔ Where a project is supporting or recommending pesticide use but has less than complete control, take all practicable measures to assure the following.

• Do not apply granular pesticides in fields frequented by migratory waterfowl. Completely cover granules with soil, especially spilled granules at the ends of rows • Do not spray or rinse equipment in or within 30 meters of ponds, drainage ditches, and surface waters • Minimize chemical spray drift by using low-pressure sprays and nozzles that produce large droplets, properly calibrating and maintaining spray equipment, and use of a drift-control agent • Do not spray pesticides with high toxicities to aquatic organisms before an impending rainstorm, as they can be washed into waterways before breaking down. • Ensure that pesticides labeled for certain types of use environments, or areas, are in fact used according to label recommendations. • Since transport of soil particles with pesticides adsorbed to them is a likely transportation route to waterways, employ techniques to reduce farm soil erosion whenever erosion is likely (such as terracing, employing ground covers between rows, planting rows perpendicular to the slope, using drip irrigation, and so on). • Warn beekeepers of upcoming spray events so that they may move or protect their hives; • Spray at night (best), very early morning or late afternoon when winds are below 13 kph, there is no rain and bees do not forage • Read and follow pesticide label instructions including environmental warnings • Choose the pesticide least toxic to fish and wildlife (see Annex 7, MSDS and pesticide label) • Properly dispose of empty pesticide containers (provide training on what this means locally)

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4. PESTICIDE SAFER USE COMPLIANCE TRACKER - ILLUSTRATION

BASED ON THE 2016 USAID/ PERSUAP. This table is indicative of content only. The original format is in the SUAP pertaining to Nafoore Warsaaji, taken from the original PERSUAP.

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE (MITIGATION) MEASURE INITIAL ACTIONS PLANNED TO STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACHIEVE & MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE STATUS COMPLIANCE ACTIONS (IF NOT KNOWN, (W/ DEADLINES & SO INDICATE) RESPONSIBLE PARTY) SUPPORT ONLY THE PESTICIDES AUTHORIZED BY THE 2015 USAID/Senegal Programmatic PERSUAP Immediately Inventory of Pesticides being supported and ensure NO SUPPORT for Class I chemicals. (insert extra rows if needed) Ensure that Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs), as classified by US EPA, can only be used by or under supervision of a certified pesticide applicator. Distribute copies of the list of allowed AIs with matching commercial product names and list of cancelled products to all project field extension staff & advice regarding the Date: deadline for compliance (below). Updated lists can be found in References and Resources. As soon as possible but not later than Date: Assure that USAID-funded pesticide support is limited to ONLY PESTICIDES APPROVED BY PERSUAP.

Continue verification throughout life-of-project Pesticide technical assistance and use must be governed by a set of locally adapted IPM-based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. For agricultural activities these will be crop-and-pest specific. By Date: Starting from the information in PERSUAP Annex A and drawing on PERSUAP Annex B, adopt/develop crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans (PMPs).

For chemical controls, PMPs must include the use restrictions specified in the Annex B pesticide profiles. (e.g. no use near surface waters.) Translate PMPs into crop-specific field reference guides or posters for farmers to anticipate and manage pests. By Date: Provide first-time training to appropriate project staff, partners and beneficiaries in PMPs;

Provide refresher training annually. From Date: Require and enforce PMP implementation in situations where the project has direct control over pesticide use Require and enforce that field extension under direct project control be PMP-based.

Where project control over extension or agricultural practice on the ground is less than complete, promote and support to PMPs to the greatest practicable extent.

Ongoing over Life of Project (LOP) Modify PMPs over LOP based on ground-truthing/field experience.

For all target activities appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safe pesticide use & pesticide first aid. Ensure availability of product label and MSDS. For all products that will be in use, the project personnel must obtain and review the product label and MSDS to ensure that pesticide users are aware of potential hazards and are undertaking all measures to

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REQUIRED COMPLIANCE (MITIGATION) MEASURE INITIAL ACTIONS PLANNED TO STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACHIEVE & MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE STATUS COMPLIANCE ACTIONS (IF NOT KNOWN, (W/ DEADLINES & SO INDICATE) RESPONSIBLE PARTY) minimize risks to human health and safety and to the environment. Ensure that for all beneficiaries that receive support for procurement and use of seed treated with pesticides, training in handling dressed seed is provided. Develop a Training Plan for Pesticide Safe Practices and IPM for project staff and beneficiaries, including at least annual refresher training.

Develop or source curricula conforming to required training elements specified in Annex C.

Implement training plan, providing first-time training to all relevant staff and beneficiaries within 6 months.

To the greatest degree practicable, all projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE – as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices. If carbonate or organophosphate-class pesticides are used extensively, follow procedures for baseline testing for cholinesterase inhibition, and establish a periodic cholinesterase monitoring schedule when necessary. Implement/observe core risk mitigation measures (PPE and other precautions) identified in the summary section of each extended pesticide profile.

Where control is less complete, take all practicable measures to support and promote implementation of these measures. Whenever providing, supporting or recommending pesticides for use, assure that appropriate personal protective equipment is available and, to the degree possible, require its use. Whenever directly using, procuring or supplying pesticides, assure that quality application equipment is available and local capacity for application is available and maintained.

Projects must follow safety restrictions and precautions for all target activities People who are not wearing PPE should not enter pesticide treated areas during Restricted Entry Intervals (REI) to perform tasks that involve contact with pesticide treated surfaces. Each pesticide label specifies a REI usually ranging from 12 to 72 hours. Warning signs should be posted to warn people in advance about pesticide application and REI. Products that are suspected to have potential to cause harm to unborn child will not be handled and applied by pregnant women. Pregnant women should not enter treated areas during application and REI. Pre-harvest interval (PHI) is the time required between the last application of pesticides and the safe harvesting of edible crops for immediate consumption. Farmers will be trained about the importance of adhering to the PHI stated on the label to ensure no chemical residues are found on harvested crops. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide related record-keeping and monitoring. Pesticide efficacy in demonstration must be evaluated Any evidence of pesticide resistance development must be tracked and reported.

Flow-down requirements Prime contractors must write pesticide compliance requirements as set out above into each grant or sub-contract that will involve support for pesticide use.

Pesticide registration status in Senegal and US EPA must be updated yearly.

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5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FERTILIZER This information from the USAID Africa Bureau Fertilizer Fact Sheet is being presented for the benefit of suppliers who will be furnishing fertilizers for Nafoore Warsaaji. From 2004 - Prepared by: Rob Clausen, Regional Environmental Advisor (REA), USAID West Africa Regional Program (WARP), Accra, Ghana & Walter Knausenberger, REA, USAID Regional Economic Development Services Office (REDSO), Nairobi, Kenya

SOIL FERTILITY AND FERTILIZERS AND USAID AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURES Low soil fertility is a problem throughout most of Fertilizers are frequently lumped together with Sub- Saharan Africa (SSA). Moreover, the drastic pesticides under the generic heading of “agro- or reduction in fallow periods and the almost agrichemicals.” continuous cropping without soil fertility restoration From an environmental compliance perspective (22 has depleted the nutrient base of most soils. By the CFR 216), as well as from a field-level mid-late 1990s, all SSA countries were implementation point of view, this is inappropriate, 1 demonstrating a negative annual nutrient balance . because it implies that fertilizers require the same Countries that have the highest nutrient loss rates level of scrutiny reserved for pesticides. Whereas are the ones where fertilizer use is low and soil pesticides are subject to clearly defined erosion is high. These areas include the East environmental review procedures [22 CFR African highlands and a number of countries in 216.3(b)(1)], and an approval process to promote West Africa. safer use and integrated pest management, such Low soil fertility is also a driving force behind the procedures do not apply to fertilizers (procurement conversion of natural areas for agricultural extension. procedures do apply to quantity bulk purchase). It is generally accepted that agricultural intensification is the only viable means to As with any technology, however, it is conserve key natural areas while increasing recommended that fertilizers be thoughtfully food security for the continents growing employed according to best practice, promoting population and generating economic growth integrated soil fertility management, within the through improved agricultural productivity. context of the prevailing biophysical and socio- undermines the ability of countries economic conditions and the desired outcomes. to move in this direction, and the loss of soil nutrients is the most important contributing factor to the land degradation process. The use of inorganic fertilizers is a critical part of the strategy to stop land degradation, restore soil fertility and better manage the soil resources that are fundamental for sustainable agricultural and economic development. IMPORTANCE OF WATER MANAGEMENT TO NUTRIENT UPTAKE Proper water management is important for maximizing crop use of nutrients. About 97% of crop nutrient uptake is from soil solution (water-soluble nutrients), which makes water by far the most important nutrient or fertilizer delivery medium. This also means that, for the most part, nutrient mobility is directly linked to water movement. In sandy soils, nutrients move more quickly through the root zone and soil profile than in other soil types, and excessive water application (or heavy rainfall) can lead to nutrient loss through leaching. Run-off is most serious on loamy-sands or sandy loams that often have a strong surface crust formation. In heavier soils (clays), if nutrients are not adequately incorporated into the soil, the chances for surface runoff in the event of heavy rains or over-irrigation are increased. Sound water management is especially important in rainfed conditions (common throughout SSA). Overall, good water management leads to a more efficient use of fertilizers and increased nutrient uptake and vice versa.

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FERTILIZER APPLICATION NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS Before applying fertilizers, obtain an assessment Excessive application of nutrients over time can of soil conditions (fertility). cause pollution. Such losses may occur Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers • when nutrients run off the land caused by heavy should be avoided. rainfall, • are leached through the soil, beyond the root Different kinds of fertilizers are required in order zone, eventually reaching the groundwater, or to maintain a given level of soil fertility. This depends on site-specific factors, including the soil • when they escape into the atmosphere as type, the nutrient requirement of the crop and volatile gases. the various sources of available nutrients. If the nitrate is leached beyond the root zone, Nitrogen and Phosphorous are the most acidification occurs. Soil acidification reduces the important nutrients lacking in SSA soils. availability of the trace element molybdenum, Fertilizer application has to be considered in the fosters the development of aluminum, iron and context of the overall farming system. This manganese toxicity and increases nodulation failure includes the use of organic manure and residues, in legumes. Lime may be required. soil cultivation and crop rotation and water An illustrative list of crops with acid tolerant harvesting. Collectively, these factors influence varieties include rice, cassava, mango, cashew, the efficiency of nutrient use. citrus, pineapple and cowpeas. When fertilizers are used, it is very important to High concentrations of nitrate may affect health. apply the correct amount for the given situation. Excess amounts of phosphorus have been The challenge to the farmer is to match as closely associated with algal blooms and the as possible the input of nutrients to the nutrient eutrophication of lakes and waterways. uptake of the crop, thereby minimizing losses. Overfertilization is both costly (wasteful) and potentially harmful to the environment. To apply the correct amount, the farmer has to define the production goal.

FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON SOIL BIOLOGY Good soil consists of 93% mineral and 7% humus, roots, and soil decomposers (bacteria and fungi), which are responsible for nutrient retention in soil. In order for nutrients to become available they must be mineralized by the interaction of decomposers and organisms that feed on the decomposers (protozoa, nematodes, micorarthropods and earthworms). Plant growth is dependent on microbial nutrient immobilization. When the number of decomposers declines in soils, more nutrients are lost into the ground and surface water. Heavy treatments of chemical fertilizers can kill decomposers and other soil organisms, which will lead to a reduction in nutrient retention and possible surface and ground water contamination.

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6. USAID WATER QUALITY (AND QUANTITY) ASSURANCE Although Nafoore Warsaaji is not currently planning to drill wells and focus on drinking water, this information is being included for the possible eventuality that many boreholes are rehabilitated for irrigating gardens. It cannot be avoided that people working in the gardens will drink available water; it is preferable to know in advance that testing may be required if large numbers of people start using the irrigation water.

From the USAID ECOS (formerly GEMS) Water and Sanitation Sector Guidelines (2015) BEST PRACTICES FOR WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS • Calculate yield and extraction rates in relation to other area water uses and available supply. This is necessary to avoid depleting the resource or adversely affecting aquatic ecosystems and/or communities downstream/downhill. These calculations should take into account historic and projected upstream/up-hill and downstream/down-hill supply and demand for water. Projects tapping groundwater should also consider depth to water table and groundwater hydrology. • Design improvements with an appropriate scale and capacity. Estimate current and projected water quantity and availability based on current water sources and existing uses, baseline measurements on quantity of water available (including seasonal fluctuations), current and historic use data (household, agricultural, and institutional), population data and forecasts, current and projected demand up and down stream/up and down hill, and actual water use for similar projects in the past. If possible, data on typical water leakage rates in other existing water schemes should be examined. Demand projections should take into account the likelihood that the project will attract additional users. • Assess water quality to determine if water is safe to drink and to establish a baseline so that any future degradation can be detected. Ideally tests should be performed on the chemical, biological and physical quality of the proposed water source. At the least, arsenic and fecal coliform tests should be conducted. USAID requires testing for arsenic for all USAID-funded water supply projects, as there is currently no way to determine which locations may contain natural arsenic deposits.

Best practices – water supply • Calculate yields and extraction rates • Build to appropriate scale and capacity • Assess water quality regularly with periodic testing • Minimize downstream impacts • Promote improved hygiene behaviors, including separation of animal and human drinking sources, and distancing from latrine locations

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Applicable Drinking Water Quality Standards and Criteria

From a USAID Environmental Compliance Training Workshop

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7. 2001 STUDY ON HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION IMPACTS ON LES NIAYES (FR) (Extracted from Safiétou Touré Fall et Abdou Salam Fall, 2001: Cités horticoles en sursis ? Published by Centre de recherches pour le développement international, BP 8500, Ottawa (Ontario), Canada K1G 3H9)13 This study is presented to highlight the sensitive nature of Les Niayes zone and the longstanding need to control the use of agricultural inputs there to preserve what remains of the natural environment.

CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY Dans le cadre d'une bonne gestion intégrée et d'un développement sain et durable de la zone des Niayes, une attention portée au paramètre environnemental demeure une nécessité. Aussi peut-on recommander: • la mise en œuvre de campagnes d'information et de formation sur l'utilisation des produits phytosanitaires et fertilisants; • un contrôle qualitatif sur les niveaux de contamination des produits et sous-produits horticoles par les pesticides; • un contrôle du niveau de pollution des nappes phréatiques par les fertilisants et par les résidus de produits phytosanitaires; • une protection des zones sensibles, notamment les dunes vives et les maigres forêts classées; • une amélioration des systèmes d'irrigation chez les petits producteurs et une plus grande implication de la recherche dans ce secteur qui, malgré son rôle dans les activités socio- économiques, est toujours marginalisé; • un renforcement du dispositif juridique de contrôle des produits agropharmaceutiques; • une révision de la fiscalité sur l'importation des produits phytosanitaires afin de réduire leur utilisation, en portant une attention particulière aux aspects écologiques

IMPACT DU SYSTÈME DE PRODUCTION HORTICOLE SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT DES NIAYES

Ibrahima Cissé et Safiétou T. Fall

Figure 1. Situation de la zone des Niayes

13 https://prd-idrc.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/openebooks/265-1/index.html#page_49

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Le système de production horticole fait intervenir différentes techniques et pratiques afin d'obtenir de meilleurs rendements de production. Celles-ci vont des techniques traditionnelles aux techniques les plus modernes, notamment dans le domaine de l'exhaure et de l'irrigation. Cependant, aussi productif soit-il, ce système n'en demeure pas moins une menace pour l'environnement et, par conséquent, pour le bien-être de la population. En effet, la zone des Niayes, de formation fragile, subit différentes agressions émanant de l'occupation anarchique de l'habitat dans la zone urbaine et périurbaine, particulièrement à Dakar, et d'une certaine forme de dopage des cultures par les intrants chimiques, surtout par les pesticides et les engrais minéraux. Ce dernier aspect – résultant d'une part de l'exiguïté du milieu qui favorise une intensification et, d'autre part, du besoin pressant de satisfaire les demandes d'un marché local et étranger sans cesse croissant – entraîne un problème réel en ce qui concerne l'utilisation de ces produits et leurs conséquences sur les différentes composantes du milieu, tels la pollution des nappes, des sols, de la biomasse végétale et par-dessus tout, les risques pour santé des humains et des animaux. L'étude du système de production des Niayes nous permet de décrire le système d'utilisation des produits phytosanitaires et des engrais chimiques, notamment en ce qui concerne la détermination des produits utilisés, leur mode et la fréquence de leur utilisation5. 5Dans la deuxième phase, une étude approfondie sera entreprise en collaboration avec la DPV afin de déterminer les teneurs résiduelles des pesticides utilisés dans l'agro-écologie des Niayes, ce qui permettra à toutes fins utiles de dégager des voies et des solutions pour une gestion saine et durable des ressources naturelles de ce milieu.

Le flux des intrants chimiques dans l'agrosystème L'utilisation d'intrants chimiques est une pratique très courante dans la zone des Niayes. Les cultures maraîchères exigent certaines précautions pour réduire les attaques parasitaires par l'utilisation de produits phytosanitaires et pour accroître les rendements par la fertilisation d'engrais minéraux. Avec l'intensification de cette agriculture et devant l'impossibilité d'accroître les surfaces horticoles, surtout dans les milieux urbains et périurbains, un véritable dopage des cultures semble s'opérer.

Le cadre institutionnel Le flux des intrants chimiques, surtout les substances agropharmaceutiques et produits assimilés, était régi jusqu'à tout récemment per la législation phyto-sanitaire dont les objectifs consistaient notamment à contrôler et enregistrer les produits devant être mis en vente ou distribués au Sénégal. Force est de constater que, de nos jours, le cadre institutionnel régissant ce secteur a beaucoup évolué grace à l'adhésion du Sénégal à une dynamique globale et sous-régionale. Membre de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO ), le Sénégal s'est inscrit dans le Code international pour la distribution et l'utilisation des pesticides qui a été adopté en 1985 et amendé en 1989. Ce code fixe des règles de conduite pour les acteurs concernés par les pesticides et propose plusieurs points fondamentaux. À cela s'ajoute le fait que le Sénégal, sous l'égide du Programme des Nations Unies pour l'environnement (PNUE ) et de la FAO, a signé à Rotterdam la convention PIC ( prior informed consent, Consentement éclairé préalable ) le 11 septembre 1998. Ce traité stipule que les pesticides et produits chimiques dangereux ayant fait l'objet d'interdiction ou de réglementation stricte dans au moins deux pays ne devront plus être exportés sans l'accord du pays demandeur. De même, si un gouvernement choisit d'importer l'une des substances, l'exportateur est obligé de fournir des informations détaillées sur les dangers que ce produit représente pour la santé et l'environnement. L'autre élément important présenté par le PIC est l'interdiction, si nécessaire, de toutes les préparations jugées trop dangereuses pour les agriculteurs. Au niveau sous-régional, notamment dans le cadre du Comité permanent inter-États de lutte contre la sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS ), une réglementation commune sur l'homologation des pesticides a été

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élaborée et est mise en application depuis 1974. À la suite de cette réglementation, un comité sahélien des pesticides fut créé, mais force est de constater qu'il demeure inactif. Au plan national, plusieurs arrêtés et lois furent promulgués sur la commercialisation des produits agropharmaceutiques. ... Plusieurs conventions importantes ont été ratifiées par le Sénégal pour protéger l'entrée, la formulation, la fabrication et la commercialisation des produits agropharmaceutiques et des spécialités assimilées. Cependant, le chevauchement de toutes ces conventions et le manque de moyens de contrôle ne favorisent pas le respect de ces accords. Ainsi, la relance d'organismes de contrôle au niveau national, surtout au niveau des frontières, et la mise en place d'une Commission nationale de gestion des pesticides et produits chimiques dangereux seraient un appui favorable à la bonne application de ces conventions.

Les sources d'approvisionnement des maraîchers en produits phytosanitaires et engrais chimiques Les sources d'approvisionnement sont multiples et variées. L'approvisionnement est déterminé à la fois par la taille de l'exploitation, par les moyens financiers disponibles et par le type de partenariat. Les usines de fabrication de produits chimiques sont peu nombreuses au Sénégal. On en dénombre actuellement deux: les ICS-SENCHIM, à Thiès, et la SPIA, basée à Louga. Par contre, avec la libéralisation et le vide juridique existant sur la fabrication et la commercialisation des produits phytosanitaires et spécialités assimilées, on note une prolifération d'établissements commerciaux de produits agropharmaceutiques. Il s'agit essentiellement de grossistes et demi-grossistes qui importent dans le but de reconditionner les produits avant de les introduire sur le marché, par le biais des revendeurs qui, souvent, procèdent à leur tour à un autre reconditionnement, financièrement plus accessible pour les petits producteurs maraîchers. Les vendeurs ambulants servent toujours de relais entre les points de vente et les localités plus éloignées. Les pesticides importés sont de provenances diverses, mais on peut noter que l'essentiel vient des pays de l'Union européenne ( Allemagne, France, Grande Bretagne, Hollande ), des pays asiatiques ( Inde, Japon ), d'Israël et des États-Unis. Les grands exploitants, et fréquemment les exploitants moyens, dont les productions sont souvent destinées à l'exportation, sont directement approvisionnés en intrants chimiques par leurs partenaires étrangers. Dans les localités les plus enclavées, l'approvisionnement des petits producteurs se fait dans les louma, c'est-à-dire les marchés ruraux hebdomadaires. À ce niveau, les produits sont plus accessibles et sont de provenances diverses, mais surtout des pays limitrophes, particulièrement de la Guinée-Bissau, de la Gambie ou de la Mauritanie. Les sources d'approvisionnement sont assez importantes dans l'agrosystème des Niayes ( figure 8 ), même si l'accès à ces intrants demeure difficile pour certains en raison de l'enclavement et parfois de l'insuffisance des revenus. Toutefois, les produits commercialisés par les revendeurs ambulants et parfois même les grossistes, sont de qualité douteuse. Ceci est dû, sans nul doute, au reconditionnement multiple et à la fabrication artisanale de ces composés agropharmaceutiques. Figure 8. Les sources d'approvisionnement en intrants chimiques des maraîchers de la zone des Niayes

Les produits utilisés Les produits phytosanitaires et les engrais chimiques utilisés pour le maraîchage sont divers et variés. Cependant, tous ne sont pas recommandés, surtout les produits phytosanitaires organochlorés. Ceux-ci sont caractérisés par leur toxicité, leur persistance dans les milieux, leur tendance à la bio-accumulation dans les

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chaînes alimentaires ( PAN-CTA, 1993 ), leur capacité à se déplacer jusqu'à des milliers de kilomètres de leur point d'origine ( Wania et Mackay, 1993; Iwata et al., 1993; Bommanna et al., 1994; Greenpeace, 1995 ) et leurs conséquences sur la santé humaine : troubles neurologiques, cancers, anomalie d'organes de reproduction, déficience mentale chez les enfants, stérilité ( Paje, 1995; Greenpeace, 1995 ). Une gamme importante de pesticides est utilisée dans l'agriculture maraîchère dans la zone des Niayes. Au cours des enquêtes et des visites sur les sites de production et des points de vente de produits phytosanitaires, on a dénombré 123 produits commercialisés. Dans les zones de production, on an identifié 55 produits dans la région de Dakar, 10 dans la région de Thiès ( sauf les grandes exploitations ), 5 à Louga et 13 à Saint-Louis. La forte utilisation et la diversité des produits à Dakar s'expliquent par la concentration des points de distribution. La faible utilisation au niveau de la région de Louga est liée surtout à l'enclavement des zones maraîchères ( Lompoul et Potou ). Dans certaines localités, l'utilisation de produits phytosanitaires est quasi absente. C'est le cas de Pire, dans la région de Thiès, spécialisée dans la production du manioc, très peu parasité dans ce milieu. La classification des familles chimiques des produits utilisés est largement dominée par les produits organophosphorés avec une utilisation de 43,6 % dans la région de Dakar, suivis des pyréthrinoïdes, carbamates et organochlorés avec des pourcentages respectifs de 18,1 %, 14,5 % et 10,9%. La formulation dominante dans l'agrosystème des Niayes est composée de concentrés émulsifiables ( EC ). Suivent ensuite les poudres mouillables ( WP ), les poudres sèches ( DP ) et les granulés ( GR ). Dans la région de Dakar, les formulations utilisées se présentent comme suit : EC, 56,36%; WP, 18,18%; DP, 10,9 % et GR, 5,4 %. Selon la cible, c'est-à-dire les parasites ou les ravageurs visés, les pesticides sont très diversifiés. On trouve des produits phytosanitaires spécifiques destinés à l'élimination d'une attaque déterminée, ou des associations de produits ayant plusieurs objectifs. Toutefois, on note une prédominance des insecticides dans toute la zone des Niayes même si, dans certains points, notamment la région de Dakar, les fongicides et les insecticides acaricides occupent une bonne place. Dans la région de Dakar, on a pu obtenir les types de pesticides utilisés selon la cible : insecticides, 34,54 %; acaricides, 1,8 %; fongicides, 16,36 %; herbicides, 1,8 %; insecticides acaricides, 30,9 %; insecticides nématicides, 1,8 %; insecticides acaricides nématicides, 3,6 %. L'usage des produits phytosanitaires est largement dominé par les produits organophosphorés qui sont, pour la plupart, des substances chimiquement apparentées et possédant une toxicité aiguë. Cependant, la faible utilisation des organochlorés – qui traduit, dans une certaine mesure, le respect des réglementations sur l'interdiction ou la restriction de l'usage de ces produits, qualifiés souvent de polluants organiques persistants ( POP ) ( PAN, 1995 ) – constitue une réelle menace pour l'environnement des Niayes et pour la santé de la population en contact avec ces produits. Leur persistance élevée fait qu'ils s'accumulent dans les chaînes alimentaires. Les engrais chimiques sont beaucoup utilisés dans le maraîchage afin de compenser les déficits et carences des végétaux en matières minérales. La qualité et la quantité des engrais minéraux utilisés différent en fonction de la nature pédologique du substrat, de la taille de l'exploitation et des types de cultures. Les engrais les plus fréquemment utilisés sont l'urée, le 10-10-20, le 10-10-15, le 06-20-10, le sulfate de potasse, les engrais foliaires. Le schéma des sources d'approvisionnement de ces fertilisants reste le même que celui des produits phytosanitaires. Les dépenses engendrées sont variables, allant de zéro chez les petits producteurs, à des millions de francs chez les grands exploitants. Chez les petits producteurs, la non-utilisation de fertilisants chimiques est palliée par l'usage de fumier organique, essentiellement composé de résidus avicoles. Dans la zone de Pikine, l'utilisation des eaux résiduaires, piratées à partir des systèmes d'évacuation des effluents domestiques, est courante.

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Les modes d'utilisation Les modes d'utilisation des pesticides et des engrais chimiques diffèrent des petits producteurs, qui sont plus traditionnels, aux grands producteurs, plus modernes. On distingue : L'utilisation par aspersion, qui est pratiquée par les maraîchers de très petites surfaces, consiste à traiter les attaques parasitaires à l'aide d'un seau contenant le pesticide et de branchages comme aspersoir. Quand il s'agit de poudre, le saupoudrage est fait à la main, sans gants ni masque de protection. Cette façon de travailler est courante dans la grande Niaye de Pikine, mais surtout sur les berges du fleuve Sénégal, sur la langue de Barbarie et dans le Gandiolais. Le traitement par pulvérisation à partir d'un pulvérisateur manuel ou motorisé est le plus répandu dans la zone des Niayes. II est appliqué aussi bien par les petits exploitants que par les moyens exploitants. Le traitement par association avec l'irrigation au goutte-à-goutte consiste à injecter directement les produits phytosanitaires et les engrais solubles dans le système d'irrigation. Cette méthode est exclusive aux grands exploitants et à quelques moyens exploitants.

Les fréquences d'utilisation Les fréquences d'utilisation des produits phytosanitaires et engrais chimiques varient d'un producteur à un autre. Chez les grands producteurs, le traitement phytosanitaire est plus régulier et est conditionné par les attaques parasitaires. Quant aux engrais, un programme d'application est rigoureusement suivi en fonction des types de cultures. Par contre, chez les petits producteurs, la fréquence d'utilisation de produits phytosanitaires et d'engrais chimiques reste tributaire de la disponibilité d'argent. Chez ceux-ci, le traitement phytosanitaire est plus souvent déterminé par l'obtention du produit que par les attaques. Il est fréquent d'observer chez eux des traitements préventifs. Toutefois, il faut remarquer qu'en période de forte attaque parasitaire, les traitements peuvent se faire jusqu'à trois fois la semaine.

Impacts du système horticole et risques de dégradation de l'environnement des Niayes La zone des Niayes joue un rôle important dans la production horticole du Sénégal. Compte tenu des conditions physiques et d'un contexte socio-économique favorable du milieu, plusieurs objectifs sont assignés à cette zone, notamment l'amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire, la sécurisation des revenus, la conquête des marchés extérieurs et la gestion des ressources naturelles. Cependant, en plus des problèmes de croissance démographique galopante et d'urbanisation qui entraînent une réduction inéluctable des surfaces de production, en particulier dans les zones périurbaines, se posent de réels problèmes de dégradation des ressources naturelles liés au système de production horticole.

Gestion des ressources hydrogéologiques Caractérisée par la présence de la nappe des sables quaternaires, la zone des Niayes est une importante réserve hydrogéologique qui a longtemps suppléé l'alimentation en eau de la population, particulièrement dans la ville de Dakar. De nos jours, ce potentiel souffre d'une surexploitation qui se manifeste par un rabattement progressif en profondeur de la nappe. La manière dont la ressource est exploitée provoque cette surexploitation. En effet, l'exploitation de l'eau de la nappe, de plus en plus mécanisée grâce à l'utilisation de motopompes dans les « céanes » et des forages individuels dans les grandes exploitations, réduit le volume de la ressource dont la réalimentation est tributaire des conditions pluviométriques. Cette réduction de la nappe s'accompagne d'une intrusion des eaux marines qui relèvent la salinité des eaux de la nappe et les rendent impropres à la consommation et à l'usage à des fins agricoles. Cependant, la détérioration physico-chimique de la nappe de la zone des Niayes n'est pas seulement attribuable à la surexploitation ou à l'intrusion du front marin. En effet, la forte densité de population dans l'agglomération de Dakar – notamment dans ses banlieues où les conditions d'hygiène et de salubrité ne sont pas des meilleures

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et où la nappe est à une faible profondeur et la porosité du substrat importante – a déjà contribué à la pollution nitratée de la nappe sous l'environnement semi-urbain avec une teneur moyenne de nitrate de 200 mg/1 dans la zone de Yeumbeul ( Tandia et al., 1997 ). En outre, la nappe est menacée d'une pollution liée à l'usage d'intrants chimiques et à une utilisation abusive du fumier organique dans la production maraîchère. Les fortes quantités d'engrais minéraux et organiques ( usage des eaux résiduaires domestiques ) et de pesticides peuvent contaminer la nappe et compromettre davantage la qualité de l'eau et ces diverses utilisations. La majeure partie des usagers ignorent le danger des produits phytosanitaires, surtout des produits persistants ( les organochlorés ), ce qui constitue une menace réelle pour les ressources en eau. Dans le cadre de la promotion de l'agriculture biologique, une attention particulière doit être portée à l'utilisation efficace et rationnelle des engrais organiques, car tout excès peut entraîner, d'une façon inéluctable, la contamination de la nappe pars les nitrates.

Gestion des sols et conservation de la végétation La zone des Niayes est dominée par la présence de sols pauvres : sols diors, sols minéraux bruts d'apport qui constituent les formations dunaires. La dégradation des sols est à la fois liée à la dégradation des conditions pluviométriques et à la longue pratique de l'agriculture, particulièrement sur les sols diors. Le développement du maraîchage, sur pratiquement tous les types de sols de la zone des Niayes, conduit à une dégradation partielle de plus en plus importante du couvert végétal, notamment par le défrichement de certaines forêts classées, comme au niveau de Mbao, dans la région de Dakar, par le déboisement des périmètres de protection des dunes vives pour l'exploitation des ndiouki sur l'axe Mboro-Lompoul. Ceci contribue en outre à l'appauvrissement des sols, à leur dégradation par l'érosion hydrique et éolienne et au comblement des dépressions jouxtant les systèmes dunaires. À cela s'ajoute la surexploitation des dépressions qui, avec le déficit pluviométrique de la région, a entraîné par endroits une salinisation des terres. Sur la langue de Barbarie, les excavations du système dunaire – caractérisé par son instabilité – pour remblayer le fleuve et gagner des espaces cultivables, doivent faire l'objet d'une attention particulière afin de parer à d'éventuelles ruptures de la langue. L'usage abusif des pesticides, outre les dommages qu'il engendre dans l'environnement, entraîne des problèmes écologiques qui se traduisent par une certaine forme de résistance des parasites; ceci a favorisé une « endémicité » de certaines formes de parasitisme.

Conclusion La zone des Niayes joue un rôle important dans la production horticole du Sénégal. À elle seule, elle produit 80 % de la production nationale. De nos jours, en tenant compte de ses conditions écologiques favorables au développement de ce secteur, la zone des Niayes est considérée comme le moteur de la relance du développement horticole et le point central de la réalisation des objectifs assignés à cette filière (croissance de la production, amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire, approvisionnement des marchés intérieurs surtout en produits habituellement importés, accroissement des revenus des acteurs, création d'emploi, etc. ). Cependant, au delà des prouesses économiques que laisse entrevoir la filière horticole dans cette région naturelle, de réels problèmes d'environnement et d'écologie se manifestent. La région des Niayes est un milieu fragile dont les pratiques agricoles, particulièrement l'horticulture, sont menacées à tous les niveaux. Avec l'intensification du système de production horticole, l'usage des intrants chimiques et organiques reste très important dans la zone et n'est pas sans conséquence sur le milieu, surtout sur la nappe phréatique, la production et la santé de la population. Les fortes doses d'engrais minéraux et organiques utilisées contribuent à la pollution de la nappe phréatique des sables quaternaires par les nitrates, ce qui peut entraîner diverses pathologies chez les animaux ( Davidson et al., 1964, 1965; Bennet et al., 1968; Blood et Henderson, 1971; Olson et al., 1972; ), parmi lesquelles la méthémoglobinémie chez les jeunes et des cancers chez les adultes ( Colmy, 1945; Lijinski et al., 1970 ).

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Au delà des problèmes que posent les fertilisants, les pesticides ont également des conséquences négatives sur l' agrosystème des Niayes. En effet, plusieurs types de produits phytosanitaires sont commercialisés et utilisés dans cette zone, sans respect des normes d'utilisation requises; ceci pose le problème de la qualité de la production horticole. Ainsi, les risques de pollution par les pesticides sont grands, notamment par les pesticides persistants qui représentent 10 % de l'ensemble des pesticides utilisés dans ce milieu. L'ignorance de la ré- manence des produits utilisés par la plupart des petits producteurs, principaux fournisseurs en légumes frais des marchés intérieurs, constitue également un grand risque pour la santé des consommateurs. En dehors des problèmes liés à l'usage des produits chimiques, existe également le problème de la réduction des volumes de la nappe phréatique, conséquence du manque de précipitations et surtout à sa surexploitation qui se traduit par un rabattement de la nappe en profondeur et une remontée du biseau salé à certains endroits. S'ajoutent les déboisements partiels, surtout au niveau des périmètres de fixation des dunes vives dont la remobilisation contribue ipso facto au comblement des cuvettes maraîchères proches. Dans le cadre d'une bonne gestion intégrée et d'un développement sain et durable de la zone des Niayes, une attention portée au paramètre environnemental demeure une nécessité. Aussi peut-on recommander : • la mise en œuvre de campagnes d'information et de formation sur l'utilisation des produits phytosanitaires et fertilisants ; • un contrôle qualitatif sur les niveaux de contamination des produits et sous-produits horticoles par les pesticides ; • un contrôle du niveau de pollution des nappes phréatiques par les fertilisants et par les résidus de produits phytosanitaires ; • une protection des zones sensibles, notamment les dunes vives et les maigres forêts classées ; • une amélioration des systèmes d'irrigation chez les petits producteurs et une plus grande implication de la recherche dans ce secteur qui, malgré son rôle dans les activités socio-économiques, est toujours marginalisé ; • un renforcement du dispositif juridique de contrôle des produits agropharmaceutiques ; • une révision de la fiscalité sur l'importation des produits phytosanitaires afin de réduire leur utilisation, en portant une attention particulière aux aspects écologiques.

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