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Pollenizer and Cultivar Influence Seed Number and Fruit Characteristics

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Pollenizer and Cultivar Influence Seed Number and Fruit Characteristics HORTSCIENCE 47(10):1430–1437. 2012. olive flowers have four normal ovules, usually only one of them will be fertilized, giving origin to the seed. The fruit rarely contains two Pollenizer and Cultivar Influence Seed normal seeds (Cuevas et al., 1995), although there are some cultivars that may set fruit Number and Fruit Characteristics containing two normal seeds at a higher fre- quency (Cuevas and Oller, 2002), whereas in Olea europaea L. others may not contain any seeds because of embryo death (Morettini, 1950; Rapoport and Daniela Farinelli1 Rallo, 1990). It is important to note that the Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Universita` degli Studi di presence of a seed or seeds is very signifi- Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74-06121 Perugia, Italy cant because the seed influences fruit devel- opment during the current year and the extent Pierluigi Pierantozzi of flowering in the next annual olive cycle Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologıa Vegetal (IMBIV, CONICET-UNC), (Koubouris et al., 2010; Lavee, 2006; Rapoport, 1994). Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologıa de los Alimentos (ICTA), Facultad de In olive, like in other fruit, the number of Ciencias Exactas, Fısicas y Naturales (FCEFyNUNC), Av. Ve´lez Sarsfield seeds per fruit influences fruit and seed 1611, X5016GCA Co´rdoba, Argentina weight (Cuevas and Oller, 2002; Farinelli et al., 2002b; Stafford, 1970). Fruit contain- Assunta Maria Palese ing two seeds is usually larger because of Dipartimento di Scienze dei Sistemi Colturali, Forestali e dell’Ambiente, greater mesocarp and endocarp growth. Universita` degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100 This aspect is very important in table olive Potenza, Italy cultivars, which must produce good-sized fruit with a high pulp/pit ratio. This is also Additional index words. crosses, undeveloped seed, double-seeded, seed pattern, seed death important in olive oil cultivars because fruit with no normal seeds is smaller and contains Abstract. The effect of several pollination combinations of the olive cultivars Ascolana less oil (Morettini, 1950). Furthermore, the Tenera, Carolea, Leccino, and Picholine on seed quality and seed number and drupe and absence of a normal seed in the fruit has an seed features were evaluated in 2007 and in 2008 in central Italy. The well-known pattern economic impact on propagation in olive in olive fruit was confirmed by the high percentage of drupes (71.8%, on average) nurseries, when reproduction methods are containing one seed with a closed endocarp, as the dispersal unit, optimizing the plant’s 2 used to obtain seedlings destined for use as investment in seedling survival. Based on the results of the x test of independence, there rootstocks for grafting. In fact, seed charac- was a significant maternal and paternal effect on the number of normal seeds per drupe teristics can affect germination and seedling in some years and combinations. Particularly, in 2007, Picholine and Leccino cultivars quality. Also, competition among fruit is (as mother) had drupes with two normal seeds (23.7% and 3.1%, respectively, with thought to be proportional to sink size, which respect to 10.8% observed in a normal seed pattern), confirming that double-seeding in in turn is related to fruit and seed mass, but olive could be cultivar-dependent. Also the specific crosspollination between ‘Carolea’, as not to fruit number (Farinelli et al., 2002b; a pollenizer, and ‘Ascolana Tenera’ gave rise to a higher proportion of double-seeded Rosati et al., 2010). drupes in 2007 (39% with respect to 14.3% expected to be in this category). In 2008, In many fruit growth models such as the although ‘Ascolana Tenera’ produced more drupes with undeveloped seeds (31.9% ‘‘Peach’’ model, sink strength is calculated with respect to 19.7% expected to be in that category), ‘Leccino’ and ‘Carolea’ had taking into account the sink potential, which drupes with a lower number of undeveloped seed (14.2% and 11.5%, respectively). is proportional to fruit mass (Grossman and ‘Maurino’ and ‘Ascolana Tenera’ pollen produced significant effects on ‘Leccino’ DeJong, 1994, 1995; Marcelis and Heuvelink, drupes by increasing the number of drupes with undeveloped seeds in both experi- 1999). In olive, the percentage of fruit set, mental years. Double-seeded drupes outweighed those with only one normal seed in the percentage of undeveloped seed, and ‘Leccino’ and ‘Picholine’. Instead, drupes with undeveloped seeds affected fruit weight, the number of drupes containing two seeds being generally lighter than those with normal seeds. Although the Leccino cultivar, seem to be affected by the affinity between combined with ‘Maurino’ and ‘Ascolana Tenera’, greatly increased the proportion of the cultivar and the pollenizer (Cuevas and drupes without normal seed, such condition did not affect their final weight, which was Oller, 2002; Martin et al., 2005). not different from those with one normal seed, suggesting that this variety caused late More in-depth studies on the relationship seed death. between cultivars and pollenizers in deter- mining fruit set, embryo death, seed number, and development and fruit growth are needed Fruit set assessment is currently the only a few researchers have investigated as well as evaluation of the maternal and most commonly used method to test cross- cultivar compatibility by paternity tests with paternal influences. compatibility among olive (Olea europaea L.) simple sequence repeat markers (Diaz et al., In the present study, the effect of all cultivars, thus identifying the best pollen- 2007; Mookerjee et al., 2005; Rodriguez- possible pollination combinations among the izers (Androulakis and Loupassaki, 1990; Castillo et al., 2009; Rosa de la et al., 2004). cultivars Ascolana Tenera, Carolea, Leccino, Camposeo et al., 2012; Cuevas et al., 2001; Moreover, there have been very few studies and Picholine and other pollenizers on the Farinelli et al., 2002a, 2006, 2008a; Fernandez- on the effects of different cultivar/pollenizer number and quality of seeds and their de- Escobar and Gomez-Valledor, 1985; Guerin combinations on seed and drupe characteris- velopment and drupe and seed character- and Sedgley, 2007; Lavee, 1998; Lavee and tics (Cuevas and Oller, 2002; Farinelli et al., istics was evaluated using the c2 test of Datt, 1978; Moutier, 2002; Rallo et al., 1990; 2002b, 2008b; Koubouris et al., 2010). Olive independence. Tombesi et al., 1982). To our knowledge, fruit is a drupe, consisting of the carpel, botanically similar to almond, apricot, cherry, Materials and Methods nectarine, peach, and plum. The ovary wall Received for publication 30 May 2012. Accepted has both fleshy and hard portions (Martin Self and cross treatments were applied for publication 3 Aug. 2012. et al., 2005). A drupe usually contains a single to Ascolana Tenera, Carolea, Leccino, and 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed; seed enclosed by a hardened endocarp, which Picholine cultivars to obtain drupes from e-mail [email protected]. often adheres closely to the seed. Although a known pollen source according to the 1430 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 47(10) OCTOBER 2012 breeding program shown in Table 1. The stage of bloom of each variety was recorded trial was carried out in 2007 and 2008 on every 2 d. When 80% to 100% of the flowers of 20-year-old olive trees trained to the vase the cited cultivars bloomed, bags with pollen shape and planted at a 5 3 5 m distance. from the pollinator were transferred to the Olive trees were cultivated at the University previously bagged branches of those trees of Perugia experimental orchard (an olive selected to be artificially crosspollinated. Then, germplasm bank) (lat. 43°04#54.58$ N, long. the bagged branches were hand-shaken sev- 12°22#53.41$ E, 321 m a.s.l.) in central Italy. eral times to assure that the pollen would fall Santa Caterina Sorani Taggiasca Four olive cultivars were used as mother on the stigma. At the end of blooming, namely plants: three of the main Italian cultivars when the corolla was abscised, the paper bags (Ascolana Tenera, Carolea, and Leccino) were removed. The number of olives were and one French cultivar (Picholine). ‘Ascolana counted 21 d after full bloom (80% to 90% Tenera’ is cultivated for table use; ‘Leccino’ of the flowers bloomed) when the young for oil purpose; and ‘Carolea’ and ‘Picholine’ fruitstartedtoenlargeandwhenitwas are double-purpose cultivars. These four possible to distinguish them from those that cultivars, and 16 others, were evaluated were going to drop. Counting was repeated as pollenizers according to the selected at monthly intervals to determine fruit set and Etnea Pendolino Rosciola crosses showed in Table 1 (Gordal Sevillana, fruit persistence. To evaluate maternal ef- Nocellara Kalamata, Konservolia, Manzanilla de Sevilla, fects on seed pattern, representative sam- and Sorani as foreign cultivars; Bella di Spagna, ples of fully ripened drupes were collected xx Dolce Agogia, Giarraffa, Itrana, Maurino, from three trees of each of the four men- Moresca, Nocellara Etnea, Pendolino, Rosciola, tioned cultivars. In particular, 1.072 and Santa Caterina, and Taggiasca among the 2.199 drupes were collected in 2007 and xxxxmost important x x Italian cultivars). The culti- 2008, respectively. The difference in the var purposes are reported by Bartolini (2012). sample size depended on the crossing pro- Each crossing treatment was applied on four gram followed in the two years and on the to five branches per tree bearing 70 to 80 crosscompatibility among the olive cultivars inflorescences each. The number of flower tested. de Sevilla Maurino Moresca Manzanilla clusters on branches and the number of flowers per inflorescence were counted. Be- fore bloom, self- and crosspollination treat- ments were performed by bagging the branches using white double-layer paper bags (0.65 3 0.35 m) to prevent free pollination. For each cultivar, six to eight additional branches were used to determine the results of free pollination.
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