ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN POWER AFRICA TRANSACTIONS AND REFORMS PROGRAM (PATRP)

Submission Date: MARCH 31, 2015

Contract Number: AID-623-C-14-00003 Activity Start Date and End Date: MAY 23, 2014 TO MAY 23, 2019 COR Name: Melissa Knight

Submitted by: O. Llyr Rowlands, Chief of Party Tetra Tech ES, Inc. 273 Tram Street, 2nd Floor, Nieuw Muckleneuk Pretoria 0181, South Africa Tel: +27 12 941 0950 Email: [email protected]

This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Tetra Tech ES, Inc.

i ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN POWER AFRICA TRANSACTIONS AND REFORM PROGRAM (PATRP) CONTRACT NO. AID-623-C-14-00003

DISCLAIMER

The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS

1. BACKGROUND ...... 1 2. ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...... 2 2.1 Country Legislation ...... 2 2.2 International Best Practice...... 2 3. ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 4 3.1 Chief of Party (COP) ...... 4 3.2 Contract Officer Representative (COR) ...... 4 3.3 Regional Environmental Officer (REO) ...... 4 3.4 Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO) ...... 4 3.5 PATRP Environmental and Social Advisor (E&S Advisor) .. 4 3.6 Transaction Advisors ...... 5 3.7 Project developers / partners ...... 5 4. ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION & MONITORING PROCEDURES ... 6 4.1 Reporting and screening ...... 6 4.2 IEE Conditions ...... 7 4.2.1 IEE Condition 1 – Environmental and Social Impact Screening and Rescreening of USG-Supported Transactions ...... 7 4.2.2 IEE Condition 2 – Power Africa Decision-Making Based on Screening ...... 7 4.2.3 IEE Condition 3 – ESIA Requirement and Review...... 8 4.2.4 IEE Condition 4 – Resources ...... 8 4.2.5 IEE Condition 5 – Staffing ...... 8 4.2.6 IEE Condition 6 – Training ...... 8 4.2.7 IEE Condition 7 – Advising ...... 8 4.2.8 IEE Condition 8 – Reporting ...... 8 4.2.9 IEE Condition 9 – Hydropower supplement ...... 8 5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PATRP ACTIVITIES .... 9 5.1 Natural Gas generation, flaring, transport and storage .... 9 5.2 Hydropower ...... 10 5.3 Solar energy ...... 10 5.4 Wind energy ...... 10 5.5 Geothermal energy ...... 11 5.6 Biomass energy ...... 11 5.7 Waste-to-Energy ...... 11 5.8 High-Voltage Transmission Lines ...... 12 5.9 Smart metering ...... 12 5.10 Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOs) ...... 12 5.11 Privatization and Loss Reduction investments ...... 12 5.12 Policy and Regulatory Reform ...... 12 6. MANAGEMENT PLANS ...... 14 6.1 PATRP IEE EMMP ...... 15 6.2 Illustrative mitigation and monitoring measures for power projects ...... 20 6.2.1 Gas-fired power stations ...... 20 6.2.2 Run-of-River Hydropower schemes ...... 23 6.2.3 Large Hydropower schemes ...... 29

6.2.4 Solar power (PV) ...... 33 6.2.5 Wind power ...... 37 6.2.6 Geothermal power ...... 39 6.2.7 Bioenergy ...... 41 6.2.8 Transmission lines and access roads ...... 48 1. BACKGROUND

Two out of three people in sub-Saharan Africa — approximately 600 million people — lack access to electricity, affecting their ability to obtain quality health care, education, and economic opportunities. President Barack Obama launched Power Africa in late June 2013 to increase the number of people who have access to power in all of sub-Saharan Africa. Combining the expertise of 12 U.S. Government agencies, Power Africa is unlocking the substantial wind, solar, hydro, natural gas, biomass, and geothermal resources in the region to enhance energy security, promote economic growth, and reduce poverty. Power Africa is working with African governments, over 120 private sector partners and other organizations to add more than 30,000 megawatts (MW) of cleaner, more efficient electricity generation in all of sub-Saharan Africa. Power Africa is also focused on increasing electricity access by adding 60 million new home and business connections.

The Power Africa Transactions and Reforms Program (PATRP) is one of the many instruments that Power Africa has deployed in order to meet its ambitious goals. In short, PATRP’s mandate is to provide technical assistance, capacity building and transaction support services under Power Africa.

Power Africa is firmly committed to integrating environmental and social safeguards into PATRP activities, as appropriate and feasible. The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) identifies potentially significant impacts of energy sector development activities, as discussed in Section 5. Some transaction facilitation activities under PATRP may have indirect adverse impacts on the environment if developers, including development organizations, do not conduct proper environmental and social risk mitigation and monitoring measures.

The entirety of PATRP is recommended a Negative Determination 1 with Conditions in terms of the IEE approved in March 2015. A Negative Determination requires the preparation of an Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) to detail the potential environmental impacts and issues, and mitigation and monitoring measures to conduct under the project.

The Power Africa EMMP serves as illustrative reference guide for staff or partners who are implementing projects in partnership with Power Africa. It is anticipated that the EMMP will simplify environmental due diligence for the feasibility and planning phase activities currently relevant under the project, while still assuring that adequate protective steps and mitigation are undertaken. The monitoring and mitigation activities will be incorporated into subsequent Annual Work Plans. The EMMP will be updated annually in consultation with the USAID Contracting Officer Representative (COR) and Environmental Officer.

1 The project will not produce a significantly adverse impact on the environment

1 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 2. ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

The EMMP is necessitated to fulfill the higher level obligations of the PATRP contract, guided by the conditions stipulated in the PATRP IEE (see mitigation and monitoring procedures in Section 4). At the country level, EMMPs are normally required as key deliverables of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process / report in application for an environmental approval of a project. Accordingly, the illustrative management plan (Section 6) serves to identify typical impact mitigation measures for PATRP activities in accordance with the IEE, and does not serve to replace EMMPs for specific projects or transactions in development by other Power Africa partners or project developers. In such cases, there is an Increasing need to bring the ESIAs and associated management plans in line with international standards and safeguards such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards and Guidance notes as well as the World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines and Operational Policies.

As project-specific EMMPs (or EMPs depending on country terminology) are prepared by project developers outside of the ambit of this PATRP EMMP, the following must be observed:

2.1 Country Legislation

All initial priority countries where PATRP has a presence exercise laws and regulations concerning environmental protection and the management of natural resources. Generally, these laws prescribe guidelines and define the role of the proponent, the state and other stakeholders while offering guidelines for undertaking an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), including: • Procedure to apply for an Environmental Authorization (EA) • Project screening or scoping • Impact assessment • Stakeholder consultation • Environmental Management Plans • Monitoring

Activities that require an EIA are generally listed in schedules within the respective pieces of environmental legislation. However not all transactions where PATRP is engaged are of sufficient scale or scope as to trigger an EIA. In such instances, activities must be implemented in a way that minimizes negative environmental impacts as far as practicable.

2.2 International Best Practice

PATRP’s footprint will extend into other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, where country legislation may not necessarily be as robust and environmental institutions not as well-resourced when compared to other African countries. Whether concise country legislation is available or not, the environmental and social safeguards prescribed by major International Finance Institutions (IFIs) such

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 2 as the World Bank Group / International Finance Corporation (IFC) or other international development agencies should preferably be used to benchmark environmental and social performance on a project, whether that project is receiving IFI support or not.

3 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 3. ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES

PATRP proposes that the following individuals be involved in meeting PATRP’s environmental compliance requirements (see also Section 6):  Chief of Party  Power Africa Environmental Officer  Regional Environmental Officer  Bureau Environmental Officer  PATRP Environmental and Social Advisor  Transaction Advisors  Project developers / partners

3.1 Chief of Party (COP)

The COP has ultimate responsibility for ensuring that PATRPs EMMP is implemented appropriately and in a timely fashion. COP will notify USAID whenever there is a need for designing an activity- specific environmental assessment, and corresponding environmental mitigation and management measures.

3.2 Contract Officer Representative (COR)

The COR will lead efforts to assure correct project implementation and to affirmatively ensure compliance. Based on the information received from PATRP, the COR will review environmental input into quarterly reports in accordance with USAID’s reporting schedule. The COP, and PATRP Environmental and Social Advisor will assist the COR in preparing and reviewing these reports. The COR also reviews determinations and issues clearances in PESRM Checklists.

3.3 Power Africa Environmental Officer (PAEO)

The PAEO will provide technical assistance to the COR. PAEO will be given the opportunity to participate in the review of PESRM Checklists and Facesheets to assist with their interpretation and will further serve as liaison between PATRP home office and the mission.

3.4 Regional Environmental Advisor (REA)

The USAID southern Africa REA shall examine the implementation and monitoring systems required by the IEE and work with Power Africa to adjust these systems appropriately. Power Africa leadership may consult with the REA in the event that any significant environmental and social issues are identified. The REA also reviews determinations and issues clearances in PESRM Checklists.

3.5 PATRP Environmental and Social Advisor (E&S Advisor)

The E&S Advisor is responsible for:

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 4  Obtaining and managing relevant E&S information during the feasibility and development phase of the transaction  Screening of projects to determine applicability and future E&S actions  Subjecting applicable transactions to internal E&S due diligence through the PATRP Environmental and Social Review Methodology (PESRM) Checklist and bring identified vulnerabilities to the attention of Power Africa leadership  Implementation of training and capacity building efforts  Identifying gaps in the environmental management capabilities of stakeholders and partners  Provide technical support to stakeholders in E&S issues as needed  Developing the EMMP and monitoring EMMP implementation efforts  Reporting on progress of compliance with conditions in the PATRP IEE

3.6 Transaction Advisors

Transaction Advisors are responsible for:  Providing proper guidance to partners, private sector investors and developers  Alerting PATRP’s E&S Advisor and to any significant transaction-specific environmental or social issues they learn of with respect to a transaction or transaction party with which/with whom they are engaged  Alerting PATRP’s E&S Advisor and Power Africa leadership to any significant changes in the framework of regulation, institutional capacity, and policy governing environmental and human health impacts of the energy/power sector that result from non-transaction activities  Obtaining and providing relevant information and ESIA reports to the E&S Advisor  Communicating specific E&S concerns identified by PATRP during the due diligence process

3.7 Project developers / partners

In their engagement with PATRP, project developers are responsible for:  Identifying and documenting initial E&S risks during pre-feasibility stages,  Consulting with authorities and confirming the applicable Environmental Assessment mechanism,  Initiating requisite studies (in the event of an ESIA process being required),  Ensuring that the ESIA study is done to satisfy local legislative requirements and that E&S documentation conforms to environmental good practice,  Providing relevant E&S documentation to TAs on request,  Responding to any E&S concerns raised by PATRP, and  Requesting any technical assistance with regard to E&S compliance in a timely manner.

5 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 4. ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION & MONITORING PROCEDURES

As stated in the IEE, in accordance with Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 216 (22 CFR 216), the entirety of PATRP is recommended for a Negative Determination with Conditions. An environmental review of PATRP was undertaken and the IEE was approved in March 2015. The PATRP IEE and its conditions provide the guiding framework for this EMMP. The PATRP IEE acknowledges the objective of bringing power transactions to financial close and does not address support to construction or engineering design . Notwithstanding, the illustrative management plan (Section 6) serves to identify typical impact mitigation measures for PATRP activities in accordance with the IEE.

Positive Determinations are usually relevant to activities requiring construction of major infrastructure, which could have a significant effect on the environment. Accordingly, no PATRP transaction identified under the Positive Determination can proceed until an Environmental Impact Assessment Report has been received and that transaction has been subjected to internal due diligence by Power Africa, other applicable USG Agency, IFI or Multilateral Development Bank.

4.1 Reporting and screening

In accordance with Section H7 – item 5 of the PATRP contract, an illustrative Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (EMMP) or mitigation and monitoring (M&M) plan must be prepared describing how the conditions of the IEE will be implemented. This EMMP also addresses the mitigation of potential impacts identified in the IEE, which are associated with the main types of power and energy sector investments to be facilitated with Power Africa (Section 5). Future annual updates of the EMMP will be conducted concurrently with the Annual Work Plans and Performance Monitoring Plans as per the contract which is generally aligned with the General Implementation and Monitoring Requirements of Section 4.6 of the IEE (USAID Monitoring and Oversight). This coordination will ensure that environmental mitigation and monitoring are actively considered and integrated as the direction of PATRP evolves.

It is further required per the PATRP contract that monitoring of the implementation of the IEE conditions and their effectiveness is provided in the EMMP. A summary of implementation of the IEE conditions is provided in the management plan in Section 6, however more detailed reports are offered in quarterly environmental reports provided to USAID.

The environmental review and compliance requirements for PATRP provides a comprehensive process for assuring that: 1) all potential environmental issues are identified in the course of project development and PATRP’s transaction support, and 2) the appropriate levels of review and authorization take place within the project and in USAID before any activity is launched.

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 6

PATRP will follow a systematic approach to determine the level of potential impact of each transaction:  As part of qualifying criteria in the Qualified Transactions Assistance Tool (QTAT), PATRP will conduct a high-level screening of a transaction for potential environmental and social impacts using available project data.  For each stage of a transaction, the appropriate level of environmental and social information will be sourced (i.e. environmental baseline data at feasibility stage and Environmental and Social Impact Assessment report at project structuring stage).  PATRP will subject applicable transactions to further environmental and social due diligence by applying its own procedure (per IEE Condition 1 below) to determine the level of potential impact of the transaction, whether continued Power Africa support is recommended and whether any technical assistance can be provided in mitigation of acceptable project impacts.  Make a recommendation to decision makers on whether continued support of a transaction can be provided or not (if impacts cannot be mitigated by Power Africa).  Obtain clearances from all relevant parties in Power Africa throughout the life of the transaction.

4.2 IEE Conditions

The IEE developed for PATRP describes nine specific conditions required for project implementation. These are listed below.

4.2.1 IEE Condition 1 – Environmental and Social Impact Screening and Rescreening of USG- Supported Transactions

All transactions tracked by Power Africa are subjected to an initial screening process prior to internal E&S due diligence being undertaken by PATRP. Transactions identified as being non-PATRP or where another USG Agency, IFI or MDB is involved are currently excluded from further PATRP due diligence. In the latter case it is currently presumed that an appropriate level of environmental oversight is being applied by the relevant organization.

Qualifying PATRP transactions are further subjected to the PESRM Checklist (and supplemental hydropower checklist if applicable), the last iteration of which was approved in January 2016. The Checklist evaluates the environmental, social and governance components of specific transactions throughout the development lifecycle and repeated for each stage of the transaction (re-screening).

4.2.2 IEE Condition 2 – Power Africa Decision-Making Based on Screening

Through the PESRM Checklist, significant vulnerabilities and the potential environmental consequences of specific transactions are brought to the attention of Power Africa leadership. Consensus is reached on the recommended actions / mitigation measures and whether or not continued support of a transaction by PATRP is warranted. This decision is informed by the stage of the transaction and whether a review of the ESIA has been conducted by PATRP.

7 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 4.2.3 IEE Condition 3 – ESIA Requirement and Review

Power Africa will not progress support to any Stage 3B transaction without an ESIA completed by a party to that transaction (revised from Stage 4 per PATRP IEE on advice of PAEO), and approved by the cognizant national authority. ESIA Reports are generally available for transactions in their later stages and are sourced through Transaction Advisors. PATRP undertakes a review of the ESIA Report through the PESRM Checklist to inform project vulnerabilities and mitigation measures (per Condition 1 and 2).

4.2.4 IEE Condition 4 – Resources

This condition requires that the environmental and social soundness policies and procedures of other USG agencies as well as the safeguards of the IFC, World Bank, Equator Principles, and others as needed, are readily available with the intention of providing Power Africa staff with the tools or resources to advise on environmental and social matters.

4.2.5 IEE Condition 5 – Staffing

It is the responsibility of the appointed PATRP Environmental and Social Advisor to ensure compliance with all conditions of the IEE with the primary focus on completing PESRM checklists, providing environmental and social soundness recommendations about transactions and non-transaction activities, and serving as resources for Transaction Advisers, Relationship Managers and other relevant USAID and implementing partner staff, as needed.

4.2.6 IEE Condition 6 – Training

In efforts to empower staff to address, promote and help overcome barriers to environmental and social soundness in PATRP transactions, PATRP, with support from Power Africa, is required to provide training to PATRP staff including transaction advisors, relationship managers, other USAID staff and implementing partner staff.

4.2.7 IEE Condition 7 – Advising

Supported by activities of the aforementioned IEE conditions, Power Africa Staff are required to provide recommendations to private sector partners on adhering to international environmental and social best practices, as well as major donor guidelines such as the IFC Performance Standards.

4.2.8 IEE Condition 8 – Reporting

Aligned with IEE Condition 2, PATRP is required to report any significant environmental and social issues with respect to a transaction or party they are engaged with.

4.2.9 IEE Condition 9 – Hydropower supplement

Aligned with IEE Condition 1, PATRP hydropower transactions subjected to the PESRM Checklist are further evaluated through a supplemental hydropower checklist interrogating the technical and environmental performance aspects of hydropower transactions.

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 8 5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PATRP ACTIVITIES

As stated in the PATRP IEE, the following list represents the energy sector-related investment areas and technologies that Power Africa is expected to support:

 Natural Gas generation, flaring, transport and storage  Hydropower  Solar energy  Wind energy  Geothermal energy  Biomass energy  Waste-to-energy  High voltage transmission lines  Smart metering  Distribution companies (electricity) – DISCOs Privatization  Policy and regulatory reform

General environmental impacts associated with the main types of power and energy sector investments during the implementation stages are summarized below. Note however, that the management plan in Section 6 is specific to the implementation of the IEE and does not necessarily address the impacts relating to the implementation stages or the various technology-specific impacts described below in their entirety.

5.1 Natural Gas generation, flaring, transport and storage

Nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, and methane are produced as a result of burning natural gas. Certain natural gas plants (gas-fired boilers, combined cycle) use water for plant cooling, the exploitation of which can deplete natural resources affecting both aquatic and terrestrial ecology. Plant-processed water can contain pollutants accumulated during the combustion process and can be discharged to water bodies in the area. Additionally, the exploration for, and exploitation of, natural gas can result in significant impact to land resources, affecting natural habitats, threatening area biodiversity, destabilizing soil, or degrading soil quality.

The flaring of natural gas results in the production of greenhouse gases (GHGs). When natural gas with high liquid content is flared, this can produce smoke, which further contributes to global warming from the resulting aerosol effects.

9 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN The construction of natural gas storage and transport facilities can result in large-scale disturbance of soils and, in turn, result in significant soil erosion, impacts to local water systems (altered hydrology, increased sedimentation). Storage and transport facilities will increase area traffic, creating risk to local communities via exposure to large vehicles. Additionally, the risk of spills or improper containment can pose serious threat to environmental health and safety.

5.2 Hydropower

Small Hydropower projects (including run-of-river projects) have the potential to adversely impact local hydrology, terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity, and soil structure, and to cause indirect adverse impacts stemming from construction of powerhouses, improper channeling or the introduction of roads and transmission lines. The installation of weirs, or small dams, can reduce water velocity, which in turn can alter sediment loads in water. Weirs can also increase the oxygen content of water, thereby altering local biochemical cycles. Both of these changes typically impact upstream and downstream plant and animal life. Moreover, weirs can influence the behavior of native aquatic species by, for example, rendering migration routes impassable.

Large Hydropower has the potential for significant alteration to, and adverse impact on, the local environment. The creation of a reservoir can alter a terrestrial landscape into an aquatic one, reducing or destroying the ecological systems for local terrestrial flora and resulting in needs for resettlement of communities located in the affected upstream region. Aquatic flora and fauna dependent on high flow rates will suffer, while aquatic species best suited for lower flow rates are more likely to thrive. Reservoirs also generally result in a decrease in overall downstream sediment loading, potentially leading to rising river beds and, in turn, increased risk of flooding. Upstream, sediment deposition builds in the created reservoirs, which lowers water storage capacity, and reduces power generation potential and water resources available for alternative uses such as irrigation or community water needs. Upstream accrual of sediment can also increase the risk of flooding at, or near, the reservoir delta. Furthermore, reservoirs substantially impede fish migratory patterns and can serve as breeding grounds for disease vectors, and if sited in unsuitable locations, can create reservoir banks prone to erosion or landslides.

5.3 Solar energy

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems are generally considered environmentally benign. For commercial scale PV facilities, environmental impacts can result from land clearing as large areas are often required. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) with energy storage capabilities could have potentially negative visual and noise impacts to nearby receptors. CSP plants (tower technology) can also impact negatively on birdlife during operations. Off-grid impacts could potentially arise from improper management of lead-acid batteries. Particularly when batteries are sold as scrap metal, battery acid can be released thereby presenting a risk of exposure to nearby receptors and pathways.

5.4 Wind energy

Negative impacts associated with wind farms include those relating to visual and noise concerns due to community proximity, radar and telecommunications interference, aviation hazards, and a variety of land acquisition, benefits sharing, and other socio-economic and cultural issues. From a biodiversity conservation standpoint, the impacts of wind power on birds, bats, and natural habitats are of greatest concern, as the operational wind turbines can lead to bird injuries or mortalities, or cause harm to indigenous bat species.

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 10

The extent of environmental impacts associated with wind energy is greatly impacted by the size of the project. Land-based wind farms can occupy hundreds or thousands of hectares of land, though land can be simultaneously used for grazing, siting roads/highways, agriculture, or recreation.

5.5 Geothermal energy

Depending on the size of the system, geothermal energy may use extensive tracts of land. The scale of a geothermal project is informed by the resource reservoir, generating capacity, energy conversion system, cooling system, arrangement of wells and piping systems, as well as the substation and auxiliary building footprints. If a well needs to be drilled to tap geothermal resources, impacts could include modification to surface morphology, potential damage to local plants and wildlife, and blowouts that may pollute surface waters. As geothermal resources are often located in remote and sensitive ecological areas, land changes can cause habitat loss, adversely affect sensitive species and/or habitats, or interfere with existing land uses, cultural heritage and aesthetics. Geothermal energy can also adversely impact air quality through the emission of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane, and trace amounts of other gases.

Geothermal can additionally impact area water bodies as the temperature of discharge water from geothermal systems may induce ecological phase shifts in receiving water bodies; if shallow groundwater is located above geothermal reservoirs, pressure drops in the reservoir could create cold down flow which can deplete fresh groundwater. In turn, dissolved mineral liquid streams that result from well drilling can pollute surface and groundwater.

5.6 Biomass energy

Biomass projects use biological feedstock (principally lumber, crops, crop residues, or biological solid waste) as main resource to produce energy. The environmental impacts resulting from biomass projects are dependent both on the scale of the project as well as the feedstock being used. The use of agricultural residues can result in loss of nutrients to agriculture if managed improperly. Further, crops cultivated specifically for the purpose of feedstock generation can create competition for potentially scarce land and water resources required for agricultural production of food crops or other area needs. Additionally, such agricultural activities may result in environmental impacts stemming from the use of agro-chemicals or nutrient run-off, such as contamination of surface or ground water, soil erosion, or degradation of soil quality. Additionally some biomass projects (specifically bio- digesters) produce bio-slurry/sludge/leachate, which can lead to pollution if managed improperly.

5.7 Waste-to-Energy

The incineration process in waste-to-energy systems can produce ash, which can impact air quality and human health. Heavy metals, dioxins and furans may also be emitted. In particular, the combustion of plastics can generate extremely toxic pollutants. These toxic pollutants cannot be avoided or destroyed. At best, they can be captured with expensive, sophisticated filters or in the ash (which in turns becomes hazardous waste and require special landfills for safe disposal). The production of toxic pollutants can significantly impact air quality; the production of dioxins directly affects the population surrounding the incinerator by degrading air quality, and can even contaminate crops and animals within the surrounding area such that consumption of those foods can lead to adverse human health impacts. An additional indirect impact of these systems is the promotion for sustained minimum solid waste production to sustain energy production.

11 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 5.8 High-Voltage Transmission Lines

The introduction and development of high voltage transmission lines requires the construction, operation, and eventual decommissioning of transmission towers, transmission lines, and sub stations. Depending on the remoteness of the power facility, access roads and right of way corridors may also be necessary. The primary environmental impacts from the construction of these facilities include the clearing of vegetation, disruption of land (leading to possible soil erosion or sedimentation of nearby streams), and sourcing of material (typically for the surfacing of roads or substations). Additionally, the creation and erection of transmission towers can promote lumber harvesting, which can threaten biodiversity or ecologically sensitive areas. Overhead power lines also present a risk of collision to avifauna.

5.9 Smart metering

Smart Metering fosters more prudent and efficient energy consumption through a better understanding of energy use at the household level. The introduction of smart meters pose minimal environmental risk; wireless smart meter systems do produce low levels of RF radiation, but the amount is negligible relative to cellular phones and unlikely to result in adverse impact to local population. Smart metering programs might present potential safety issues during meter installation.

5.10 Electricity Distribution Companies (DISCOs)

The environmental impacts associated with distribution companies are primarily tied to the portfolio of energy generation technologies being utilized. When energy generation portfolios principally consist of fossil fuel generation, distribution companies will facilitate the use of energy technologies that contribute to GHG emissions, increased water use, and harmful utilization of land resources through exploration and exploitation of resources. Whenever possible, the introduction of energy portfolio standards requiring a proportion of energy be sourced from renewable technologies can mitigate the potential impacts

5.11 Privatization and Loss Reduction investments

Privatization and Loss Reduction investments are likely to have a net positive benefit on the environment. Depending on the scale and components of the privatization and/or loss reduction efforts, the environmental impacts can result from power generation, transmission, or distribution. Power generation, depending on the energy source, can involve land clearing, land resource use, soil erosion and/or degradation. Water resources can be used during exploitation and polluted discharge can adversely impact area waterways. Transmission systems are subject to environmental impacts involved with construction of substations, introduction of transmission towers and power lines, vegetation clearing for transmission corridors, or the introduction of access roads which may involve sourcing materials via quarries or borrow pits, and could increase traffic and/or waste from fuels, solvents, oils, and lubricants in previously unaffected areas.

5.12 Policy and Regulatory Reform

Through its activities related to energy/power sector policy, institutions and/or regulation, PATRP could conceivably enhance some aspects of a regulatory framework while leaving others untouched, and thereby introduce an imbalance, the magnitude of which would be determined by the scale of the intervention. For instance, the capacity of local government institutions to absorb new ideas and

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 12 procedures to enhance governance and regulatory frameworks might be insufficient, particularly within environmental ministries . In the resource-constrained context of many Power Africa countries, PATRP activities could have substantial impacts upon a given regulatory body’s capacity.

13 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 6. MANAGEMENT PLANS

Power Africa will provide technical assistance and transaction advisory support to projects in the natural gas power, hydropower, biomass power, wind power, solar power and the geothermal power sectors. PATRP will not be involved directly in the construction and operation phases of transactions, however, this EMMP can be used as a guideline by Power Africa partners and stakeholders to address environmentally related issues.

The management plan in Section 6.1 illustrates PATRP’s plan to implement the illustrative activities described above towards environmental and social due diligence within PATRP. The management plan is specific to the implementation of the IEE and other relevant planning phase activities (including developer activities).

Illustrative tables in Section 6.2 provide an overview of possible impacts and available mitigation measures during the implementation stages (construction and operation) of projects/transactions and for specific generation technologies. The tables in the management plans do not necessarily provide for the exhaustive mitigation of impacts relevant to the implementation stages.

The reader is further directed to the USAID Sector Environmental Guidelines http://www.usaidgems.org/sectorGuidelines.htm , the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards and Guidance notes, as well as the Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines and Operational Policies of the World Bank Group which have been consulted and adapted in preparation of the tables in Section 6.2.

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 14 6.1 PATRP IEE EMMP

Activity Objective Action Success Indicator(s) / IEE Responsible Timeframe system requirement Parties Environmental Determine the As far as possible, risk assessment at site E&S aspects and risks N/A Project Pre -feasibility and screening appropriate extent selection to consider impact on covered in pre- developer / planning stages and type of biodiversity and ecosystem services feasibility studies. sponsor Environmental looking first to avoid then minimize Assessment (EA) potential impacts. Screen for potential Sensitive required for a offset locations if possible. environmental and project social receptors Determine type of EA instrument to be identified. used depending on whether the project is Category A, B, C or F1 as defined by the Scheduled activities IFCs Environmental and Social (E&S) identified as per Categorization including: country specific  Environmental and Social Impact environmental Assessment (EIA or ESIA), legislation.  Environmental audit,  Hazard or risk assessment,  Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Identify Power Review all Power Africa transactions Applicable PATRP Condition 1 PATRP E&S Ongoing Africa transactions screening out non-PATRP transactions and transactions monitored Advisor for PATRP due transactions with other USG Agency / IFI or in PATT system and on TAs diligence MDB support. E&S worksheet. COR

Notify relevant parties when new transaction identified for PATRP E&S due diligence.

15 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Activity Objective Action Success Indicator(s) / IEE Responsible Timeframe system requirement Parties Power Africa E&S Subject applicable transactions to PESRM Checklist and Condition 1 PATRP E&S At March 2016: due diligence Preliminary Environmental and Social hydropower Advisor  Ongoing Research Methodology (PESRM) Checklist supplement (if Condition 9 PAEO to determine vulnerabilities and further applicable). COP mitigation measures to be effected by COR PATRP. (COR to provide Subject hydropower transactions to the hydro supplemental checklist. projects >10MW to BEO) Conduct Re -subject applicable transactions to the PESRM Checklist and Condition 1 PATRP E&S Ongoing - at stage rescreening or PESRM checklist at stage changes to hydropower Advisor change or other continued due determine vulnerabilities and further supplement (if significant project diligence on mitigation measures to be effected by applicable). milestone transactions PATRP.

Reporting and Determine whether Conduct review of conclusions and Informed decisions to Condition 2 TAs Ongoing decision- continued support recommendations of PESRM checklists for continue or COP making by is appropriate individual transactions. discontinue transaction Condition 8 PAEO Power Africa or non-transaction REO Identify any significant transaction or non- support taken on COR transaction vulnerabilities, which may pose sound information. significant E&S consequences or risks.

Report to Power Africa leadership any significant E&S issues with respect to a transaction or party with which/whom they are engaged. In weighing these issues, Power Africa leadership may consult with

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 16 Activity Objective Action Success Indicator(s) / IEE Responsible Timeframe system requirement Parties the USAID Africa Bureau Environ mental Officer.

Report any significant changes in the framework of regulation, institutional capacity, and policy governing environmental and human health impacts of the energy/power sector that result from PATRP non-transaction activities. Thereafter determine whether mitigation, suspension of support, or complete withdrawal of support appropriate.

Environmental Initiate ESIA process ESIA report to be prepared in compliance ESIA Report completed N/A Project As nec essary and Social and obtain requisite with country legislation. Other relevant to suitable developer Impact authorizations and permits to be sought. international standard Assessment permits Environmental permits TAs review For Category A Projects, observe Annex B obtained. of IFCs Operational Policy OP 4.01 with respect to content of the ESIA report. Observe good/best EIA practices.

Before mitigation design is complete, assess whether restoration and offsets measures can compensate for remaining impacts.

Integrate avoidance measures into project EMPs.

17 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Activity Objective Action Success Indicator(s) / IEE Responsible Timeframe system requirement Parties Provide ESIA and other appropriate E&S documentation to PATRP on request.

Review ESIA Obtain ESIA Reports for transactions in ESIA Report or permit Condition 3 TAs ESIAs to be Stage 3 and no later than Stage 3B. obtained no later than PATRP E&S obtained no later Stage 3B. Power Africa Advisor than stage 3B of a Source environmental permit. will not provide Project transaction support to any Stage developer Conduct a review of the ESIA report 3B transaction without through the PESRM Checklist. an ESIA

Validate significance of risks determined in ESIA Report of suitable previous PESRM Checklists through review international standard. of ESIA report. Management plans Determine whether ESIA Report is of an adequately mitigate appropriate international standard or identified E&S issues. generally compliant with Annex B of OP 4.01.

If major shortcomings in ESIA report identified, identify steps being taken by developer in adherence to good practices.

E&S advisory Capacity building of PATRP E&S Advisor appointed to serve as Compliance with Condition 4 PATRP E&S E&S soundness resources Power Africa staff advisor and resource to TAs and other staff internationally Advisor policies – through provision of as relevant. recognized E&S policies Condition 5 TAs completed in Q4 of E&S resources and and safeguards 2015. Update as advisory support. Create and maintain awareness around Condition 7 necessary Power Africa USG Agencies’ environmental and social soundness policies and

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 18 Activity Objective Action Success Indicator(s) / IEE Responsible Timeframe system requirement Parties Avoid, identify, and procedures, regulations, and/or E&S staffing - minimize any statements. review as required adverse impacts resulting from Promote internationally accepted PATRP regulatory, environmental and social safeguards and institutional, and standards. policy support Training Capacity building of Prepare and maintain materials and Improved Condition 6 PATRP E&S IEE and E&S Power Africa staff facilitate training based on provisions of understanding of E&S Advisor awareness training through training the PATRP IEE, E&S best practices and issues and impacts. TAs undertaken documentation required for E&S USAID periodically safeguarding. Increased awareness of Coordinators Ad hoc available E&S resources Office dissemination of Update existing PATRP E&S training Mainstreaming of E&S relevant E&S materials with inputs from USAID / issues in PATRP information to new Coordinators office to identify further/new TAs issues.

Disseminate relevant industry specific information pertaining to E&S matters.

19 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 6.2 Illustrative mitigation and monitoring measures for power projects

6.2.1 Gas-fired power stations

Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Planning stages The exploration for, and exploitation of,  As far as possible, identify areas of existing  Ensure compliance with site natural gas can result in significant impact land disturbance for siting of the plant and specific project ESIA and to land resources, affecting natural associated infrastructure EMMP habitats, threatening area biodiversity,  Conduct a thorough pre-assessment of the site destabilizing soil, or degrading soil quality. conditions  Avoid sites with proximity to sensitive or valuable ecosystems such as wetland peat bogs, valuable forest, or areas with archeological or recreational value.  Pay special attention to assessing presence of endangered species in unique habitats. (P&D)  Minimize possible loss of biodiversity during and after construction: e.g. clean-up activities, replanting and seeding affected sites, borrow pits, and camp sites; landscaping; creation of breeding programs for rare or endangered species affected by gas projects.  Involve community (and/or household) members during project siting and design, seeking input to ensure siting and selection of technology is in line with community needs and that adverse noise and visual impacts are avoided or minimized. (P&D)

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 20 Construction The construction of gas-fired power plants  Demarcate sensitive sites near or within the  Ensure compliance with site impacts result in significant impact to land project site and designate as no-go areas specific project EMMP resources, affecting natural habitats,  Limit construction footprints to infrastructure  Refer to USAID Sector threatening area biodiversity, are as far as possible Environmental Guideline for destabilizing soil, or degrading soil quality.  Minimize dust and implement dust Construction for additional These impacts are also relevant to the suppression techniques review of environmental exploration for, and exploitation of,  Provide adequate secondary containment for impacts and mitigation natural gas. fuel storage and other hazardous materials. guidance.  Provide impervious surfaces for refueling  Observe the IFC / WBG  Restrict access to the site General EHS Guidelines:  Develop and assess waste management and Construction and disposal plans with vendors and end users at Decommissioning the concept and design stage. (P&D)  Use best management practices to preserve water quality during construction activities, including good housekeeping (provisions of silt traps, stockpiling of construction materials away from riverbanks, maintaining riparian vegetation as much as possible) and appropriate scheduling of activities (planning construction activities during the dry season to minimize erosion, scheduling the placement of sediment capturing devices and key runoff control measures before land disturbing activities) to minimize sediment release.

21 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Emissions The primary emissions to air from the  Design stack heights according to Good  Monitor that air emissions do combustion of fossil fuels or biomass are International Industry Practice (GIIP) to avoid not result in pollutant

sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen oxides excessive ground level concentrations and concentrations reaching or (NO X), particulate matter (PM), carbon minimize impacts, including acid deposition exceeding relevant ambient monoxide (CO), and greenhouse gases,  Consider use of combined heat and power quality guidelines and such as carbon dioxide (CO 2). Gas-fired facilities. standards by applying plants generally produce negligible  Design of emergency response for gas leaks national legislated standards quantities of PM and SO 2. NOx levels are or the applicable WHO Air about 60% of those from plants using Quality Guidelines

coal. NO2, CO 2, and methane are  Monitoring and maintenance produced as a result of burning natural of pipelines gas. Water use and Boiler units require large amounts of  Minimize impacts on local water users  Compliance with national or water discharge cooling water for steam condensation and  Identify opportunities to prevent or reduce local standards for any efficient thermal operation. The wastewater through recycling within the wastewater discharges exploitation and depletion of natural system  Evaluate baseline water water resources can affect both aquatic  Stormwater should be separated from process quality and terrestrial ecology. Plant process and sanitary wastewater streams  Monitoring and maintenance water can contain pollutants accumulated  Introduce strict discharge criteria of pipelines during the combustion process and can be  Thermal discharge should not exceed the  Train and monitor workers discharged to water bodies in the area. relevant ambient water quality temperature on best practices in  There should be no significant risk to human construction of health or the environment due to the elevated buildings and structures temperature or residual levels of water  Monitor water quality is treatment chemicals. within desired parameters  Monitor water levels in wells or impoundment structures to detect overdrawing

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 22

6.2.2 Run-of-River Hydropower schemes

Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Local Hydrology Small-scale Run-of-River (RoR) schemes  Asses baseline water use demand and needs  Measure and maintain records have the potential to alter local hydrology. in the area through consultation with local of high-flow and low-flow Where water is diverted through a water users. (P&D) rates, and seasonal flow penstock, the main waterway is affected,  Conduct thorough baseline pre-assessments variability. (P&D, O&M) at minimum, by reduced flow levels. of site conditions, including historical flow  Reassess local hydrology Reduction in water flows can introduce rates, seasonal flow rate variations, water annually. (O&M) temperature changes, affect temperature, water resource needs, baseline  Biannually summarize the sedimentation levels in the water, and sedimentation levels, and local flora and number of instances where disrupt migration patterns of native fish fauna most likely to be affected. Do so prior thresholds for abstraction and other riverine fauna and flora. to any final determinations of site location during high- or low-flow and design . Incorporate measures in design periods are violated. (O&M) Additionally, weirs change upstream and to mitigate impacts to ecological goods and  Monitor flood levels and the downstream water levels and (potentially) services. (P&D) ability of the weir to withstand flow rates. The change in water levels, if  Ensure projects maintain 10% to 15% of the flooding and ability of significant enough, can increase upstream dry season flow as “environmental flow” in protection walls to contain flood potential, alter rates of downstream the dewatered section of the river year- flood flow. (O&M) sedimentation, and affect terrestrial round as an accepted practice to minimize species and aquatic flora and fauna reliant impact on aquatic flora and fauna. (P&D, on both upstream and downstream O&M) resources. Failure of weirs/dams can flood  Adjust abstraction to account for seasonal downstream communities. flow rate variations so that 1) high flows are not reduced excessively from over- abstraction, and 2) the flow rate never becomes so low as to completely dry out, or substantially reduce, overall water level. (O&M)

23 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures  Design projects exceedance flow at 90% for micro-hydro and 60-70% for small-hydro systems. Exceedence flow refers to the percentage of time the river flow is above the design flow. (P&D)  Build weirs to withstand maximum design flood levels, including potential climate change impacts. Flood protection walls need to be adequately designed and constructed to both protect structures at the head works and confine all maximum expected flood flow within the river channel. (P&D, C)  Site weirs away from areas that pose flood risks to downstream and upstream communities. (P&D)  Carry out repairs immediately after flood season to avoid serious damage to weirs and other structures at the head works such as intakes, gravel traps, and de-silting tanks. (O&M) Soil Erosion Alteration to the local hydrology and flow  Evaluate soil suitability to support altered  Monitor river bank stability rates as a result of the introduction of hydrology prior to project implementation. through regular visual weirs and RoR systems can lead to (P&D) inspections and, where increased erosion along river banks and at  Minimize flow fluctuations to the extent helpful, periodic soil analyses; the tailrace. possible; select project sites that have lesser evaluate river bank following seasonal variability when feasible. (P&D, all major storms, floods, or O&M) otherwise significant  Plant indigenous vegetation along shoreline disruptive events. (O&M) where possible to stabilize river banks. ( P&D, C, O&M)

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 24 Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures  Design the tailrace to minimize erosion at re- entry points. (P&D, C, O&M) Loss of Habitats and biodiversity may suffer  Conduct a thorough pre-assessment of the  Establish pre-project baseline Biodiversity and adverse impacts as a direct result of site conditions, including seasonal flow rate for riverine fauna and flora. Alteration to alterations to local hydrology (principally valuations, water temperature, water Select key indicator species for Habitats. along the diverted section of the resource needs, baseline sedimentation monitoring purposes. (P&D) waterway). A reduction in water flow levels, and potentially affected local flora and  Conduct a high- and low-flow (Even though for and/or subsequent change in water fauna prior to any final determinations of site biotic census biannually. particularly small temperature can create conditions design and location. (P&D) (O&M) project — such as unsuitable for local flora and fauna, in turn  “Offset” foreseeable and unavoidable micro- and mini- creating indirect ecological impacts. impacts on local flora and fauna by hydro projects — replanting vegetation or re-populating fish at the impact on Similarly, changes in water quality and/or designated unaffected locations. (O&M) biodiversity and sedimentation levels have the potential to  Pay special attention to assessing presence habitat may be create unsuitable conditions for aquatic of endangered species in unique habitats. very small, the flora and fauna, which can in turn impact (P&D) potential impacts terrestrial species or local communities. should still be evaluated).

25 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Impediment to RoR schemes can directly affect migratory  Design system to provide minimum  High- and low-flow baseline Fish Migration patterns of local fish species. Fish “ecological flow” required at all times to pre-assessment census of migrating downstream can find the support aquatic life. biota, followed by bi-annual reduced flow of the waterway insufficient  Install screens at intakes to protect fish census of biota upstream and to support their migration. Likewise, if fish during downstream migrations (P&D, C) downstream, including travel through the powerhouse, they may  Install “fish ladders” or “fish passes” to allow migratory fish species. (O&M) be caught in the turbine, resulting in injury fish to circumvent weirs and/or turbines, or death. Weirs can obstruct fish when fish passes are required by local EIA migration. And, as with downstream regulations and/or when affected species will migration, depleted reaches of the most likely benefit (e.g. when salmonids use waterway may prove impassable or the waterbody for upstream migration). unfavorable for upstream fish migration. (P&D, C)  Where possible, utilize “fish-friendly” turbine technologies. (P&D, C) Increase in Area The introduction of weirs, penstocks, and  Wherever possible, site and construct weirs  Periodically (bi-annually) note Human Activity. powerhouses all require modest on-site in already developed locations, limiting the changes from the baseline construction and development. In turn, impact of new infrastructure or expansion of community human population RoR hydro power creates an increased existing roads. (P&D, C) over the project human footprint in the area associated  Clear only the minimally required amount of implementation period. (C, with construction. vegetation to enable construction; replant O&M) New roads (or expansion of existing roads) removed vegetation in unaffected areas.  Maintain records on replanted may also be required to provide Many host country governments have laws vegetation throughout construction vehicle access. An increase in and regulations regarding replanting of construction. (O&M) waste and unused construction materials vegetation which are usually tied to approval may occur. In some cases, there may be a of environmental permits. (C, O&M) Refer to the each of the USAID Sector requirement for constructing new  Conduct awareness campaigns for local Environmental Guidelines for Rural transmission lines. communities and individuals new to the area Roads and the USAID Sector about sensitive ecosystems and species in Environmental Guideline for the project area. (P&D, C, O&M) Construction for additional review of  Choose or develop design standards for each environmental impacts and mitigation facet of construction and related activities guidance.

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 26  Have a multidisciplinary team involved in planning new routes.  Avoid routing road / transmission lines through forested areas, wetlands, agriculturally productive areas, sites of known paleontological, religious or cultural or heritage significance  Install drainage structures during construction on roads  When constructing roads in floodplains, construct drifts rather than bridges, where feasible and cost-effective. Stabilize slopes by planting vegetation.  When siting storage areas, avoid using sensitive areas or sites that drain directly into a sensitive area  Minimize disturbance of native flora (vegetation) during construction. Minimize the amount of clearing.

Hydropower Earthworks  Avoid sites with proximity to sensitive or valuable  Protection zone developed Project Activities  Movement of soil may increase ecosystems such as wetland peat bogs, valuable  Water supply is not over used and sedimentation of the waterway forest, or areas with archeological or recreational should be well maintained affecting downstream users (human, value.  No agricultural activities nearby fisheries and wildlife).  Use best management practices to preserve  Service/ground water tested  Construction and placement of weir water quality during construction activities,  Transmission pipe well placed and and other drainage structures may including good housekeeping (provisions of slit constructed block waterways temporarily or traps, stockpiling of construction materials away  All construction carried out permanently. from riverbanks, maintaining riparian vegetation according to engineering standards  Construction and placement of as much as possible, etc.) and appropriate  No other construction on top of penstock pipe, power house and scheduling of activities (planning construction the pipe line

27 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN construction of transmission line activities during the dry season to minimize  No water contamination from routes may disrupt wetland, erosion, scheduling the placement of sediment faulty engineering floodplains or agricultural land. capturing devices and key runoff control  Well-trained staff operating plant  Contamination of surface water with measures before land disturbing activities) to  Monitoring carried out frequently dust, construction material, oil, grease, minimize sediment release. (daily to weekly) during hydraulic fluids etc.  Incorporate design features to mitigate fish construction process and  Depletion of oxygen (eutrophication) migration effects, use of screens and grates to periodically (monthly to quarterly) of waterways downstream from keep fish from entering turbines and to divert after hydropower plants are in construction site. molts away from intakes. operation  Alteration (change, degradation, loss)  Manage flow regime spillways during  Monitoring will be the main of aquatic habitats due to construction downstream movement of migratory fish. responsibility of the Technical of in stream barriers.  Minimize possible loss of biodiversity during and Specialist  Loss of fauna and flora attributable to after construction: e.g. clean-up activities, construction of hydro facility. replanting and seeding affected sites, borrow  Disruption of sites with pits, camp sites,; landscaping; creation of historic/cultural/religious significance. breeding programs for rare or endangered  Noise. species affected by hydro projects.  Keep streams and water flow open. In-stream barriers:  Avoid wildlife breeding seasons.  Creation of barriers to fish migration.  Protect habitats of endangered wildlife.  Alteration (change, degradation, loss)  Maintain downstream flows. of aquatic habitat.  Safeguard civil structures.  Visual impact.  Utilize visual impact considerations in siting and design (arrangement of towers in such a way as Operations: to prevent their being too visible from  Change in fish communities. communication paths, use of vegetation for  Detrimental effects on downstream screening). aquatic ecosystem due to water  Develop testing criteria and schedule. release of anoxic water and/or  Specify process for correcting problems. increase in suspended solids.  Changes in water quality due to altered flow.

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 28  Changes in aquatic habitats or ecosystems, particularly habitat and species loss or depletion.  Decrease in stream flow between point of diversion and water return point may affect downstream users (human, fisheries, and wildlife).  Increased activity along the stream and transmission/distribution line route may disrupt wildlife.  Increased activity along the stream and transmission route may disrupt recreational/cultural/subsistence activities there.  Power transmission lines/pathway may result in the destruction of wetlands or other sensitive habitat.  Re-entry pipe may cause increased scouring of stream bank where water is returned to the stream.  Power line may harm views and aesthetic values.

6.2.3 Large Hydropower schemes

Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Flooding of Some reservoirs permanently flood  Identify an area of equivalent size to  Monitor offset site to ensure terrestrial natural extensive natural habitats causing local or reservoir to offset the loss of the natural area that biodiversity improvement habitats even global extinctions of animal and plant objectives established are species. being met

29 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Loss of terrestrial During reservoir filling terrestrial wildlife  Dam sites should be selected to minimize the  Endangered species relocation wildlife can be lost to drowning as a consequence area of wildlife habitat that is flooded. and monitoring plan of flooding terrestrial natural habitats,  Wildlife rescue is justified on conservation although this is often treated as a separate grounds if the rescued species are globally impact threatened with extinction and the new habitat is ecologically suitable and protected.

Deterioration of Damming rivers can reduce water quality  Water pollution control measures to improve  Surface water quality water quality due to lower oxygenation and dilution of reservoir water quality. monitoring program pollutants by reservoirs that are relatively  Selective forest clearing within the stagnant compared to fast-flowing rivers. impoundment area should be completed Also, flooding of biomass creates before reservoir filling to mitigate poor water underwater decay leading to a decline in quality resulting from decay of flooded water quality due to lack of oxygen. biomass. Downstream Major downriver hydrological changes can  Manage water releases to mitigate adverse  Surface water quality hydrological seriously alter riparian ecosystems impacts. monitoring program change dependent on periodic natural flooding,  For ecological reasons, the ideal water- exacerbate water pollution during low- release pattern should closely resemble the flow periods, and increase saltwater natural flooding regime intrusion near river mouths. Reduced sediment and nutrient loads downriver of dams can increase so-called river-edge and coastal erosion, and damage the biological and economic productivity of rivers and estuaries. Involuntary Involuntary displacement of people is  Undertake consultation and participatory  Develop and implement human considered the most adverse social impact decision making on the part of the resettled Relocation Action Plan (RAP). displacement of large hydroelectric projects. Involuntary and host populations displacement can also have important environmental implications, such as when

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 30 Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures natural habitats are converted to  Consider feasible alternative project designs accommodate resettled rural populations. to avoid or minimize physical and/or economic displacement  Resettle displaced populations and provide new housing, replacement lands, and other material assistance.  In cases of economic loss mitigation measures should include replacement resources, job training, or other income restoration assistance. Water-related Some infectious diseases can spread  Public health strategies should include  Public health strategies and diseases around hydroelectric reservoirs, preventive measures such as awareness reporting mechanisms in particularly in warm climates and densely campaigns, monitoring disease vectors and place. populated areas. outbreaks, controlling disease vectors, and treating cases. Fish and other Reservoirs positively affect certain fish  Managed water releases in and below the  Develop monitoring plan aquatic life species by increasing the area of available reservoir. based on represented species. aquatic habitat. However, due to  Fish passage facilities such as fish ladders, blockages to upriver fish migrations, elevators, or trap-and-truck operations reduced chance of survival of certain  Fish hatcheries of indigenous species species in dams and changes to  Undertaking pollution control and pre- downstream water quality and flow impoundment selective forest clearing to patterns the net impacts are usually reduce risk of aquatic weed growth in negative. reservoirs.  Physical removal or containment of floating Floating aquatic vegetation can rapidly aquatic weeds proliferate in eutrophic reservoirs resulting  Occasional drawdown of reservoir water in degraded habitat for most species of levels to kill aquatic weeds. fish and other aquatic life and providing improved breeding grounds for

31 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures mosquitoes and other nuisance species and disease vectors

Loss of cultural Cultural property, including archaeological,  Structures and objects of cultural interest  Relocation Action Plan to property historical, paleontological, and religious should be salvaged wherever feasible address cultural aspects. sites and objects, can be inundated by through scientific inventory, careful physical reservoirs and other associated relocation, documentation and preservation infrastructure in museums or other facilities. Reservoir Over time, reservoir sedimentation  Employ watershed and sediment  Monitoring and management sedimentation reduces live storage and power generation management techniques of upstream land use. to a degree that could also lower the projects’ long-term prospects for renewable energy over the long term Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and  Select dam sites that minimize flooding of Control regrowth of vegetation during methane) are released into the land in general and forests in particular. filling of the reservoir using approved atmosphere from reservoirs that flood  Salvage of commercial timber and fuel wood methods forests and other biomass, either slowly as flooded organic matter decomposes, or

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 32 Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures rapidly if the forest is cut and burned before reservoir filling

6.2.4 Solar power (PV)

Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Site selection and Land and soil in the designated area can be  Small-scale PV systems should be  Environmental and safety Land Use Changes. affected by land clearing, construction, and constructed on household or building compliance/performance should disassembly of both thermal and PV systems roofs when possible. (C, P&D) be part of performance (especially if a well needs to be drilled for a  Refer to the USAID Sector Environmental monitoring and oversight PV pumping system). Sensitive biological or Guideline for Construction for guidance cultural heritage sites may be adversely on mitigation of environmental impacts affected by these land changes. For large associated with these aspects of solar enough ground-based systems, land energy projects. Measures include: changes can result in habitat loss and/or  Find alternative locations to avoid interfere with existing land uses. sensitive areas.  Design any infrastructure (if unavoidable) to create least impact  Minimize disturbance of native flora during construction  Remove, without destroying, and relocate large plants and ground cover where possible  Replant recovered plants and other flora from local ecosystem after construction  Minimize impact to ecosystem services that may provide an important buffer to climate change impacts, especially in areas where those buffers will most be needed

33 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Pollutants. Liquid coolant changes required during  Develop and assess waste management  Evaluate implementation of operation of solar thermal systems create a and disposal plans with vendors and end waste management plans bi- risk for accidental water contamination. PV users at the concept and design stage. annually. (O&M) systems face low risks of accidental (P&D)  Test nearby water quality bi- pollution, except in the case where a system  Ensure old PV batteries are separated annually to ensure no fire could release pollutants into the from other solid wastes and disposed of contamination from coolants. environment. In these cases, the risk of with other hazardous waste materials, (O&M) pollutant emissions is consistent with similar e.g., paints and toxic chemicals. The  Ensure proper battery recycling risks from any electrical system. waste management plan should account facilities are available and Small-scale PV systems in developing for all such potentially hazardous wastes provide oversight of the countries typically rely on battery packs. in full. (P&D, O&M, DCM) recycling process. (P&D, O&M, Batteries contain toxic materials that must  Select batteries based on storage DCM) be disposed of as hazardous waste when location, considering factors such as battery life is over. ventilation and temperature.  Secure batteries such that they cannot be stolen and sold for scrap metal or used for alternate purposes. Visual Impacts. Solar panels and large solar arrays may be  Engage with community during planning  Conduct stakeholder and considered aesthetically displeasing, to minimize adverse aesthetic and view community surveys prior to, and especially in rural and culturally sensitive impacts, with attention to siting and throughout, project areas. design. Provide for improved system implementation. Typically, bi- integration with buildings. (P&D, C) annual or quarterly consultations are appropriate. (P&D, O&M) Water Use. Periodic cleaning of PV panels may be  Cement seals can be used to separate  Monitor water use and necessary in areas with limited rainfall, and and protect surrounding rock, soil, and discharges into the environment requires non-trivial amounts of water. For groundwater. (C) utility-scale PV, 26-30 gallons of water are  New wells should be a safe distance from needed per MWh. already existing wells to avoid changes in

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 34 Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Drilling a well for solar water pumping can pressure gradients that could affect disrupt natural groundwater flow and existing wells. (P&D, C) quality. Alterations of the natural pressure gradient during drilling can also interrupt water production of nearby wells. Indirect Impact. PV systems requiring mining of silica and  When possible and cost efficient, vendor  Require source/origin self- various metals include ‘energy metals’ such solicitations and awards should provide certification. Apply spot auditing as gallium, indium, selenium and tellurium . source/origin provisions that where feasible. (P&D, O&M) These impacts may not be apparent to end demonstrate due diligence in mining and  Review occupational health and users, but should be addressed as part of processing of the metals and raw safety actions annually. (O&M) lifecycle environmental assessments of PV materials used in the manufacture of PV  Track number of on-site injuries projects. systems. (P&D) and accidents. (O&M) Also not apparent to end users is the  Proper mitigation measures include manufacturing process of PV systems, which procurement provisions requiring is energy-intensive The amount of recycling used chemicals, taking hazardous materials depends on the cell appropriate precautions during type, with mono crystalline cells containing manufacturing (wearing personal the most dangerous materials. During protective equipment, etc.), and proper regular processes, gases that are used such project siting and design. (P&D, C, O&M) as silane and phosphine are not dangerous  To minimize environmental impacts as air emissions, but are highly toxic in the related to production, thinner cell layers case of accidents or leaks. and safer and more efficient production materials should be explored. (P&D) Security. High value technology like solar PV systems  Proper installation and positioning (out of  Require timely/scheduled can be a major target for theft. Battery theft easy reach) of solar systems with theft- maintenance of solar systems to can have a particularly negative proof hardware, battery cages with mesh deter theft and maintain environmental impact, as thieves are known and secure mounts. (P&D, C) equipment. (O&M) to dispose of battery fluid haphazardly.  For community systems (or at hospitals,  Review theft prevention schools, etc.), community involvement measures and strategies annually. (O&M)

35 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures and/or hiring a guard to protect the equipment can be effective. (O&M)  Train solar panel operators and maintenance works on theft prevention measures and strategies. (O&M)

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 36 6.2.5 Wind power

Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Avian Risk and While small-scale wind turbines generally do  Conduct a predevelopment assessment  Tracking instances of injury to Biodiversity Risks. not pose significant avian threat due to their to ensure that biologically sensitive areas avian or bat species. (P&D) low height and small rotor diameters, birds are avoided. (P&D) and bats may collide with operating  Avoid projects in areas with endangered turbines, or be injured during flight by air bird and/or bat species when possible. pressure fluctuations caused by the spinning (P&D) blades. As with any construction project,  When project siting may affect land alteration may also alter or destroy endangered or threatened species, animal and plant habitats. operation of wind turbines may be limited to prevent substantial impact (e.g. a study of bat behavior has shown they are more active during periods of lower wind speed). (O&M) Land Disturbance. For smaller scale wind turbines, land  Where applicable, use the site of the  Engage the community with disturbance is generally not a significant wind turbine installation for alternative regards to project siting, design, environmental impact. Typically, less than 1 uses such as agricultural production or and management prior to acre of land per MW is permanently grazing for livestock, to minimize project implementation. (P&D) disturbed from wind turbine operations and disruption on utilized land. (P&D, O&M)  Interview community members for small-scale wind towers. This means that  Establish a protocol and budget for the prior to project implementation overall land use is minimal. removal of turbines at the end of useful to ensure that land use is life. (P&D, DCM) compatible with wind development. (P&D) Noise and Visual Wind turbines produce noise and can  Involve community (and/or household)  Conduct stakeholder and Impacts. impact site aesthetics and view sheds. These members during project siting and community surveys during impacts are typically minimal for small-scale design, seeking input to ensure siting and concept preparation. (P&D) wind installations and not of a scale to selection of technology is in line with  Conduct periodic interviews adversely affect community health. community needs and that adverse with community members to impacts on aesthetics and areas of gauge community satisfaction

37 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Notwithstanding, community preferences cultural or historical value are avoided or with the installation and efforts must be planned for from project outset to minimized. (P&D) to minimize or avoid adverse ensure that the project is compatible with  During planning, ensure the siting of the impacts on aesthetics or on the needs of the local community. wind system minimizes noise impacts on sensitive cultural or historic the local community. (P&D) areas. (O&M)  Track community complaints about noise. (O&M) Battery Use. Small-wind systems designed to operate in  Develop and assess waste management  Evaluate implementation of the absence of grid power often rely on and disposal plans with vendors and end waste management plans bi- battery packs. Batteries contain toxic users at the concept and design stage. annually. (P&D, O&M) materials that must be disposed of as (P&D)  Track incidences of stolen hazardous waste at the end of battery life.  Ensure old batteries are separated from materials. (O&M) Additionally, some flooded lead-acid other solid wastes and disposed of with  Track the number of accidents batteries, while less expensive, require other hazardous waste materials, e.g., resulting from battery use or storage in well-ventilated areas to reduce paints and toxic chemicals. The waste exposure. (O&M) risk of build-up of potentially combustible management plan should account for all hydrogen and oxygen gasses released such potentially hazardous waste in full. during operation. (P&D, O&M)  Select batteries based on storage location, considering factors such as ventilation and temperature.  Secure batteries such that they cannot be stolen to be sold for scrap metal or used for alternate purposes.

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 38 6.2.6 Geothermal power

Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Land Use Changes. Depending on the size of the system,  Engage with community during planning  Conduct stakeholder and geothermal energy may use extensive tracts to minimize adverse aesthetic and view community surveys prior to, and of land. The scale of a geothermal project impacts, with attention to siting and throughout, project are informed by the resource reservoir, design. implementation. Typically, bi- generating capacity, energy conversion  Avoid sites with proximity to sensitive or annual or quarterly system, cooling system, arrangement of valuable ecosystems such as wetland consultations are appropriate. wells and piping systems, as well as the peat bogs, valuable forest, or areas with substation and auxiliary building footprints. archeological or recreational value.

Water Surface water extraction and consumption  Assessing hydrological records for short  Monitor abstraction and consumption and is necessary for a variety of geothermal and long-term variability of streams discharges abstraction power generation activities which could serving as source water, and ensuring  Maintain water balance impact on the resource critical flows are maintained during low  Introduce strict discharge flow periods so as to not obstruct criteria. passage of fish or negatively impact  Regular maintenance of aquatic biota; wellheads and geothermal fluid  Monitoring temperature differential of pipelines, including corrosion effluent and receiving water bodies to control and inspection; pressure comply with local regulations respecting monitoring; and use of blowout thermal discharge or, in the absence of prevention equipment such as such regulations shutoff valve.

Effluents Steam production and re-injection wells  Recovery and storage of oil-based drilling may be installed during exploration, fluids and cuttings in dedicated storage development, and operational activities. tanks or sumps, lined with an impervious Drilling fluids employed during drilling membrane, prior to treatment (e.g. activities may be water- or oil based, and washing), recycling, and / or final may contain chemical additives. Cuttings treatment and disposal.

39 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures from oil-based mud are of particular  Reuse of drilling fluid, where feasible; concern due to the content of oil-related  Treatment / disposal of contents of tanks contaminants and may necessitate special and sumps as a hazardous on non- on-site or off-site treatment and disposal. hazardous waste depending on its characteristics.  During acid treatment of wells, use of leak-proof well casings to a depth appropriate to the geological formation in order to avoid leakage of acidic fluids to groundwater.

Spent geothermal Geothermal condensate may be  Evaluate potential environmental impacts fluids characterized by high temperature, low pH, of geothermal fluid discharges depending and heavy metals content. Reject waters on the selected cooling system. from the separators are often pH neutral  If facilities do not re-inject all geothermal and may contain heavy metals. Formation fluids underground, effluent discharge steam and water quality varies depending quality should be consistent with on the characteristics of the geothermal applicable local regulations or a site- resource specific standard.  Potential for contamination of groundwater should be minimized by installation of leak-proof well casings.  Opportunities for reuse of reject geothermal fluids should be considered.

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 40 Air emissions Geothermal power plant emissions are  Considering technological options that  Installation of hydrogen sulfide negligible compared to those of fossil fuel include total or partial re-injection of monitoring and warning combustion-based power plants. Hydrogen gases with geothermal fluids. systems. The number and sulfide and mercury are the main potential  When total re-injection is not feasible, location of monitors should be air pollutants associated with geothermal venting of hydrogen sulfide and non- determined based on an power generation employing flash or dry condensable volatile mercury if, not assessment of plant locations steam technologies. Carbon dioxide is exceeding applicable safety and health prone to hydrogen sulfide present in the steam although its emission standards. emission and occupational is also considered negligible compared to  If necessary, use of abatement systems to exposure fossil fuel combustion sources. The remove hydrogen sulfide and mercury  Emergency planning involving presence and concentration of potential air emissions from non-condensable gases. community input to allow for pollutants may vary depending on the effective response to monitoring characteristics of the geothermal resource. system warnings.

6.2.7 Bioenergy

Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Impacts from Many sources of bioenergy rely on  Refer to the USAID Sector  Design appropriate monitoring Agricultural agricultural production or livestock to Environmental Guideline for Agriculture programs and techniques Practices and/or generate the feedstock necessary for for guidance on mitigation of  Use proper, efficient monitoring Installation of energy production. environmental impacts associated with tools, including well-organized Wells/Boreholes/Irr Agricultural practices (from pre- to post- agricultural production and/or irrigation data sets, control plots, stream igation. harvest), if mismanaged, have the potential for bioenergy projects. Measures and weather monitoring stations, for significant adverse environmental include: photo and video records, and impacts. For example, soil quality and  Improve overall farming system monitoring of technology fertility can be greatly impacted if nutrients  Match land use to land capability adoption and dissemination. are not managed sustainably (particularly  Apply appropriate soil and water  Link environmental monitoring to as a result of overharvesting biomass conservation measures performance monitoring feedstock, which can impact naturally  Consider and plan for climate impacts balanced nutrient cycles); the use of agrochemicals can pose a risk to human

41 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures health and safety and/or threaten area  Adopt agricultural practices such as flora, fauna, and soil and water quality; and conservation agriculture that enhance new irrigation systems can draw resilience unsustainability from surrounding water  Encourage stakeholder (men and sources affecting water users or facilitate women)-led land use planning and run-off of agrochemicals into area surface agricultural practices to take climate water bodies. variability and change into account.  Encourage re-vegetation of degraded and marginal areas to reduce runoff  Reduce pressure on marginal areas through alternative income sources and/or changed land uses  Consider and plan for climate impacts  Encourage stakeholder (men and women)-led land use planning and agricultural practices to take climate variability and change into account. Sustainability of Effective bioenergy projects must operate  Conduct a predevelopment assessment  Monitor area food availability Resources. within the resource constraints of the of the area resources including, but not and price – particularly of project area; cultivation of feedstock often limited to, cultivable land, available subsistence crops – to ensure competes with alternate land use water resources, water resource needs relative stability upon (principally, though not exclusively, and uses in the area, land needs and introduction of the bioenergy agricultural food production). If resource uses in the area, competing project. (P&D, O&M) constraints are not considered, bioenergy food/bioenergy crops grown locally,  Monitor the water table, production can threaten local food supply, prospective bioenergy crops, and availability of surface water, and deplete area water uses, and cultivate feedstock storage options. (P&D) its seasonality and quality. resentment among the affected  Avoid siting projects in areas such that (O&M) community. competing agricultural projects extend  Monitor emergence or increases or relocate into ecologically sensitive, or in need from competing uses. carbon rich, areas. (P&D, O&M) (O&M)

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 42 Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Land Use Changes. Producing bioenergy crops has the  No biomass fuel crops will be grown on  Conduct an independent site visit potential to create land use changes, both land suitable for food crops. (P&D) during design and annually direct and indirect. With poor  Plant bioenergy crops on brownfields, thereafter to confirm that no management, energy crops can displace abandoned mining land, or other lower- land that could support food agricultural production, contribute to quality areas to re-vegetate barren land, crops, degrade wetlands or deforestation, or even introduce invasive, reclaim waterlogged or salinized soils, natural habitats is utilized. (P&D, and potentially harmful, non-native stabilize erosion-prone areas, provide O&M) species. habitat, and increase biodiversity. (P&D, C) Use of Water Significant amounts of water may be used  Conduct a predevelopment assessment  Monitor the water table, Resources at Point at the point of energy production. If not of water uses and water needs for the availability of surface water, and of Energy planned properly this can reduce area local community and local flora and its seasonality and quality. Production. water resources, threaten local flora and fauna. (P&D) (O&M) fauna, and threaten community wellbeing.  Develop a water management plan, in  Monitor emergence or increases coordination with the local community, in water need from competing during project conception and design. uses. (O&M) (P&D) Water and land Biogas digesters themselves also face risks  Since effluents from digesters are often  Regularly investigate human pollution of leaking organic waste and incompletely collected in ponds, precautions are health impacts of biogas sterilized slurry during digestion, leading to needed when feces are used as digesters. (O&M) water and land pollution. feedstock, as certain feces-borne parasites and pathogens can be dangerous for crop cultivation and human ingestion. (O&M) Chemical inputs The processing and production of materials  Recycle used chemicals when safe and  Conduct routine (e.g. biannual) and runoff. needed for bioenergy feedstock production appropriate. analyses of soil, surface water, and maintenance can emit pollutants into  Source materials with less hazardous and groundwater. (O&M) the environment. material and take precautions during manufacturing to minimize use and waste

43 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures  Ensure proper project siting and design prior to implementation. (P&D, C, O&M)  Develop and assess waste management and disposal plans with vendors and end users at the concept and design stage. (P&D) Waste If managed improperly, the energy  Develop and assess waste management  Conduct a routine review of Management. production process for bioenergy can result and disposal plans with vendors and end efficacy of the waste in a wide range of potentially harmful users at the concept and design stage. management plan to ensure waste, including ash from biomass (P&D) waste is reaching designated gasification and residual sludge from disposal sites and all appropriate anaerobic digestion. handling precautions are being followed. (O&M) GHG Emissions. Land-use changes resulting from converting  Evaluate the site suitability of proposed  Conduct analyses of outdoor and agricultural land for bioenergy production crop production site prior to project indoor air quality and investigate can result in net positive changes to overall implementation. (P&D) human respiratory health GHG emissions.  Avoid outdoor and indoor pollution from impacts regularly. (O&M) waste combustion and pollution from  Collect measurements of lifecycle bioenergy cycle. (P&D, C, O&M) GHG emissions during production and processing of bioenergy feedstock, transportation, and the end use of the fuel. (C, O&M)

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 44 Carbon Balances When produced responsibly, biomass can  Use agriculture waste products of  Analyze full fuel-cycle carbon and Deforestation provide energy that decreases carbon bioenergy crops as feedstock instead of emissions, both above and below emissions by displacing fossil fuels. natural forest. (P&D, C) ground for the entire biomass However, in many cases, natural forest is  Use efficient stoves that can maximize supply system. (O&M) cleared in unsustainable ways to provide the efficiency of solid biomass feedstock  Measure annual harvest of wood for bioenergy fuel crops, which leaves a site so that less fuel is needed. (P&D, O&M) resources. (O&M) that cannot be regenerated.  Utilize biogas and biofuel technology In many developing countries, after when possible to avoid the use of solid biomass is collected it is inefficiently biomass as fuel. (P&D, O&M) converted to heat energy for cooking (mainly by traditional cooking stoves), producing damaging emissions like black carbon and methane which contribute significantly to global warming. Furthermore, the loss of forest canopy due to wood collection and charcoal production can have a devastating effect on local wildlife.

45 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN Anaerobic Biogas Waste storage Waste storage Waste storage Digester  Methane emissions from waste  Design, construct, operate and maintain  No agricultural activities nearby storage. waste storage in compliance with best  Air emissions monitored  Occupational accidents due to methane management practices to minimize emissions during waste storage: risk of venting of methane from storage Gas collection fires, explosions, asphyxiation, facilities.  Transmission pipes well placed poisoning.  Do not site waste storage in proximity to and constructed  Impact on odor, visual intrusions, populated areas, human quarters, and  All construction carried out windblown litter, attraction to flies and working areas. according to engineering rodents.  Utilize best practice methods for the standards  Possible pathogen release due to design and operation of waste storage leaching of organic wastes into soil, areas to reduce bad odors. Disposal of effluents and digestate surface water and/or ground water.  Soil, surface and groundwater Gas collection monitored for possible Gas collection  Comply with best practices in the contamination  Emissions of biogas from leaks in the design, operation and maintenance of  Monitoring carried out frequently gas collection system. biogas collection to avoid venting, (daily to weekly) during  Occupational accidents due to methane minimizing pipe distances (e.g., locating construction process and emissions during gas collection: risk of gas collection facilities as close as periodically (monthly to fires, explosions, asphyxiation, possible to energy recovery facilities) quarterly) after biomass power poisoning. frequent monitoring to prevent and plants are in operation  Methane build up in residential areas minimize biogas leakage during normal (risk of fires and explosions) from leaks operation conditions. Combustion/power generation in gas collection system. Impact on  Conduct air quality monitoring to amenities: odor, visual intrusion. Disposal of effluents and digestate ensure that desired parameters  Utilize best practices for waste disposal are met Disposal of effluents and digestate on site, to include compliance with best  Contamination of surface and ground agriculture practices in cases where water due to disposal of anaerobic effluents are used as soil conditioners or digestion effluents; pathogens, fertilizer to avoid over chemical particulate matter, COD/BOD. fertilization of soil and waterways; and use of impermeably lined settling ponds.

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 46  Heavy metal/dioxin contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater Combustion/power generation due to disposal of anaerobic digestion  Scrub the raw biogas to eliminate its effluents. hydrogen sulfide and ammonia content to prevent the formation of corrosive Combustion/power generation sulfurous, sulfuric and nitrogen oxides to  Emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur increase potential uses of the biogas oxides, particulates, trace amounts of (such as to add to the natural gas toxic materials, including mercury and pipelines, fuel for internal combustion dioxins. engines, and use as fuels for gas  Noise. turbines for electricity generation).  Power transmission lines/pathway may  Utilize visual impact considerations in result in the destruction of wetlands or siting and design (arrangement of other sensitive habitat. towers in such a way as to prevent their  Power line may harm view sheds and being too visible from communication aesthetic values. paths, use of vegetation for screening).

Biomass Power Waste storage Waste storage  No agricultural activities nearby Plant based on  Bad odor.  Select location for waste storage facilities  Service/ground water tested Agricultural Waste.  Possible pathogen release. away from human settlements or other  Air emissions monitored  Fire hazard. vulnerable areas.  Transmission pipe well placed  Visual impact. and constructed Generation activities  All construction carried out Generation activities  Comply with good practice methods for according to engineering  Emissions of NOx, SOx, CO, and methane collection to avoid venting. standards particulates.  Utilize best practice methods for organic  Monitoring carried out frequently  Emissions of CO 2 and other greenhouse waste storage to reduce bad odors. during construction process and gasses.  Comply with noise emission levels. periodically after plants are in  Noise.  Utilize visual impact considerations in operation siting and design (arrangement of towers in such a way as to prevent their

47 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN  Power transmission lines/pathway may being too visible from communication result in the destruction of wetlands or paths, use of vegetation for screening). other sensitive habitat.  Power line may harm view sheds and aesthetic values.

6.2.8 Transmission lines and access roads

Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures Terrestrial habitat  The construction and maintenance of  During planning, align routes alongside  Implementation of an integrated alteration transmission line servitudes, especially existing linear infrastructure such as vegetation management those aligned through forested areas, power lines, roads and farm boundaries,  Removal of invasive plant may result in alteration and disruption as far as possible. species, whenever possible, to terrestrial habitat, including  Avoid fragmentation of ecosystems and cultivating native plant species impacts to avian species and an farms as far as possible.  Monitoring right-of-way increased risk of forest fires.  Installation of transmission lines above vegetation according to fire risk;  Unmanaged underlying vegetation can existing vegetation to avoid land clearing;  Refer to IFC Environmental, accumulate and serve as fuel  Revegetation of disturbed areas with Health, and Safety Guidelines: promoting forest fires. native plant species. Electric Power Transmission and  Transmission / distribution towers and  Avoid construction activities during the Distribution lines potentially pose fatal risk to birds breeding season. and bats through collisions and  Remove invasive plant species during electrocutions. routine vegetation maintenance.  Establish a network of fuel breaks of less flammable materials or cleared land to slow progress of fires and allow firefighting access.  Aligning transmission corridors to avoid critical habitats.  Maintaining 1.5 m spacing between energized components and grounded

PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN 48 Issue Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Measures hardware or, where spacing is not feasible, covering energized parts and hardware  Installing visibility enhancement objects such as marker balls, bird deterrents, or diverters. Visual  Power transmission and distribution  Extensive public consultation during the  Environmental monitoring considerations may be visually intrusive and planning of power line and power line activities should be based on undesirable to local residents. right-of-way locations; indicators of emissions, effluents,  Accurate assessment of changes in and resource use applicable to property values due to power line the particular project. proximity  Siting power lines, and designing substations, with due consideration to landscape views and important environmental and community features;  Location of high-voltage transmission and distribution lines in less populated areas, where possible;  Burying transmission or distribution lines when power must be transported through dense residential or commercial areas.

49 PATRP ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN