The NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

J1\

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OCTOBER 1953 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC.

1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast Washington 2, D. C.

OFFICERS President: Dr. John L. Creech, Glenn Dale, Maryland First Vice-President: Mr. Arnold M. Davis, Cleveland, Ohio Second Vice-President: Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C. Secretary: Dr. Francis de Vos, Washington, D. C. Treasurer: Miss Olive E. Weatherell, Olean, New York Editor: Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Pass Christian, Mississippi Managing Editor: Mr. James R. Harlow, Takoma Park, Maryland DIRECTORS Terms Expiring 1954 Terms Expiring 1955 Mr. Stuart Armstrong, Silver Spring, Mary- Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Mount Kisco, New land York Dr. Fred O. Coe, Bethesda, Maryland Mr. Frederic P. Lee, Bethesda, Maryland Mrs. Walter Douglas, Chauncey, New York Mrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Penn- Dr. Brian O. Mulligan, Seattle, Washington sylvania Dr. Freeman A. Weiss, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pennsyl­ Dr. Donald Wyman, Jamaica Plain, Massa- vania chusetts

HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Mrs. Edna Korts, President Mrs. Otto Zach, President American Begonia Society, Inc. American Primrose Society 3628 Revere A venue 1172 Southeast 55th Avenue Los Angeles 39, California Portland 15, Oreg. Mr. Calder W. Seibels, President Mr. Harold Epstein, President American Camellia Society American Rock Garden Society 800 Sweetbrier Road 5 Forest Court Columbia, South Carolina Larchmont, New York Mr. C. E. Little, President Dr. C. Eugene Pfister, President American Delphinium Society American Rose Society Box 660, Richmond Hills Route 2, Box 60 Ontario, Canada Mundelein, Illinois Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, President Mr. W. Taylor Marshall, President Emeritus American Fern Society, Inc. Cactus & Succulent Society of America 2214 Beverly Road Box 647 Brooklyn 26, New York Tempe, Arizona Mr. William F. Christman, President Mr. C. R. Wolf, President American Peony Society Holly Society of America, Inc. Northbrook, Illinois Mill ville, New Jersey

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES-1953 American Association of Nurserymen Garden Center of Greater Cincinnati American Begonia Society Garden Club of Alexandria (Virginia) American Begonia Society, San Francisco Garden Club of Chevy Chase, Maryland Branch Garden Club of Danville (Virginia) American Begonia Society, Santa Barbara Garden Club of Fairfax (Virginia) Branch Garden Club of Virginia American Camellia Society Garden Library of Michigan American Gesneria Society Georgetown Garden Club (D. C.) American Gloxinia Society Gulfport Horticultural Society American Iris Society Herb Society of America American Rhododendron Society, Middle Houston Horticultural Society Atlantic Chapter Iowa State Horticultural Society Bel-Air Garden Club, Inc., (California) Michigan Horticultural Society Birmingham Horticultural Society National Capital Dahlia Society Cactus and Succulent Society of America North American Lily Society California Horticultural Society Northern Nut Growers' Association, Inc. Chestnut Hill Garden Club, (Massachusetts) Perennial Garden Club (D. C.) Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club Plainfield Garden Club (New Jersey) Fauquier and Loudoun Garden Club Potomac Rose Society (D. C.) (Virginia) San Francisco Garden Club Federated Garden Clubs of Cincinnati and Tacoma Rhododendron Society Vicinity Takoma Horticultural Society (Maryland) Worcester County Horticultural Society C a111,ellia sasanqu.a The American Camellia Society

ARTHUR C. BROWN]

Camelliaitis is a disease that has a President, and R. J. Wilmot, Secre­ high incidence among citizens who in­ tary. On March 29, 1946, the Camel­ sist upon being surrounded with in­ lia Society of America merged with teresting plants and beautiful flowers. the American Camellia Society. The Thousands of victims are to be en­ ·current officers of the American Ca­ countered out of doors in the southern mellia Society include Calder W. Sei­ and Pa,cific Coast states, and indoors bels, Columbia, South Carolina, Presi- in the north. This highly infectious 'dent, and Sam P. Harn, Gainesville, disease is also well established abroad. Florida, Secretary. Fortunate indeed is the family where Culture of the Ca11~elha was an old both husband and wife are affected­ and honorable occupation in the Orient otherwise budgets are likely to be shat­ long before these plants found their tered, vacation plans spoiled) and high way to Europe and the United States. spite fences erected in the family gar­ There is evidence in the old literature den plot. Veteran victims are con­ to support the belief that early in the vinced that immunity, even resistance, 15th century cultivated forms of Ca­ to the disease on the part of husband mellia were used as ornamentals or wife is legitimate grounds for di­ _around the palaces of the shoguns in vorce. Japan. Some of the plants set out in No satisfactory cure of cameJliaitis the gardens of the shogun Hideyoshi has been found. A palliative, however, T oyotomi ( 1536-1588) at Kyoto arc is provided in the form of a member­ still alive. The Japanese used the ship in the American Camellia Society. leaves of what is now known as Ca- Victims foregather at the annual meet­ 1neUia sasanqua to make tea. In the ings and discuss matters pertaining to earlier days, Camellias in China were the causal agent and its effect. They used primarily for utilitarian, rather are kept informed with respect to the than ornamental, purposes. The seed extent and progress of the disease pods of C. oleifem were crushed and through the perusal of the Society's an oil extracted. while the leaves of publications. - C. sinens'is were dried and used to The American Camellia Society was make the well-known beverage-tea. organized at Macon, Georgia, on Sep­ Camellias were probably introduced tember 29, 1945. The purpose of the into Europe early in the 18th century. Society is to promote interest in all Attempts on the part of Europeans to phases of Cmmellia culture, out of doors in'lport C. sinensis for the purpose of and in greenhouses, scientific and lay establishing a tea industry there, re­ investigations dealing with soils, ferti­ sulted in the introduction of flowering lizers, insect and disease control, no­ varieties which had been substituted, menclature, shows and other pertinent accidentally or otherwise, for tea plants. factors. At the organization meeting, These varieties were C. japonica (the Dr. H. Harold Hume was elected Cam~ellia of or from Japan) and C. sasanqua. In the English literature it 'Editor. ame?'iewn OwrneWia Quarte/'ly, Gaines­ ville, Florida. is stated that Camellias were intro- (1 93) 194 THE NATIO TAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 duced into that country "before 1739." the Camellia center of the United So far as the records show, the first States. The list of growers includes C{]iJ1'bellia in England was the one the names of David Landreth who hrought in by a captain of the British started the first seed house in the East India Company for Lord Petre, United States in 1784, and was an im­ Thornton Hall, Essex. L' Abbe Ber­ portant early Cam .ellia grower. (One lese, a recognized early authority on of his originations, Landrethii, long lost to the trade, was recently redis­ Camellias, whose books have become covered in Louisiana.) Robert Buist, collectors' items, states that a single­ a Scotc;:hman who came to Philadel­ flowering variety was planted in the phia in 1828, became noted for his Royal Gardens at Caserta, Italy, in writings and the extent of his C(]fJII1. ellia 1760. Introductions into Belgium, nursery. The Pennsylvania Horticul­ France and other European countries tural Society, founded in 1827, held were undoubtedly' made early in the Cam/,ellia; shows and sought to advance 18th century. the culture of these plants in a number Most of these early introductions of ways. Between 1840 and 1850 were single-.flowered varieties of no Samuel and John Feast and Edward great merit. Interest in, as well as the Kuitz propagated and developed sev­ propagation of, Camellias in England eral varieties of Camellias at Baltimore, received its impetus in 1792 as the re­ Maryland. In 1880, Robert J . Halli­ sult of the introduction of two good day, of that city, published the first varieties,Variegata and Alba Plena. American book on Camellias, Practical (The last named variety is still a very C(}fmellia Culture. The culture of Ca­ popular one.) These were soon fol­ mellias in these northern states was lowed by other superior varieties such carried on in greenhouses. as Incarnata (Lady Hume's Blush), One of the early enthusiasts, James and Fimbriata. L. L. F. Warren, moved from Boston What are believed to be the first to Sacramento, California, and in 1852 importations of Camellias into the received a shipment of Camellias from United States were the plants received the east. This was the start of the hy John Stevens, Hoboken, New York, present widespread and flourishing Ca- in 1797 or 1798, and Michael Floy of 111£llia industry in the Pacific Coast New York in 1800. The latter estab­ states and British Columbia. Indica­ lished nurseries in Bowery Village and tive of the ability of Camellia plants to Hoboken, where Camellias were grown. withstand rough handling is the fact During the period from 1830 to 1860 a that the plants sent to Mr. Warren number of prominent citizens of Bos­ moved by vessel from Boston to Pana­ ton brought in most of the varieties ma, thence overland, and on to San available in Europe. The names of Francisco by ship and from that place two of these citizens, C. M. Hovey and to Sacramento by river boat. Marshall P. Wilder, have been per­ Another interesting account of a long petuated through the names given to journey by a Ca11'l.elli:a plant is related varieties originated by them and which by Mrs. y..,T. E . MacArthur, Jackson­ are still popular-C. H. Hovey, C. M. ville, Florida: Sometime before 1852 Hovey, and Mrs. Abby Wilder. Phila­ a fifteen -year-old tubbed Cafl1!f,ellia delphia, during the early 1880's, was plant was brought from England by a October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 195

Camellia reticulata, from Curtis Botanical Magazine, 1827, Plate 2784. 196 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

Si11~ pl e-Single COIInellia, Va1'. En,chantress. Mawy svngle flowers are b1'oadly tr%111pet shaped. . Uppe1': Left, C011'Lplete Double-Inco111,plete hq,bricated Ca11'lell-ia, var. lVlathot-iana 1'osea. Right, C0111,plete Double-l1nbrirated CaYJ1f/,ellia, va1'. F1ra'L~ Minna Seidel.

Lower: Left, Complete DO'Lbble-Irregular Ca11'Letlia, va;r. P1'of. C. S. Sargent. Right, C0111,p lete Double-Tiered Camellia, var. Candidissi11Wo. 198 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 sea captain and presented to the six­ and plants at hand- very double, very year-Gld daughter of Captain John formal, symmetrical flowers produced Topping of Staten Island. In due time on formally trimmed and trained this daughter married and in 1852, ac­ plants. Satisfactory replacements in companied by her husband and the the form of good singles, semi-doubles Cori1'l.ellia, moved to New Orleans. A and incomplete doubles were not readi­ few years later the family and the C a­ ly available, so- as Dr. Hume aptly mellia returned to New York via river puts it- Camellias went out of fashion boat and stage cGa!ch . In 1859 the along with poke .bonnets, hoop skirts couple, together with the Ca11tLellia, and wasp waists. The destruction and moved to Jacksonville. This much­ poverty that followed the Civil Vvar traveled plant, set out in the open could have been responsible for the ground, grew and flourished until 1933 decline of the COf/1lf,ellia in the south. when it died after it had been moved Margarett Lawrason, G r e e n woo d to a new location . . Plantation, St. Francisv.ille, Louisiana, Early in the 19th century Ca11'['ellia expressed this thought rather graphic­ plants were shipped from greenh0uses ally in the following manner: 111 the north, and from Europe, into "So far I have mentioned only those the south. Noteworthy collections vvere Camellias that were planted prior to started at Magnolia Gardens and at the Civil War. Then a twilight fell Middleton Place Gardens on the Ash­ on the old gardens and these flowers of ley River near Charleston. One of the the Gods. People could no longer buy earliest plantings of Camellias in expensive plants, and those who first Louisiana is at Rosedawn, near St. loved and tended the Camellias were Francisville, which dates back more passing from the scene. More than one than a century. In 1838, A. B. Homer, handsome tree was sold for cash to a florist and gardener of Mobile, ob­ swell the fund that propped a sagging tained a' number of plants from Eng­ roof-tree." land. Incidentally, today there are . The renaissance of the Ca'11tLellia probably more Camellias propagated started about 1920, and today we find in the vicinity of Mobile than in any these plants more popular and in other locality in the world. Beginning greater demand than ever before, both in 1857, P. J. Berckmans of Fruit­ in this country and abroad. Even with­ land Nurseries, Augusta, Georgia, out the flowers, the plants are most started to import Camellias from ornamental and make welcome additions abroad and ,became one of the foremost to gardens. The plants may be used in propagators and distributors in Ameri­ a nmnber of ways, as specimens singly ca. or in groups, foundation plantings, Tpere was a widespread decline in backgrounds, along walls, as hedges, the popularity of the Ca'11tLeUia; at home and as accents for entrances, gates or and abroad about 1860. The reasons steps. The blooming period ranges for this decline are not known. Per­ from September to April, depending haps the need for a change in the fash­ upon the variety and locality. Thus the ions of Camellias was responsible for flowers contribute a wealth of color at this attitude on the part of the green­ times when very few other plants Cl,re house growers. It is possible that they in bloom. were surfeited with the type of flowers Camellias are propagated by means October 1Y53 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 199

of seeds or cuttings. In the past, lation of their Chinese names is appeal­ flowers produced by seedlings were for ing-Peach Blossom., Great Butterfly the most part of no particular value. Wings, Narrow Leaved Shot Silk, In recent years, however, the concen­ Queen of Tali, Chang's Temple and tration of superior varieties in indi­ others. C. reticulata is less hardy than vidual plantings has increased the op­ C. japonica. portunities for cross pollination be­ The cultural range of Camellias in tween extra fine specimens. As a result the United States is roughly southward many new and exceptionally good seed­ from Norfolk, Virginia, to Central lings are now appearing on the market. Florida, across the southern states into Varieties of great merit, brought about Texas, and in California northward by mutation, or hybridizing are also to British Columbia. There are some available. The Ca.11 f/, ellia enthusiast of parts of this range where by reason of today has a great advantage over the local conditions of exposure, elevation, old ti~ers with respect to the range in rainfall or humidity, Camellias cannot form and color combinations. He can be successfully grown. The reverse may select singles, semi-doubles, incomplete also be true there may be some lo­ doubles and doubles; the latter may be calities somewhat to the north of the found in regularly imbricated, incom­ present range where these same factors pletely imbricated, tiered and irregular. may be favorable for Ca//1I/,ellia culture. Colors range from many shades of reds In the 1951 American Ca11f/,ellia and pinks through the whites to Yea1-book, Mrs. E. L. Tolson wrote variegated. about a number of C. japonica plants Present day growers who reside out­ growing outdoors in Washington, side of the native home of the Camellia D. c., and in Alexandria and Arling­ also have a wider choice with respect ton, Virginia. These plants have been to species. C. japonica is the species exposed on a munber of occasions to best known to most growers. C. temperatures at or dose to zero with­ sasanqua, although introduced into out apparent Injury. They have Europe along with C. japoniw, aroused bloomed satisfactorily over a long but little interest until a few years ago. period of time. P. W. Zimm~rman has These desirable plants are hardier than grown Ca11f/,ellia plants in his yard in C. japoniw and the flowers come in a Yonkers, N ew York, without cover wide range of forms and colors. The since 1928. They showed very little flowering season is from September to winter injury until 1933, when the December-too early to be injured by temperature fell to -20°F. During the cold weather in the south. Because of winter and spring of 1948 a heavy snow this early blooming .characteristic, covered the plants. It is Dr. Zimmer­ sasanquas are rarely exhibited at man's opinion that with proper selec­ Ca'/1!/Jellia shows. Perhaps, this, is the tion and crossing, hardy varieties for reason they are not so well known to northern regions can be produced. growers. A third species is C. reti­ It is interesting to observe that culata, a comparatively newcomer that Camellias growing in the southern has aroused the enthusiasm of Call1.ellia limits of outdoor culture are frequent­ fanciers. These plants, with flowers up ly injured by cold weather while, at the to six inches in diameter, came to us same time, plants further north, al­ from Kunming, China. Even the trans- though exposed to the same tempera- 200 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 ture, are unharmed. This is accounted separate classes for each kind. Com­ for by the fact that in many parts of mercial greenhouse growers are inter­ the south the plants seldom are entire­ ested only in those plants whose blooms ly dormant and are, therefore, more sus­ are in demand by the trade. The ceptible to injury. The grower in the amateur grower is not affected QY this northern part of the out of door -cultural limitation and can give wide play to his area should make every effort to force preferences and enjoy a wide range of his plants into dormancy early in the varieties. fall and of equal importance, keep them The many lovers of plants who can­ in a dormant condition until all risk not afford to build greenhouses will of cold weather is over. This condi­ find the CGlmellia to be an excellent tion can be achieved through the ap­ house plant. There is a specimen of plication of certain cultural procedures. Alba Plena in the Johnson Public There are differences in species of Library at Hackensack, New Jersey, Camellias and of varieties within that is at least ninety-eight years old. species, in their resistance to cold in­ During all these years it has been jury under the same conditions of soil grown as a house plant. Paul Acker­ and climate. Where there is danger of man, Neponset, Long Island, has an winter injury, the grower should plant interesting article on the Ca1%ellia as a only the hardier species and varieties. house plant in the Am,erican Call1ellia Among the varieties of C. japonica Yea1'book for 1947. He found that in only the early and late blooming va­ a room that can be kept at winter tem­ rieties should be planted in the extreme perature of about 45° to 50°F. many northern part of the Ca1nelll:a belt. The varieties of C. japonica can be brought flowers of the single and semi-double into bloom over a period extending varieties are less likely to be injured from late October to early April. than the doubles. Factors that must be watched carefully Fortunately the Camq,ellia enthusiasts in growing Camellias as house plants who reside in the northern part of the inc Iud e watering and fertilizing. country can grow these beautiful plants Furthermore, during the summer the and flowers by duplicating the soil and plants should be kept outdoors in a climatic conditions encountered in the semi-shaded location, protected from south. This can be accompli shed high winds. It is his experience that through the use of glasshouses. In the single and semi-double varieties are adaptability to greenhouse culture, preferable to the double ones. When either in pots or in the ground, the plants are small they should be re­ Camellias are surpassed by no other potted yearly just prior to the active woody, broad-leaf evergeens. It should growing season. The pots should be be remembered that Camellias first one size larger each year. When the won their popularity in this country as plants become fairly old, the repotting greenhouse plants. The superiority of may be done at much longer intervals. greenhouse blooms over those produced The C a1%ellia, once the prized pos­ out of doors is indicated by the fact session of captains and kings, is now that in Cam'b.ellia shows, competition be­ available to gardeners everywhere--on tween garden- and greenhouse-grown the large estates or in small city lots, flowers is avoided by setting up indoors or out in the open. October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 201

H.H.Hume

C anq,ellia oleifem N1ew Code For The Naming Of Garden Plants

FREDERIC P. LEE

The International Code of N o1 1ten­ mary by rules relatively concise and clature for Cultivated Plants, published with a small amount of study under­ in July of this year, has as its objective standable in most particulars even by the promotion of uniformity, accuracy, those who are not taxonomists. and :fixity in the use of names for gar­ Rules governing the use of botanical den plants. For the most part our gar­ (i.e., Latin) names for species, vari­ den plants fall within one of the fol­ eties, and forms of plants that occur lowing groups: (1) a "hybrid group" in the wild, are to be found in the In­ of plants all sexually reproduced by ternational Code of Botanical N 011f/,e11r crosses of the same two parents or clature adopted in their latest form by crosses within the same group of par­ The Seventh International Botanical ents, the parents being usually of dif­ Congress held in Stockholm in 1950.1 ferent species, (2) plants of a "done" On the other hand, the new Code gov­ derived by vegetative propagation (cut­ erns primarily the use of horticultural tings, divisions, grafts, or layers, etc.) (i.e., vernacular or "fancy") names from a single individual plant in a spe­ for plants that originated in cultivation, cies or in a hybrid group, (3) a sex­ technically known as "cultivars." ually reproduced group of plants of uniform appearance maJntained as a Following proposals by the Ameri­ "line" by selection or roguing, and (4) can Society of Plant Taxonomists and a sexually reproduced uniform group the American Horticultural Council a of plants derived by continual cross­ proposed code for naming cultivated ing between two or more lines. plants was formulated at joint meetings The Executive Committee of the held in London in 1951 by the Inter­ American Horticultural Society has national Committee on Horticultural adopted a resolution urging the use of Nomenclature and Registration (Lon­ the new Code by writers of horticul­ don Committee) of the International tural articles and books, by nursery­ Horticultural Congress and by the men in preparing their price lists and Committee for Nomenclature of Culti­ catalogs, and by breeders and intro- · vated Plants (Stockholm Committee) ducers in naming new plants. The of the 7th International Botanical Con­ Summary of the text of the new Code gress held at Stockholm in 1950. Dr. as set forth below, is sufficient for sud~ W. H . Camp of the Academy of Natu­ persons for all ordinary purposes. The ral Sciences of Philadelpha was chair­ man of the joint meetings and the lead­ complex factual situation and resultinO"b problems of nomenclature were dis- er in the American efforts looking to­ cussed by Dr. W. H. Camp in an arti­ wards such a code. cle entitled The N a11tes of Plants in The proposed Code was revised by Cultiv~tion that appeared in the April lRegnum V egeta.b il e, Volume 3, International 1948 Issue of this Magazine. These Gode of Botawica! N omencUvt u,"e, 1952, J. L an · JOUW, Chief Edit.or , published by The Chronica problems are dealt with in the Sum- Botanic CompallY, WaHh am, ~!I ass . [202] October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 203 the London Committee in 1952 and generic, the specific, and varietal desig­ submitted to the 13th International ~la ti o n s. Thus, in the full name Sedum H orticultural Congress held at London spect(})bile 'Brilliant', S ed~wn indicat ~s in September of that year. That Con­ the genus and spectab-ile a particular gress approved the main points of the species; 'Brilliant' is the varietal desig­ Code and charged the London Com­ nation (called a cultivar-name in the mittee with preparation of the full text following Code.) For purposes of and its circulation for trial prior to sub­ nomenclature, in tergeneric hybrid mission to the next Congress. The final groups are treated as genera, and hy­ full text is approved by both the Lon­ brids between species are treated as don and Stockholm Committees. species. The Code is thus provisional but The Code provides that the term 'va­ only in the sense that it can be modi­ riety' (abbreviated as var. or v.) be fied by the next International Horti­ reserved for those forms of cultivated cultural Congress if need for change is plants whi·ch are known to occur in the discovered meanwhile. wild and which have names in Latin language (the botanical varieties), and International Code of Nomenclature the term 'cultivar' (abbreviated as cv.) for Cultivated Plants be appli ed to those special forms which SUM'MARy2 have originated or are maintained only Section A: General Considerations in cultivation. and Guiding Principles Art. C. 4. In large and complicated groups it is sometimes necessary to Art. C. 1. . The aim of this Code is supplement the three usual categories to promote uniformity, accuracy and with others, such as series, subspecies fi xity in the use of na.mes with the min­ and .convariety. imum disturbance of existing nomen­ clature. Section C: Registration Art. C. 2. The principles a.nd rules A"t. C. 5. The aim of registration is of the Internatio1w,z Code of BotanicaJi to avoid using the same name fo r dif- Nomenclature govern the use of botani­ . fe rent plants and creating unnecessary cal names (i.e. Latin names) for culti­ names. It is recommended that an In­ vated plants. The fo llowing regula­ ternational Registration Authority tions are designed for the naming of should be set up for each extensive those ·cultivated plants which are not genus or group to maintain and pub­ covered by provisions of the Botanical lish an International Register of culti­ Code. var-names, with supplements or new Section B: Categories and their editions as needed. All registered Designations names should be in accordance with Art. C. 3. The name of a cultivated this Code. plant usually has three parts: the S ection D: Priority and Publication 2Th (> full text of the code contain s amplifying and qu alifying statements and numerous explana· Art. C. 6. A legitimate name is one tory notes as well as furth&>" examples. The items in accordance with this Code. In prin­ of the Summary are numbered to correspond with those of the full Code. Copies of the full Code ciple the correct name is the earliest may be purchased for 1 s. 3 d. from the Royal Horticultural Society. Vincent Sq .• S.W. 1. Lon· legitimate name. don. England. The pamphlet also contains a his· torical introduction by W. T. Stearn. Art. C. 7. A name has no standing 204 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 under this Code unless validly pub­ changed. Sometimes, however, it may lished or officially registered (see Art. be desirable to translate a name, to use C.8). a transliteration, or in exceptional cases Art. C. 8 (a). Valid publication con­ even to ,change the name. New names sists of the sale or distribution of print­ (known as "commercial synonyms') ed matter giving both the name and should be followed by an indication of description of the plant concerned, in the original name when used in cata­ any language using the Roman alpha­ logues, etc. bet. Mention of a name in a catalogue Art. C. 14. Names first published in or list, even with an illustration, is not languages not using the Roman alpha­ considered in itself to be valid publica­ bet are to be transliterated or trans­ tion. lated. (b). Registration by an internation­ Section F: Formation and Use of ally recognized Registration Authority Cultivar-names is to be considered ail valid publication. Art. C. 9. The name and description A1,t. C. 15. From 1 Jatluary 1954 must be published in a dated catalogue, onward no new cultivars should be techni,cal work or periodical. named in Latin. Art. C. 10. When revival of the ear­ Art. C. 16. The cultivar-name should liest published cultivar-name would begin with a capital letter and should cause confusion, it is to be listed a be distinguished typographically from synonym. a Latin botanical name, preferably by Art. C. 11. When two or more cul­ enclosing it in single quotation marks_ tivars are widely grown under the same Art. C. 17. When a cultivar has been cultivar-name, the official registration given a Latin name before 1 January authority may decide for which one it 1954, this should not be rejected; how­ is to be retained. ever, it is desirable that such cultivar­ Art. C. 12. To establish an adequate names be typographically distinguished basis of priority for the nomenclature (e.g. by the use of single quotatioFl of a group, an international register or marks) from the Latin words used to other list of cultivars may be taken as designate botanical varieties, e.g. Thuja the starting point, if approved by _the orientalis 'elegantissima'. International Registration Authority A1't. C. 18. The cultivar-name may of the group. In the absence of an In­ be attached either to a scientific name ternational Registration Authority, a or to one in common language, e.g. list or work dealing with a group may Syringa vulgaris 'Mont Blanc', Lilac be approved by the International Com­ 'Mont Blanc'. mittee on Horticultural Nomenclature Art. C. 19. The cultivar-name re­ and Registration. In groups not thus ma1ns unchanged when a change is provided for, the starting point of ma:de in the name of the genus, unless nomenclature shall be the year 1753. this cultivar-name is already in use un­ der the genus to which the plant has Section E: Translations, Translitera- been transferred. tions and Commercial Synonyms Art. C. 20. The same cultivar-name Art. C. 13. When a cultivar is intro­ should not be used twice in the same duced from one country to another its genus. name should preferably remain un- Art. C. 21 (a). A cultivar-name October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 205 should consist of not more than two difficult to pronounce correctly; e.g. words. 'Dlplomagartenbauinspektor' . (b). A cultivar-name should be dis­ Section G: Names of Hybrids tinctive, e.g. Rose 'Yellow Queen', not Originating in Cultivation Rose 'Yellow'. ATt. C. 22. From 1 J anuary 1954 A1't. C. 24. The first word in the onward the word 'variety' or any of name of a hybrid is a generic name if its equivalents is l:J.Ot to be used as part the parents belong to the same genus; of a new cultivar-name, e.g. Crocus if the parents belong to different genera siebe1'i 'Hubert Edelsten', not C. sie­ the first word is the name of a hybrid beTi 'Edelsten's variety'. genus. The last part of the name of a hybrid is a cultivar-name, applying to ATt. C. 23. The following should be a single hybrid form, and is subject to GlVoided when naming a new cu ltivar: the regulations of this Code. (a) names likely to be confused with­ Parentage may be indicated by a in the same genus, e.g. 'vVarner', fOn11Ula placed between the generic and 'Werner' and 'Wernaer'; cultivar-names, e.g. RUlbus (n~stica11a (b) forms of address liable to be 1:ne1'111-is X th'jwsiger) 'Merton Thorn­ confused, e.g. 'Mr.', 'Mrs.' and less'. Collective designations (in com­ 'Miss' ; mon language or in Latin) of hybrid (c) the scientific or vernacular name groups also may be used; e.g. Rose of a genus, e.g. Rosa 'Camellia', (Hybrid T ea) 'Richmond', Viburnu111/; Plum 'Apricot'; X bodnantense 'Dawn'. ( d) names of countries and states For brevity, or when the exact par­ without a qualifying word; e.g. 'Ore­ entage is unknown, the cultivar-name gon Wonder' would be legitimate, may directly follow the name of the but not plain 'Oregon'; genus, e.g. his 'Ambassadeur'. ( e) numerals; A1't. C. 25. Designation of hybrid (f) names of politically conspicuous groups by means of formulae, or col­ persons; lective names in Latin form, is gov­ (g) exaggeration or use of superla­ erned by the regulations of the Inter­ tives ; thus 'Earliest of All' may be nati011al Code of Botanical N o11l/;encla­ made inaccurate by the introduc­ tU1'e. The following parallel regula­ tion of an even earlier sort; tions have been set up for use with (h) single letters as the first part of groups designated primarily in com­ a cultivar-name; mon language. (j) the artides 'a' and 'the' unless (a) Hybrids are denoted by a for­ required by linguistic custom; e.g. mula consisting of the names of the 'Colonel' would be legitimate, not parents in alphabetical order linked 'The Colonel' - but 'La Rochelle', by the multiplication sign, e.g. Rho­ not 'Rochelle'; dodendro11! 'Adonis' X 'Chanticleer'. (k) abbreviations for personal and Even in groups where it is custom­ geographical names ; e.g. 'William ary to place the name of the female Thomas' and 'Mount Kisco' would first, the sex of the parents should be legitimate, but not 'Wm. Thom­ be dearly indicated. as' and 'M t. Kisco'; (b) A collective designation may be (1) excessively long words and those substituted fo r the formula. Thus, 206 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

the collective designation CGfI%ellia (g) A collective name of Latin form X w~lliaA1l/Sii covers all the cultivars is subject to the rules laid down in (e.g. 'Donation', 'Mary Christian', the Botanical Code, e.g. the original etc.) derived from C. japonica X C. description must be in the Latin lan­ sa;luenensis. vVhen the collective des­ guage, etc. ignation is a phrase in common lan­ (h) If the collective name is not of gu.age it 11J1ay be expedient to place Latin form (i.e. is in commoi1 lan­ it in parenthesis, e.g. Liliu111, (Bell­ guage) no Latin description is re­ ingham Hybrids) 'Shuksan'; here quired. Pubhcation of such names 'Shuksan', the cultivar-name, be­ then follows the provisions of this longs to only one hybrid form Code regarding the naming of culti­ (clone) of the Bellingham Hybrids, vars. which have been derived from L. (j) A word formed from parts of the hU111;boldtVi X L. pardaliwwm. Latin names of the parental species ('c) Among orch-id hybrids the word may be used as a collective designa­ 'Grex' (or its abbreviation 'G') tion, but its publication must be ac­ should be used in conjunction with companied by a des·cription in Latin. a name to designate a collective (k) In major hybrid complexes sub­ group, e.g. Cattleya 'Fabia Grex' sidiary 'groups' (convarieties) may covers all hybrids of C. dowia1W! X sometimes be designated, e.g. the C. l(JJbiata, of which Cattleya (Fabia 'Cactus group' of the common gar­ G.) 'Prince of Wales' is a clone. den dahlia, or the 'Darwin group' of ( d) When the parentage of a flask tulips. or pan of hybrid orchid seedlings is Section H: Names of Latin Form unknown the collective designation Applied to Hybrids in General of the group is marked 'ign.', the Art. C. 26. When names of Latin abbreviation of the Latin word ig­ form are to be given to hybrids, pro­ nota (unknown), e.g. CY11'tbidiu11!f, cedure should follow the rules laid 'Grosvenor Grex ign.' down in the Inte1'na.tio~q,al Code of B 0- (e) A cultivar-name which has been tam:cal N 01nenciature, Appendix II. used in a collective sense should be J: converted into a collective designa­ Section Names of Bud-mutants tion by adding a suitable word, e.g. CSports') and Re-selected and Rhododendron 'J alisco' var. 'Eclipse' Improved Cultivars 1s not legitimate, but should be Art. C. 27. The name of a bud-mu­ amended to Rhododend1'01!f, (Jalisco tant ('sport') should, if possible, link Hybrids) 'Eclipse' or Rh. (Jalisco it with the parent, e.g. 'Crimson Bram­ Grex) 'Eclipse'. ley' apple arose from 'Bramley's Seed­ (f) The use of the name of only one ling' apple. parent species to designate a hybrid Art. C. 28. When a cultivar, through group should be avoided. Designa­ continuous selection, becomes so dis­ tion such as Rhododendron 'For­ tinct from the original that it can be tunei Hybrids' should be used only regarded as a new 'cultivar, it should when the other parent is unknown be given a new name. When, however, or complex and the group has well­ it has not become so distinct, the re­ marked characters derived from the selected cultivar should keep its orig­ species indicated. inal name but have added to this the October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 207 name of the selector or some other con­ (e) The clone (abbreviated as cl. or venient designation, e.g. Cabbage 'Wis­ sometimes designated by a special consin All Seasons' is a selection from symbol.) consists of genetically uni­ 'All Seasons'. form plants derived from a single plant and propagated exclusively by S ect1:on K: Special Categories and vegetative means, as cuttings, di­ Designations visions, or grafts, e.g. Syri14ga vul­ A1't. C. 29. In e2Gperimental or taxo­ gOfris cl. 'Decaisne'. nomic work on cultivated plants it may (f) The apomict (abbreviated as be advisable to recognize various spe­ ap.) is a plant reproducing by means cial categories, here noted; their no­ of seed, the embryos of which are mendature is governed by the regula­ produced without fertilization. tions of this Code: Art C. 30. Polyploid or other cyto­ (a) The hybrid g1'OUP (abbreviated logically differentiated groups within as gh.) is a complex group of hy­ a species may be named or their cyto­ brids usually originating from the logical condition indicated by an ap­ crossing of more than two species, propriate symbol. e.g. the Hardy Ghent Azaleas. A1't C. 31. Allopolyploid or amphi­ (b) The convarie'ty (abbreviated as diploid groups should be treated as spe­ ca1W.) is a group of cultivars within cies, e.g. Aesculus carnea derived from a species or interspecific hybrid, e.g. A. hippocastanum X A. pavia. Cucurbita pepo conv. citrullina which Art C. 32. Graft-chimaeras (some­ includes the cult-ivars 'Long Cream', times called 'graft hybrids') are desig­ 'Mogongo', etc. ; the 'Cactus group' nated by a formula employing the plus of Dahlias. sign or, on occasion, by a name, e.g. (c) The line (abbreviated as In .) is a + Labu1'no'cytisus ada11tL.i = C ytisus sexually propagated and uniform purpureus + Laburnwm anagyyoides. group, jts uniformity being main­ Ad. C. 33. The component materials tained by selection to a standard, of grafted plants may be shown by plac­ e.g. Petunia In. 'Rosy Morn'. ing first the name of the scion, then a ( d) The line-hybrid (abbreviated as slanting line, then the name of the lh.) is a uniform group derived by stock, e.g. Apple 'Jonathan'j'Doucin'. repetitive ,crossing from a series of two or more parental 'lines' which Section L: Modification of the Code are maintained either by continuous Art. C. 34. This International Code inbreeding or as clones, e.g. Onion of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants Ih. 'Granex' derived from crossing can be modified and revised by the of Onion 'Excel' and Onion 'Texas joint action of competent persons at an Early Grano 951'. International Horticultural Congress.

. The preceding SU'I'/IIlIInary of the Inte1'11 OJtional Code of Nomenclatu1'e fo?' Cultivated Plmnts was received in the Editorial Office after aU 11wnuscripts had been prep(Jjred for this issue. C onseque11tly, the 1'eader will find that The A111,erican H 01,ticultural Society indones its usage but did not canfor1?4 to it in this issll~ e . The Code will be used insofar as possible in all future issues of THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE, C0111f1%encing with Volu114e 33, January 1954. Preliminary Notes On Some Old Roses

B. Y. MORRISON

To make a new garden in a new I announced that when and if I ever location, with soil, climate, and ma­ got Roses, they should be old, really terials all different from the familiar, old Teas and perhaps Bourbons, is a great privilege and experience but eventually N oisettes and climbing odds it presents one with a rare opportunity and ends that I could not have in the for premature opinions. Having moved north. from a country where brick and terra Only part of all this has come to cotta tiles are manufactured to Gulf pass and of course some of the older Coast Mississippi with its sandy soil Hybrid Teas have edged in as well. darkened by the finely powdered The garden beds are deeply dug to humus, was such a move. Even pre­ remove all bits of Bermuda grass and liminary visits, some of extended dura­ other perennial weed roots and then tion, have not prevented some mistakes well provided with German peat that obvious enough now, as mistakes are is dug in and well mixed. The plant­ likely to be in hindsight. ing holes are dug in this and to The observations that follow may be them are added manure--only dry premature as they are not based on sheep manure for the first lot "years" of experience. They deal with (autumn), but ancient cow manure for Roses, one of the most controversial the later plantings (spring) . There of all garden subjects, with wildly is not too much difference in results, partisan elements, each man as con­ but cow manure will be deep-dug this vinced as any ancient religious zealot. autumn by the spring planted bushes. On the place where the garden was The intent in planting was to have begun there were many bushes of a flowering border along the major Louis Philippe, a variety that in mild grass path of the garden with as con­ winters is a broad-leaved evergreen tinuous bloom as climate and a mini­ shrub, and which will produce crop mum of care would give, and never a after crop of its fragrant deep crimson thought for shows or garden visitors flowers every month of the year if kept with pretentious ideals. pruned and fed. In addition there were So far there has been wave after several almost as robust bushes of a wave of new growth with flowers Tea that proves to be Mme. Lambard, enough to scent the garden and to give an excellent old lady in these parts. away generously. As hot weather has Of equal vintage, one rather poor bush come on, some varieties have produced of Clothilde Soupert (which in my as numerous but smaller flowers. Some opinion is no Polyantha-heresy num­ few have not had quite enough water to ber one) and a Cochet-like Tea in pale keep the flowers from wilting on the yellow that I suspect is Alexander Hill second day, but in a period of no rain Gray. Of much later planting, there for six weeks (at this writing) one were Cecil Bruner, George Elger and would be captious to ask for complete Lafayette Improved. perfection. This particular year mulch­ With the effrontery of a newcomer, ing has been out of the question, but [208J October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 209 it is in the future program. No spray bush" but when they do it, it is a bush or dust has been used and the only for all time, not one of these things victim of black spot is Mme. Jules that is chopped down each late winter B ~ouche, who is quite naked most of as if it were a privet hedge. The early the time. Next season she is to be shoots may come at odd angles. This exiled. is true for both Cochets, Mme. Lam­ Among the many varieties, there is bard, Mrs. B. R. Cant, Marie von a diversity of scent, for none of which Houtte, Baroness Henrietta Snoy and the writer has an adequate vocabulary. Bon Silene, unless it reforms with age For him, Safrano remains the yard­ is likely to turn into a ground cover! stick for all Teas. There is a slightly Corrective pruning seems the answer. pungent quality to its scent that few Whether or not any of this is due equal though I do not yet have Isabella to rootstocks or my own lack of under­ Sprunt, its offspring. standing of the ideal pruning methods, The group in which Catherine I dare not say now. A southern Mermet, Mme. Camille, Anna Olivier, (Louisiana) writer in a recent Popu­ the two Cochets, Wm. R. Smith, la:r Gardening, apparently raised all Etoile de Lyon and some others seem her plants "from slips" so perhaps I related, have a slightly modified per­ must, for hers all seemed quite fault­ fume of the same ilk, sweeter perhaps. less. When one gets to Devoniensis, it is Most of the varieties make more or sweeter still and not "peppery" at all. less continuous growth, so that each Old Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria, which shoot starts from a shoot, smaller than to one has a fragrance like that of the one that bore it. It is only the Sweet Bay Magnolia, stands ,alone. new shoot from ground level that is Souv. de la Malmaison has a delightful large and stout. Their diminuendo in scent, that for me is something like twig size often brings about diminu­ that of old centifolia; Hermosa and tion in flowers size. Possibly my feed­ Archduke Charles seems scentless to ing is inadequate. me, though I believe they are credited No matter what they may do else­ with scent in "the books." Duchesse de where, some of these varieties do hang Brabant has a singular fragrance for their heads-here. Duchesse de Bra­ which I find no likeness. bant is one such. Some of the others, If there were no other beauties than however, are actually weighted down this .of scent, these plants have already by the number of petals, roses so double paid their way in one season and that I am too lazy as yet to count the whether I am just walking along in petals. A good Catherine Mermet or early morning to look and wonder or Mrs. B. R. Cant, must have a hundred whether I am bent double in pulling or more, though Safrano is rarely over the everlasting new crops of weeds twenty, if that many. (for this is a first year after fallow), Among them are interesting color the "perfumed air" is more poetic than variations. To most persons, one ex­ I shall ever try to be. pects the deepest color in the inner There are several objections that can petals, where the shadows of the folded be offered if these varieties are con­ peals make it seem even deeper. There sidered from a "modern" point of view. are Teas, however, that show deep Some varieties are slow "to make a color on the outer petals, color that 210 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 grows darker with age. Maman lightful, a white with a faint teuch Cochet and her white spots usually ef flesh in the heart, sometimes. Mrs. have the outer petals flushed with pink Herbert Stevens toe is fine, but beth by this sun. Rosette de Lizy, which these have light green leaves and all is basically a peachy-yellow rose, has plants here, Roses er net, with light outer petals that are deep rose and green leaves fare less than those with this color invades the whole flower dark green pigmentation. as it ages. The variety Archduke Lady Hillingden has long been fer­ Charles, that looks an.d behaves like a gotten in many places but here it makes Bourbon, opens a little darker than a geod four feot bush ef erect shoets Hermosa, with one or two sundarkened crowned with many flower heads ef outer petals, hut by the second day its lovely deep but soft yellew bleoms the whole flower is light crimson. that fade slewly in hue before falli'ng. Among those collected so far, there Mrs. Dudley Cress is another yellew, is no great color range. One thinks a greenish yellew ef delightful hue in chiefly of pale colors washed over its early flewering. Later, in eur streng whites or fleshy whites. The pinks are sun, it is blushed ever with pink.· -so far-never purpled. Princesse de Old Gold alsO' has been passed by, but Sagan, which is -crimson, does purple here it is again a dependable 'and a little, but its flowers are so loosely vigerous bush with the same sert ef put together that there are no purple flewer hues ene gets in Mrs. Dunlop shadows. So far there are no varieties Best but several degrees darker. with darker color or the reverse ef the TwO' much paler pink to' blush white petals, such as ene finds in the grand varieties also sheuld be singled eut for eld Madam Leen Pain 0'1' the newer mentien, Anna Olivier and Mme. Mabel Turner. Yellew is the transi­ Camille. They are much alike in seme tery yellew ef the pre-Pernet-Ducher ways but are distinct enough sO' that Era, a yellew that strengthens all ether ene weuld be put to' it to' cheese be­ pigments. It is wenderful in old Mme. tween them. My ewn choice wavers Melanie Seupert that is full ef delight­ and sO' I keep them both happily. ful colers such as one finds in the Freiherr von Marschall has net heart ef a goed melon or peach! grewn as rieteusly as most ef the This last is a grand Rese at her ethers ner flewered as freely but it is best, but the petals are easily damaged deep rese red and therefore impertant. when we have heavy dews fellewed Pessibly with anether seasen ef growth by bright sun-and het sun it is in it will seem mer~ at heme. For a final June. (In reading tp.rough Modern note, there is Hefgartner Kalb, which Roses IV it is interesting to' Ilote makes ene think of Dr. Van Fleet's, that this variety served as seed parent Mary Vvallace, in a sturdy bush ferm. fer many roses, new net listed iI1' this The foliage is dark green, the growth ceuntry as far as I can discever). But erect and the flewering prolific. Its nething speils the fragrance er the fine waves of growth, unlike these ef the feliage. Teas, are mere definite sO' that there are Of the elder Roses that must be intervals with no flowerin.g. called Hybrid Teas, are some that in NO' argument here advanced is in­ visual aspect ceme closer to Teas than tended to suggest that these are the to' the Hybrid Teas. Snowbird is de- only Reses for this area. Dwarf Fruit Trees For The Serious Amateur

KARL D. BRASEl Dwarf apple and pear trees, ex­ (for East Malling) followed by a tensively grown in Western Europe Roman numeral, replacing such desig­ in the past, are not newcomers to the nations as Paradise and Doucin of the United States. Interest in such trees earlier nomenclature. In all sixteen dif­ has existed in this country for many ferent apple clones were standardized years and as early as 1906 a book on but only three are of interest for home dwarf fruit trees was written by F. A. garden planting. Waugh, then Professor of Horticul­ Dwarfing rootstocks for fruit trees ture at Massachusetts State College. then are not an entirely new develop­ Attempts were also made during the ment. The so-called Paradise apple early part of the 20th century to plant stocks were known and used very early dwarf trees in conm1ercial orchards. in Eastern Mediterranean Countries These attempts, however, failed be­ and notwithstanding the allegation of cause rootstocks used at that time for short life, they have remained under dwarfing purposes were often mixtures cultivation for many hundreds of years. of various stocks and thus failed to give A dwarf fruit tree is simply one the hoped for uniformity of tree size. which is much smaller than a standard In other cases the dwarf trees were tree of the same variety and age. In handled and trained as the standard horticultural practice it is produced by trees of that day; in such instances they grafting a desired fruit variety to a failed because of faulty cultural prac­ closely related rootstock that inherent­ tices. ly makes small growth and in a cor­ New interest is being stimulated as responding manner restricts the growth urban dwellers turn to the home plant­ of the variety grafted on it. Such trees, ing as a source of recreation. The in­ because they are small, require less terest of amateurs was further increased space, can more easily be pruned, by rootstock research carried on at the sprayed or dusted to control the ever­ East MaIling Research Station in Eng­ present fungus diseases and insect land. There the numerous and varied pests, and start bearing fruit at a much rootstocks that could be multiplied by earlier age than conventional standard vegetative means were standardized. trees. In addition there is evidence that Out of the standardization studies came the size and quality of fruit, and time distinct rootstock varieties or clones, of ripening may be influenced by a propagated from one single, selected dwarfing rootstock. mother plant. To simplify the often But dwarf trees have disadvantages, varied nomenclature of different apple too. Foremost is the brittle root system rootstock clones, a numerical system of the more severely dwarfing apple rather than names was adopted. To­ rootstocks EM. VIII and EM. IX. day, each apple clone or rootstock Whenever these two are used, the trees variety is identified -by the letters EM must be securely sup.ported by tying them to stakes or by growing them on 'Assistant Professor, New York State Agri­ a supporting trellis. Nevertheless, this cultural Experiment Station j Geneva, New York. [211 ] 212 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953, fault can be overcon'le by making use grafted on quince. The variety Bosc, of certain facts established through for example, may fail to produce a tree. rootstock research. It has been found Frequently, these varieties may grow that, if, between the rootstock and cion and ,bear normally for a few years, only variety, a short stem piece of some to break off at the graft union. In­ other stock is interposed, shoot growth compatible varieties, however, can be of the cion is controlled by that stock grown as dwarf trees by double work­ which is less vigorous. Use is made ing them as illustrated on Page 215. of this prilJ.Ciple by grafting a 3 to 5 Since peach and plum trees do not inch cion of a dwarfing stock such as reach the size of a standard apple or EM. VIII or IX onto a readily avail­ pear ttee, tree size can be controlled able stock of the type used for stand­ by careful annual pruning without ard trees. The final desired variety is seriously disrupting bearing habits of then grafted to the interstock. Trees the trees. Where miniature sized trees developed in this way are slightly less are desired it is possible to produce dwarfed than when grown directly 0n them by bud grafting the peach or plum the dwar,fing rootstock, but they have variety to seedlings or preferably to a strong root system and can be grown selected clones of the western sand without any support. cherry, botanically known as Prunus What rootstocks are used to dwarf Besseyi. The Nanking cherry, Prunus fruit trees? Two apple stocks already t0111,entosa has also been suggested as a have been mentioned, namely EM. possible dwar;fing rootstock for peach VIII recommended to' be used as inter­ and plum. stock only and EM. IX. A third one It is thus apparent that the root­ EM. VII produces a more moderate stock used in producing dwarf trees is dwarfing effect and is used for trees as important as the variety itself. of so-called semi-dwarf size, or varie­ When buying such trees it is, there­ ties which are restricted too severely fo're, advisable to contact a reliable on EM. IX. There are others, EM. I nursery and specify not only the variety and II, hut in the home garden apple but also the rootstock desired. trees on these two stocks may be­ Unscrupulous nursery firms are come too large. They are more ad­ causing consider3!ble disappointment vantageously used for size-control in among novice fruit growers. Large ads the commercial apple orchard. which appeared recently in leading Pear trees are dwarfed by growing newspapers advertised the "complete them on a quince rootstock. Three se­ home dwarf orchard" to trusting lected quince stocks, namely Angers prospects. This "orchard" ostensibly quince (EM. type A) and common consists of a dwarf apple, cherry, pear, quince (EM types B and C) are recom­ plum, and apricot tree. The writer mended for use. The last named gives examined one such upon receipt and greatest growth restriction and for that found it to consist of below grade one­ reason might best be used for pear year apple and Prunus B esse'yi seed­ varieties which are inherently vigorous lings and three so-called J nne-budded growers. A few pear varieties like peach seedlings, one being labeled as Bartlett, Bosc, and Clapp's Favorite plum. These June-budded peach seed­ are not too satisfaatory when bud lings were dried beyond viability. Not N01,thenl, Spy/EM. IX 5 yea1's after planting. So far p'I"lIming has consisted of thinning out shoot g1'owth mther tha11 cutting back new te1'1%inal growth. a single usable plant, regardless of on the size the tree will reach and variety or rootstock was sent, for the shape to which it will be trained. the same price, two real dwarf trees Apple, pear, peach, and plum on the could have been bought from a reliable dwarfing rootstocks previously men­ nursery. No doubt, many a home gar­ tioned and when grown as bush trees dener has become a victim of such can be space 10 to 12 feet apart. Cor­ frauds. rect planting is also important with Dwarf trees require a fertile, well apple and pear trees. The union be­ drained soil and a sunny location. The tween the variety and the rootstock­ space required for each tree depends that is, the place where the varietal bud [213) 214 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 was grafted to the rootstock-must metrical forms such as vertical and not be planted below the ground. If horizontal cordons, pyramids, and placed below ground, the variety may espaliers of various shapes. An espalier grow its own roots and free itself of tree is one symmetrically trained on the growth-restricting influence of the a supporting trellis, it is an unnatural rootstock. A cion-rooted tree becomes fo rm and therefore is more difficult to large; size control and precociousness obtain and, if ·bought "ready made" are lost. from the nursery, is more expensive. Dwarf trees grown as so-called bush The home gardener who really likes trees, having a low trunk and natural to work with plants can train dwarf branchi'ng as typical for a given variety, trees to many different forms of which are easily maintained. Starting with a some will be discussed. But a word of 2-year old nursery-grown tree at plant­ caution might be in order---1rained ing, two to three well spaced lateral espalier trees need constant care, lest branches and a leader are selected and rt:hey revert to the natural habit of all other shoots are removed. Each growth. Under climatic conditions pre­ remaining branch is cut back to two­ vailing in the fruit growing areas of thirds of its length. Weaker lateral this country they may also not per­ branches are cut back to a lesser de­ form as well as in the cooler regions gree or not at all. If a one-year old of Europe. In North America they tree is planted it is best cut back to will do better if grown on free stand­ the height where the future head is ing trellises than when planted against desired, that is 12 to 18 inches above a wall or building. When placed ground level. against a building an eastern exposure Heavy annual pruning will delay might be more desirable. bearing, therefore pruning should con­ The simplest form is the vertical sist of thinning out the shoot growth cordon consisting of a central leader rather than a systematic cutting back with many short lateral branches bear­ of the new terminal growth. After a ing the fruiting spurs. In contrast with tree has been bearing 3 to 4 crops it the pruning applied to the bush type is advisable to prune in early spring tree at planting a vertical cordon can more severely to give the tree a better be made from a 2-year old nursery shape. In this case the main lateral grown tree by cutting all lateral growth branches and the leader are cut back back to short stubs having 3 to 4 to older fruiting wood. Weak branches buds. The leader is cut back cor­ are eliminated. Such pruning practices respondingly leaving 5 to 8 buds. Such will reduce the crop for one or two pmning will result in a spindle-shaped, years, but new shoot growth to bear narrow, upright tree that can be future crops is stimulated and the tree planted at intervals as close as 2 feet. will become more sturdy and better Ve:rtical cordons, however, must be shaped. supported and kept tied to a long stake. When used in this way they may serve Training a Dwarf Tree to Special to screen out areas or divide a garden F01'11tLS into separate sections. Cordons can In addition .to the bush form, dwarf also be grown in an oblique and in a trees can be grown in other sym- horizontal position. The pyramid is similar to the vertical cordon but has longer and unifo rmly spaced lateral branches. Pear trees, be­ cause of their somewhat more natural pyramidal growth, are better adapted to this form than are apple trees. One and two-year old trees budded to a severely dwarfi ng rootstock are .best suited for training. For such a purpose a trellis consisting of at least two wires tied securely is necessary. The lowest wire is strung 16 inches above the ground and others at a uni­ form spacing at least 24 inches above the lower one. A one-year old tree, consisting of a straight whip, must ' be cut back so that only three well

. T ap : D iagram shawing steps in dowble wa1'king a pear variety incompatible with the quince dwarfing raatstack. l A: co111,patible va?'iety budded t o. q",~inc e raatstack " 2B : the S'U111..11'be'Y fallawing budding at l A, i1'b co11!f, patible variety is budded into. whip af campatible sart at B " 3C: dauble warked 2-year tree. B atta11l/,.: T ypical fa1'11'bS af tmined dwcorf fruit trees. A : fan-shape with a11,e series af bra1'bches,' B: with twa tie1's af branches,' C: V e1'rier Pal11'bette,' D: U -far111.<,· E: ve1,tical c01'da1'b tnzined to. spi1'bdle farm,' F: PY9'Cl!1%id,' G: hari­ zantal carda% with twa arms " a11Jd H : ha1'iza%tal cor dan with ane arm. 216 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

developed buds are left just above the buds remaining on the leader has lowest wire. (See illustration). These started, a similar procedure is followed three buds will form the main skeleton as with the ,lower laterals. from whi'ch either a fan-shaped tree or For the gardener who might wish other form can be trained. Buds selected to bud his own trees a third form, should be in such a position that the the V-form, is not difficult to train. uppermost, forming the leader, faces to Training should start in July when the the front and the others to the right young shoot growth from the bud in­ and left if possible. All other buds serted at the base of the rootstock plant remaining along the trunk below the during the previous late summer has wire are best removed by rubbing them reached a height of 18 inches. The new off. As soon as new growth from each growth, not yet woody, is bent near remaining bud has reached 10 to 12 the tip to the left by twisting the shoot inches, each is tied in place, the leader until a right angle is formed and tied to a vertical lath fastened to the wire to the previously strung wire. The tip and the two laterals to laths placed on is pin<:hed back and only one bud is left the wire at a 45° angle. If shoot beyond the place where it was bent. growth vahes, the longest shoot is This pinching forces the bud on the pinched back slightly thus checking its opposite side just 'below the place growth until the other two have where it was bent to grow to form the reached the same length. The same new growth to the right. If one side procedure is followed the next growing makes more growth than the other, season when a second series of lateral pinching back the longer one will bene­ branches is formed. There is no limit fit the other. After the horizontally tied to the number of tiers of branches, shoots on both sides have reached a however, trees with 3 to 4 tiers are length of 10 inches they are again bent preferred. in an upright position by gently twist­ When starting with a two-year old ing the tender shoots. Distances be­ tree, lateral branches are already pres­ tween the two vertical shoots should ent and two equal ones spaced in op­ not be less than 18 inches. Since posite directions, and a leader or bruises and slight breaks are unavoida­ terminal shoot are left, all others are ble it is a good safety measure 10 cover removed. the places where bending and twisting The fan-shaped tree is the basic form were necessary with grafting wax. for others such as the so-called Verrier When covered by wax any slight break Palmette. To obtain this form a uni­ will heal quickly, new shoot growth will formly fan-shaped tree with two not be checked and a perfect right angle laterals and a terminal shoot is se­ can be obtained. Twisting and bending lected, cutting the terminal leader back will induce fruit bud formation, and once to 18 inches measured from the trained in this fashion, the tree will laterals. All buds are removed but the start bearing a year or two af.ter train­ two uppermost from the leader. The ing was begun. lateral shoots are tied to a horizontal Proper pollination conditions are as position followed by a ver;tical one important in the dwarf planting as they when they have reached the right are in the commercial fruit orchard. If length. After new growth from the two the different varieties bloom at the October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 217

same time, fruit-set can occur. Where Orange Reinette, Grafenstein, Grimes only one tree is present, hand pollina­ Golden, Golden Delicious, Jonathan tion with pollen from another variety and Lodi are well adapted to the home can quickly and easily be done on a garden. dwarf tree. Where a heavier fruit-set There is no reason to believe that has taken place than can be nourished dwarf trees are short lived. The age by the leaves of the tree, thinning out such trees may attain depends to a the fruit is advisable. Thinning must large extent on the care they get. be done when the fruit is small and not These trees require essentially the later than early June. Only one fruit same care as standard trees. A mulch per spur should -be left. It may even of hay, lawn clippings, or composted be necessary to reduce the crop further leaves and similar materials, placed by removing all of the fruits from some around newly planted trees and re­ of the spurs. Overbearing wi ll reduce plenished each year, will help to main­ fruit size and imperil the next year's tain good vigor. Where trees are crop. mulched with hay, field mice may cause severe damage. Protecting the trunk To produce clean, good-sized fruits with hardware cloth will prevent mice from dwarf trees the already mentioned, from feeding on the bark and girdling fertile, well drained soil, and a sunny the trunk near ground level. Also rab­ location, plus the necessary insect and bits, particularly in winter when there disease control, must be provided. Se­ is a heavy snow cover, may find dwarf lection of the right varieties, namely apple trees a very desirable dish. Erect­ those that are not too susceptible to ing a temporary wire fence under such certain fungus disease is helpful. conditions will be good insurance Among apple varieties Baldwin, Cox's against damage.

Tra.ining a S11WU tree i11,tO a Ver1'ier Palwbette A· One-year old tree'J B' a pecor-shape; and C: Ve1'rier Palmette.

.

/ -, :1 ~ " to' '"': . ;, t ~ ..~ " , : '. , , . --- V w " ~ /, ,

A 11 c. 1 f,." ~I' I t ' ,II t lf I , 1'0,::;" ,' ... ~:''':.'' , 10 , , I I I .. • " ' ...... !.~':"! I · ~ :~:':'~ . "' .' '\'°,,1 . • ',. 1 1 \ "'\" t l ll l . I ./I (t ...."~-: ':" ... ,".~~. .. ".' " '", .11. 1 1 '1!. 1"'"., I," " ""t" .. " /J,-riI1,'\' 1,/: Propagation Of Alpines

JAMES S. WELLS!

It should not be necessary for me exactly the converse is true. There to attempt to justify the growing of are, of course, difficult Alpines, such Alpines by the keen amateur gardener, as Er,itrichi$£11'/' na11.,,"wn, but we are not yet because of the apparent apathy in concerned with plants of this kind. Alpine gardening at the present time, N or is it true that all Alpines require some introduction to this form of hor­ a specially constructed Alpine garden ticulture seems necessary. in which they can grow. It is most Alpi ne gardening has been a most satisfactory to grow Alpine plants in active and important part of European an Alpine garden, but it is not essen­ horticulture for many years. The grace tial and many of the more easily grown and

lKostel' NU1' sery, Bridgeton, New Jersey. pine plants. [218] October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTI CULTURAL MAGAZI NE 219

Pro.paga6o J'/, By Seed crushed fl ower pot. Mortar rubble should not be used. If possible the Where should you begin? Well , the loam and leaf mold in these mixtures easiest way to start is with varieties should he steam sterili zed to be sure which will come reasonably true from that no moss spores are in the mixture. seed. T here are a nwnber of reputable Earthenware pans are the 111 0st sui t­ firms in thi s country from which seed abl e containers to use fo r sowing Al­ can be purchased, and if you are un­ pine seeds and these should be pro­ able to obtain varieties which you want vided with a good layer of drainage from these sources, then there are ex­ crocks at the bott0 111 and can then be cellent nurserymen in England who fi lled with the correct medium. The can supply seed of thousands of differ­ pan should be gently fi rmed, leveled ent plants. Most Alpines come very and watered, after which it is left to readily from seed and usually with a stand for some hours before the seed high percentage of plants true to type. is sown. F ine seed should be bulked up T here are two or three problems, how­ with an equal quantity of fi ne sand to ever, in thi s type of propagation which insure even and thin sowing. More have to be considered. T he fi rst is plants are lost by over crowding than that seed must be as fresh as possible. from any other cause. If the seed is ex­ T he ideal is to collect your own seed tremely fi ne, it should be just pressed from plants known to you which per­ in the top surface of the pan, gently haps are growing in a neighbor's gar­ watered with a very fine spray and den. Failing this, try to obtain fresh placed in a shaded closed frame. W here crop seed from the suppliers and sow the seeds are somewhat larger they can as rapidly as possible. Most Alpines be covered with a fine sifted layer of require a rather gritty soil which gives compost to a depth equal to the size of first -class drainage and therefore, a the seed. Moderate shade and regular compost for sowing seeds must be daily syringing should be provided in especially made. the frame until germination is com­ A good standard mixture would be plete. Additional air and light should the following: six parts of sandy loam; be given as the seedli ngs develop until fo ur parts of sifted leaf mold, two parts they are large enough to handle, when sharp sand, one part crushed tufa, and they should at once be potted on into one part of crushed fl ower pots. Such suitable small pots. A very similar a mixture is ex'cellent fo r all plants mixture is used fo r potting as for seed other than those known to dislike lime . sowing, the only difference being that If crushed tufa is not availabl e then the proportion of loam is increased, sifted mortar rubble from an old build­ and for those plants which require ing can be substituted and fo r certain feeding, a light dusting of bone meal types of lime loving plants such as and dry blood may be added. During most of the Saxifrages, two additional the early stages of development of parts of sifted mortar rubble will be these seedlings in the pots, shade necessary. For lime-hating plants the should be maintained and suffici'ent following mixture can be used: fo ur water provided. Under such condi­ parts of acid loam, four parts of sifted tions development shoul d be reason­ leaf mold, one part of acid 'peat, fo ur ably rapid. Once the plants axe well pa·rts of sharp sand and two parts of established in the pots, they can, with 220 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 195':

advantage, be moved out to their per­ at least one good freeze. manent quarters. One point of interest Propagation By Division and warning should be added here re­ garding the germination of some Al­ Most Alpine plants lend themselve5 pine se~ds . Alpines in general are readily to propagation hy division. The notoriously capricious and cannot be only point to consider is timing, be­ relied upon to always do the right cause if the work is done at the right thing at the right time. Some of them time the young plants will take hold also seem to require a definite cycle rapidly and develop without interrup­ of warm period followed by a cold one tion into good flowering stock. Al­ before germination can take place. This though it is not possible to work by is to be expected because in the high rule of thumb, a general basis for di­ Alpine mountains, seed has to be pro­ vision of Alpines is to do the work duced rapidly in a relatively short very soon after flowering is complete. growing season. The seed is ripened Most Alpine plants should be trimmed toward the end 'of SW11mer and before back once they have flowered, so that it has a chance to germinate, the plants new growth can be sent up from the are often covered in with snow until crown of the plant. Once this new the following spring. If you have a growth is coming vigorously, the plant pan of seeds which have not germi­ can be 'usually lifted and divided with nated, it may 'be that SUbjecting it to success. Most forms of Dianthus for a period of cold, either naturally or instance, would come into this cate­ artifi,cially, will induce germination. gory. However, if hot, dry, summer I would like to give a personal illus­ weather might make the operation tration. Some years ago I collected hazardous, then delay division until seeds of Ge1'btiana verna) and sowed cool, autumn weather comes. It is best them as soon as th.ey were ripe. The not to divide most Alpine plants early pan was kept in a <:001 greenhouse for in the spring, because they are then 18 months without result and at the end preparing to flower and it would dis­ of that time I became disgusted and turb and in part, destroy the show of threw the pan out the door. As is often blossoms which they may produce. the case, the pan was not cleared away as it should have been, but was left P1'opagation By Cuttings outside the greenhouse through the Practically all Alpines can be propa­ following winter, and during this time gated in this way and again the critical it was frozen solid. Early the next factor is timing. In most instances spring in mid-March, I was astonished young growth produced from plants one day to notice that the seedlings which have been cut back after flower­ were coming up in the pan almost like ing, is ideally suited to be taken as mustard. It was just that the seed cuttings, and if these cuttings are in­ needed that period of cold weather to serted in earthenware pans filled with break their dormancy. Do not be dis­ a similar medium to that given for heartened, therefore, if germination of seed sowing, but with the addition of your seeds is slow. As a rule no seed four extra parts of sharp sand, good pan should be thrown away until it has results should follow. Cuttings of completed two full growing seasons many Alpines will be extremely small and being subjected during this time to and in some instances special attention October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 221

may have to be given to the stock potted in a fairly good mixture, in a plants in order to obtain a cutting large three or four inch pot and this in turn enough to handle. Many of the Kab­ should be plunged in a bed of sandy schia Saxifrages ·come into this cate­ soil or weathered ashes. The plant gory and plants have to be brought into will thrust down a tap root through a greenhoLise late iTJi · the fall or early the bottom of the pot, out into this in the winter, and grown in gentle heat sandy plunging medium and later and rather poor light to draw the ter­ in the summer the plants can be minal shoots up. Once these have carefully lifted and the roots so pro­ grown to a length of an inch or an duced can be cut off and this without inch and a half, they can be removed harm or disturbance of the main root with a sharp pair of s6ssors and with­ structure of the plant. These relative­ out further treatment, carefully in­ ly thick tap roots can now be cut into serted into the cutting pans. small pieces about an inch in length, Once the cuttings have been inserted starting from the point nearest the they should be carefully watered in, stem of the plant. and the cuttings then held into a cool This tirst cut is made straight across frame until rooting commences. Bear the stem and is the natural top of the in mind that most Alpine plants do not cutting. An inch below this a second like excessively high temperatures. cut is made at an angle of 4S degrees They come from the cool high moun­ and in this way we can readily tell tain regions of the world, where rela­ which is the top and which is the bot­ tively high light intensity and low tem­ tom of these root cuttings. This is im­ peratures are to be found. They propa­ portant because if a cutting is inad­ gate best if somewhat similar ·condi­ vertently inserted upside down it will tions can be provided for them. not grow. After rell10ving th[s first cutting the top of the root remaining Root Cuttings is leveled off aLld the second cutting Some Alpine plants grow in such a severed at an angle of 4S degrees i'n manner that normal stem cuttings are the same way as the first. In this way not produced nor do they spread later­ we cut up the tap root into small inch ally so that the plants can be divided. sections, the top of eCl!ch section being A typical example would be the Cor­ level and the bottom cut at an angle. sican Cress, M orisea hypogea. Th;.s These cuttings are then inserted in delightful Il1aritirne plant produces a pans in plain, sharp sand, so that the single tight rosette of leaves which top of the cutting is just below the level acts as a natural foil for the brilliant of the sand. They are watered in and group of yellow flowers which follow kept in a cool shaded frame until later. Seed is not usually set and growth commences. Once a good therefore, propagation C01!.lld present rosette of leaves has been produced at quite a problem. The answer is root the top of each cutting, they can be cuttings. Many Alpines, because of lifted and treated as you would a well the conditions under which they grow, established seedling. Many Alpines are naturally saxatile, and we propaga­ can be propagated in this way. Some tors can take advantage of this char­ of the Primulas in particular, such as acteristic to help us in our work. Plants Pri117.~bla denticulata and the clonal of 1\.1 orisia for instance, should be varieties of this plant readily propagate 222 THE N.ATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 from root cuttings, as do all the Alpine If you are particularly interested geral1lum~. there are two books which I suggest you should have for reference. The Layering first is one entitled The Propag(]Jtion of This is a method not generally ap­ Alpines by Lawrence D. Hills. It is plied to Alpines but a variation of the published by Faber & Faber in Eng­ procedure is often used. In this an es­ land and is one of the most compre­ tablished plant may be partially buried hensiye and valuable books available, by filling in the whole of the center of more especially because it has been re­ the plant with a suitable sandy soil cently published. A second book which mixture. Only the top inch or so of any Alpine enthusiast should have is each growing shoot is retained above the published record of the conference the mound, and if the plant is left un­ held by the Royal Horticultural So­ disturbed from 9 to 12 months, the ciety in England, in conjunction with plant can then be lifted and each shoot the Alpine Garden Society, in May, divided, because all will be well rooted. 1936. This b(')ok gives a cornplete The methods here described are the resume of all the papers presented at most usual ones for the propagation of the conference and is, I understand, Alpines. There are others which are still available from the Royal Horti­ of more value to the specialist grower cultural Society. Vincent Square, Lon­ and commercial producer. don. American Daffodil Year Books The Society has on hand a number Ga:rdel1 Decoration, by Guy L. Wilson; of copies of the 1935, 1936, 1937, and B1'eeding and Raising the S111,all Daffo­ 1938 American Daffodil Year Books, dils, by Edwin C. Powell; several arti­ which are offered for twenty-five cents cles on Daffodil plantings in public each. Each issue contains articles of parks; Observa.tions on Da,ffodils i1'1 lasting interest and numerous full-page a1'1'angem,e11ts, by B. Y. Morrison. illustrations. Partial contents are as 1936: T,f/ hy I Grow Daffodils-al1d follows: H ow, by Sydney B. Mitchell; Gm'dell 1938: SOltne Notes on the Jon;quil Sche1'1l.es fO'r Daffodils, by Mary Jud­ Section, by Alfred Bates (7 illus.); son Averett; Develop11lent of th e Nar­ Notes on Triandrus Hybrids, by B. Y. CiSS1,£S D~{J/'ing the 19th Century, a Re­ Morrison (8 illus.); More Daffodils v·iew, by Violet Niles Walker. to Enjoy and Study (Park planting 1935: How Long is the Daffod,i,l in Plainfield, New Jersey), by Harri­ S eas01'l? by John C. \i\Tister ; Breedin.g ette Rice Halloway; Two species N ar­ Daffodils for A111-f1'iwn Needs, by Ed­ C. SOlne Daffodils from ciss ,~ts, by Drew Sherrard (2 illus.) win Powell: an Old Garden, by Ella Porter Mc­ 1937 : S 011~e Species and Va:rieties of Kinney; In P1'(J;ise of Old Daffodds, the Smaller N arciss~£s, by Alfred Bates by Alfred Bates; Daffodil L-iterature, (7 illus.); Na,turaJ-izing Narc£ssi ,in compiled by Alice C. Atwood. Delaware, by Henry F. du Pont; Nar­ Orders should be sent to the Secre­ ciss'i in Old French Garde1~s, by Helen tarv at the Society's headquarters. M. Fox; S011'l,e Modern Daffodils for R, C. w. The Arboretum At Westtown School

A. L. BAILY, C'uratoT

Westtown School, founded in 1799, deficit. T he alumni, who had always lies some twenty miles west of P hila­ had a very deep love for the Sdlool, del phia, about four miles east of West were deeply shocked by the los5 of the Chester. Its campus of six hundred East Woods, and expressed themselves acres includes forest, lake, farm, lawns, volubly. In 1904, partly to stem the and a dozen or so evc res given over to criticism, and partly from their love of a collection of trees. trees, a teacher at the school and some The \ Vesttown A rboretum is not an of the alumni planted ten each of sixty­ ancient arboretwn though some of the five species of trees among the sprout­ trees on the school grounds were ing stumps of the newly cut over planted over a century ago. Interest in ground. T he small trees had to com­ botany was strong then in Chester and pete with the native grow:th and con­ Delaware Counties and a number of stant battle was waged by the tea,cher well known natural scientists were con­ assisted by a crew of boys. After the nected with \ i\Testtown School. The fifth year, the sudden death of the earliest of these was Humphrey Mar­ teacher ended the resistance and the shall whose garden at Marshallton was woodland returned to power. That was not far from the school. in 1909 and before any attempt was The earliest record of any trees made to repai r the damage, twelve planted at the school mentions several years had gone by. ' White P ines brought in a wagon from In 1921-1 922 a new attempt was South Jersey in 1835. N umerous other launched. The ground was cleared of trees were planted as the years went native growth ; the stumps were blasted by but the first attempt to make any out; the area was sowed to grass seed systematic collection of trees was in and systemati c mowing was begun. 1896. A row of Oaks, including all the Then the whole area of the arboretum available local species, was planted was marked out in squares and family along one side of a road bordering the plots were la id out. Trees were pur­ farm, while opposite the Oaks there cbased mostly in small sizes and plant­ were planted some B,irches, Magnolias, ing was again undertaken. About Catalpas, and Pawpaws. The Oak col­ ninety per cent of the 1906 planting lection has since been added to and had been choked out, but what re­ now contains a·bout twenty-five species. mained was liberated and some of The same year a group of Pines of six these trees are today beautiful speci­ or seven species was planted in the mens. Those trees, particularly the corner of a field that later was made conifers, planted between the years of into a soccer field. These P ines are 1922 and 1924, are most vigorous and now large trees; some are already in beautiful. their declining years. It is hardly proper in an article of Several years passed without any this kind to enumerate the species in more planting being done, largely be­ the vVesttown Arboretum, but perhaps cause no room was available. But in the following li st of the more impres­ 1902, a good sized piece of virgin tim­ sive conifers would be worth giving, ber was cut to make up a seri ous school together with thei r estimated present [223 ] 224 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL IvIAGAZINE October 1953 heights, planting dates and so urces of 1924, Farquahr supply: Picea obovata, 5' T a.:rus chinensis, 3' 1938, Fairview N urseries 1948, Morris Arboretum P':cea pU1'pwrea" 10' T axus ct/,spidwta, 21' (spread) 1937, H. P. Kelsey Nurseries 1923, Moon's Nurseries P'ice(}J 1%01~tigena, 16' T o·rreya 11.ucife1'a, 8' 1924, Farquahr 1930, Hicks N urseries P icea jezoensis h017.doensis, 11' C ephalotaxus drupacea. s 'iJ~ensis, 6' 1937, Princeton Nurseries 1933, Arnold Arboretum Pl:cea sitchensis, 3' C epha.lotaxus F ortuni, 6' 1948, Kohankie Nurseries 1933, Hoopes Brothers (29 species of spruce in all) Abies korea174, 7' Pseudolarix a·mabilis, 44' 1937, Princeton N urseries 1923, Elm Ci ty N urseries Abies sutchuenensis, 4' Cedrus atla1",tiw, 17' 1940, Harvard Forest 1937, Princeton Nurseries Ab',:es 1'ecu1'vata, 5' Cednf,s L,:bani, 35' 1935, H. P . Kelsey Nurseries 1922, Fairmount Park Abies hdophylla, 12' C edru·s deodmrQ" 30' 1935, H. P. Kelsey N urseries 1927, Penna. Dept. F. & W. Abies p·indrow, 18" Pi11J1;£S p~m/'ila, 18" 1944, Arnold Arboretum 1948, Hillier, England Abies 1"1b/,111.idiw, 3' Pin us Annandi, 24' 1943, Princeton N urseries 1934, M tillers Nurseries Abies p'insapo, 8' Pinus La111.bediana, 12" 1952, Myers Nurseries 1949, Collected Abies amw.bilis, 6' Pl~I1IU.s a'ya.caJ1Iuite, 40' 1932, Long Bell Lumber Company 1924, Moon's Nurseries, Abies ve1'£usta, 2' Pinus pet/,ce, 18' 1943, Eddy. Monterey 1938, Fairview Nurseries (30 species of firs in all) Pinus a1'ista.ta., 18" Tsuga, chi1'bel1Sis, 7' 1949, Cripple Creek, Collected 1938, Arnold Arboretum Pin.us a.1'izonica, 3' (6 hemlocks in all ) 1948, Chiricahua Mountains Picea Smithia.na., 3' Pim/,s latifolia, 3' 1940, USDA 1948, Chi6cahua Mountains Picea Wilsonii 10' P i1'b1Jts le'iophyl1a" 3' 1937, H. P. Kelsey N urseries 1948, Chiricahua Mountains Pl:cea Ma.,ri'111Iowiczii, IS' Pimf,S SfJ,bi'l'lia17.a, 10' 1938, Hillier, England 1945, Malmborg Picea aspemta., 12' (39 pines in all) 1924, Farquahr Sequoia,dend1'on giganteum, 18" Picea. aspera.ta nota.bilis, 12' 1951, Rare Plant Club 1924, Farquahr M etaseq'£ foia g lyPto~t?'oboid es, 18" Picea aspemta ponderosa, 11' 1950, USDA 1924, Farquahr Gl'yptostrobus pensihs, 12' Pl:cea l'et1'ofiexa, 10' 1947, Meehan's Nursery J l/ust?'otio'l1s p'repaj'ed f r01'I'b p"~otog1'aph s -made at The W esttowl'b A? ' bo?'etu!l/~ by the o1{;thor Top: L eft, T ulip T 1'ee, W hite BiTch and Col01·aido Sp ·r~~ce. Right, Phellodendron M/II.U1·e1%e (and the A %th.01'j . Bottom : L eft, Pi'/1.~lS a)lawh'b~ite. Right, tlvree speC1:es of Picea, jezoel1sis h011do ­ ensis in f01'egrml:nd, 0 1norika to the left and oriental·is Tig ht.

Dn11m,ingha1%ia lanceolata, 28' Vvesttown Arboretum is al ways glad 1932, O utdoor A rts N ursery to receive visitors. If we know in ad­ vance when to expect guests, we can be C%p-ressus a1'izonica, 5' sure to have someone on hand to take 1945 , Arnold Arboretum them around the plantings. [225 ] The Importance Of Microclimatic Problems In Garden Design

R. B. D EERI NC l

To design a garden for maximum is higher than the skin temperature, comfort throughout the year, it is fi rst heat is transferred to the clothing and essent ial to have a broad understand­ the exposed ski-n by convection even ing of the relationshi p of human though it is bei ng carried from the physiology to the environmental con­ skin by evaporation. If the surfaces ditions of temperature, wind, and hu­ (of walls and paving) are above skin midity. It is necessary to know the temperature, heat will also be trans­ major climati c zones and the important ferrred to the clothing and exposed variables occurrii1g wit hin them. A skin surface by radiation. 2 careful analysis of orientation, sun posi­ At air temperatures below 78°F the tions, topography, and site factors is temperature of the skin is below that also requi red. Finally, one must have of the interior body, the secretion of the knowledge and abili ty to make the perspiration is at a minimum, and the best possible use of plant and architec­ loss of heat is due largely to radiation tural materials as well as other devices and convection.3 to improve the ·comfort conditions of H eat is also carried away from the home and gar·den. body by the moisture that evaporates The primary obj ective in trying to into the exhaled air from the surfaces control the climate in a small area is of the respiratory tract. to produce a more comfortable atmos­ Comfort is not a constallt factor phere in which a family can live. among individuals, but may vary wide­ A general un derstanding of the pro­ ly between people of different age cesses of heat loss from the body is groups, health, activity, and adapta­ 2 necessary as a starting point fo r im­ ti on . proving the cl imatic conditions of a Some will feel comfo rtable at lower specifi c environment. temperatures, others at higher tempera­ During the periods of warm weather, tures. An increase in the velocity of in order to remain comfortable, the air movement permits c01).1 fo rt at a body must lose heat through sweating. higher temperature because the convec­ In cool or cold weather the retention of ti ve and evaporative heat loss from the body heat is necessary in order to keep body will be increased fo r a given tem­ warm. perature di£fe rence.4 A decrease in Heat is lost from the body by radia­ the velocity of air movement permi ts tion,conduction, convection, and evapo­ comfo rt at a lower temperature because ration. At body surface temperatures "Gordon, H ayden S., and P erry. R . hAir conditioning for houses in California. Univ " 'sity above 85 °F most heat is carried away of C"lif onvia. A g'r im d f/u ra.l E 'X>p e-rirmAmerican Society of H eating an d Ventilating 'Chairman , Depa r tmen t of L andscape M",n a.ge­ E ngineer s. H eaM,ng, V e.... t i la,ti.... .g A .... d A'i.· CondJi· ment,) University of California, D avis, Oaliforn ia. lJi.onYng Gui d e. 1 9th E dJition : 53·60. New York. 1941. [226] October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 227

SUMMER NOON SUN - 78 · ALT I TU DE AT 3S· LATITUDE

R D. lllu,stratio'l1s aU011'1.pallying tl~is atrticle were prepared 1'1'01'11. l i'l1,e drawin,gs made &31 th e allthor Top: Prope?' ol'ientat-l:on atnd plam.. 11'M7Jg produ,ces Waf/'111,e'r livable al'eas in Wi17Jte'l' and cool ones in SU11'lmer. (Cool livin.g alreas 111,a.y be desired in both Sri 1Il11'/{!r al1,d 1.ml1ter £17 e% /7'el1'I.e hot l'egions.)

Botton",: Uppel', T he best location t01' a11· inland h01nes'ite ,is gene1'G!liy pa'r! way up a slope dependi'I'bg upon wind, b1'eezes, su,nshine, a.nd v·iews. L owe'i', B1'eezes i1'011'L large bodies of wate1' regulate the cli11'1;(],te. They 11'/J{JJke shore sites amd slfrrou,nd­ i11g la.nd cooler in SU1nme r and war111er q:n w'inte'r. Distance of cooling 01' 'wanl'l·ing influence depel1,ds %pon the to'pogmphy back f1'0117J the shore. 228 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 the convective and evaporative heat cover generally have a great effect on loss is decreased for the given tempera­ the total climate of the site. Soils of ture differences. different textures, colors, and ,com­ The above two examples show the position have varying effects. Moist importance of the relationship of aIr soils have lower temperatures than do movement to body comfort. dry sandy or gravel soils. Before deciding upon a site, the Nearness to bodies of water is also home owner should make a thorough important. The winter climate near study of the specific microclimatic prob­ bodies of water is always more mild len1.s of the land being considered and than in other areas. They raise the how they will affect the design and winter temperature, loweS!' the summer orientation of both house and garden. temperature, and always raise the Seldom does one consider the humidity. The change is more marked climate in selecting a site; yet, if con­ near the larger and less near the siderable forethought were given to smaller ones. The lee side has a less this factor, outdoor living conditions extreme 'Climate than the windward could be greatly improved. side. Offshore breezes have been known to lower the temperature more Topography has an important in­ than ten degrees. Lake breezes seldom fluence on the local climate because of re3!ch more than three-four.ths of a mile exposure and the fact that cold air inland, whereas the influence of the flows downhill at night. Sites exposed ocean may extend inland many miles. to the winter winds and valley bottom The topography, buildings, and trees sites are usually less desirable because along -the shore front may be limiting of the extra coldness at night. Frost factors, depending upon their size and will occur at lower elevations first, and extent. fog is most frequent in the lowest points. In summer the bottom land The solutioL1 for achieving more out­ may be the warmest because it may door comfort lies 1110stly with the con­ be cut off from ,cooling breezes. trol of wind and sun. In the sum­ The best location is probably part mer the primary ,concern may be con­ way up a slope, but the site at the top trol of the sun. At once, one can see of the hill may be desirable in warm that proper orientation of house and areas. The lee side of the hill, well be­ garden is of major irnportance. low the crest, is out of the area where It is known that wiL1d flows nearly the winds are strongest and usually will the same as water and therefore should be much more comfortable. be handled in much the sa.me manner. South or southeast exposures on IA/ind can be very troublesome in open slopes generally make the 1110st desira­ country and along coastal regions. This ble sites. The south-facing site offers can be partially over-come by the proper the best possi'bility for taking advantage design and use of hedges, screens. and of the winter sun's natural heating windbreaks. Hedges and other plant o' materials may be more effective against qualities. In climates where -cool livinb areas are desired in winter as well as the wind than a wall or fence, since the in sqmmer, it may be more desirable foliage tends to diffuse the wind rather to have a north or northeast exposure. than to push it over the top. Soil conditions and the natural plant Lawns, shrubs, and trees are all ef- October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 229

SU NRISE

Plan shows how prope1' orientatio1 '~ dictates how hOMse an d garden jhould be planned. Houses located in extreme hot regions may require that their major glass a1'eas be placed on the north 01' northeast with solid walls to the west and s(luth. 230 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 fective in controlling the heat in the windows, terraces, and porches, and to garden and house. produce cool summer living areas. Be­ I t is important to understand how cause of the fall foliage drop, they allow the control of the sun can effect living absorption and re-radiation of the conditions and the relation of plant ma­ winter sun's heat from paving ma­ terials on t he atmosphere. terials when it is most desired. It is known that east or west waHs Plants, in addition to their shading may receive twice as much heat in effect, absorb and re-radiate far less summer as in winter. In the morning heat than inorganic materials, such as during the summer months heat from walks, drives, terraces, walls, and build­ the sun is usually desired because the mgs. soil and air temperatures outside and Smnmer temperatures have bee['1 re­ the air te.J11perature inside are lower. corded 2S to 30 degrees lower than In the late afternoon, however, less over the surface of moist grass than heat is generally desired since the soil over black asphalt. Surfaces light in and air temperatures have been pre­ color reflect heat but also produce more viously warmed. Therefore any ad­ glare. Large paved areas should be ditional heat would be undesirable. designed with large openings left in This fact should be carefully consid­ them for trees and other plants to pro­ ered in planning bhe house and the duce shade, relieve the glare, and re­ amount of glass used on the west ex­ duce the amount of heat absorption. posure. In very warm regions, even the Th.e number, location, size, and morning sun may be objectionable. density of the surrounding buildings, Plant materials in conjunction with the amount of paved area together with sufficient root overhang can produce the total number of trees, shrubs, vines, effective control. and grass areas, and how they are used, Houses loeated in cool climates are all have a signifkal1it effect upon the more comfortable in winter if their climate of the site. living sides f.ace toward the south. It is evident that many factors should Terraces and outdoor Jiving areas on affect any ultimate garden design and the north or east side are usually that the climatic factors should receive cooler in summer. very serious consideration by home Deciduous trees and vines 'can be owners and conullunities in most sec­ used to cover walls, on tFellises over tions of the U nitecl States.

The follo'Wf{:17,g article, Nut Growing In The Northeastern Sta,tes, is reprinted !'YMI'II Arnoldia, Bulletin of Popular Information of th e Arnold Arboretu,111" Votu-me 12, NU.11lJ, bers 2-4, by per111,ission of D?'. Dona,ld Wyman, Arnold Arbo­ retu11'1., and the auth.or, Dr. L. H . NlacDaniels, Cornell U wiversl:ty. Nut Growing In The Northeastern States

LA WRENCE H. MACD ANIELSl

The no rtheastern states (Referring tbe nuts grown and to encourage nut specifically to New England, New culture in any real sense. Such im­ York and Pennsylvania. Of course the provements as have taken place have information would also apply to other been the discovery of varieties that regions with similar climate) have a bear superior nuts and their propaga­ rich heritage of native nut trees. tion and testing. In the northeast this Among the species occurring in the process is still in the exploratory stage fields and woodlands are six hickories, and there is yet much to learn as to the black walnut, the butternut, two the adaptation or the various kinds of species of filberts, the beechnut, and nut trees to this region. formerly the chestnut. At the present As the work has progressed it has time, however, :the species have not become evident that the successful pro­ been developed in the horticultural duction of improved nuts in the north­ sense and so do not form any com­ east is largely dependent upon the dis­ merical industry, nor have they been covery of vari eties that are adapted to improved by selection and breeding in this region. Most of the varieties of a way comparable to the Persian wal­ nuts which have been selected. named nut or the pecan. The nuts that are and propagated have originated to the grown commercially in America such south and west and when brought into as the Persian walnut, the pecan, the tbe northeastern states have not pro­ E uropean filbert, and the almond have duced good crops mostly because the all originated either in foreign coun­ climate is not warm enough and the tri es on in the region of the south and growing season long enough for the west where the climate is better suited normal development of the variety. It for their growth. seems obvious that for the most part in The planting of improved nut trees this region nut culture must be de­ in the northeastern states is thus a com­ veloped from varieties which have paratively recent development. To be originated in the north or in parts of sure nut trees have been given a sort other countries which have a similar of culture in that they have been left climate. The sear-ch for vanetles in the fence rows and in the fields adapted to the north has been going on that were cleared of other species, and for some time and a considerable num­ seedling trees have been planted around ber have been named. The time is now the home grounds from which nuts ripe for more extended planting of nut have been harvested from time to time. trees to determine their adaptabili ty to Except with the chestnut it is only growth in northern locations. Planting within the last quarter century that nut trees for shade and as a hobby is there has been any attempt to improve to be greatly encouraged because not only are trees of assured hardiness and 'Head, D epal!tmellt of Flo.riculture and O,·na· landscape value available but the mental Horticulture, New YOl' k State Oollege of Agnculture, Oornell University. Ithaca. New York. grower by testing varieties is con- [231] 232 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

Mllp JhONIfl(} due/vIr mmu"u", f£mp,f#I.."u In N"dhf'OJ/t:fIl s""~ I.-em 1<1;, 10 ,""D , A fu"prroJuF(' 01". 20'r IS (hhf'cl (or,;j{)mr J"ntls of (1ul fff!r!>

Absolute 11-ei1Vi1n1lW1'1- temperatwres in northeastern stGJtes from.. 1926 to 1940. The maps accompanying th'is a;rticle have been p1'epaTed fTo11'/; data supplied fT01n the U. S. /iVeatheT BU1'erl1bt publications modified in the light of other k11,OWn cli- 11W.tic and geog1'aphical f ea, t '~we s. The zones a1'e O1fbly GJppro%vm(])te (md lo w l condi­ tio ns su,ch as altit1l£de, ex,posure) and nea'rness to bodies of wcute9' 111.ay have a;n i1%p(J1'tant effect on the growth of trees. tributing to our knowledge of nut Persian walnut. Previous to 1933-34 culture in the northeast. there were a considerable number of these trees flourishing in the fruit belt Cli19ll,a;tic Factors of western New York State, many of With nut trees, as with all other which had grown to a bearing size. plants, the most important determining The unprecedented coId of that season factor in their survival and growth is killed most of the trees outright except the climate of the region where they in a very limited area where the tem­ are planted. Apparently the limiting perature did no:t fall below -20°F. This factor with m.any species is winter cold, temperature is critical not only for most par.ticularly the absolute low tempera­ varieties of Persian walnuts but for tures reached in anyone season. Most many varieties of filberts, Chinese and nut species are long lived trees and al­ Japanese chestnuts, heartnuts, and though the winters of several decades some black walnuts. There is little use many not be injurious t.he occasional in planting trees of these varieties if eX'ceptional winter may entirely wipe such temperatures are of frequent re­ out a given species or variety. This has currences. The zones with tempera­ occurred in parts of the north with the ture above -20°F . over a 15 year O£tober 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 233

"'IJP dlo .... ,"i .M 4"t'''~ 1M9f1. fv 91"d ..Ji¥ .$((U~" "' flit N(Jrlh~'"n JllIla. Crct'lInP ~l4kNt of "I!rllsl 'SOd',,-J ~""U" rrD~~ 1$ t$$tnliq/ for I'I/MJ 1

~~m~~ '';:0 .,0'

Average length for g1'OWZ11Jg season ~n the northeastern states. (See note of explawlJtion u11Jder te111,peratun ma.p.) period are shown in the accompanying though butternuts and filberts may re­ map. quire less. The length of the growing Another climatic factor that is of real season for the various parts of the impor:tance in the growing of nut trees northeastern states is shown on the ac­ is the length of the growing season or companymg map. the number of days between freezes. Somewhat less damaging than late Practically no species will stand a hard spring frosts are freezes which occur in freeze after the growth sta1"ts in the ea:rly fall. Black walnuts are particular­ spring. These spring frosts rarely kill ly likely to be damaged at this time. the trees outright but destroy the new The nuts on the trees will not be hurt shoots and with theJ:n the year's crop. by light frosts but if the temperature At Ithaca, New York, it is probable goes to +25°F. or below there is that this killing of the new growth on likelihood that not only will the leaves hickories and walnuts is responsible be frozen off the trees but the nuts for crop failure more often than any thelnse1ves will be frozen so as to one other factor. The leaves come out make them poorly flavored and useless. from other buds after the freeze and In many cases if the leaves are frozen during the growing season the trees from the trees the development of the appear normal exocept for the fact that nuts will stop and the nuts are poorly there is no crop. Most of our nut filled. EaT1y fall freezes, if the drop tree species require a growing season in temperature is rapid and occurs be­ of at least 150 days between frosts a1- fore the growth on the trees has 234 THE NATIONAL H ORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

Hep ,Mowirtg ' h, «1 ""litolio" olllmo.",1 of " ('(11 n t U .:I34f'Y FIJI' mil/un;" nul a',p"

miJlm~Im_IIIIIIIIII ~ u.. o,,, ...· ...... ,. ~.- ... '4' u ' I~'I II ' u·,.' .... . ,,,. . ,

Avemge hdy t e'11l

hardened, may cause serious damage to growing season. Sometimes excep­ both trees and nuts. tionally warm seasons will mature nut Associated with the same pToblem as varieties in a region where they usually the length of the grow ing season be­ fail to ripen. T he same thing is also tween frosts is the mean summer tem­ true of grapes and other fruits. perature sometimes expressed as total Local variations in climate are often summer heat. Varieties of fruit trees, important in determining the suitabil ity nuts included, requi re a certain amount for growing nut tree species on a par­ of heat above a base temperature in ticular site. On t he accompanying maps order to develop thei r fruits. Thus, the climatic zones are indi cated in a even though the growing season may be general way. W ithin these zones, how­ sufficiently long, if the temperature ever, there may be certain sites which during the growing season is too low, are more favorable for the growth of nuts will not mature. T his is par­ nut trees than others. T hese sites are hcularly important with those species related to proximi:ty to bodies of water. that normally grow farther south such good air drainage, protection from as the northern pecan from Illinois and win ds or other favorable fadors. An many of the black walnut varieties. example of such a site has been ob­ T hese trees may be perfectly hardy as ser"ed at Aurora on Cayuga Lake. fa r as winter low temperatures are con­ New York. Here on a certain bench ,cerned but they rarely mature a crop close to the lake and surrounded by because of cool summers and the short rather high banks, a n11m ber of species October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 235

we re growing for many years that were nating in these regions are probably not adapted to the surrounding region. not adapted to northern New York or T hese included a California redwood, New E ngland and should be planted a number of Persian walnuts and a few with the realization that it is an ex­ northern pecans. These trees had perimental project or else there shoul d grown to considerabl e size and had be assurance based on tests that the produced satisfactory crops but in the varieties wi ll succeed. T he probable winter of 1933-34 the lake froze over solution of the problem is to obtain fo r the first ti me in many years and va rieties that have originated locall y or the temperature on a single night under similar climatic ,conditi ons and dropped to an unprecedented low point . are of proven worth. All of the trees except the pecans were either killed or badly damaged. Ad­ BLACK WALNUT. T he black vantage should be taken of such lo­ walnut, although primarily a plant of cations wherever they occur. O n the the Mississippi R iver basin and the other hand exposed hillsides, frost region of the Great Lakes, is hardy in pockets, and high elevations should be most parts of the northeast and one of avoided. the 111 0S t valuable nut trees fo r the region. It is extensively planted F rom the above discussion of climate around the fa rmsteads in southern New and an examination of the maps, it be­ E ngland and southward and has comes evident that parts of the north­ escaped along the fence rows and in east differ greatly in their sui tability fo r waste places where it is not native. growing nut trees. In northern New Most of the varieties which have been England, particularly Maine, New named and propagated originated Hampshire and Vermont, only a few of to the west and south of New England the most hardy kinds such as the but­ and have not proved sui table here. At ternut can be grown. In southern Ithaca, New York, the variety Thomas Pennsylvania, however, most species has been one of the most successful but and varieties will succeed. In between apparently this is about the li mit of its these areas conditions become increas­ northern range and even here there are ingly less favorable from south to seasons when the nuts do not mature. north, t he suitability of any locality be­ Other varieties extensively propagated ing influenced by local factors that ef­ such as O hi o and t he Stabler, do not fect temperature, air drainage, and the mature at Ithaca or farther north. like. Varieties of northern origin have as S pecies A nd Varieties yet not been sufficiently tested to be sure of their behavior in New E ngland. As before indicated, the problem of They are, however, the most promising growing nut trees in the northeastern of this region and are well worth a states is largely a matter of varieties trial. Among these can be mentioned and their adaptation. The greatest con­ the Snyder from the Ithaca region, the centration of the more valuable native W iard and A llen from Michigan, the species, particularly the black walnut Huber and Cochrane from southern and t he shagbark hickory, is in the Minnesota and the Cresco from north­ Mississippi R iver basin, parti cularly ern Iowa. These are being propagated the Middle \Vest. Named sorts on gl- sparingly by nurserymen and could be 236 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 propagated to order if the grower so good drainage. A dozen or more desires. varieties have been selected but only a Varieties suocessful in southern New few have been propagated commercial­ England, central Pennsylvania and ly. Some of the named sorts that are southward are the Thomas, Elmer propagated by nurserY111en, at least in Myers, Stambaugh, and Sparrow. small quantities , are the Kenworthy, These are available from nurserymen. Irvine, Love, Craxezy, Thill, and Those interested in nut culture Van der Poppen. For some unknown should observe trees growing in the reason the butternut is not easily prop­ northern part of the hlack walnut range agated. Named varieties certainly de­ and select those which produce the best serve much more attention than they nuts over a period of years. These now receive because of their very su­ can be propagated by nurserymen on perior cracking quality as compared order or grafted by the individual him­ with the ordinary run of seedlings. self. It is only by such selection from PERSIAN WALNUT. Attempts trees that are successful that progress have been made to grow the Persian will be made i'n the varietal adaptation or English walnut in the northeast for of nu.ts to a northern environment. many years with recurring damage The variation in cracking quality and from winter cold. Trees in the pro­ size of black walnuts is great. Some of tected fruit region of N ew York be­ the better sorts may have as high as came large enough to bear good crops 35 70 kernel although 20% kernel is until the extreme cold winter of 1933- good and most common seedlings have 34. At that time practically all Per!:lian considerably less. Black walnuts are walnuts in the east were killed outright best adapted to deep, rich, slightly or very severely damaged. Apparently alkali ne or neutral soils with good t h ~ temperatures of - 20°F. becomes drainage. They are found growing critical for most trees of this species naturally in alluvial soil in the river and quick drops in temperature in valleys. In the north such sites should spring or fall may be injurious at be avoided if they are "frost pockets." higher temperatures. BUTTERNUT. The butternut ex­ At the present time there is a very tends the farthest north in its natural real interest in what is known as the range of any of the important nut Carpathian walnuts which have been trees and in fact in northern New Eng­ introduced from Poland by Mr. Paul land, it is about the only nut which will Crath of Toronto, Canada. These trees succeed. Here it should receive much are grown from seeds or grafts from more attenti,on than it has in the past. trees in the Carpathian Mountains It has the disadvantage of being rather 'which have withstood temperatures as short-live d ui1der some conditions, The low as -40°F. Some of these trees cause of this in some cases is a para­ have been growing in North America sitic fungus but in others it is apparent­ in both Canada and the United States ly related to the nature of the tree it­ for fifteen to twenty years and show self. promise of successful culture. Many Although the butternut will succeed seedling trees have now fr..uited and a fairly well on the poorer upland soils it few varieties have been named and thrives best on richer neutral soils with propagated among them the Littlepage October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 237

and the Metcalfe. A recent contest dis­ type. As yet there are no named -covered a number of other superior varieties of this nut. types that should soon be available. H EAR T NUT. The heartnut Trees are available mostly as seedlings (Il<£glans cordif01'1%1:S) is a sport or in both the United States and Cinada. mutation of the Japanese walnut re­ It should be borne in mind that even sembling it closely in foliage and though the Carpathian walnut is hardy growth habit. The nuts have much there may be other climatic factors better cracking quality, however, and which are limiting in their culture, such \-vith most of the named sorts kernels as length of growing season or the can be recovered in whole halves. The amount of summer heat available. Indi­ shells of some of them can be split cations are, however, that they are apart with a knife inserted in the base adapted to relatively short seasons and of the nut. The nuts are smooth and they have shown little killing back from attractive in appearance and although winter cold. They have however been usually smaller, they are much superior damaged by late spring frosts. to the ordinary forms of the Japanese JAPANESE WALNUT. The Jap­ walnut. There is variation in hardiness anese walnut (Iu,glans co1'difor111,is of the different named varieties and at ail(Jfnthifolia) nlakes rapid and luxurious the present time it is impossible to give growth even in rather poor soils and a well substantiated opinion as to the is well adapted for use as a shade tree. adaptation of the named varieties to It comes into bearing early and has a northern culture. The Lancaster has tropiqLl appearance which is very pleas­ n6t been hardy at Ithaca. Other sorts ing. Seedling trees vary considerably in the trade are the Bates, Faust, in their hardiness but for the most part Ritchie, Stranger, \iValter,s, and Foder­ withstand winter cold in all except the maier. Anyone interested in planting most severe parts of the northeast. this nut will do a real service by keep­ At Ithaca, many have withstood ing records of their performance and temperatures of -35°F. without dam­ giving the information to experiment age. On the other hand there are stations or the Northern Nut Growers' some seedlings which have been Association. damaged at -20°F., and early fall HICKORY NUT. A number of freezes may be damaging at higher tem­ species of hickory are native in the peratures. The nuts of the Japanese northeast. Among these are the mock­ walnut resemble the butternut in flavor ernut (Carya alba), the shagbark hick­ of the kernel, Qut in general are not so ory (C. ovata), the red hickory (C. highly flavored. Some types of this oml-is) , the pignut, (C. glabra) , the nut are fairly smooth whereas others bitternut (c. cordifor1114s) , and the are rough much like the butternut. It shellbark hickory or kingnut (C. was thought that these rough nuts were laci1~iosa) . Of these the shagbark hybrids with the butternut, but the fact hickory is by far the most important. that such rough nuts occur in Asia Mockernuts are gathered to some ex­ where there are no butternuts indi­ tent from the wild but are undesirable cates that they are probably only a because of their thick shells. The pig­ form. The name bUG rtnut is used for nut is usually not bitter but with few Japanese walnuts of the rough shelled exceptions is of such poor cracking 238 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

HickoTY nu.ts of various types. The large nut is the kingm~t 01' shellbark hickory, Ccvrya laci11liosa. The nuts in the second row m'e s~£Pe1'ior types with good crack­ i11g q~(. ality. The disk is sl£ghtly larger than a twenty-five cent piece. October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZ INE 239 quality as to be of little value. The Lies whid1 make good shade trees. bi tternut is intensely bitter, astrilagent, A mong these the Burlington is par­ and quite inedible. Some of the hy­ ticularly attractive. It has been per­ brids with the shagbark hi ckory have fec tly hardy at Ithaca, has good clean been propagated because of their thin fo liage and occasionall y has matured a shells but are of poor cracking quality few nuts. Usuall y they have been and fl avor. The problem of growing frozen on the trees before maturing. hickory nuts in the northeast is much O ther hybrid so rts such as t he Gerardi, the same as with the black walnut. Al­ the Des Moines, and the P leas have though many sorts have been named a attra,ctive foli age and make good shade large part of them have their origin trees. ill the south and west, and when In favorable locations in southern brought into the northeast are not suc­ Pennsyl vania some of the northerm cessful because of the short growing varieties of pecans occasionally mature season and lack of heat. The north­ crops of nuts. A nyone planting these east must rely on vari eties which have should use varieties which are of originated in the northern states. northern ori gin. Among these are the A mong these may be mentioned Davis, Greenriver, Major, and the Posey. Fox, Glover, Goheen, Kirtland, Mann, CHEST NUT. In the past the chest­ Miller, N ielson, Whitney, Beeman. nut has been by far the most valua·ble Bridgewater, and \Nikox. Most of of the nut trees in the northeast. The these were reported in some of the wild groves of this species have, how­ nursery catalogs in 1939 and many of eyer, been almost completely destroyed them could be propagated on order. by the chestnut bli ght. This di sease, One factor standing in the way of coming into the N ew York area about ir,creased planting is the di ffi culty of ] 900 has now covered practically the propagating the trees. Young hickory entire nati ve range of t he chestnut in stocks have a very large tap root, mak­ North A merica. Sprouts from old ing the trees difficult t o handle in the stumps may live from year to year, nursery. T his can be surmounted by their usual hi story being that they grow cutting the tap root about 18 inches until they are about two or three inches underground at least a year before through and 10 to 15 feet high. At transplanting, thus fo r,cing lateral roots this stage the bark fo rms fiss ures to form. W ell managed nurseries pro­ through which infection occurs with vide for this and such trees are much the result that the sprouts are killed more likely to succeed than those trans­ and are replaced with suckers from planted from the wild. the base. Sometimes these sprouts be­ P E CAN. The pecan so extensively come large enough to bear a few nuts grown in the cotton belt and extending and there are constant rumors that the in its natural range into parts of In­ chestnut is coming back in the forest. diana and Illinois, has 110t been suc­ This, however, does not seem to be cessful in the northeast. T his is 11 0t the case as there are no recorded in­ because of tenderness to winter cold stances of real immunity among trees but rather to the relatively short, cool of the native chestnut. T here has been growing seasons whi c11 do not mature a persistent attempt on the part of the the nuts. federal government and some state T here are a number of hybrid varie- forestry departments to introduce or 240 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 develop other species or hybrid varie­ ing factor with most of these has been t'ies of the chestnut which would be re­ winter cold and late spring frosts. Tem­ sistant or immune to the blight. In peratures of -200 F. have seriously this some success has been achieved. injured many of the European varie­ The Chinese chestnut ( Castanea 111ollis­ ties and late frosts frequently destroy sl:'ma) and the Japanese chestnut (C. the staminate catkins or pollen produc­ crenata) although not immune to the ing flowers and thus prevent a crop. blight are highly resistant. Hybrid­ Tbe variety recommendations of G. L. izing these with each other and with Slate based on experience at Geneva, the native American species to obtain N ew York are as follows: blight resistant types is underway. Cosford and Medium Long are two There are at the present time a num­ of the hardiest varieties and with the ber of varieties that are distinctly exception of Italian Red are the most prOmlSl11g. Among these are Abun­ productive. Both are vigorous, up­ dance, Carr, Hobson, and Yankee. right trees. Cosford nuts are of medi­ These are available from nurserymen um size and thinnest shelled of all vari­ and are well worth a trial. Newer eties tested. The nuts of Medium sorts developed by the U. S. Depart­ Long are slightly larger than those of ment of Agriculture are the Nanking, Cosford and the shell is of medium Meiling, and Kuling, are excellent for thickness. The pellicle or fiber 011. the size and quality and are worth a trial. kernel is rather heavy. Some stock-scion incompatability has Italian Red has thus far produced appeared with Chinese chestnut varie­ more outs than any other variety test­ ties so that planting seedlings of good ed, but at the Geneva Experiment Sta­ strains is being done. Many of the tion in recent years the tree has not nuts are fully as sweet as the native been as hardy as it appeared earlier and chestnut, and considerably larger. The the variety is placed third on the list. trees are not as hardy as the native The tree is vigorous and upright. chestnut and may be damaged by tem­ Barcelona in the earlier years of the peratures ranging around _25 0 F. test was the most productive variety, There undoubtedly is great variation in but recently the trees have experi­ hardiness in these varieties and they enced so much winter injury that the should be tested further. variety is recommended for limited FILBERT. Two species of native trial only. The nuts are large, thick­ filbert occur in the northeast. One of shelled, and the kernels are covered these is the beakecl filbert ( C orylus with a heavy pellicle, but the tree is co?'n~~ta) and the other the American less vigorous than others, not produc­ filbert (c. a.1%ericana). These, how­ tive, and is lacking in hardiness. ever, are relatively inferior as com­ Red Lambert is as hardy as Cosford pared with the European species, C. and Medium Long and produces a fine aveUa1?a and C. maxima, whid1 to­ large nut, but the tree is unfortunately gether with their hybrids are the basis very unproductive and of value only as of the world's commercial industry. In a pollenizer. Its spreading habit of ~ Jew York tests have been made at the growth makes it unsuitable for plant­ Geneva Experiment Station where a ing in a hedge with other varieties, large number of varieties of European n10st of which are of upright habit. filberts have been grown. The limit- More recently a prom.ising develop- October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 241 ment in the filbert situation is the hy­ superior to natural fruit. Better varie­ bridization of American with European ties of nut trees should bear nuts of varieties. The varieties Rush from good size whi,ch have a high proportion Pennsylvania and \i\Tinkler from Iowa of good quality kernels which are easily of the American species are the varie­ shelled out. It is not diffi'cult to im­ ties most used. Rush is a tall grow­ agine what a difference it would make ing shrub and has borne well at Ithaca. if the many millions of wild trees bore Winkler is hardier, more productive nuts of as good quality as the selected and bears larger nuts, but makes a low and named sorts. growing shrub. Of the hybrid varie­ Obtaining trees of desirable varieties ties the Bixby and Buchanan are now may be something of a problem. Many regarded as bei ng the most promisi ng varieties are already in the trade and because of their size and other merit are bei.ng propagated by nut tree spe­ of the nuts and hardiness of plant. cialists. It is also possible to have par­ Many other seedlings are being tested ticular varieties propagated to order. and seem promising. It must be realized, however, that nut trees are much more difficult to pro­ Cultu1'al Practices duce in the nursery than are apples or It is not the purpose of this paper pears and in justice to himself, the to give details as to the propagation of ~1Urseryl11an is compelled to c11arge nut trees. In general the same princi­ more for the nut trees than for other ples are involved with this crop as with fruit trees. other fruit trees but the material is For one really interested in the somewhat more difficult to manipulate growing of nut trees a good practice and wholly efficient methods of bud­ is to top work established stocks by ding or grafting have not been devel­ grafting. It is not too difficult to learn oped. It should be emphasized here, the technique and in many localities however, that in 'common with other there are nurserymen and plantsmen fruit species, grafted trees are very who will make grafts as desired. much superior to seedlings. Nut varie­ To grow seedling stocks it is neces­ ties might very well be compared to sary to stratify the seeds before plant­ apple varieties in this regard. Anyone ing. This should be done in the early who is familiar with the small, hard fall before the nuts have been allowed natural apple fruit which is found in the to become very dry. The process of pastures of New England and knows stratification involves keeping the nuts of its bitter, astringent flavor can ap­ at temperatures slightly above freezing. preciate the difference between these Best results are obtained by keeping and the better named grafted varieties nuts buried in moist peat moss at a such as the Baldwin and McIntosh. constant temperature of about 35-40° The same differences exist with the nut F. Such conditions may be found in trees also. The great majority of seed­ cold storage houses. For the grower, ling nut trees have nuts that are so successful stratification can be attained difficult to shell that there is little in­ by exposing the nuts to winter tem­ centive to grow them. The named and peratures. This is done by burying the grafted varieties, however, may be said nuts in sand and leaving them in an to be as superior to the ordinary run exposed place which should be well of seedlings as the grafted apples are drained. Protection with wire netting 242 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

is necessary to keep rodents from de­ incapable of cultivation provided other stroying the seeds. If danger from conditions are favorable. theft by rodents is not likely and the The planting of nut trees does not soil is well drained, the seed nuts may differ essentially from planting trees of be planted in the nursery row in the other kinds ex·cept possibly that most fall or they may be planted in their nut trees have few fibrous roots and permanent location in the fall or the hence must be planted with unusual stratified nuts planted out in the spring. care. Hickori.es are difficult to trans­ Those desiring only a few nut trees plant because of the scarcity of lateral of named varieties may best purchase roots and the slow rate at which new them from nurserymen who are spe­ roots are formed. If the taproot has cializing in nut tree propagation. There not been cut a year previous to digging are a number of these in the northeast or the tree transplanted in the nursery and Middle West. A list of nursery­ row once or twice, there are likely to men can be obtained· from the Northern be practically no ,fibrous roots and the Nut Growers' Association. If nut chances of survival of the tree are growing is to be carried on as a hobby slight. If seedling trees are to be and a considerable number of trees are brought in from the woods, it is of to be involved, a good practice is to great advantage to cut off the taproot raise seedlings and get them established about 18 inches below the surface of in their permanent location and then the ground a year before transplanting graft the most vigorous individual trees and thus stimulate the formation of the to well-chosen varieties. Scions may lateral roots near the surface. There be obtained from trees locally or frorn is an advantage in buying trees from nurserymen who furnish scions. nurserymen skilled in the propagation Soils suitable for nut trees are the of nut trees because attention is -given same as those required for almost any by them to developing a good root sys­ other fruit crop. The first requirement tem. is that they shall be deep and well While the trees are out of the ground, drained. Thin topsoil overlying im­ care should be taken not to allow the pervious subsoils which remain soggy roots to become dry before planting. will not grow good trees. Often rocky Keeping them covered with wet burlap soils are very good because they usual­ or puddling them in a moist clay is ly are well drained unless the under­ highly important. Some trees can be lying rock is impervious. The most bought balled and burlapped but this favorable soils are friable loams of good is expensive and should be unnecessary. organic content and good moisture The hole should be dug large elJough holding .capacity. Fertility can be easily so that all of the roots can be ac<:om- supplied to poor soils which are suit­ 1110dated readily and the topsoil should able in texture and drainage by the be worked in carefully around them. use of leguminous cover crops, and by One of the most important practices is application of barnyard manure or to firm the soil about the roots with a complete commercial fertilizers. It is tamping stick of some sort. At the a mistake to plant nut trees on heavy, time of planting the soil should be worn-out soils that are not good agri­ moist but not wet enough to puddle or cultural lands. On the other hand they cake when firmed with the tamper. may very well be planted in rocky lands After planting, the trees should be well October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 243 watered and weeds kept down about dard trees without suckers at the base. the trees either by cultivation or by In removing a sucker, the soil is dug mulching. This is particularly impor­ away from the base of the tree ex­ tant until the trees become well estab­ posing the base of the sucker where it lished. At the time of planting the joins the root and the sucker removed tops of practically all nut trees should with a sharp saw, cutting close to the be cut back to about one-third or one­ main root. half of the wood present in the nursery, Fertilizers making sure that at least several good buds remain. This is important be­ Nut trees respond to fertilization cause even with carefully dug trees a and good soil management much as do large proportion of the root system is other fruit trees although many wild destroyed or damaged in digging and trees apparently do well in competition the top must be cut proportionally. with other vegetation. Outstanding After planting, if the season is dry, the growth or yield is usually associated trees should be watered during dry with an unusually favorable situation periods of at least the first season or as to soil fertility, moisture supply or longer if necessary until they become other soil cbnditions. It is a mistake established. to think that nut trees will survive un­ On soils that are low in organic mat­ der adverse conditions. Neglect, es­ ter a good practice is to work in granu­ pecially before the trees are well estab­ lated peat moss with the soil about the lished, will often result in the loss of roots. Care should be used that the the trees. Nut trees do particularly peat is well soaked with water either well under cultivation which keeps IJefore or after planting, otherwise it weeds and other growth away from the will be of no benefit. Covering the soil over the roots. This however is trees with wax has been recommended rarely practical with nut'trees in 'the by some authorities but under condi­ fence row or around the home. The tions of hot sun this practice has benefits of cultivation can be largely proved injurious and is not recom­ secured by mulching the area under mended. the trees so that the weeds are kept After the nut trees become estab­ under control. Any plant material such lished not much care is needed. Prun­ as old hay or straw or garden refuse is ing is of less importance than with suitable for mulching purposes. most fruit trees. With walnuts and On soils low in fertility nut trees will hickories it is sometimes necessary to respond to applications of nitrogen. correct faulty crotch structure and Either sodium nitrate e>r ammonium space the limbs about the trunk. The sulfate may be used, the former prob­ most common fault is the development ably being preferable with the walnuts of two leaders which are about the which are adapted to neutral or alka­ same size. If this occurs one should line soils. Trees growing in sod may be removed or at least pruned severely be fertilized at the rate of one-fourth to dwarf it with relation to the other. pound of ammonium sulfate or sodium Hickories and walnuts should be so nitrate for each inch of the diameter of trained that central leaders, or modified the trunk until they have attained a central leaders will develop. For best diameter of about six inches when yields filberts should be trained as stan- about one-half pound may be used for 244 THE NATIONAL HORTICUL-TURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 each inch in diameter up to the maxi­ These caterpillars and others on hick­ mum of 15 to 20 pounds per tree. With ories can often be destroyed before large trees that are well established, they attain large size on small trees much more fertilizer should be added. by picking off the leaves upon which The above is of course only an ap­ they are feeding. They usually feed proximation. The actual needs of the in groups dose together. Hickories tree will depend upon the natural fer­ and chestnuts sometimes have the nuts tility of the soil and other conditions. destroyed by weevils. The control here The trees should be observed carefully is to destroy all nuts which drop to the to avoid either excessive stimulation ground before the weevils emerge. of growth, which would make the trees This may be fairly easy if the trees are liable to winter injury, or tlie other in the lawn but difficult if the ground extreme of an under-vegetative con­ is rough. The Persian walnut is at­ dition as indicated by yellow, sparse tacked by the codling moth, which is foliage and poor yields. In general similar to that which damages apples. trees suffer much more from the lack Spraying with arsen'ate in mid-summer of fertility than from too much. If when the moths appear is an effective trees are to yield regular crops they control. must be fertilized regularly and ade­ Diseases are usually not troublesome quately. There is some evidence to with nut trees although under some show that some of the minor fertilizer conditions they may be. There is a elements, particularly zinc, are deficient blight which sometimes attacks the in some of the soils of the northeast. filberts, appearing as dead and brown Zinc defi'ciency shows up as weak shoots. If affected parts are cut out yellowish growth late in the season. promptly and burned, the trouble is The leaves are small with the edges usually easy to control. Some varieties curled upward. Application of zinc of walnut, particularly the Thomas, sulfate is usually an effective control. become infected with a perennial cank­ er. This is relatively less damaging on I11Sect And Disease Troubles trees that are growing rapidly so that Insect and disease troubles are about good cultural pradice is a means of as ·common for nut trees as for any control. Of course the chestnut blight other shade trees. The problem is has been the most devastating disease complicated by the fact that most home of nut trees which has practically wiped owners can not have their trees out the chestnut in its natural range. sprayed. There are a number of cater­ Methods of controlling this disease in pillars which destroy the foliage. the American and European chestnuts Among them, most commonly encoun­ have not been developed. Of the blight ered is the walnut 'caterpillar which resistant Chinese and Japanese species, appears about mid-summer and may it is worthwhile to cut out blighted seriously defoliate the trees one or limbs as they occur and to cut away more times in a single season. These bark cankers on the trunk The cut may be controlled with arsenate of surfaces should be painted with some lead. Where the trees are not sprayed good antiseptic solution. it is often possible to destroy the worms Nut trees, particularly the hickories by collecting them when they gather on and walnuts ordinarily bear only in al­ the trunk in a mass to shed their skins. ternate years. This is a natural ten- October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 245 dency which is to be observe d also where within the radius of 100 feet with other fruit trees. T here is ap­ should be satisfactory. parently little that can be done to con­ Ha1'vesting Nuts trol it although it may be lessened somewhat hy an adequate fertilizer and N uts should be allowed to become soil management program. T hinning fully mature on the trees and prefer­ the nuts while still green shoul d also ably to fall naturally. Mild shaking is be of help but is not practiced. What sometimes practiced to bring down the happens is that during the bearing year last of the 'Crop but clubbing the the crop is such a heavy drain on the branches is seldom justified. N uts food manubctured in the leaves or should be picked up as soon as they possibly other substances, that there is :fall. T hi s is particularly necessary not enough for bud fo rmation for the with the Persian walnut which dis­ following year. Diffe rent varieties vary colors if all owed to li e on the ground in this respect. The chestnut and the and vv ith the black walnut, the husks of filb ert do not alternate as seriously as which may disintegrate into a brown t he walnut and the hi ckory. mass if not picked up within a few days after falling. Black walnuts should be shucked soon after havesting to pre­ C1'OSS P olli11ah;on vent discoloration of the kernels. Small Most ki nds of nuts require cross quantities of black walnuts are beaten pollination. From a practical stand­ or t ramped from the husks. With point thi s means that at least two varie­ larger quantities the old fashioned corn ties of each species which fl ower simul­ sheller may be adjusted to remove the taneously should grow together. Vl ith husks satisfactorily. Black walnuts that kinds that are frequently planted this are washed immediately after remov­ may offer no problem to the individual ing the husks will remain an attrad ive home owner as neighbors may have brown color instead of turning black. trees which will be a source of pollen. N uts of all species should be allowed l iV ith the filb ert and chestnut, however, to dry after the husks are removed. 1wo vari eties should always be planted Small quantities ·can be spread out on together. T o a somewhat lesser de­ the fl oor of a well ventilated shed or gree thi s is the case with the Persian attic. With larger quantities some sort walnut and the hickories . The polli­ of racks with screen bottoms can be nation requi rements of black walnut devised. The drying room must have are not well understood but it is highly, a free circulation of air. probable that ·cross pollination is neces­ One of the commonest difficulties sary for this species also. In small experienced with nut trees in the north areas VI·here several trees cannot be is that the kernels fa il to fill. There planted, a part of the tree may be top are a number of causes which con­ worked to another variety. The pollen tribute to this condition. Probably the of the walnut, filbert and hickory is most frequent, particularly with the wind bo rne and may be carried over hickories and walnuts, is too short a a considerabl e di stance. It is impossi­ growing season or too little summer ble to state with accuracy how close heat. Under these condi tions the leaves together it is necessary fo r trees to be are frozen from the trees while the planted for cross-pollination. Any- nuts are still immature and no further 246 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 development of the kernels takes place. which may be produced for home use. The problem may be better understood The fact that at the present time we when it is realized that in the develop­ do not know which varieties will suc­ ment of most kinds of nuts, the growth ceed best over a period of years only of hull and shell to full size takes place adds to the interest of the problem. early in the season. During the latter Enough is known to assure the grow­ part of the season the kernels are de­ ing of good shade trees and certainly in veloped from the carbohydrates which some measure improved nut crops will are manufactured by the leaves. It is result. Nut kernels are a product that thus obvious that any condition which is without equal for food value and cuts down the effectiveness or destroys palatability, and producing a supply the leaf surface will effect the filling of for home use merits the attention of all the nuts. This may be due to loss of who have land at their disposal. leaves by insects or diseases or to inter­ All home owners in the villages and ference with their effective function by on the farms may be encouraged to drought or inadequate nitrate supply. plant nut trees for shade with the reali­ Another condition is found in trees in zation that even though the large crops an over-vegetative condition where the of superior nuts may not result, the growing shoots use up the food ma­ testing of the varieties will be a real terials which otherwise might go into service in developing our knowledge the kernels. This is apt to be found of nut growing in the northeast. with young rapidly growing trees or It should also be emphasized that at trees kept growing with frequent irri­ the present time there are undoubtedly gation. There is little that can be done many superior varieties of nut trees to control the failure to fill except to that are adapted to growing in various grow varieties which are adapted to localities but which have not been prop­ the locality as to length of growing agated and tested. They are standing season and protecting the leaf surface as wild trees in the fields and along the from pests and disease troubles. Sup­ fence rows on the farms or in door­ plying water at time of drought and a yards. Trees which bear nuts of out­ good fertilizer program are also help­ standing value and whid1 bear crops ful. fairly regularly should be brought to the attention of some agency which SU11'l.mary would be capable of judging the rela­ In the foregoing pages an attempt tive merit of the variety and seeing to has been made to outline the require­ it that the tree is propagated and tested ments for growing nut trees in the furtber. The Northern Nut Growers' northeastern states. There is nothing Association, Spencer B. Chase, 2338 in the situation which should encourage Parkview Avenue, Knoxville, Ten­ anyone to try to establish commercial nessee, has been organized to do this plantings in this area unless possibly sort of thing. Some of the state ex­ with some of the newer chestnuts and periment stations and the USDA are some varieties of black walnuts. On also equipped to test the merit of new the other hand it should be emphasized vanetles. Anyone knowing of supe­ that there is real value in planting rior trees will do a real service by call­ grafted trees throughout the northeast ing them to the attention of one of both for shade trees and for the nuts these agencies. Window Gardening

ELVIN McDoNALD1

Window gardening is becoming feeding regularly to get as many leaves more popular each year . and with as possible. Put it outdoors in the sum­ the array oli new and old plants suita­ mer if possible and bring it in before ble for window culture, it is easy to see frost. Dry it off, and repot. Then you why. Vines and other plants, well ar­ will be ready to enjoy its blool1,1S again. ranged, can be a highly decorative part of any room, to say nothing of the new GerC[JJ1,VU11'bS life they give a window which other­ Many people have failed with wise is ordinary. Shelves of all types Geraniums even though they are increase a window's capacity and effec­ thought to be very easy to grow. To tiveness, while plant brackets and wall blool11 indoors, Geraniums must have vases add ' their smart effect, too. direct sun. Place them as close to the Handsome plant stands, flower boxes, glass as possible. A good potting soil a:l~d trays help fill in even the most barren rooms. can be made up of three parts good garden soil and one part peat moss. H you have failed with house plants, They bloom best when a little pot­ probably the reason can be laid on one bound. Four-inch rooted cuttings, out of the following: injurious gases, plants of two-inch pots from the florist re­ unsuitable for house growing, lack of potted in a three-inch pot, will provide knowledge of the plant's needs and a beautiful shQwing- in record time. common every day neglect. A fancy They do not require heavy fertilization. container, a dash of water once in a while, and a dark corner with no Most everyone is familiar with the ~lurnidity, will not keep a plant grow­ zonate types of Gerailiums, but very mg. few people have grown the fancy-leaved Most window plants like a tempera­ varieties, and the Ivy-types. The Ivy ture minimum of 60°Fahrenheit with Geraniums make good hanging basket a rise of 10 to 13 degrees durimg the plants. Most of them have very beauti­ fu l double flowers and they come in day. Set the pots Oil a trav of moist sal~d or pebbles to increase' humidity. almost every color. The flowers of the fancy-leaved varieties are not especial· A ·ma.ryl/;£s ly attractive. They must have goocl The Amaryllis can well be called the sunlight tQ bring out the brightest " Queen" of window garden plants. colors of their fo liage. Some of them It gives us its strikingly beautiful" have two-color foliage, others, tri-color. blooms in the dead of winter. Bulbs are Beg01'/!£as purchased in the fall, potted and brought to warmth and good light as Begonias offer a wealth of window­ soon as they are rooted and the bud garden material. For the shady, humid is showing at the neck of the bulb. place, the highly colored Re,. varieties After flowering, continue watering and fill the bill. The popular, wax (se111,per­ jlO1'ens) Begonias make good plants 'Editor, T he Gloxim'ium, official publication of the AmeriCHn Gloxinia Society. for the sunnier spot. There are dwarf, [247] 248 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 tall, and trailing Begonias .. indeed you may choose a variety for almost any need, and if you buy wisely, you will be able to have some bloom on your plants most of the year. They like a soil rich in leaf mold, fast draining, but on the rich side. Stem and leaf cuttings are very easy to root, but a terrarium or discarded fish bowl will be needed to root them in because they need high humidity un­ til they are established. In the warm, bright weather of spring and summer, the cuttings seem to root faster, and grow better. All Begonias are easy to grow from seed, and you will enjoy sonte real thrills when they begin to develop into full-

Geslleriads

Perhaps the GESNERIACEAE which P eggie Sclmlz Photograph includes the Saintpaulia (African-vio­ E piscia ftdgens let), Gloxinia (Sinning'ia), Achi7nenes, Episcia and dozens of others makes up iul foliage, they also have beautiful one of the largest groups of plants for blooms most of the tirne. indoor culture ... and plants that are Achi71'lenes flower in the summer and adaptable to windows and locations are dormant in winter. Their small with not much direct sunlight. They tubercles are handled in much the same prefer a light, porous, rich soil. Too manner as is used for Gloxinias. They much light will cause the leaves to need moist so il and should be shaded yellow, while too little light will pro­ from direct sunlight during the sum­ duce limp stems and may prevent mer. Their name comes from a Greek blooming. Some of the Gesneriads are word meaning "to suffer from cold." tuberous rooted ... others are fibrous In addition to brightening a window­ rooted. The Sai7~tPa,ulia, St7'eptoca7'Pus garden, they may be used to decorate and Episcia are among the latter. a shehered porch. Gloxinia, Achi711~enes, Rechsteine?'ia, The Streptoca1'P'!./S is almost ever­ and N aegelia are among those that are blooming under good conditions. They tuberous rooted. need a tiny bit more sun than the The Episcia perhaps offers to us one Saintpaulia. Other requirements are of the most promising foliage plants of the same. There are a number of many years. Why they have not been species available, as well as some new grown more generally before, I do not hybrids wh~ch are very outstanding. know, but I am finding them to be very AeschY?1G.11,thus pulchnt7'11 is a fibrous­ adaptable to many conditions, and, al­ rooted Gesneriad for hangi ng baskets. though they are noted for their beauti- It has thick, leathery, dark-green October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 249

~ Elvin McDona.!d Photograph E p1·scia virid ifolia leaves, that look much like those of the but may have a few blooms on it during H o-;,Ia ca1'1'lOsa. It can stand quite a bit other seasons. It should be given a of sun . It blooms in the spring usually, rest period in the fall, during which 250 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 time it should not be watered except Folia.ge Plants enough to keep the leaves and stems There are many foliage plants to from shriveling. Brilliant orange and choose frOITI.. Among my favorites are yellow flowers. the Crotons, Cole'us) Philodend1'ons) Gloxinias need a good deal of sun­ fan c y-leaved Calad1:wms) MQ;YQJ11,ta light in the window-garden, so an east­ (Prayer Plant), Pilm 111,icroph,)llla ern or southern exposure will probably (Artillery fern) and Dracaenas. prove to be best. A collection of Most everyone likes to have some Gloxinias may be started almost any Ivy. Two things are important for time of the year. The spring and fall the success of I vies. They like plenty seasons of the year are considered to of moisture and an acid soil. P lace in be the best starting times by many peo­ a north or east window with not too ple. much sun. Wash the leaves gently Rechstei1"le'ria 11wcropoda is a plant I every week or two. There are dozens have not grown long and only recently of l1"ew varieties to choose from. it rewarcled me with its beautiful vivid orange flowers. They are small , tubular SU1%1"'lfring flowers borne on dainty clusters atop Most house plants will profit by a two inch stems above the beauti ful summer spent in a well-protected spot velvety green leaves. It requires the outdoors. Bring them in well before same culture as the Gloxinia. It is frost is expected. You must remember tuberous rooted. It could get along on that when you bring them in. the grow­ less sunlight. Orange or yellow color­ ing conditions are changed greatly and ing in Gesneriad blooms is hard to be you'll need to pamper them extra for a found. Therefore. this might be a good while. Some plants are just too tender plant to use in hybridizing to get yel­ for this treatment. but as weather con­ lows and oranges into our Gloxinias ditions vary from place to place, it is and African-violets. impossible to point out which plants There are many more Gesneriads can be put outdoors and which ones that you may want to try. They are cannot. Here in the Oklahoma Pan­ all very interesting plants, and they'll handle. without a lath-house, or any richl y reward you for the small amount other special protection, I would hesi­ of effect it takes to grow and flower tate to put out ANY house plant! them. Grow House Pla,nts Fro1% Seed Cyclatl'l'lel'l Growing house plants from seed is C')lCIamen plants are among the most a hobby in itself. You can do nothing regal of all house plants. I think. that will bring you more enjoyment, The plants should be kept as cool as I am sure. Always buy high quality possible during the summer, and seeds from a reliable seedsman and placed in partial shade. Syringe the fo llow the directions for planting that foliage during the summer quite often. are on the packet. They need a 50° night temperature. Indeed there seems to be no end to \ i\T ithhold water alm ost entirely after the amount of material available for fl owering and give the plant a rest. window gardens. Once you start this October 1953 THE NATIQNAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 25 1

Jim, H 'udso'n Photog'rap"

fascinating hobby, you will continuall y a healthy, growing cQndition so they be on the lookout for new and unusual IV:J I not be so li kely to take up every house plants. You may want to try Ii [de bug and disease that come along, them under flu orescent li ;'hts. Already If some of them do get infested or African-violets and Gloxini3.s have sickly, take them away from the rest of proved to thrive under this "artificial the plants, and either treat them, or sunli ght." Always keep your plants in cJisca rd. Selecting A Wood Preservative

JOHN P. LEONARD

Wood is the most adaptable material architects and home owners are accept­ in the service of mankind. It is found ing this challenge and are demanding in nearly all parts of the world; it is a preservative that will help stabilize light in weight, easily worked,cheap the lumber while it protects against (that is, it was cheap until recently), rot and insect attack. pleasing in appearance and of enough varieties to meet every demand, will Dry Rot ,absorb shock, withstand heavy stress, A term generally applied to those is acceptable to paints, glue and other fungi which destroy wood in buildings ·materials and if properly protected will and is misleading, for although it de­ outlast many of the materials used in scribes the appearance of the timber construction. Because of these favor­ after attack, moisture is absolutely able characteristics wood is in great essential to the growth of all fUllgi . demand. This indicates the importance c.f watr;r The annual harvest from our Ameri­ repellents in any preservative tredt­ can forests has been much more than ment. Most fungi find a moisture con­ the annual growth. Because of this tent of between 20-3070 most favorable over-cutting it is imperative to make for attack, Nearly all lumber has some the wood we do use last much longer. moisture present, but under good con­ Ten per cent of this annual harvest is ditions of light, heat and air circula­ used to replaee lumber that has de­ tion the moisture content does not cayed in service; some more is de­ reach the desired amount for fungus stroyed by insects, while still more is growth. There are many places around discarded because of warping, check­ a building where those unfavorable ing or shrinking. conditions for the growth of fungi More and more people are becoming cannot be maintained. These are the conscious of the value of preservatives areas where some treatment is neces­ and are treating IWllber to overcome sary, to act as a watch dog against the these losses through decay or insect invasion of fungus attack. atta:ck. Because of this great demand on our forests, many smaller trees are H ow Dry Rot Destro')ls Ti1'/1,be1' being used for lumber; consequently a Dry rot is a common name for the greater proportion of the lumber is condition in which certain fungi leave sapwood. Sapwood accepts moisture or wood after they have eaten away the solution more readily than heartwood; cellulose or sugars, rendering the wood there is, therefore, a greater tendency brittle, powdery, and with strength for today's lumber to swell or warp if gone. Fungus usually appears in Jace­ moisture is allowed to enter the wood. like strands or sheets on the surface The dwindling supply of decay resis­ or in the cracks in the wood. These tant lumber and the substitution of web-l ike strands are fine hollow tubes non-resistant materials lend further reaching out to find food, they have the emphasis to the desirability of provid­ ability to absorb the starches, sugars, ing maximum protection. Lumbermen. and otber organic material in tbe wood [252] October 1953 T H E NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 253

A ll illustrations accompan,yvng this orti.de wen prepared from illllstmtion fnmished b}' the onthor P01'iaei va,illantii. Fungus in fonn of sheets and strands 011 tiJ11ber. cells. As they feed and grow they pro­ rooms or flat pancakes-which produce duce "fruit-bodies"-much li ke l1lush- millions of minute spores. These micro- 254 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 scopic seeds may lie dormant fo r years, interfe re with a good paint job. awaiting the right conditions of heat 11. The preservative should have and moisture in which to "germinate" cOl:tainers plainly marked with contents and send out a new set of feeders, an­ of preserving ingredients, so that pur­ other "fruit body," and another area chaser may know what he is paying for. destroyed. Because dry rot requires a 12. It should not cause corrosion of moisture content of between 20 and metals in contact with treated wood 30% (moisture in most woods, normal­ and should not require special protec­ ly, is below 20% ), a good preservative tive equipment while being used, and should contain a good water repellent no special skill should be required to together with t he preservative. produce a good job. What To Look Fo?' In building wood frame walls, In A Wood Preservative Cuprinol should be used to protect the frame from decay. Local fire laws often 1. It should be non-toxic to higher prevent the kind of ventilation that forms of life, plants and animals. would carry out the condensed mois­ 2. It should be easy to apply, safe ture so it is important to use a good to handle, and readily available. water repellent preservative to protect 3. It should il1hibit or materially re­ those areas that cannot be reached duce any micro-biological attack and again. Wherever condensation collects render the wood unpalatable to boring in the wall, all that is needed to cause insects. the spores of rot to become active is 4. It should not adversely affect the the right temperature. The naphthenates usefulness of the products treated. have another value in that they blend 5. It should be economical to use. well with water repellents, have a (I nitial· cost not a true yardstick of greater penetrating value than most in­ economy. ) gredients used in the preservative field. 6. It should be non-soluble in water Using one of the mineral spirits as a or soil, and remain in the wood after vehicle, they do not distort the wood as the vehicle has dried out. they carry the preservative and water­ 7. It should give good coverage, repellent into the wood cells, thus re­ good penetration, and long service. ducing the movement of moisture in S. It should be paintable-that is, the wood. furnish a good bond for paint. The control of moisture in wood is 9. It should have a water repellent of utmost importance. Moisture getting effective enough to inhibit the trans­ into the wood ·celJs expands them, ca u s~ mission of moisture into and out of ing the lumber to swell. If no control is timber; the water repellent should be used and the wood dries out fast, the in complete solution with the other in­ outer surface shrinks more than the gredients and be carried into the wood inner cells, and cracks develop, grain (not just a surface treatment); it raises one surface dries ahead of the should not prevent the paint from other: and warping results. When bonding to the wood. cracks develop they provide just the 10. The preservative should not place for those fungi to start feeding, bloom - leave crystals or other ma­ as they hold needed moisture longer, terial on the surface of the wood to giving more ti me for rot to develop. October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULfURAL MAGAZINE 255

M e1'ulius lac1'ywLa,ns. Left, front of panel showing no Sig17S of dam'Lage. Center, bacl~ of SClfine pa·rbel, attac/~ed by dry rot, a1'bd showing fungLtS sIlins. Righ.t, wood attacked by dry rot, showing C1'OSS shakes.

Warping, cracking, and swelling give the contractor or home owner to pro­ the builder and the architect many tect the property against rot and insect headaches as well as much added cost. attack by priming as the job pro­ Stabilizing lLlll.ber by usi ng a good gresses. It also removes the need for water repellent preservative pe~mits a paint primer, as the preservative 256 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 gives all the protection a primer does greater pride of possession. H e is equal­ plus the added value of being able to ly interested in assuring the contrac­ paint over the primer sooner because tor that the materials he recommends the water repellent, having kept the 'will give the service that area requires. water out .of the lumber, makes the It is important to him that the articles surface dry sooner. It also allows he recommends can be depended upon building during cold weather and, us­ to do the job required and at a cost ing the preservative with water repel­ the home owner or contractor can lent during construction as a primer, afford. He likes to know when he spec­ there is no need to paint until the ifies a preservative fo r back painting weather becomes favorable. Unfinished furniture, if treated at the factory, that the cost will not be too high, and would arrive with smoother grain, that the preservative will not damage fewer handling stai ns and in better the finish by staining or blooming, that condition, because any wood will pick it will prevent the growth of fungi up some moi sture while in transit. as well as prevent warping. He likes to Contractors find that plywood forms know that plywood paneling or ranch that have been treated with a water­ type finishes can be stabilized and that repellent preservative leave a smoother moisture can be kept from blistering the wall, strip off with less concrete stick­ finished paint. He likes to know these ing to the lumber, require fewer re­ things, for he is responsible for them placements, as the plywood gives longer to the owner and the builder. service. Staging planks that are treated The well-made preservative, then, do not get used up for ordinary work, should have an effective water repel­ as the 'copper naphthenate leaves a lent, a really good preservative blended green color that identifies them as stag­ in an oil solution with penetrating ing planks and protects the lives of agents to give deep penetration, one those who use them by keeping out that does not stain lumber that is to be rot. The water repellent feature doesn't left natural or varnished, one that does allow moisture to get in to cause added not stain the clothing if contacted after weight. reasonable time for drying, one that is The carpenter finds that refitting and non-irritating to the ski n after ap­ replacements are reduced bv_ usin 0a the pli cation, and finally, one that gives proper preservative. \ iV hen he fits a lasting protecting. door that ·came to him with a water Cuprinol copper naphthenate and repellent on it, he cuts off the en ds, Cuprinol zinc naphthenate meet these planes in the edges to fit the opening. requirements. Cuprinol, one of the This removes the treatment and opens oldest copper naphthenate formulas for up the wood so that moisture gets in, the protection of timber, was developed causing the door to swell or warp. It in Denmark 40 years ago to protect is many times more expensive fo r him boat hulls, fish nets and ropes. It has to go back to refit the door than it been successfully used for many years is to protect it with a good water­ in boat construction to prevent dry rot repellent preservative. and teredo (ship worm) as well as an An architect is constantly searching antifouling appli cati on. In more recent for materials that wi ll give the home years it has been accepted in the build­ owner more comfort, better service, and ing trades as a protective treatment October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 257

MOISTURE

WARM AI

HEAT FLOW

CONDENSA TION HERE

BACK TREA TED

DANGER AREA FOR ROT TREA T ALL WOOD IN THIS SEC TION.

Dra.wil'l,g ill$istrates how conde11Sation 'within wall space talws place and causes 1'ot, Slvelling, a1~d paint to peel . . 258 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 against rot and termites, as well as an are large enough for the roots to pass effective water repellent. through when the shrub sends the These preservatives are made in a feeder roots out after food. These plant complete solution of copper or zinc bags rot in three or four weeks and if naphthenates, water repellent and other the plants are stored or remain on the ingredients t h inn e d with mineral roadside stand that long, it requires a spirits to the correct percentages to new bag before they can be moved or produce best results. V"hen applied shipped. These bags cost ten to fifteen with brush, spray, or dip, Cuprinol cents each and it will cost fifteen cents puts this protective solution into the in labor to make the change, if the bags wood (not just a surface treatment). are not treated with a preservative. After the mineral spirits have dried Tests have proven that one gallon of out, you have a complete preservative Cuprinol No. 14 for Florists mixed and water repellent that stabilizes the with two gallons mineral spirits will lumber by controlling moisture move­ make a solution that will give three to ment as well as giving top protection five months storage at about two cents against fungi and boring insects. per square yard of Dutch burlap. By Other areas that are vulnerable are: mixing one gallon Cuprinol No 14 with window boxes, hot beds and sash, cold one gallon mineral spirits, plants can be frames, greenhouses, fiats and benches. stored up to eight months at about four High temperatures and humidity such cents per yard. Simply prepare the as are needed for growing plants in a solution, allow the bags to soak for greenhouse are ideal for the growth of three minutes, pass them through a rot producing fungi. Some of these wringer to salvage the surplus, and they fungi are destroyed when the bench is are ready to use. sterilized, but there are areas around One grower who buys Dutch burlap posts or at the sides of the bench where ready-cut in bundles, simply soaks the the amount of steam needed to whole bundle in a solution of one part pasteurize the soil properly does not Cuprinol to one part mineral spirits reach into the wood to kill any nema­ long enough to wet all the burlap, todes or fungi from the previous crop. hangs the bundle over the tub to drip These areas need a coat of Cuprinol and lets it hang for a week, or until all that will prevent the fungi from feeding the bags are dry. He says it is a and will kill the nematodes on contact. simple method and gi ves good results. There are many areas around the Fences are another area where pre­ home, farm or business where the servatives save money. If fence posts proper use of the right preservative are set up at ten foot intervals, it takes saves many times the cost of the ma­ 528 posts to make one mile of fence. terial in labor alone. For example, The average fence post (except cedar, nurserymen use a covering for the locust and one or two others) will be roots of plants or shrubs that are to be non-serviceable after four years if set transplanted. These coverings hold the in the line untreated. To get a post earth around the roots and are com­ ready for the fence will cost about 60c monly called "plant bags." Dutch bur­ plus digging the hole and setting the lap is especially made for this type of post in line. At four years service life, work. The openings between strands the cost is 27c per year. Rooting Chestnuts From Softwood Cuttings

ROGER W. PEASEI

Introduction sulated opaque structure for rootinO" " b In 1949, at the West Virginia Agri­ vanous specIes at the U. S. Plant c.ultural Experiment Station, investiga­ Introduction Garden, Glenn Dale, 3 tIons were undertaken in rooting chest­ Maryland. Pertinent practices were nuts from softwood cuttings. Explora­ noted. A rooting and germinating box, tory observations were made of the be­ constructed as outlined in preliminary 4 havior of such cuttings placed in a bot­ reports from Glenn Dale and tested tom-heated cold frame. Both American by Dr. W . H. Childs of the Depart­ (Castanea dentata} and Chinese men~ of Horticulture, West Virginia .C Casta1'beGJ 1nollissima) cuttings were Agncultural Experiment Station, was lllserted at intervals of one week from examined, and its advantages and dis­ July to the middle of August.' The advantages discussed. In appraising the data collected, greatest weight was basal portions of some of the cuttinO"sb were dipped in indolebutyric acid given to practices followed in the insu­ crystals in talc at a concentration of lated opaque structure at Glenn Dale. one to two hundred, and the basal Ta:ble I lists practices selected. Where portions of others were immersed for a specinc reference was used, a biblio­ twenty-four hours in an aqueous graphical number is placed in column s?lution of indolebutyric acid crystals, four. Practices left to be determined by experiment are indicated by X's in slxt~ parts per million. The rooting medIUm was one-third peat moss and column three. t~o-thirds sand. Humidity was kept Material and Methods hIgh by daily watering, and approxi­ mately three-quarters of direct sun­ In 1950 an insulated rooting chamber with independent soil and air tempera­ light wer~ excluded. One cutting showed mIld callous formation; the ~ure co?trols was constructed. (See IllustratIOn). Forced interior air cir­ rest rotted under the soil surface with­ culation, low pressure fog nozzles, in a few weeks. and white fluorescent lights were in­ References dealing with the success­ stalled. Further details are listed in ful rooting of softwood cuttings from the second column of Table 1. Table American or Chinese chestnuts were II indicates the methods used when the apparently non-existant at that time rooting chamber was put into operation although in 1950 Bretz and Swingle re~ in 1951. ported "promising results" with leaf bud cuttings of hybrid Castanea. l There Results a1'~d Conclusions fore literature dealing with other dif­ As indicated in Ta:ble II, in four out fi.cul~-to-ro~t species was appraised.2 of five cases some of the solution­ An lllspectlOn trip was made to an in- t rea ted Chinese chestnut cuttings t1.ssi~tant Horticulturist, West Virginia College rooted during a seventy day period. o gnculture,. W:est Virginia Universty, Morgan- town, West VIrginIa. N either the untreated cuttings nor the [259] 260 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

TABLE I Practices Selected Practices tOI Specific Conditioning be Deter- Sources of Factors Initial Practices Selected mined Reference --I---i--;-­\ Type of cutting Softwood cutting Time of talking cuttings x Age of par~nt tree Juvenile where feasible 8 Type and carrier of auxin Aqueous solution of indolebutyric 5 acid crystals Maximum absnrbtion of x 6 auxin by cuttings Rooting medium, aeration, White, washed, building sand S 3 drainage over ~ in. sphagnum, bench 1 Glenn Dale with hardware cloth bottom, bench supported by legs Soil water Fog nozzles-continuous opera­ 7 tion· Humidity Fog nozzles-continuous opera­ 7 tion' Kind and intensity of White fluorescent -200-250 it. 4 light candles Soil temperature and fluc­ 70°F. Minimum fluctuation 3 tuation Air temperature and fluc- 65°F. Minimum fluctuation 3 tuation V en tilation x Air circulation X Concentration of aUXll1 X X's ill column three indicate practices left to be determined . • Fog nozzles were closed periodically, and the chamber aired for apl!roximately one half hour. cuttings treated with indolebutyric acid structing and operating a rooting in talc formed roots. However, some chamber larg.e enough for volume pro­ of the talc-treated cuttings calloused. ducti0n, it was decided to test a bot­ Because only one-third of the rooting tom-headed cold f1"ame in which some box was available for chestnut cuttings, of the conditions maintained in the the number set in each case was small. rooting chamber might be simulated. Therefore, percentages of success are It was also decided to observe the relatively unimportant. However, i.t response of softwood cuttings from was considered to be noteworthy that juvenile American chestnut trees. well-hardened cuttings taken June 9, The fill of an outdoor cold frame July 24, and August 19 rooted seventy­ was removed to a depth of eighteen five per cent, one hundred per cent, and inches, and free bottom drainage was sixty-six and two-thirds per cent re­ provided. Twelve inches of coarse, spectively. The early-rooting shoot white, washed building sand was and shield cuttings did not form roots placed in the excavation; then soil from the shields but from high on the cable was laid. A thermos witch which cutting stems. Hence it was concluded could control temperatures down to that no further trials would be made 32°F. was installed, and six inches of with shoot and shield cuttings. white, washed, building sand was Mate1'wls (JlJI1,d Methods 1952 placed over the soil cable. Low pres­ Because of the high cost of con- sure fog nozzles were mounted. To October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 261

IUust1'ations acco111.pan}ling this adicle were p'repared i1'om photographs 11'I,ade by the al~thor

Top: O%tside view of rooting chai71l/)ber showing i11,teriO?' suspension of cooling unit. Botto11'~ : I nside view showing Tooting box and jixt%1'es. 262 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

TABLE II Chinese ohestnuts in insulated chamber Indolebutyric Acid Number Treatment Type and Condition of of Concen- Rooted in Date Set Cuttings Cuttings Carrier tration 70 Days --- -- 6/9 Softwood sprouts plus 4 Water. n 60 ppm 3 shields from trunk, well Soaked hardened 24 hrs. 6/9 Softwood tips, soft 6 None None None 6/9 Softwood tips, soft 6 Water. a 60 I?pm None Soaked 24 hrs. 6/21 Softwood tips, soft 6 Water. n 60 ppm None Soaked 24 hrs. 6/21 Softwood tips, soft 6 None None None 7/14 Softwood tips, fairly hard 7 Water. a 40 ppm 4 Soaked 24 hrs. 7/14 Softwood tips, fairly hard 7 None None None 7/24 Softwood tips, wen hard- 7 Talc 1-200 None ened 7/24 Softwood tips, well hard- 6 Water. a 40 ppm 6 ened Soaked 24 hrs. 7/ 24 Softwood tips, well hard- 6 None None None ened 8/19 Softwood tips, well hard- 6 Water. n 70 ppm 4 ened Soaked 24 hrs. 8/19 Softwood tips, well hard- 6 None None None ened a When treating the cuttings with an aqueous solution of indolebutyric acid crystals, euttings were taken at noon on a sunny day. aid in reducing summer temperatures, Results and Concit£sions white shade strips were spaced to ex­ clude three-quarters of direct sunlight. Tables III and IV show results and When air temperatures were taken in­ pertinent data. The treated Chinese side and outside of the cold frame at chestnut cuttings from juvenile and noon on a hot day late in June, with ten-year-old trees rooted fifty-four and the fog nozzles operating, the outside one half per cent, and fifty per cent, temperature was 98°F. and the inside respectively. The difference between temperature was 81°F. .the two percentages was considered to On August 20, softwood cuttings be insignificant, and no conclusions were set in an available portion of the were drawn concerning the compara­ cold frame. The cuttings were taken tive desirability of selecting cuttings from Chinese chestnut trees ten years from mature or juvenile trees. The old and three years old, and from three­ twenty per cent success with juvenile year-old seedling American chestnut American chestnuts was considered to trees. The solution-treated cuttings indicate only that American chestnuts were handled as of the previous year. can be rooted from softwood cuttings. (Footnote, Table II) The fog nozzles A I tho ugh footing percentages of were operated eight hours each day. Chinese chestnuts were lower in the Top: Typiwl1'oot systerJll, and danwge. BOtt011J!l<: Over-winte1'ed rooted cuttings with swollen buds. cold frame than they had been the tiOll may result in the development of previous year in the rooting chamber, a practicable method for rooting the it seems possible that further investiga- Asiastic species. [2631 264 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE October 1953

TABLE III Chinese chestnuts in bottom-heated cold frame Indolebutyric Acid Treatment Date Set Type and Condition of Number Carrier Concen­ Rooted in Cuttings of tration 70 days Cuttings 8/20 Juvenile trees. 11 Water. 70 ppm 6 Well-hardened Soaked softwood tips 24 hrs. 8/20 10 year old tree. 10 Water. 70 ppm 5 Well-hardened Soaked softwood tips 24 hrs. 8/ 20 Juvenile trees. 20 None None None W ell-hardened softwood tips

TABLE IV American chestnuts in bottom-heated cold frame Indolebutyric Acid Treatment Type and Condition ot Number Carrier Concen­ Rooted in Date Set Cuttings of tration 70 days Cuttings 8/20 Juvenil e trees. 10 Water. 70 ppm 2 Fairly hard Soaked softwood tips 24 hr s. 8/20 Juvenile trees. 10 None None None F airly hard softwood tips

Cultural Pmctices of woody o£tlings. Maria Moore Cabot Foundation, P etersham, 1\II ass. P u.biico.tio-/t Results from investigations of meth­ No. l. ods .for over-winltering were so in­ 3. Stoutemyer, V. T ., and Albert W. conclusive that further data should be Close. Raotil~g cntlings alld gennill ating seeds tmdel' filwrescent and co ld ca th ode obtained before definite recommenda­ h:ghtiI1g . Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. v. 48, pp. tions are given. However, illustration 309-325. 1946. shows two rooted cuttings after over­ 4. Stoutemyer, V. T., and Albert VV. Close. wintering, one C. dentata and one C. Plant pl'opagation lindel' finol'escent lights. U.S.D.A., Ag. Research Adm. (Revised) 11'bOllissi11l1a, both of which showed March, 1946. swelling, green buds when potted at S. Poesch, G. H. Effect of g·rowth snb­ the time of writing, April 15. Illustra­ stances 0'/1· the rooting of woody ornmnental plants. Ohio Ag. E:.p. Sta,. Bim o l ~th l y Bnl. tion shows a typical root system, and 191. Apr il, 1938. root damage which may have been 6. Jackson, T. H. ASOl'ption of growlh­ caused by frequent transplanting. pr01notvn.g sllbstances by C1Ittil1 gs. Natnre. v. 141, p. 835, 1938. BIBLIOGRAPHY 7. Stoutemyer, V. T., and F. L. O'Rourke. 1. Bretz, T. W., and R. W. Swingle. Ez­ Sp-ray lmm'idifica60n alld th e roolil'lg of pel'imental propagatl'an of dl'sease-resistant gl'eenwoad cntlings. Am. Nu.rsel"j11I1aN. v. 77, ehn selections b.v vegetative cttftvngs. Phyto­ No. 1, p. S. pathology. v. 4, p. 4. 1950. 8. Gardner, F. E. Relationship between 2. Thimann, K. V., and J ane Behnke­ tl'ee age al1d the l'oot-ing of cl.tttings. PI'OC. Rogers. The use of C/Il~zins in the l'ooti:ng Am-. Soc. Had. Sci. v. 26, pp. 101 -104. 1930. The Sweetgum Blight]

PAUL R. MILLER AND G. FLIPPO GRAVATT2

Blight, a new di sease of sweetgum, diseased trees and the increase in the Liquida,11'1,ba1' styraciftMa, was first re­ number of trees affected in University ported in 1951.3 The senior author first Park suggest that the disease may be observed symptoms in the sweetgum infectious. The Division of Forest trees on his property in University Pathology now has the responsibility Park, Prince Georges County, Mary­ for the United States Department of land, in 1948. In surveying for the Agriculture for survey and research on disease in University Park and im­ this disease. mediate vicinity in 1949, he found that 20 percent of the 3,000 trees observed SY1%Pt07nS showed various stages of decline. The The first visible indication of blight number of trees in different stages of occurs in late summer ; the leaves on the disease indicated that it had been affected limbs or small branches show present for some years. However, fall coloration much earlier than on numerous residents of the University healthy branches. N onnal, healthy Park stated that they had not observed sweetgum trees frequently show some the disease in former years and there differences in the time of appearance of was no evidence that trees had been fall coloration within a tree, but not so removed. Local pathologists, foresters, strikingly as trees affected by the and arborists were consulted but no disease. The following spring, di seased one had seen this condition in sweet­ limbs may be dead. On diseased limbs gum trees. In 1949, the senior author that are not dead, leaves that are very also spent several days making an auto­ small or slightly reduced in size may mobile survey in an area of 30 miles develop. The small-leaved branc.hes radius from University Park but he sometimes gradually wilt and then dry noted 110 diseased trees. up, on others the leaves prematurely Various pathologists have made become colored red or yellow. Some­ cultures but have not obtained any times many of the buds toward the organisms that they considered to be terminal end of such branches remain the cause of this disease. Further isola­ green and normal in appearance for a tion work and inoculations by the Divi­ while but do not open. Usually the sion of Forest Pathology are under end of the branch or leader, which way. In local areas, unusual climatic started growth with small green leaves conditions sometimes adversely affect or failed to produce leaves, gradually trees, but the progressive symptoms on dies during the summer and frequently there are brown to black areas in the 'Reprinted by permiss ion of the Publishers of Plant Disease R ep orter, from Plant Dis. ReptT. twig bark. 36 :247· 252. 1952. 2Division of lVlycology and D isease Survey, and Affected branches may show up in Division of Forest PathologY1 respecti vely, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engi· any part of the periphery of the crown neering, U. S. Department of Ag-riculture. sMiller, Paul R., and Muriel J. O' Brien. An or leader, and rather frequentl y the apparently new sweetgum disease in Maryland. Pla.rIot Dis. Reptr. 35 :295·297. 1951. whole periphery of limbs will be af- [265 ] Top: L eft, longit~£dinal and obliq'b£e sections of sweetgL£1n bmnch affected by blight, showing ir1'egular discolomtion, somewhat 11wre abundantly developed in this than usual. R'Lght, and twig in right of left lowe?' illustration, affected by blight, showing s11fwll spa1'se foliage, curling and b1·owning of the leaves. Bottom.: Left, first twig of a healthy sweetgum.; second of a diseased tree. Right, blight i, slowly hlling this large s peCi11'Len. [266 ] October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 267 fected. On such trees only a few shoots cent of the hardwood sawtimber. In along the main stem will be alive the 1945, sweetgum sawtimber in this following season and the entire tree quarter of the country was estimated will be dead before fall. Some trees die at nearly 26 billion board feet. As an more rapidly than others, but in gen­ ornamental and shade tree, sweetgum eral there is a remarkable regularity is outstanding in value in most of the to the decline and death after the trees eastern half of the country. Although show the first symptoms. its natural range is as stated above it is Some trees show a general thinness planted as an ornamental far north of of foliage throughout the tree rather its natural range and also in southern than on only one or two affected limbs. California. A normal sweetgum has a rather dense Disease Dist1'-ibution foliage, and trees with thin foliage are Except for intensive observations conspicuous in contrast. On some limbs and records indicating spread in Uni­ of these thin, sparse-foliaged trees there versity Park for the past three years are dead tips and gradually dying small very little survey work has been con­ leaves. Frequently the leader of the ducted for this disease. Numerous tree is affected first and later symptoms blighted sweetgums were found this of dying extend on down the tree. This spring in the vicinity of Aberdeen and occurs more frequently in sweetgums Solomons Island, Maryland, and in growing in dense forest stands than Caroline and King Counties, Virginia, on spreading trees growing in the each nearly 60 miles from University open. Park, Maryland. F. H. Berry, of the A cut across affected branches and Division of Forest Pathology, recently tops reveals amber-brown to deep­ noted similar symptoms on sweetgum a brown streaks in the otherwise white few miles north of Richmond, Virginia, satiny sapwood. There is no regular nearly 100 miles south of University pattern of discoloration, sometimes Park. In nearly all of the small stands there are just a few streaks and in of sweetgums observed within the af­ other cases numerous narrow streaks fected area, at least a few trees show or broad bands. This discoloration the first stages of the blight and in does not normally appear in cross sec­ some of the stands 5 to 25 per cent of tions of the limbless lower part of the the trees show symptoms, usually in an trunks of diseased trees. In diseased early stage. sweetgums, some areas in the sapwood Sometimes the diseased trees occur appear dryer than others. The heart­ in groups, but they may be randomly wood exhibits the normal reddish­ distributed among healthy trees. The brown coloratioi1. distribution of affected trees does not Sweetgum is a very important forest appear to be related to soil types. Dis­ tree in the southeastern quarter of the eased trees have been observed in open United States, from Virginia and fields where they are growing in fertile, Tennessee southward and westward to well-drained soil with no grading or east Texas and east Oklahoma, in­ other disturbance. The disease has not clusive. It makes up nearly 8 per cent been observed in trees smaller than of the total sawtimber (conifer and about 1 inch in diameter and 6 feet in hardwood) of this region, or 18 per height. 268 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

Similar SYI1 f/, ptO'JI/f/,S, Due To Other kills all parts of the tree rapidly, Causes whereas the leader dieback normally is confined to the leader. Garren4 recently reported what ap­ peared to be a new disease of sweet­ Sweetgu111s injured ' by construction gum in Alabama. His description, how­ work, changes of water level, gas leak­ ever indicates that the disease differs age, girdling of the bark, or fire often mat~rially from sweetgum blight in manifest some of the same symptoms Maryland. He said, "This disease is as sweetgu111 blight, but close examina­ definitely localized in the tree and does tion usually will show differences. Fire, not develop throughout the perimeter for instance, practically always chars of the crown as do most diebacks. It the outer bark. In determining the appears to be more prevalent and more presence of blight, it is advisable to destructive on younger trees, where it avoid confusion by disregarding all usually begins in the terminal portion trees affected by such factors. of the leaders. Thus, 'leader dieback' An Appeal F01' Info1'111,ation is an appropriate descriptive name." He described internal symptoms as­ The sweetgum blight is ,fery serious sociated with "leader dieback" as fol­ in University Park and vicinity.. Re­ lows: "Inner bark and outer sapwood search on the cause, means of spread, show streaks of blue-black to black dis­ and other factors concerning the disease coloration extending downward beyond is under way. evident necrosis. Inner sapwood is I11lformation is needed now on the normal, or with irregular, broken rings dying of sweetgum in other parts of of light-tan discoloration." its range, ei ther now or in the past. We Occasionally young sweetgu111s af­ solicit the cooperation of the various fected by blight in Maryland, especial­ state and private agencies interested in ly in young, crowded, second-growth sweetgums. An appeal is made to tree stands, show the fiL'St indication of the workers and observers to send in in­ disease in the terminal portion of the formation on dying of sweetgums to leaders, just as in the leader dieback their ,state plant pathologist at the of sweetgum in Alabama and Missis­ Agricultural Exeperiment Statiotls and sippi. However, the sweetgu111 blight to the Division of Forest Pathology, (Garren, Kenneth H. Leader dieback-a cc new" Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, disea se of sweetg um. Plant Dis. RepM·. 33(5): 251·253. 1949. Maryland. Concerning Columneas

PEGGIE SCHULZ, Edit01'

The greenhouse gardener on the look out for something novel and excit­ ing to use as basket plants would do well to explore the possibilities of ad­ ding a few Columneas to his collection. And some species can also be used to advantage in the window garden. Columneas are trailing, climbing, or in a few cases, shrubby, members of the GESNERIACEAE. In their natural ha'bitat, Tropical A merica, they often grow as epiphytes and cling to rotten stumps, wedge ill tree <:;fot'ches, or dangle precariously from debris-fi lled rock crevices. ]. B. Reark, plant explorer from Miami , F lorida, reported on this genus fo r The Gloxi11lian: "A m 0 n g th e most beautiful epiphytes found in Central America are those of the genus C Olu.111.nea. Occasionally one will come upon a tree Harry B lossfeld Photograph which is fill ed with cascading sprays N ema,n.ta.1'bth us long,ip es of C Olu.111,nea, the brilliant blosso111s creating a riot of color in an other­ wise son"ber forest. I have seen hanging in front of a light window and great plants of them growing to that it had proven to be, "far more seven or eight feet across and bear­ spectacular than Ivy or P l11ilodendr01i." ing several score of blooll1ing stems. It took some searching but I fin ally This is the clue to culture, for the located someo ne who would sell me a OS111/btnda lined hanging basket seems cutting. Since that time I have usuall y to suit them best, although they will had one or more Columneas mingled thrive in regular pots which are well­ with my othe); house plants. drained." Colunmeas grow well in equal parts I became interested in these plants of OS11/,~tnda fiber, coarse leaf mold, and when I read an artide about them in peat moss. They will prosper in the Flowe?' Growe'/' a number of years OS1nunda fi ber alone if bi-weekly feed­ ago. T he plant was described in such ings of liquid fertilizer are given. I an intriguing fas hion that I knew it grew some in Black Magic, a porous was a "must" for me. Its owner said mixture designed fo r African-violets the C olu111.l1ea was grown in a basket and Gloxinias, and they grew equall y [269 ] 270 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 as well as in my home made formula. species in a terrarium. It is perfectly Good drainage is essential and it is happy in this setting and often flowers wise to prepare the pot by enlarging the in late February or early March. drainage hole as in planting Orchids. Some of the younger plants bloom in C o1M111/,11.eCL gloriosa is the plant I November or December. searched for. The small hairy, brown Columneas can be rooted easily from leaves, have reddish undersides and cuttings. Sand, vermiculite, or any make a perfect foil for the bright red other commonly used media suits them. and yellow tubul.ar flowers. When A terrarium is mLlch to their liking grown in a window garden it has been during this phase of their lives. If my experience that this plant does not you have no terrariU111 slip a drinking produce .many f!,owers, perhaps not glass over the cutting to supply extra more than Four or five during the sea­ humidity. These cLlttings strike root son. The Rowers last for a long time quickly when stuck in sphagnum 1110SS when grown in a cool spot. I've had and wrapped in the hormone-treated then1 remain over three weeks in a 68 plastic film, "Air-"\iVrap." Roots form degree room. In a greenhouse the more rapidly from mid-February until blooming period spreads from late fall August. After that root growth slows into early spring. peKeptibly and the cutting is apt to The only other variety I have tried rot before any roots appear. growing as a house plant is C. As soon as cuttings are well rooted Schiedeana. Although it is a most they should be transferred to two-inch beautiful foliage plant I have never had pots filled with the proper growing the pleasure of seeing one of its mixture. They make a most effective flowers. Nature intended it to be a display in a greenhouse when fastened ·climber but after it wanders around to rotten blocks of wood. Mature plants in the air for a while it tips slowly of C. glm'iosa grow to about two feet toward the earth and then once more in length in a greenhouse but seldom begins an upward ascent. This odd over eighteen inches in the window habit makes the plant resemble a loose­ garden. ly ('oiled spring. The silky green leaves C. au:rant£aca. A June flowering are over two inches long and I imagine species, bearing orange flowers on long that in an ideal growing spot they stalks. might grow to well over three inches. X C. Bal1kst:. A hybrid featuring Undersides of the leaves are lined with small, glossy, green leaves with reddish heavy, coral veins. The flowers are re­ undersides. Flowers are orange with a ported to be "yellow and brown and russet overcast. borne in June." This species is a parent C. cmss£foha. A shrubby plant with of C. Ba·nl?si, a hybrid listed by one large scarlet flowers. dealer. C. hi1'ta. The leaves and stems on My two species me grown in a tbis species are >covered with reddish northeasf corner during the early hairs. Flowers are vermilion red. spring and iJ:lto fall. Columneas are C. Oersted·iana.. This is the other plants of evergreen habit but artificial parent of C. Ba.n!?si and it, too, has heat and lowered humidity makes C. small glossy leaves and orange flowers. glo1'iosa drop leaves so I winter this C. ste11Oph,)llla. When I visited Gar- October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 271

field Park Conservatory in Chicago last the buildings at Garfield Conservatory. spring, I saw this plant in bloom. This It is grown in a hanging basket and species was discovered in 1942 in the some of the branches are over three Provinces of Solola, Guatemala, by Dr. feet long. Leaves are small and oval Julian Steyermark of the Chicago Na­ and the flowers are orange-red. tural History Museum. It is the only N e1·Jf/,Q177.tanthus longipes. This plant one in circulation in this country. Nor­ is so similar to C olu111,nea that it is way recently acquired this species on usually called Co l'lm mea., C. splendens. an exchange basis and gave in return The tubular red flowers are borne from six varieties of Columneas to Garfield the leafaxils on drooping branches. Conservatory. This species grows up­ Although the genus C olummea com­ right and bears long, red flowers. The prises about one hundred species it is foliage is glossy green. I believe I difficult to find any listed in catalogues. noted seed pods on this variety but One Florida specialist lists two species lost my notes so cannot be certain. The and one hybrid. However, like other seed capsules however, were nearly as semi-rare plants, once the gardening beautiful as the flowers. They looked public accepts and learns to grow them, like orchid colored birds' eggs wedged they will appear on the market in great­ in the leafaxils. er quantities. C. vedrairieJ'bSis. A plant of this (A conti·ibution fr01'lL the A11~ e ri c an species greets you as you enter one of Gloxinia Societ),)

Begonias For The Pacific Coast

STANLEY SPALDING, Editor

The B ego1Via hybridists in the west Begonias, the results have produced have been very enthusiastic over some beautiful plants tolerant to window gar­ of the Begonia species introduced in den culture. recent years, namely Begonia boweri, Della MacLanahan of Los Angeles B. 11'I,azae and B. epipsila. produced B egonia Bow-Nigra by cross­ Several hybridizers have used B. ing B . boweri with B. wigrica17s. It bower-i, a small, rhizomatous Begonia has medium-sized leaves with dark, discovered in Mexico by Thomas Mac­ black-green surface while the underside Dougall, and have produced some is a dark red. A distinctive, light green amazingly, ,beautiful Begonias. stripe runs from the center of the leaf B . bowe1'i is a miniature, creeping to the tip; it rests, but never goes B ego'l1tia with leaves having 'eyelashes' dormant and is a very heavy bloomer. on its irregularly, brown-marked mar­ Another interesting hybrid Mrs. gins. The 'eyelash' characteristic seems MacLanahan produced is B egonia to carry through to resulting hybrids Bow-Chance, a chance seedling of B. and is very desirable. By crossing it bowe1·i. It is a totem pole B egoN'ia with with stronger, more drought resistant a rhizome that creeps and clings a!3 it 272 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

I'va ll Mol'1'ow Photograph Begonia Bow-Nigm grows. It has pale green leaves, brown B egonia Bow-Arriola is a result of margins and is extremely fl oriferous. crossing Begonia C-42 with B. boweri, The leaf stems grow downward, pro­ thus producing an exceptional, mottled­ ducing an overlapping effect with its leaved Begonia. \ i\1 hen this B egonia! is leaves. grown on shelves in a window, the October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 273

Ivan JlIiorrow Photograph Begollia Bow-Arriola leaves grow vertical, turning towards named in honor of Gus Arriola, the the light. This enables one to view creator ot Cordo. them in a perfect position to enjoy the Another MacDougall discO\'ery, from color pattern of the leaves. Every win­ Mexico, is B. 'l1wzae. This Begonia dow gardener will want this Begonia, has given new impetus to Begonia 274 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 hybridizing. The deep chatoyancy undersides. This cross produced a (sati n-sheen) on the surface of the Begonia with leaves having a bronzy leaves is a characteristic that invariably surface, due to 11w!Zae's chatoyancy. predominates in its hybrids. B. J ohn R. is a beautiful star Begonia Loui se Schwerdtfeger of Santa Bar­ in a larger size class. It is a hybrid bara has created some exceptional of B . dWjn: and B. 11f/;acdougatli and has Begonias, o\\;ing allegiance to B . 11wzae proven to be a tolerant plant, accepting as a parent. B . Helen K rauss is one the average care given most shade example, \vith B. dayi as the other plants. It has smooth, iight-green parent. This Begonia appears to be leaves with pronounced veins and .has more tolerant than either of its parents proven equally happy indoors and out, and is a medium sized plant having during mild -weather. smooth leaves with dark chocolate Begonia hybridists of the West wi ll areas surrounding· the veins. continue to work to produce worth­ B. Zaic1a is a hybrid of B. mazae while hybrids, of the plants they enjoy and B. ep·ipsila) the latter, a recent m0st, in this Royal hobby. reintroduction from Brazil, by Mulford DOROTHY S. BEHRENDS Foster. B. ep·ips,i,la has heavy, textured (A co%t1'ib~d ·ion fr01% The American leaves, green stu-face with bright red Begonia S oeietjl.)

Daffodil Section

ROBERTA C. VVATROUS, Editor

Daffodils 1'/1. Th.e Landscape fo und 111 broad-leaved evergreens. How can we use Daffodils-the big Kingscourt, Gold-digger, Vir g in i a glorious beauties, the charming dwarfs Wright, Aranjuez and Scarlet Leader -in our landscape plan? are stunning in front of B erbe1'is ju.li­ Let me recall the general principles ClI/1.ae with its fragrant yellow blossoms. of design: balance, proportion, scale, Use big white trumpets-Beersheba dominance, and contrast; each to be and Mt. Hood-or the bi-color Music used in proper relation to the whole Hall , or J ohn Evelyn, Tinker. or Tunis picture. Consider also interesting ma­ in front of the metalli,c-foliaged M (1- terial a)"ld its relative suitability, as hOlua aq'Ulifoliu1n. Pieris japonica wi th well as combinations of colors obtained its waxy-white bloom heightens the by related tones, values, and masses. glistening whiteness of Cantatrice and First, plan the location of your Daffo­ Ada Finch, increasingly effective with dils; second, plan for strong groups NI ~tscan'i Heavenly Blue in front of them. of given varieties for each selected spot. Try Bread and Cheese, bordered by The large trumpets and large-cupped clear yellow Pl'imf/;tla) in front of Bel'­ types need a background of sturdy beris veTJ'ucu/osa. If planted in large texture and dignified form, usually groups Fortlme, R ustom Pasha, and October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 275

Copper Bowl look happy at the base of ground covers for Daffodils blooming Rhododendron.. Against the small at the same time: white T1'illi1.mr" Holly foliage of Osmanthus aqllijolilll1'l Ge1'OniU'l1'L, and small yellow yiolets; plant white Daffodils-Roxane, Rostov, P hlo_v di'lioricata, 1VI uscari, and Actaea, Green Emerald, and Zero, or Duke of Silver Chimes, Thalia, Moonshine, or "\Nind 'or. The undertone of dark red Rippling Waters. in the fo li age of Lellcothoe catesbaei In the rock garden plant TrialldnlS blends harmoniously with the pink albus ("Angel's Tears"), Bulbocodi'f,~1n Daffodils-Mrs. R. O . Backhouse, conspicllus or tel1 II ifolius, Beryl, Feb­ Tintoretto, Cameo, and Rosabella, or ruary Gold, "\V. P. Milner, JOllquilla some of the doubles-Shirley Temple, si1llplex and plCI111S, and Queen of Yellow Cheerfulnes . or Insulinde. Spain. Set in small , informal groups, In selecting small companion ma­ so as to enjoy their individual charm. terial for Daffodils consider the type, form, height, color and season of bloom Natura li zing Daffodil s is really not of this bulb; its relation in texture to a project for the rank amateur. Plan surrounding plants, and its im portance entire space fi r t. Then use only one in the landscape plan. Don't be afraid variety in each rather ktrge drit't and to plant other bulbs with Daffodils. The plant only varieties adapted for natur­ proper placcing of Chiollodoxa, Mus­ ali zing. In the vicinity of "\Vashing­ cari, various Scillas, Leucojul'/l, Tri­ ton, D. c., proper selection gives ten teha" and Tuli p species actually seems weeks of blool11. For open woods or to prolong their season of bloom, for woodland paths try small-cupped varie­ as one finishes the next comes on and ties and the poets. In general, though, makes continuing charming pictures. especially in grass, experiment with For example: winter aconite, February bulbocodiu111s, cyc1amineus, and species Gold, Leuco j~!1n, Thalia; Triteha, Vv'. j on<}uils. P. Miln er, and purple violets; Scilla In these garden pictures I suggest sibirica and small white trumpet Nar­ you plallt mainly the sure-to-bloom cissi with I ris p~!111ila; Mangosteen or varieties whose performance you can Ros~la r e on top of a low rock wall, count on, and leave the temperamental looking down on the yell ow and orange and expensive lreasures for the nursery tulip Sunburst; with foreground of row. You will get rewarding satisfac­ the same-colored Pri11lula " Tulip Prae­ tion when you have attempted and stans with Firetail's red-edged cup achieved a well-thought-out and care­ matching it in color! fully executed plan. O ur native plants are attractive M. C. • The True Epiphyllu111s

W. TAYLOR MARSHALL, CO'Imtribu,to'r The Forgotten Pwrents With An OutstcJ,1'bdi1'bg Progeny

To most of us, the plants which are Tropics have many that have not been the most attractive, are those with the discovered. Mr. E . J. Alexander and most beautiful flowers and it is evident Mr. T. MacDougall are doing much that the True Epiphyllums have been in fieLd work and research along these rather over shadowed by the many­ lines now. colored and brilliant hybrids found in The name Ep,iphyllu111, is from the most collections. Greek, meaning upon a leaf. but this is But I think you will find, as each misleading -because the Epiphyllums true species is added to a collection, have no true leaves, the flowers are they become more and more interest­ borne from t11e areoles of the joints Gr ing, and the wide range of plant stems as in all cacti. Among the many growth, together with the difference in names used for these plants, Epiphyl­ size and shape of the flowers, make lU1n has the priority, having been first them an outstanding and worth while used by Hermann. Epiphyllu1n Am,eri­ collection by themselves. cam~t11q, was listed in his catalog of The white flowers, some day bloom­ plants at the Leyden Gardens in 1687. ers and some night bloomers, are varia­ The genus Epiphyllu.1n was estab­ ble in size and most of them very lished by Haworth in 1812, based Ofl fragrant. At the peak of their open­ Linnaeus' C(])ctus phyltanth%s, and ing, these flowers have a sheen and Haworth credited the name EpiphyUUI/11, radiance that can hardly be captured to Hermann, when he established that by the camera. genus. The name Phyllocact%s was not The natural habitat of the true published until 1831, but Epiphyll%1n species, continues from Mexico on the having the priority, Phyllocactus be­ north, down through Central America, comes a synonyn1 of it. to as far south as Brazil and has been In 1890, 'Schumann described fifteen said to extend into Paraguay. In their species and klter added six more, mak­ wild state they are found growing in ing twenty one, calling them Phyl­ the accumulation orr moss and leaves, in loca.ct'bts. In 1913, Britton and Rose in crotches of trees, on old tree trunks C antributiO'l'bs fro/1!/, the United States and on the ground, under the same National H e1'ba1'i101!/', described twenty conditions as the orchids and ferns. five species as Epiphyllums, but later In the humid climate of our western in their monograph, Cactaceae, reduced tropics, they thrive and usually climb that number to sixteen. to great heights in the trees, sending E. phyllanthus, meaning leaf-lflower, out air roots to assist in climbing and was named the type species by Britton through which they gather food and and Rose. This is the oldest true spe­ moisture from the air, but they are not cies, according to the records, beiL1g parasitic in nature. the Cact%s phyllOJI'bth%s of Linnaeus, of The collection I 'have been working 1753, Haworth establishing the genus to compl-ete is based upon the sixteen Epiphyll~m'b on this species in 1812. species given in The Cact{])CeCbe, by The plant is distinct from the other Britton and Rose, but I am sure our true species, being ·bright green in [276] October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 277 color with a dedded reddish-purple ing hundreds of flowers in the blooming edge. I have found this reddish margin season. Being a night bloomer the flow­ to be quite persistent during the year ers begin to open in the evening, and and becoming darker and deeper dur­ are at their peak usually around mid­ ing the flowering season. The stems night, then beginning to close and by are usually flat, rather thin and weak. morning are completely spent. Their The ,flower, which is white, nocturnal fragrance can be noticed quite a distance and fragrant, is remarkable for its very from the plant. E. o.1:ypetalurn comes long tube. The tube, twelve to thirteen from Mexico and is found from Guate­ inches in length, is pencil-like in width, mala, Venezuela, down to Brazil. curving upward to the rather small, It is widely cultivated in the Tropics daisy-like flower, the fruit being de­ because of its beautiful flowers. The cidedly fusiform. long reddish tube, the reddish sepals E. gailla?'dae, was first described i 11 and the pure white of the petals, with C 017trib'/Jdions from, the U?7,ited States many cream white stamens and white National H e?'ba.riu.wb, as a new species style, have truly a breath-taking beauty but later in Cactaceae given as a syno­ against the green foliage. nym of E. phyllanthus. The interest­ E. Hoo/lel'?:, a light green plant, ing note about this species was the quite sturdy, with many branches from germination of the seeds while the fruit terete stems, often woody at the base. was still attac.hed to the plant, some­ The flowers are nocturnal, rather large thing that has rarely been known and very beautiful. The color of the among Epiphyllums. long greenish flower tube with tiny E. phyllanthus has a wide distribu­ pink scale deepening into the greenish tion in South America, from Brazil, pink of the sepals is very striking. The which is given as the type location, to petals are pure white, with white Bolivia, Peru, and has been seen in stamens and a red style. The pink­ Paraguay, also Panama to British tipped sepals and red style give the Guiana. Dr. Rose's notes, made wlule flower a pinkish cast that is very beauti­ he was in Brazil in 1915, speak of this ful. It is also a most prolific bloomer Epiphyllu.m, being very common along and in its wild state forms great masses the coast in the wooded sections, and on the trees. The distribution is being epiphetic, climbs -to inaccessible Tobago, Trinidad and northern Vene­ heights in the trees. It is a shybloom­ zuela. It was ·brought to England as er in cultivation and is not a rapid early as 1825, flowered in 1826 and was grower. I believe it was Alwin Berger called Cactus phyUa?7#tus, but later who said, "This species is more inter­ was found to be quite different from esting than beautiful." that species. E. o%'YPetal~mb, meaning with sharp E. crenatu111" margins notched or pointed petals, is an old favorite and is scalloped, a very robust growing, grey­ found in most of our Epiphyllum col­ green plant with thick, sturdy stems lections. It has been called the Dutch­ and heavy mid-vein. The flowers are man's Pipe and the Queen Cactus, and diurnal, white and very fragrant. This will always be a very popular plant. It Epiphyllu.1% has been used extensively is a rapid grower, up to ten feet and in hybridizing, and many of our pres­ more and a most prolific bloomer, hav- ent day hybrids have this plant for one Top; EpiphyUu11II- oxypetalu111, Bottom: Epiphyllu1% C1'e'Ylnt $wn of its parents. the day time, it remains open two days or over. The type locality is Honduras, The flower is about five and one ha1£ but is found also in Guatemala. It is inches across, with the sepals greenish one of our popular white Epiphyllums !'ellow to cream, slightly reflexed, mak- and is in most of thle Ep·iphyllu111, col­ 1l1g a beautiful background for the lections. cream white petals, which are about Maybelle Place, four inches long and a bout three Fonne1' Preside11lt of Cactus and fourths of an inch wide. Opening in Su.ccttlent Society of Ame1'ica. [278] October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 279

Professor Arthwy Bloche1" s garden at Ambo:,>" I llinois. Top: L eft, section de­ voted to Cacti fr011~ New Mexico; Right, f1'om Af1'ica.; BOtt011~, Gel1,eral ai1'-v,;ew of ga?'den. Succulents In Illinois

Xerophists are found in every walk these beds where their color and beauty of life but it has been noted that a is accented by the colorful stones out­ larger .per cent of doctors and teachers lining the beds. are interested in xerophytic plants than To make his garden more interest­ from any of the other walks in life. The ing and valuable the spocies are as­ interest of doctors is frequently aroused sembled in groups representing the by the therapeutic value of a collection desert flora of Mexico, Texas, Cali­ of potted plants to a bed-ridden patient fornia, Arizona, New Mexico, Colo­ and the rugged succulents can best rado, Oklahoma, and South America survive the unfavorable conditions of and there is a separate bed for the suc­ such a situation. Teachers find that the culents from Africa. hardly succulents make ideal school­ Many of Professor Blocher's plants room plants that i~cite in their pupils and most of the rocks used in outlining an interest in nature study. the beds were collected by him on six Professor Arthur Blocher of Amboy, trips he made into our southwest for Illinois, has had an interest in xero­ that purpose so that each plant and phites since his boyhood when he be­ rock has its history and happy memo­ came interested in the local prickley ories for him. pear, Opu11.ltia C011'LpreSSa, bocause of On these trips careful observations the size and beauty of its flowers. He were made of natural soil conditions is an instructor and supervisor of :five and this soil has been duplicated as different school bands which neces­ nearly as possible with the result that sitates his absence from home for five the plants grow well and flower freely. days a week. His week ends are de­ The collection now consists of about voted to the care of his large collection 2500 plants representing over 1000 of cactus and other succulents. species and these are increased by pur­ Because of the rigor of Illinois win­ chase or trade as opportunity occurs. ters it is necessary to grow all of his It is but natural that with such a large specimens in pots so that they can be collection there is constant increase by stored in his large glasshouse in the vegetative propagation and this surplus winter but in early spring all of the is used in exchanges and much of it is plants are brought outdoors where presented to beginners that may call on raised beds are prepared for them. him, a generous trait not at all un­ The pots are plunged into the sand of conunon with xerophists.

[280] Recent Advances In Horticulture

FREEMAN A. WEISS, Editor

We often speak (or write) rather of modern varieties of fruits and vege­ glibly of "progress in horticulture" tables, or of the beauty of contempo­ perhaps without di tinguishing mere rary cultivated flowers, with that of novelty or change from advance. Every thei r forebears, the present author is year we are confronted with an array too circumspect to attempt. We are of new varieties of fruits, vegetables grateful for the size, the fine appear­ and flowers, all doubtless meritorious ance, the productivity, of our modern in some respects and often questionably horticultural plants; but we recall some so in others, but only time-and usual­ notable examples of quality and beauty ly a long time-must elapse before it in certain varieties that have been is dear whether a real horticultural around for quite a while: Yellow Ban­ gain has been registered. tam corn, The Stayman apple, the In this column v,,'e have, from time Hale peach, the Marechal Niel Rose, to time, recounted certain discoveries the Daffodil Beersheba. The modern that we have caIIed advances in horti­ plant breeders, or at any rate their ad­ culture. To date they have dealt chief­ vertlSll1g representatives, sometimes ly with new materials and new ways extol the quality of their current out­ of applying them for the control of put by claiming that it is equal to that crop pests and weeds. Taken singly of these old-timers, but their chief em­ all these discoveries have had some phasis is usuaIIy on commercial fea­ element of interest, and for the most tures, such as earliness, better sub­ part have seemed to give significant stance, uniform bearing, better ship­ evidence that the science of horticul­ ping quality, and especially disease and ture is progressing. Have they, how­ pest resistance. It is with reference ever, ~ontributed tangibly to making to the latter charaderistics that we feel gardenmg less arduous or more re­ bolder in evaluating the progress of warding; have they reaIIy eliminate& horticulture. some of· the disappointments and fail­ It is a matter of historic record that ures which every gardener sometimes the plant breeders have again and experiences? Or have they confirmed again come to the rescue of some crop what Vergil wrote nineteen centuries that is threatened with ruin-locally ago: even with extermination-by some "The Sire of gods and men, with pest or disease, and have discovered stern decrees or bred new varieties possessing im­ munity from the immediate hazard. Forbids our plenty to be earned Often, to be sure, the new variety then with ease, proved susceptible to some other ene­ But wills that mortal men, inured my that restored the hazard, but at to toil, least the horticulturist got a breathing Should cultivate with pain the spell. By trial and error, by successive grudging soi1." triumphs and failures, the crop im­ As for a comparison of the quality provement workers have insured the [281] 282 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

salvation of one crop after another, instances the enhanced resistance has which might otherwise have been lost been to only one of the new pesticides under our modern system of intensive at a time, but sometimes there has been cultivation, often of a single plant an increased tolerance for a variety of variety over wide ranges at one time. poisons. It is noteworthy that the re­ The organisms responsible for dis­ sistance or even immunity which some eases and other forms of crop damage pests have developed against particular have, unfortunately, been no less per­ chemical compounds of the man-con­ sistent, and they are undergoing wn­ trived kinds has not extended to some stant adaptation to the new kinds of of nature's own bug poisons, rotenone plants which the crop breeders present for example. to them. There are many examples of It will be a long time before the final this and many ways in which the crop chapter is written in this conflict be­ enemies accomplish their purpose, tween the chemists and crop pests, and which also is to survive. Sometimes in some respects the outcome can not a genetically new race of the pest, wi th any assurance be foreseen. We whether insect, fungus, or even virus, can not be sure that we are not by the arises as a result of hybridity or of very process of constantly producing mutation. Sometimes a pre-existing more potent pesticides collaborating in strain, that possesses some special sur­ the evolution of hardier and more ag­ vival ability in relation to the plant that gressive pests. is resistant to ordinary strains, multi­ We choose to believe otherwise, how­ plies and finally predominates. Some­ ever. The examination of the evidence times there is a slow adaptation to the will require more space and time than situation created by the advent of a are immediately available, but at the resistant crop plant, which is apparent­ risk of boring any who may seek in­ ly initiated and stimulated by the very formation, in this column, of the prog­ existence of a new charader. ress of horticulture we propose to re­ It is this latter process which has view it further in future issues. The given the manufacturers of pesticides question has long-term,- even philo­ -our cherni,cal warfare corps against sophic, bearings that transcend the crop pests-so much concern since the immediate problem of whether to use recent development of super pesticides DDT in one's own garden, perhaps such as DDT, benzene hexachloride, thereby becoming an accessory in the and the organic phosphates. The rapid­ breeding of super pests. We do not ity with which resistant races of in­ think Vergil's contention. will soon be sects and mites have, in some cases, overthrown, but we fully helieve that developed and flourished has been dis­ the soil will become less grudging and concerting to say the least. In most cultivating it less painful. Ai Book Or Two

Reviews in th'is issue were p1'epared by: Doctors John L. Creech, Fmncis de Vos, Ang'/J£s A. Hanson, Conrad B. Linl~ , and F1'e e11lb an A. Weiss, (Jm,d Messrs. B. Y. M orrison and F1'ederic P. Lee

Please nfer to Page [14] f01' e,o; plana.tion of the " (Lib1'Q1'}I)" notations.

Your Guide To A G1' eener Lawn. Photographs are used to illustrate Geoffrey S. Cornish. The Massachu­ conm10n diseases, landscaping, and new setts Horticultural Society. Boston, equipment. A chapter on lawn ques­ Massachusetts. 1952. 64 pages, il­ tions and answers should be particular­ lustrated. 75c. (Library) ly enlightening. Practical answers are This small book should be of con­ provided for several of the more com­ siderable interest to home owners who mon and vexing lawn problems. The value the appearance of their lawns. book also includes interesting chapters The book contains sound information on insect pests, weed eradication, se­ on the establishment and maintenance lecting and purchasing lawn seed, and of lawns presented in a straight for­ new grasses and grass substitutes. ward manner. The text is arranged in outline form with numerous sub-head­ Principles of N'/Jwsery lWanagel1f/,ent. ings and is adequately indexed for a Willis P. Duruz. A. T . De La Mare publication of its size. The descriptive Company, Inc. New York, 1953. 176 material and recommendations are brief pages, illustrated. $3.50. (Library) and to the point, a very desirable The copy here for review is from the feature from the standpoint of the First Printing of the Second Edition, reader WIDO wants his information in an and the Author's Preface states that accessible form. One of the outstand­ there have been considerable revisions. ing features of this publication is the We do not have the First Edition, so em.phasis that has been placed on the cannot offer comment on that, but the value of sound management practices, present volume is one of the best horti­ e.g., in the discussion of crabgrass cultural books that has ever crossed this eradication, the author points out that desk. the growth of crabgrass is encouraged In the Preface of the First \ Edition, by poor management, such as, light the author writes: "This textbook was daily sprinklings, mowing too close, written to fill a need for a guide to the and inadequate fertilization. Several practice and study of Nursery Man­ useful sketches, prepared by Carol Burr agement. It is intended as an introduc­ Cornish, are used to illustrate manage­ tion to the subject for those who are ment practices, equipment, pests, ,com­ beginners, and as an aid to those mon weeds, and useful lawn grasses. already engaged in the nursery busi­ In general, the sketches are very in­ ness." He goes on to elaborate the formative with the exception of those points considered. depicting the common lawn grasses The style of writing is not profes­ which are somewhat lacking in detail sorial in the unhappy sense of that and attention to identifying characters. word, but if the reader fails to be in- r283] 284 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

structecl It IS not the fault of the text ters on fl ower, fruit, and seed whi ch and if he further fails to be enthusiastic, have been treated with wider scope he should not be concerned with the than most texts on anatomy. This is nursery business at all. considered by Dr. Esau as an experi­ Every phase of nursery work is mental approach since tJ1e boundary be­ treated, briefly, alm ost succinctly, but tween morphology as it relates to ex­ never with any lack of clarity. One ternal fo rm and anatomy, which is con­ goes from the most general treatment cerned with the internal plant struc­ of hi storical developments to bookkeep­ ture, is vague where the fl ower and its ing procedures at the end. Each chap­ derivatives are concerned. ter has an admirable analysis at the end, and a splendid list of references Pla11t Diseases. In Ouhard, Nursery for further reading if one wishes. There a11d Garden Crops. Ernst Gram is a useful index and the illustrations . and Anna Weber. Edited and adap­ show the most prachcal clarity of de­ ted by R. 'IN. G. Dennis; translated tail, and are of admirable examples. from the Danish by E velyn Rams­ The only phases of nursery li fe that are den. Philosophical Library, Inc., New York. MacDonald, Lon­ not discussed are those related to very don. pages, color plates, highly specialized plant products, but 618 8 349 text figures. (Library) even these are mentioned and one 1953. $18.50. With this hefty volume English plant could easily apply the principles laid disease manuals have become encycl o­ down for genera l nursery management pedic, a distinction formerly reserved to them. for German or sometimes French hand­ The stress throughout is on manage­ books in this field. This increase in ment and all discussions relate to the bulk is partly a consequence of the perfecting of management. multiplicity of aih11ents to which Do not miss this book! modern cultivated plants are heir, and the corresponding activity of plant Plant An.atomy. Katherine Esau. pathologists in studying and writing J ohn Wiley and Sons, Inc., New about them. It is also due, in this vol­ York. 1953. 735 pages, illustrated. ume, to the exceptionally thorough dis­ $9.00. (Library) cussion which is presented for each of The complex subj ect of the structure the many diseases described. The book and development of seed plants must be is emphatically not big for mere big­ considered as reading material for the ness's sake, and there has been very advanced student, academic or ama­ competent selection of the material. teur; there is no light manner in which The numerous i11ustrations will help to present the subj ect matter. Dr. the layman to recognize many diseases Esau, however, has considerably over­ that he may encounter, and the very come this barrier by means of her fu ll discussion of symptoms, as modi­ straightforward style and by continual fied by place and season, wi11 be useful explanation of the concepts and basic to the professional plant pathologist. A terms at the beginning of each chapter. great variety of details is given, in In additi'on, a series of weli-chosen a fashion interesting to even a casual photomicrographic plates is appended. reader, of the manner in which para­ Particularly interesting are the chap- sites attack and host plants defend. October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 285

There is a wealth of suggestions on lustrated in color on the pages facing means of avoiding or mitigating the the texts. course of plant ailments. Though de­ The painting and drawings are the signed primarily for the needs of Euro­ work of Mrs. Wilhelmina F. Greene pean gardeners, it is well adapted to and the text, of Dr. Hugo L. Blom­ American conditions, too, and numer­ quist. The number of plants treated is ous citations are given to plant patho­ five hundred and the reviewer wonders logical studies made in this country. how anyone could face such a task Because of its size and expense it is not of ·choice, even if the preface states the sort of practical handbook that the that "selection has leaned more to the small cultivator cherishes, but as a comprehensive treatise and a distin­ objective side than to that of the sole guished volume for the library of the preference of the authors." The bo­ professional grower or the earnest tanical texts are clearly written and for amateur this is a very valuable addi­ the layman above all others often with a tion to plant disease literature. very useful note that will be of value to gardeners. There are also included Flowe?' s of the South, Native Gtnd many bits of information that would be Exotic. Wilhelmina F. Greene and relegated to "Remarks" in a more Hugo L. Blomquist. The Uni­ formal text, but which are of great versity of North Carolina Press, value to the layman and gardener. Chapel Hill, N. c., 1953. 208 pages, The illustrations fall into several illustrated in color and in black and categories. First, there are admirable white line drawings. $5.00. line drawings in black and white that This is a book that will interest every accompany each paragraph of descrip­ one save the most technically-minded tion. There are no indications in the taxonomist and he too might well con­ drawings themselves as to the amount sider its excellencies. of reduction necessary, but the actual The end papers are zone maps show­ size of the plant is mentioned almost ing the divisions of the ·country that fall uniformly throughout the texts. Sec­ within the attention of the authors and ond, there are the reproduction of for this volume are "the South." One paintings of individual species or pairs error crept into the legend, as pointed of species. Many of these are exotics; out to the reviewer by Mrs. Greene, all are given common name captions. namely the word "time" at the end of Third, there are reproductions of paint­ the third line in the legend for Zone 2 ings in which a great number of plants should read "years." This should be are shown, in most cases, the collection self-evident from the rest of the legend's being based on plants in bloom at one text, but we regret with the authors time in the given locality. The author that it happened. takes great pains to point out that these The text is made up of brief para­ are not offered as "Flower Arrange­ graphs, devoted to the plant Families ments" so no one need start looking and follow the sequence used by Small for Hogarth Curves or any other non­ in his Southeastern Flora and the sense. The color work in reproduction Baileys for the exotic plants that are seems to be excellent and we hope that included. It is interrupted at times by Mrs. Greene agrees in this. Her own pages that deal with the plants il- work, chiefly water color has all the 286 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 19£)3 excellencies of swift sure work and the comments on trees and shrubs for clarity that only water color can give. various landscape uses as well as lists Whether one starts at the beginning of plants with similar characteristics. of tthe book with the native plants A series of questions with answers interrupted occasionally by a plate of covers the important points on soils an exotic, or turns at once to the sec­ and the nutrients in the soil or ferti­ tion on exotics does not matter. Or if lizers added. Propagation,-Its fun to one pleases, he can dip into the middle grow your own,-gives the reader of the book with no less pleasure. many suggestions for sowing seeds and There is an index as a further aid. making of cuttings. The last chapter discusses pest controls and briefly the Flowe?' Garden For The Amate%r. use for each of the several kinds of Alfred C. Hottes. Garden City materials. Books, New York. (Reprint, Mid­ A new gardener or homeowner who land Publishers, 1949, $2.95). 1953. has discovered the thrill of working in 160 pages, illustrated. $1.98. (Li­ the soil and growing plants will find brary) this book very helpful in getting a start. Alfred Carl Hottes has again written one of his helpful garden books. This Azaleas And Camellias. H. Harold is a book for the beginning gardener Hume. The Macmillan Company, written to give simple practical help. New York. 1953. 93 pages, 9 photo­ The chapter on Annuals gives instruc­ graphic illustrations, one in color. tion on their general culture followed $2.50. (Library) by a discussion of the plants them­ This is a revision of the earlier 1931 selves. They are divided into several edition. Dr. HUrtle is Provost and groups based on their height and habit Dean Emeritl1S of the College of Agri­ of growth. This is followed by lists, culture, University of Florida. with some discussions, of annuals for The volume is for the beginner par­ all uses and suggested pl~nts for an an­ ticularly in the southeastern part of the nual bed. Perennials are considered on United States. It describes many of the basis of their approximate time of the Azelea and C a,11l/,ellia species, va­ bloom, beginning in mid-M'arch and rieties, and hybrids, gives cultural di­ then at weekly intervals throughout rections, and deals with propagation, the year. This is foHowed by a section growing sites, garden uses, soils, on their culture and suggestions for planting, fertilizing, pests and diseases, their landscape use. The bulbs are and growing in pots and tubes. grouped into hardy and tender kinds The book is brief and compact and using the term bulbs in its widest reflects Dr. Hume's extensive knowl­ sense. edge of these plants. It does not pur­ Roses are described as to their port to be a substitute for his more several different types and simple cul­ complete works, Azaleas, Kinds And tural instruction. The chapter on vines C%lture and Call1/,ellias, Kinds And -Nature's Drapery, considers annual Culture, published in 1948 and 1951, and perennial vines, their culture and respectively, nor for the comprehen­ uses. Shrubs and flowering trees are sive Azalea H a1'1!dbook recently pub­ discussed in the order of their period lished by The American Horticultural of bloom. This is followed by lists with Society. October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 287

The Story Of Trees. Ferdir,and C. full pages photographic illustrations. Lane. Doubleday and Company, Inc., $5.10. Garden City, New York. 1952. 384 Seventy of the conifers most fre­ pages, illustrated. $5.00. (Library) quently grown in gardens and wood­ The publisher states that this book is lands in Great Britain (and for the "a lively combination of believe-it-or­ most part the United States) are identi­ nots, and ancient myth, historical fied by natural size or enlarged photo­ anecdotes and lucid scientific explana­ graphs of their leaves, buds, and stems. tions." This kaleidoscopic picture of The photographs are extraordinary and trees (the book is divided into eighteen interesting. They show well the size, titled sections, with 89 sub-titles) is in­ shape, and arrangement of leaves, buds, deed lively and susceptible of piece scales, leaf scars, hairyness of shoots, reading. The sections on Religious As­ resin on buds, and the like. Flowers sociations, The Food Producers, Sec­ and fruit are omitted as not always ondary Products, and Some Unusual available. Trees are interesting and packed with There are also clear descriptions of enough statistics to satisfy the most each genus and a key to its illustrated ardent enthusiast of figures. specIes. Mr. Jay has executed ably an unique The author in his attempt to popu­ and effective piece of work. To make larize tree physiology, does so with the best use of the illustrations for very poor results. M'any of his state­ identification purposes the reader needs ments are downright misleading, e.g. a small pocket magnifying lens to ob-' "Osmosis *** is based upon a common serve the leaves and stems outdoors. characteristic of liqu~ds. When placed The printer has also done his part in conjunction they tend to nungle and finely. equalize. We observe this tendency every time we drop melted butter into Pla'fI.t HU1vter In Mawipur. F. King­ hot soups or add cream to our coffee." don-Ward. Jonathan Cape, Lon­ "The available water is *** of two don, England, 1952. 254 pages, 12 kinds *** free water and water of photographic illustrations, 2 maps. adhesion" "hidden rivers that course $2,50. upward through the fibers of a great For plant lovers who enjoy travel tree" "water in a tree performs much books. This is the latest of the plant the function as that in an automobile exploration volumes of Captain F. radiator. There water is needed to cool Kingdon-Ward of Great Britairi, one the engine, and for the same reason the of the foremost of today's plant ex­ tree *** which is an elaborate engine plorers and geographic botanists in the *** needs similar cooling." field of ornamentals. The year is 1948 The book is well illustrated with and the journey is one to Manipur, good black-and-white photographs of then a semi-independent Princely State specimen trees, logging operations and of India adjoining the northwest reforestation procedures. frontier of Burma. Ukhral, a village 45 miles northeast of the capital city of C omfers In Britain. B. Alwyn J ay­ Imphal, served as the main base. The Adam and Charles Black, London, flora described is largely that of Mt. England, 1952, 183 pages, with 136 Sirhoi. 288 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

Captain Kingdon-Ward was ac­ and subregions, as the Great American companied by his wife on this 17th of Woods ( east of the Rockies) , the his plant hunting assignments. It was Middle West, the South, Southern undertaken on behalf of the New York Florida, the Northwest, California, and Botanic Garden and others in search of the Southwest. Unusual characteristics plants suitable for the warmer regions that aid in identification are empha­ in the United States. sized. Fourteen keynote trees east of The area has seasonally alternating the Rockies are three-starred, and other wil1ds (monsoons), wet summers, dry trees outstanding in their regions are winters, an elevation of 6000 to 9000 designated by one and two stars. Ex­ feet, and is never very 'cold. It is cellent drawings by Margaret L. Cos­ covered with forests but the types of grove of the leaves and occasionally forest are sharply stratified by altitude. drawing of the various unique features Among the worthwhile ornamental accompanying most descriptions. The plants are the gorgeous Magnolia photographic illustrations by the author call1/,.pbelli, the Manipur lily, Liliu111, are most attractive. The text is directed 11UJJckli11liae, R ho dod end1'on johnstonea­ to the perceptive naturalist, contains nU111" a magnificent huge Sorb us (moun­ many unexpected facts of interest, and tain ash), EngeZhardtia spicata allied to is agreeably and appealingly written. the walnut, Rosa g'/;g{J!J",tea scrambling The book lives up to its theme, Take 100 feet over trees and opening any tree and find that "Something en.orrnous white flowers, a SY111/, plocos marvelous is going on here." Gar­ with large blue fruits, the white deners and horticulturists will find flowered Rhododend1'on lindleyi, many much help in selecting suitable trees for orchids such as the famous fall bloom­ their various purposes and regions. ing blue Vamda coe1'ulea, the beautiful M aXJfug lietia insignis and Rhododendron Trees And Their St01'Y. Dorothy 111iaddeni, his hmw,onensis, J as111/,iwwrn Sterling. Doubleday and Company, heterophyllu111" a small evergreen tree Inc., New York. 19,, 3. 120 pages, with golden yellow ·flowers, and P1'im­ 147 illustrations, $2.00. (Library) %la s he1'i ffiae . This is the sort of book any boy or girl of the Scout age would treasure, Captain Kingdon-Ward tells his and yet the humble reviewer, who feels story with verve and excellence of and appears to be eighty, found great writing. At the same time he gives a delight in the presentation of the entire scientifically accurate picture of the story. The illustrations, made from plants and geography. bright, new, black-and-white photo­ graphs of Myron Ehrenberg, tell a American Trees. Rutherford Platt. complete story, in many more words Dodd, Mead, & Co., New York, than could be printed in the text. The 1952. 256 pages with 40 pages photo­ functions of each part of the tree is graphs, 8 in color, numerous line told in a very fascinating fashion yet drawings, and an illustrated Guide very truthful, based on scientific data. to the Quick Identification of Trees. About fifty genera of trees are dis­ $3.50. cussed, in flower, rfruit, leaves, etc. This volume contains descriptions of The hands0I1:1e end-papers are wel­ around 300 trees grouped by regions comed in modern book-making, ex- October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 289 pertly selected, and could set a pace for larger share of the world's "lily brains." the return to this once flourishing art. Lily enthusiasts will all relish this workmanlike and interesting volume. The Lily Yea:rbook, 1953. No. 16. Likely enough a substantial share of Editor, P. M. Synge. The Royal each edition already goes to the melTl­ Horticultural Society, Vincent Sq., bers of the North Am.erican Lily So­ London, S.W.I., England, 1952. 167 ciety and other American lily gar­ pages with 26 photographic illustra­ deners. tions. $2.40 postpaid. Hollies. H. Harold Hume. The Mac­ The Lily Group of the Royal Horti­ millan Company, New York. 1953. cultural Society, Great Britain, and its 242 pages, 9 illustrations in color, Lily Committee were formed about 69 in black and white. $6.75. (Li­ 1932. This is the Lily Yearbook of that brary) Group, not the Lily Yearbook of its Here for the first time do we have colleague, the North American Lily a comprehensive treatment of the Hol­ Society. However, the president of ly as a horticultural subject. To the our North American society, Dr. S. L. Holly enthusiast it will be his bible, Emsweller, has the leading article, The to the average gardener an interesting Lily Research Programme at the Belts­ and helpful book and to the horti­ ville Station, a lecture given before the culturist a useful and authoritative Royal Horticultural Society on the source of information on this increas­ current lily propagation, breeding, and ingly popular species. forcing research of the United States Dr. Hume runs the gamut of hor­ Department of Agriculture and the col­ ticultural points of interest in his dis­ lecting work among native lilies of cussion: Holly and man, the botany some of its scientists. Lilies at the of the Hollies, descriptions of the Oregon Bulb Farm, by Jan de Graaff, many varieties and clones of Ameri­ is another American contribution. can, English, Chinese, and Japanese Hollies, Caffeine Hollies, noteworthy Two articles on N otholirions, an ac­ Hollies, Holly propagation and pol­ count of lilies introduced since 1900, lination, culture, the value and uses of a listing with data of named English Hollies as landscape subjects, orchard­ and Canadian hybrids, and extensive ing, insect and diseases. notes on a~w{J)tU1n lilies in New Zealand Of particular interest and value are are included. the informative descriptions of sixty The usual Lily Group and Lily clones of flex opaca, thirty-two clones Group Brain Trust discussions appear, of I . Aquifol1;u111" thirteen clones of I. this time on the raising of lilies from crenala, and six clones of I. cornuta . . seed, care of lilies from the seedling Although this is only a handful .of the to flowering stage, and miscellaneous named varieties now being offered in topics, plus notes on the Lily Group the trade, it constitutes the most com­ exhibit, excursion, and dinner. prehensive treatment of its kind now The high quality of the Lily Year­ available. Dr. HW11e is to be com­ book is doubtless aided by the fact that mended for bringing together these the membership of the Society's Lily descriptions to serve as a guide through Committee and Correspondents of the the bewildering number of clones be­ Lily Committee appears to contain the ing distributed. The Gardener's Pocketbook

Ligust1''J,£11~ lucidu11'L enough to spot the A ustrian's bun l:>a le , This species that has been confused his false appellation stuck and is still confused in some places It was Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, ambassador from Emperor Ferdinand with the related L. japonicu11~ is now coming into fl ower whereas the other I to Suleiman the Magnificent of the has been out of bloom for over a month Ottoman Empire, who first named, and has seeds that are almost full size menti oned and introduced the exotic even if not yet ripened or darkened to flower to Europe. the black purples that they show later Travelling through the Turkish on. countryside on his way to Constanti­ The subj ect of this note is not so nople, Busbecq spied what he later de­ handsome in leaf but makes a larger, scribed as "quantities of- flowers­ almost tree like plant to eighteen feet Narcissi and Tulipans, as the Turks here and still growing. The large call then1-much to our astonishment fl ower clusters remind one of those of becailse it was almost mid-winter, a Syringa amf/,~wensis when one compares season unfriendly to flowers." that species to the other wild Lilacs. Busbecq's mistake was in misunder­ They are not so large nor is the effect standing his interpreter's smile. The as foamy as that of the Lilac but it is Turks had a word for the fl ower-Lale not bad. In the immediate locality, the The interpreter probably compared the greatest competitor for attention is the inverted fl ower to a turban-"dul­ Oleander which is in full glory and band" in Turkish-and the confused dominates any scene as Rhodode1'Ldron ambassador thinking that was the name would in more northerly plantings. of the fl ower, dubbed it "tulipan." This Ju.ne, Pass Christian, .M'ississippi he transliterated into Latin and the novel bloom was christened TLtlipa. Tulips Got N a11f/,e in DiplomOJtic Error In no time at all the word "Tulip"

This fall 350,000,000 tulip bulbs, denoted the last word in "ael:> t-rich- roughly two for every person in the quick" schemes, Europe, especially United States, will be imported from Holland, went wild over the flo wer Holland and planted by people who and fantastic prices were paid for th~ don't have the faintest idea how the bulbs from which they were grown. It fl ower got its name. History shows was in this peri od that Hollan'd became the name was all a mistake ! preeminent in the cultivation of tulips A sixteenth-century Austrian diplo­ and to this day she supplies the bulbs mat to Turkey, not comprehending the for the gardens of the world. soft language of the Turks or the verbal Busbecq unwittingly gave the flow er struggles of his interpreter, accidently a name that has all but had poets tear­ named the flower. ing their hair out-since not much Tulips are now synonomous with rhymes with "tulip" other than " julep," spring the world over, but in those EdwMd Gottlieb days E urope was ignorant that this Gloriosas magnificent upstart of the fl ower world Of the several species or forms even existed. Since no one knew planted in the garden here, the first to [290 ] October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 291 flower is G. Rothschildia'i'la, which now to prolong the growing season for good in late May has almost finished its root development. flowering. The roots bought from a Pass Christian, Miss. Florida source have yielded plants Will SP1'i'I'bg Bring Flowe1's ... about four feet tall with very broad For You? leaves and a goodly number of flowers, each has produced one side branch in F or the amateur hoe - and - rake wielder one pleasantly painless way to each case flowerless which may be due achieve a spring show of flowers is to only to the fact that the plants are plant bulbs in the fall. potted and this is their first season. Thanks to the research of the Dutch In the open ground, the next to bulb experts, you can have continuous bloom is the root bought as G. Ver­ bloom from late winter to early sum­ scJwu.ri probably an horticultural name. mer with little effort. An annual The plant is only about two feet high floral pageant like this can make you and has prodLH.:ed only two flowers this feel like another Luther Burbank season. They are about the same color First on the bill; Snowdrops. These as those of the first species, but have wee heralds of spring show up each less yellow at the base of the segments year ahead of all the other flowers and on opening, and the segments them­ satisfy your yearning for winter's end. selves are shorter and broader with an To arrive on time, they need planting almost truncated look Neither this nor early in the fall. For best results, place them near Hemlock or Yew or any Rothschildiana show the frilled margin other place where they are not likely to the segments that one sees in pic­ to be disturbed and can thus thrive for tures and which seems to belong to G. several seasons. superba, a plant that is only now mak­ Clumps of the hardy Dutch C1' OC'US, ing its appearance above ground. either in a gay yellow or in shades Comparisons on performance are from pure white to deep Bishop's hardly fair here as the roots are not all purple, are perfect for rock gardens. in equally favorable locations. It was They too are early spring arrivals. necessary to do some experimenting to Next to come in on cue in the spring discover where they would be most will be the little species Tulips and safe if left out of doors over winter in your Grape Hyacinths and Daffodils. this dimate w'here the temperature can Later come your larger Tulips, includ­ sometimes drop to 15° F. BlI1t where ing the early varieties, the Triumphs, they seem at home and luxuriate, G. Darwins, Cottage and Parrot types, superba, the old and established form, and Hyacinths and Scilla. Don't forget will clamber to about 12 feet and yield the Hyacinths, because their rich scent a goodly sequence of bloom. If seed is will perfume your entire garden. allowed to form, the largish pods hang Blooming during the cool days of on till late and then burst open to show April, Hyacinths often last for weeks. the dull orange coated seed. Germina­ Gardeners new to the hobby usually tion is not too difficult, the following discover undisclosed artistic ability as spring but maturing of the seedlings is they create patterns utilizing trees and rather slow if they are not given rather flowers. Tulips can be combined with special attention in the way of watering Dogwood, cherries, almond and fruit 292 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 trees for a delio·htful scenic effect. Daf- face is frozen, removmg this in the b . fodils can be "naturalized" . scatterIng early spring. them near trees as though they were S. Sit back, relax and wait for growing wild. . spring to arrive, with the pleasure of Tulips look best in groups of SIX, seeing your handiwork blooming­ twelve or more, edging garden walks, your own private fl ower show ! surrounding a garden gate and drifting PhiliP J(la1'1~et in the foreground of shrubbery, lend­ ing a touch of Holland to your garden. jy[ Me Re Rosa mutabilis They come in every shade of the spec­ The small note on this Rose in the trum, and range in shape from the con­ April issue brought a note from a ventional inverted cup to the most member in La Jolla, California. exotic forms with intriguing names. "Our next door neighbor hag two Like all other bulbs, Tulips are bushes over ten years old which are planted in most regions in October and now about six feet high and as much November. Early fl owering types, like through with stems as large as your the Kaufmannianas, will bloom in late wrist. March or early April. May-flowering "These plants were a gift from a types such as Darwins, Breeder and friend, a sister of Mr. Howard, the Cottage Tulips will often last into early rosarian and were imported from summer. Your dealer will give you France. This friend called it a China charts showing correct planting times Rose. They bloom all the year round and techniques. without special care and are fragrant. Holland's bulb growers, with 300 They do seed. years of experience, pass on these rules "There is an account of this rose in for bulb flow er gardening: Old Garden Roses by Edward Bun­ 1. Remove topsoil to a depth of yard and this I will copy for you. about six inches for Tulips, Daffodils "Except from Old Garden Roses and Hyacinths. Three inches is enough by Edward Bunyard under 'Varieties for minor bulbs: Snowdrops, C1'ocus, of the China Rose.' Grape Hyacinths. Four inches is right "Tipo Ideale (R. turkestanica, R. for species Tulips and Scilla. mutabilis). Flowers medium, sin­ 2. Insert bulbs in their respective gle, in varying shades of pink .. beds with pointed ends up. Press the rose, buff and yellow; pistil y,i in., base of each bulb firmly against the styles separate. Sepals beyond bottom of the hole in which it rests. bud, two fine wings. Pedi-cel few Plant Tulips and Daffodils at least six glands, hip smooth. Young leaves inches apart to allow fo r spread of deep crimson, large thorns below. foliage. Makes a low spreading bush. This 3. Push the soil bad< over each bulb is an old Rose. A drawing by until the last one is covered, then Redoute exists in the Jardin) des smooth off the bed and your planting Plantes, Paris, taking it back over is done. a century. It may sport to a climb­

4. If you're really ambitious you inbO" fo rm , as I hear of a house in can cover the soil with a layer of mulch the Midlands covered with it up or leaves or straw, just after the sur- to the second story." October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 293

The member writes further that she materials would contribute little or "finds no mention of Rosa 111-utabilis or nothing to the value of the products. Tipo Ideale in The Genus Rosa by (2) Clellim1,: Liquid fertilizers are Miss Willmott although other China superior to the more common dry fer­ Roses of what is probably the same pe­ tilizers in their effects 011 plant growth. riod are mentioned." C 011M%ent: This is untrue. Although The plant here in Pass Christian, set the plant food contained in liquid fer­ fruits freely but they were all removed tilizers may become available to plants to encourage more growth. The bush somewhat more quickly than the plant is now about two feet tall and as broad food in dry fertilizers, it has no greater and in mid-August is covered with relative merits under most circum­ bronzy red new growths and the begin­ stances. nings of a new crop of ,flowers. (3) Claim: Liquid fertilizers are Pass Christian, Mississippi more economical than other fertilizers. C01%111ent: This is absolutely false. Liquid fertilizers sold to the home gar­ C0111/Jlnents 0 n Diq'b£id F ertiliz er s dener are generally the most expensive offered to the public. The following press release from the (4) Claim,: Liquid fertilizers achieve National Fertilizer Association sup­ instantaneous favorable results on ports the position taken by State fer­ crops and flowers. tilizer control officials: C 011M11,ent: All types o·f fertilizers "The American public was warned are beneficial to plant life but none today to be on its guard against the does its work instantaneously. fallacious claims being made by some "When purchasing fertilizer or fer­ manufacturers of liquid fertilizers de­ tilizer materials, users were urged to signed for home garden use. consider the following cautions: (1) "The people should not be misled by Buy only from re1iable firms; (2) Be the advertising now being blatantly sure the product is approved and regis­ and widely promoted. Commercial fer­ tered with your State's fertilizer con­ tilizers, liquid or dry, are of great bene­ trol offi'ce; (3) Secure and follow the fit toward improving the productivity fertilizer r~commendations of your and quality of vegetables and flowers State's experiment station." raised by the home gardener, but many of the statem.ents currently being made about some liquid fertilizers contain Aga,pa!/1,th'b£s FloweTs absolute misrepresentations of fact. Purely to satisfy my curiosity, the "The following are a few of the individual flower stems were pulled claims; also the comments by The N a­ from the head of my largest bloom tional Fertilizer Association: stalk and counted. One hundred and (1) Cla,i11'b: Certain liquid fertilizers forty~five ! It is no wonder then that offered for sale to home gardeners are the blooming period should last over claimed to contain valuable radioactive three weeks. Other stalks with smaller materials, or other materials described heads were not counted, as all such as having magical properties. plants were clearly in less vigorous C 0111,111,ent: This is untrue. Even if condition than the largest plant, most they did contain such materials, the of them not yet fully recovered from 294 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953 the process of division to which they ried on in twenty-two special gardens had been subjected before sale. located in the different climatic sections Only a few of the garden visitors in of the country. The testing proves this area appear to be familiar with their ability to grow well under widely Agaparn.thus which seems regrettable varied conditions. since it is as "old-fashioned" as Camel­ The garden is laid out in two rows lias, and indeed belongs almost to the of ten squares each. Hybrid Tea Roses same era of garden style. accented by Tree Roses fill these The plants are now pushing new squares. Along each side are banks of fascicles of leaves along side the ripen­ gay, colorful Floribundas, massed for ing stalk and those that did not flower dramatic color effects, continue to produce new leaves, though Sidney B. Hutton, president of they seem to have come almost to the AA.R.S. stated that the U. N, garden climax of their growth, in August. is part of the Association's program to Pass Clw'iSJtia'1~, Mississippi "Beautify America With Ro~es," Gar­ dens have already been established in New Orleans and Detroit as memorials Rose Garden Is D01'Vated to the war dead of those cities, and To United Nations other installations are planned for the A garden of nearly 2,000 prize-win­ future, The Association has also do­ ning Roses have been donated to the nated extensive plantings in public United Nations Headquarters in New gardens in more than 100 cities York by All-America Rose Selections, throughout the country. an association of the country's leading "We know that the Rose is the growers, world's favorite flower," said Mr. Hut­ The garden, consisting of twenty of ton, "and "ve want to do our part in the finest All-America varieties, is the making available to the public the first public Rose garden to be estab­ beauty and enjoyment of these lovely lished on Manhattan Island in its 300- flowers. 'Ill e feel that this planting at year history. There are small Rose gar­ the United Nations Headquarters is dens in the Museum of Modern Art particularly appropriate because Roses and on the roof tops of Rockefeller are found in virtually every country of Center, but an admission fee is re­ the world and are loved everywhere." quired for both. The U. N. garden The prize-winning varieties included located on the eastern end of 45th in the garden are: Street, between the Assembly Hall and Hybrid Teas: Rubaiyat, Dickson's the Franklin Roosevelt Drive, will be Red, Charlotte Armstrong, Mirandy, open to the public when the landscap­ Peace, Grande Duchese Charlotte, Mis­ ing projects have been completed. sion Bells, Horace McFarland, Helen The varieties included in the garden Traubel, Lowell Thomas, Chrysler Im­ were selected on the basis of exhaus­ perial, San Fernando, Forty-Niner, tive tests over the years. Any Rose Capistrano, Mary Margaret McBride, winning the All-America designation K. T. Marsha1i, Mojave, Sutter's Gold, has to undergo at least six years of Diamond Jubilee and Fred Howard. development and testing in competition Floribundas are: VI/orld's Fair, with the finest varieties developed Vogue, Fashion, Ma Perkins and Lili­ throughout the world. Tests are car- bet. October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 295

Tree Roses are: Peace, Vogue and They might be considered in the same Charlotte Armstrong. class with game birds and fis h which L. RiehmI'd G1tyla,y the individual is permitted to catch in li mited quantities for his own use but which are barred from resale, except Fern Ga1'dens And Cr'itical from certified sources. Perhaps Dry­ Fen? Species opteris filix-1'nas and D. Goldiana be­ The American Fern Society recently long here among ferns. published in its Journal a list of com­ The restnctlOns just suggested h1ercial dealers from whom living fern should not apply to properly certified plants are obtainable. It seems desir­ collection for scientific use. 1 or should able again to raise the problems of the they apply to the raising and distribu­ conservati on of native species and to tion of spore-grown specimens of any suggest a number of principles which species, no matter how rare. While should govern the use of rare and there are undoubtedly plenty of wild otherwise critical species as compo­ specimens of many of the most decora­ nents of fern gardens. tive fern species, even for commercial There are a number of fern species sale, there would be little difficulty in so rare or so captious in their cultural providing an abundance of plants of requirem.ents that they should not be some of the less common but horticul­ considered as eligibles fo r the ama­ tural species if growers would set up teur's fern garden. It would follow sim.ple spore-culture facilities. that such species should not be col­ In general, what is here suggested is lected by individuals, purchased from not a set of rules or restrictions but a dealers nor offered by them. They sort of code of action. Don't try to add would he like most native song birds to your garden species of ferns or as an ultra protected group. This group other plants for which the chances of would be species like Dryopte1'is fmn­ survival are practically zero. That gra1~s, the rare woodsias, Aspleniui111t even gives opportunity for the acquisi­ viride. tion even of rarities if the highest qual­ A second group of ferns would be ity of preparation has been provided such as may be relatively easy to grow and if the species have been raised, not in the average garden but which occur raided. wild in limited quantities and areas. D1'. Ralph C. Benedict October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 296

Index To Volume 32 1

Illustrations are indicated in italics

Abies ______.80, 224 F ern gardens allld The Lily yearbook, Abronia ______15 critical fern species __ 295 1953, No_ 16... ______289 Acacia ______147 Ferns as a garden Manual of the North Acer ______114, 143 hobby ______152 American smut Davidi ______./55, 112, 115 Berbe.ris ______.274, 2'75 fungi ______175 Adiantum pedatum ______157 Betula populifolia My great oak tree and Aechmea filicaulis.___ 187, 188 142, 143, 144, 146 other poems ______50 Aesculus carnea ______207 Bmbergia filicaulis ______187 Our amazing birds______51 Agapanthus flowers ______293 Blocher, Professor Plant anatomy ______284 Alpines, propagation of.. 218 Arthur, garden oL ______279 Plant diseases. In or- Amaryllis, window gar- Books reviewed : chard, nursery and dellling of ______247 American camellia garden crops ______284 Amelanchier ______' 144 yearbook ______107 Plant hunting in American Begonia So­ American rose ammal, Manipur ____ : ______287 ciety, cOl'ltributions 1953 ______177 Plants of co,lonial days 49 from ______.43, 98, 165, 271 American tomato Plants of the Bible ______106 American Camellia yearbook, 1952______110 Principles of nursery Society ______193 ' American trees ______288 management ______283 American Fen! Society__ 152 Azaleas and camellias 286 Rhododendron hand- American Gloxinia So- Best loved trees of book, 1952 ______172 ciety, contributions America ______110 Rhododendron year- from ______34, 95, 169, 269 Book of shrubs.______178 book, 1953, No. 7____ 174 Ampejopsis brevi- Conifers in Britain._____ 287 Royal Horticultural {X'ldunculata ______146 Cyclamen persicum._____ 180 Society's dictionary Anchusa italica______124 Daffodil and tulip of gardening ______179 Apple, Northern Spy ___ 213 yearbook for 1953, Seaweeds and their Arboretum, Westtown No. 18 ______108 uses______50 School ______223 Decorating with house Seed industry ______108 Argyroderma aff. pl~nt s ______109 Soil microbiology______50 brevitubum ______9 Flora of Santa Story of trees ______287 Arthur Hoyt Scott Barbara ______180 Systematics of flower- Garden Award ______117 Flower gardening for ing plants' _.______48 Ascochyta cornicola, the amateur ______286 Trees al'ld their story 288 leaf spot and blight 66, 68 Flowers of the south, Vegetable growing ____ 175 Aster abatus ______16, 19 native and exotic ____ 285 Weed control. A text- Athyrium ______157 Gentle kingdom of book and manuaL___ 49 Azalea, p·ropagation by Giacomo ______180 Year book of the Rose cuttings ______163 George Forest, jour­ Society of Ontario, Baily, A. L. , Jr.: neys and plant in- 1952 ______172 The Arboretum at troductions ______174 Years in my herb Westtown School ___ 223 Gloxinias-and how to garden ______178 Begonias _____ .43, 98, 165, 271 grow them ______li3 Y 0l!r guide to a Bow-Arriola ______273 Guide to English greener laWll ______283 Bow-Nigra ______272 gardens ______110 Botrytis blight _____ 63, 66, 67 chivota .______.___ 45 Handbook of Crocus Brase, Karl D.: for the Pacific coast ___ 271 'and Colchicum for Dwarf fruit trees for for wil'ldow gardeners ______177 the serious amateur 211 gardening ______165, 247 Hollies ______289 Bridgers, Bernard: mazae ______45 House plants. Every- Propagation of hybrid Shippy's Garland ______. 166 day questions an­ Rhododendrol'ls by tuberous ______98, 99 swered by experts __ 176 stem cuttings ______127 Behrends, Dorothy S.: H ydrazine ______180 Brigham Young Uni- Begonias for the Introduction to statis­ versity campus ______123 Paci fic coasL______271 tical science in agri- Brown, Arthur C: Benedict, Ralph C : culture ______178 American Camellia Introductory Society ______193 'Prepar ed by Bernard B,·idgers. mycology ______176 Bud<;lleia Lindleyana._____ 181 October 1953 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZIN E 297

Cactus phyllanthus .. 276, 277 Delphinium parisbii ...... 16 Gardener's P ocketbook: Callistemon coccinea_..... 80 Desert exhibitions .... _.. _ 15 Acer Davidi .... _...... 112 Carnell is ...... 147, 181, 193, Desfontainea spinosa .... 80 Aechmea filicauli s-... _. 187 194, 196, 197, 199, 200 de Vos, Francis : Agapanthus flowers.... 293 oleifera .. _...... 201 Acer Davidi ._ ..... _... _. 112 Camellias at Pass reticulata ...... _ 195 The tlowering C hristian ...... 181 sasanqua .._ ...... _._._ ...... [193 dogwood ...... _.. 55 Comm ents on Liquid Caragana ar>borescens .. _ 124 Dogwood, the flowering 55 Fertilizers ...... _...... 293 Carpinus caroliniana_.... 144 from softwood Concerning oxalis ...... 112 Carya ...... __.... _...... 237 cuttings ...... _...... 71 Fern gardens and Cassia fi stula ...... 147 natural range oL...... 61 critical" fern species 295 Castanea _. .240, 259, 263, 264 spot anthracnose...... 57 F ood production in Castilleja angustifolia.... 16 Dry{)pteris ...... _.. _.. 157 Hawaii _...... _.. _.. _._ .. 183 Cedrus ... _...... _._ .... 224 Elaeagnus angustifolia __ 124 Gloriosas ...... _...... _ 291 Ceiba ...... _...... _.. 32 Elsinoe corni _...... __...... 63 Lath houses of alu- Cephalotaxus ...... _ 224 Embothrium coccineum _. 80 min urn ...... 190 Ceratonia siliqua._ ... _.. _.. 147 Encelia farinosa ... _...... 16 Ligustrum lucidum ..... 290 Cercis ...... _...... 144 More re Rosa Cercospora cornicola ..... 69 Epiphyllum ._. ... _..... _...... 276 mutabilis ... _...... 292 Chemistry and Ho,rti- crenatum, oxypetalum 278 Novel ties ...... 114 culture ...... _...... __...... 46 Epiphyllums, the true .... 276 Portable propagating Chionanthus ...... 144 Episcia ...... _ 34, 35 case for greenhouse· Chorisia the confusing.. 21 fulgens ...... _...... 248 benches ...... _... _.... 52 insignis ...... _.. . _... 27, 33 fulgida ... _...... _.. 251 Re Oxalis .. _...... _.. 182 speciosa 20, 23, 24, 25, 29 splendens ...... _...... 35 Rosa mutabilis .. _.. _._ .. 181 Cladrastis lutea ._ ... _.... _ 144 viridifolia ...... 249 Rose garden is do- Columnea ...... ~_ .... _...... 269 Epi scias, concerning _...... 34 nated to United Comments on Liquid Eriopbyllum wallaceL .. _ 15 Nations ...... _ ...... _ 294 Fertilizers _.... _...... _ 293 Erithrichium nanum _._ .... 218 Tulip got name in Condensation, wall space 257 Espalier, dwarf fruit diplomatic errOL.... 290 Conophytum calculus .. _ 3 trees ...... _...... _.. _.215, 217 Two new roses win minutum ...... 5 Eucalyptus ...... 80, 147 .~w a rd . __ ..... _...... 185 Coreopsis bigelovii __.. _.. 16 Eucryphia _...... _.. 80 Will spring bring Cornus ...... 55, 57, 69, 144 Eugenia paniculata ...... 147 fl owers for you? _. 291 Corylus ...... _ .... _...... 240 Euonymus ...... 147 Gardening in Scotland . 79 Cowan, Dr. et Mrs. J. M.: Euphorbia ...... 10, 11, 13 Gardening, window ...... 247 Gardening in Scotland 79 Fenestra ria Geranium, window gar- Cox, R. S. et J. W . rhopalophylla .... _._..... 9 dening of ...... 247 Heuberger : F ern garden ...... 153 Gesneriad, window gar- Control of spot an­ Fern gardens and criti- dening of _. _...... __ ..... 248 thracnose and sep­ cal fern species._ ...... _ 295 Gibbaeum pubescens .. __ .. 11 toria leaf spot of F ern, hart's tongue_.. _... _ 756 Gilia flowering dogwood . 70 ostrich ...... _...... _ 156 setoslss lma ... _.... _.... _... 19 Craba-pples ...... _...... 146 polypody ...... _..... _...... 156 Gloriosa ...... _._ ...... 291 Crassula columnaris sensitive ._ ...... 156 Gordonia alatamaha ... _.. 147 6, 8, 11, 12, 13 Ferns as a garden Gottlieb, Edward: Crataegus ...... 144 hobby ... _...... 152 Tulip got name in Creech, John L. : Fertilizers, comments diplomatic errOL .... 290 A portable propagat- on liquid ...... _...... 293 Grafting, of pear ...... _ 215 ing case for green­ Flowering stones ...... 1 Gravatt, G. Flippo et house benches ..... _... 52 Foliage plants, window Paul R. Miller: Cunninghamia gardening of ...... 250 The sweetgum blight 265 lanceolata ...... _...... 225 Forgotten parents with Griselinia littoral is ._...... 80 Cup res sus arizonica_.... _. 225 an outstanding Guylay, L. Richard: Cyclamen, window gar- progeny ...... _ ...... 276 Rose garden is do­ dening of ...... _.. _ 250 F ouquieria spl endens.._.. 16 nated to United Cystopteris bulbifera ...... 157 Franklinia alatamaha_..... 147 Nations ...... 294 Daffodil, d . Narcissus Fra"x inus pennsylvanica T wo new roses win Deering, R. B.: lanceolata ...... _...... __ .... 124 award ... _..... _... __ ...... _ 185 The importance of Fruit trees, dwarf ...... 211 Halesia carolina .. __ ...... 145 microclimatic prob­ Fuchsia ex corticata...... 80 H aworthia truncata ..... _ 10 lems in garden Gaillardia aristata ...... 124 H epting, Geo rge H., et al. : design ...... _...... _.... 226 Garden design, micro- Spot anthracnose and Delonix regia ._ ...... 147 climatic problems in ... 226 other leaf and petal 298 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE October 1953

spot of flowering McCool, M. M.: American year books-- 222 dogwood ______57 Food p~ ?duction in In the landscape ______274 Hesperocallis undulata __ 15 Hawall ______183 -Miniature ___ .______158 Heuberger, J. W .: McDonald, Elvin: April Tears ______.____ 161 Co ntrol of spot an­ Window gardening __ __ 247 Chungking ______.______39 thracnose and sep­ MaacIMalus ______146 winning varieties in vances in..46, 104, 167, 281 1953 ______162 Hoya carnosa ______. ______249 Marshall, W. Taylor: (Contributor) N autilocalyx tessellata_ 35 Idesia polycarpa ______145 N emantanthus 10ngipes Irrigation canal, Hurri- The true Epiphy1\ums 276 Succulents in Illinois 280 269,271 cane, Utah ______, ______123 Nomenclature, new . Menninger, Edwin A.: code for ______202 Irrigation, in Ut;lh's The confusing landscape ______119 Nut growing, in north- I r i s ___ . ______,______85 Chorisia trees ______21 Mentzelia _____ ... _. ______16, 18 eastern states ______231 fl orentina ______84 involucrata ______17 Nuts, hickory ______~ __ 238 germanica ______84 Merry, Ruth Pierce: Oenothera del toides .______15 Isolomas ______169 Choice Begonias for Olearia macrodanta.______80 Jacaranda acutifolia.______147 window gardening __ 165 Onoclea sensibilis.______157 J enkins, Anna E., et al.: Merulius lacrymanL _____ 255 Opuntia ___ .______16 , 280 Spot anthracnose and Metasequoia glypto- Osman thus aquifolium ___ 275 other leaf and petal stroboides ______224 Osmunda ______157 spot of fl owering Miller, Julian H., et al. : Oxalis ______112, 182 dogwood ______57 Spot anthracnose and fulgida ______113 J uglans ___ .______. 237 other leaf and petal Oxydendrum arboreum __ 146 I(Jarnet, Philip : spot of fl owering Parrotia persica.______147 Wi1\ spring bring dogwood ______57 P ease, Roger W.: fl owers for you ?____ 291 Mi1\er, P aul R. et Rooting chestnuts Kirk, E. Buckner: G. Flippo Gravatt: from softwood Iris ______.______85 TIne sweetgum blighL 265 cuttings ______259 Koelreuteria palliculata 145 Mimulus bigelovii ______16 Growing flowering Kohleria ______171 Mitraria coccinea ______82 dogwoods from Kraus, E. J.: Mohavea ___ .______18 softwood cuttings .___ 71 Rooting azalea cut- confertiflora ______17 P erityle emoryi ______16 tings ______163 involucrata ______18 Peteretis pennsylvanica __ 157 Laburnum ______145 Moncure, Robert c.: Phacelia campanularia____ 16 Larrea tridentata glu- Return to daffodils ___ . 101 Phacelia fremontia _____ .__ 16 tinosa ______15 Morisea hypogea ______221 Phenodendron amurense 225 Lath houses of Morrison, Benjamin Y. : Philes ia buxifolia ______82 aluminum ______.189, 190 Agapanthus fl owers ___ 293 Phyllocactus ______276 Layia platyglossa ____ .______16 Concerning oxalis ______112 Phyllosticta ____ .. _____ .______66 L ee, Frederic P.: Gloriosas ______291 Physalis crassifolia .______16 New code for the Ligustrum lucidum ____ 290 Piaranthus aff. mennellii 14 naming of gat:den More re Rosa Picea ____ .... ______._. ______. ______. 224 plants ______. 202 mutabilis ______.______292 j ezoensis hondoensis ___ 225 Leonard, John P.: Notes from Pass Omorika ___ . ______.. 225 Selecting a wood pre- Christian ______181 orientalis _____ . ______.___ ..._ 225 servative ______.______252 Novel ties ______114 Pilea rnicrophylla _____ . __ ._ 250 Leucothoe catesbaeL ______275 Preliminary notes on Pinus ______._. ______.. ____ . __ 224 Lewis, Clarence E.: some old roses ______208 ayacahuite ___ . ______. _____ 225 Have you tried small Re oxali s ______182 Pittsporum tenuifolium ._ 80 trees? ______.___ 141 Rosa mutaJb ilis ______181 Place, Maybelle: Liatris scariosa ______18 Morrison, Benjamin Y., The forgotten parents Ligustrum ______.______290 Arthur Hoyt Scott with an outstanding Lilum longifl orum __ ___ 182 garden award ______fl17 progeny ______276 Liquidambar styraciflua 265 Motschman, Glenn: Pleiospilos bolusii ______14 Lithops ______. 8 Tuberous Begonias._____ 98 P olystichum acro- olivacea ______._ 7 N aegelias ______95 stichoides ___ .______._._.___ 157 Lupinus odorata ______15 Narcissus __ 37, 101, 158, 274 P oriaea vaillantii ___ . __ .___ 253 October 1953 THE N ATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 299

Primula denticulata ______221 M ission Bells ______77 Syringa ______147, 204, 207, 290 Propagating, case, por­ Nocturne ______77 Taxus ______224 tabl e, f{)'r greenh ouse Taff eta ______77 Temperature, average benches ______52 selections, July, in northeastern Propagation all-American ______75 sta tes ______234 chamber ______261 Roses, preliminary notes abso lu te minimum , in of alpi nes ______218 on ______208 northeastern states __ 232 of azaleas ______163 Rowntree, Lester : Teuscher, H .: of chestnuts ______2 59, 263 Luxuriant desert ex - Aechmea Ii licaulis ______187 of dogwood ______71 hibitions ______15 T huj a orientalis 'e1e- of hybrid rhododen- Salvia ______15, 16, 124, 181 ganti ssima' ______204 drons ______,______127 Schinus 111 0ll e ______147 T hurston, P aul W . : Prunus ______146, 212 Schul z, Peggie : (Edi tor ) All -American rose P seudolarix amaliJ ilis ______224 Concerning selec ti ons ______75 Quinn, Carey E. : Columneas ______269 Torreya ______80, 224 N arcissus Concerning T radescantia stars of 1952 ______37 Espiscias ______34 virginiana ______.148, 149 Recent advances in hor­ Concerning T rees, small ______141 ticulture : 46, 104, 167, 281 I so lomas ______169 Trichosporum pulchrum 248 Rechsteineria macropoda 25 0 Naegelias ______95 T ricuspidaria lanceola ta 80 Reimschiisel, E rnest F . : Scill a nutans ______88 Tsuga ______80, 224 Irrigation in Utah's Sedu111 spectabile ______203 Tulip got name in diplo- land scape ______11 9 Seibert, R. J. : matic error ______.___ _.___ 291 Rhammus frangula ______147 Lath houses of U lmus pumila ______124 Rhododendron ______83 a Ium i n um ______190 Viburnum Sieboldii _____ 147 cata wbiense 'Roseum Septoria fl or idae, \ i\Tarner, Marj orie F . : Elegans', cuttings of 131 Leaf spot of fl ower- T radescantia ______149 catawbiense hyb rids, ing dogwood ______68 Watrous, Roberta c. : cuttings of ______133 Sequoia gigantea ______80 (Editor ) eximium ______83 Sequoiadendron American daffodil grande ______81 gigarrteum ______224 year books ____ 222 hybrid, propagation of Sorbll S aucuparia ______147 Daffodils in the land- by stem, cuttings _____ 127 Spaulding, Stanl ey: scape ______274 maximum, clJlttin gs of 130 (Editor ) Miniature daffodils ___ 158 maximum roseum, cut- Begonias fo r the Return to daffodil s ._ 101 tings oL______129, 135 P acifi c coast ______271 Washington Daffodil niveum ______82 Choice Begoni as for Society ______102 watereri, window garcleni l'lg __ 165 Stars as of 1952 ______37 cuttings of ______135, 136 Mexico-Begoni a trea- W eiss, Freeman A, : (Editor ) Rosa ______181 sure chest ______43 Recent advances in horti­ Rose garden is donated Tuberous Begoni as 98 culture 46, 104, 167, 281 to U nited Nations _____ 294 Sphaeralcea ambigua ____ 16 Well s, J ames S. : Propaga- Rose, llamed variants : Spot a nthracnose tion of Alpines ______218 208, 209, 210, 294, 295 57, 61, 64, 65, 70 W ill spring bring fl ow- Capistrano ______74 S tewartia ______147 ers fo r you ? __ ___ .______291 Cha rlotte Armstrong _ 74 Styrax japoni ca ______146 Window gardening 247 Chrysler ImperiaL ___ 74 Sweetgum, W ood preservative 252 F orty-N iner ______77 blight of ______265, 266 Yucca lilamentosa 124 List of Reprints from The National Horticultural Magazines Available for Sale, Prepaid Orders should be sent to: Secretary, T he American H orticultural Society, Inc. 1600 Bladensburg Road, N. E. W ashington 2, D . C.

BOSWELL, V. R . Crushed stone f or lilies .05 SLATE, GEORGE L. Sweet potatoes in Japan .10 An interesting variety of Lilium Lily notes: BREAKEY & COURTNEY superbum .05 Minor species of Asiatic lilies .10 F!lsciation in the Easter Lily .10 Varieties of Lilium superbum .05 Minor species of European lilies .10 BRIERLEY, P. HOUSER, H. A. Raising lilies from seeds .05 What can be done about lily mosaic .05 Methods 2 f raising garden lilies Some random lily notes .05 BUCKLEY, A. from seed .10 SLATE & IMLE Seedlings of the go lden rayed lily .05 HUME, H. HAROLD Living with lily mosaic .05 CAMPAU, E. L. Correlation of classification and dis- SPINGARN, J. E. Phlox, the new garden aristocrats .05 tribution in zephyranthes .10 CASAMAJOR, R. Large flowered clematis, tentative The story of <'::amellia reticulata .05 IHLDER, L. check list .10 COOK, O. F. Gardening in shade . a5 STEVENSON, F. J . Household palms and related genera JONES, K. D. Breeding potatoes resistant to dis- Part I . 10 Acacias in California .25 e:lses .05 Part II .10 P lants of New Zealand grown in STOUT, A. B. A diminutive palm from Maryland . 10 California .25 Memo re nomenclature of lilies .05 Cascade Palms in S. Mexico . 10 KILLIP, E. P. STOUTEMYER, V. T. Oil palms in Florida, Haiti and Bomarea, a genus of showy Andean Propagation of Chion:lnthus ret usus Pan3ma .10 plants . 10 by cuttings .05 Climbing and creeping palms in KRAUS, E. J. Propagation of muscari by leaf Mexico .10 Developing new clones of chrys- cuttings .05 A new commercial palm in anthemums .10 Starting and growing plants in Ecuador . 10 LOOMIS, H. F. sphagnum moss .05 CREECH, J. L. New crape myrtle for Florida .05 THOMAS, C. C. Genus Lycoris in the Mid-Atlantic New palms in Florida .05 Propagation of some deciduous States .10 Nipa palm of Orient .0 5 trees from soft wood cuttings .05 Philadelphus notes .10 Virgin orchid .05 CUMMING, ALEX. Some factors influencing rooting of Garden chrysanthemums .10 LORENZ, KARL K. cuttings of Chinese holly .05 CURT IS, A. E. A seven year study of orien1al VARGAS, CESAR C. Papaver orientale .05 poppies .0 5 Two new bomareas and a new EASTWOOD, A. McCLELLAND, T. B. stenomesson .05 The true species of fuchsia cul- A new device fo r layering .05 WARNER, R. M. tivated in California .10 MciLHENNY, E. A. Success with Lilium japonicum .05 ENGLISH, EDITH H. Bamboo growing for the South .10 WEDDL E, CHARLES Iris aureonyrnpha .10 Bamboo, a must for the South .10 The elegant zinnia .10 ESSIG, E. O. MCKELVY, SUSAN DELANO WHERRY, E. T. Fuchsias .2 5 Arctomecon californicum .05 Our native phloxes and their hor- FOOTE, F . E. McRAY & WARNER ticultural derivatives .10 A well considered schedule for Historic al sketch of tulip mosaic .10 List of plants requiring circum- judging narcissi .05 MORRISON, B. Y. neutral soils .05 FOSTER, M. B. Achimenes, preliminary notes .10 WILSON, WARREN C. My flower has a temperature .05 More about African violets .10 Collecting alpines in the Shick- FOX, H. M. New quinine from this hemisphere .10 shocks .10 Chinese lilies discovered by French Notes on old varieties of Indian Collecting western alpines by air .10 missionaries .15 azaleas . 10 WYMAN, D. GRAVES, GEORGE NELSON, IRA S. Hedges f or North America .1 0 The beach pLum, its written record .10 A review of Louisiana irises .10 YOUNG , ROBERT A. Versch~ffelt's Nouvelle icon. des OPITZ, K. W. Bamboos for American horticul­ carnell ia s .05 Hybrid divias for distinction and ture: GROFF, G. WEIDMAN beauty .1 0 I. Smaller hardy bamboo . 10 Standardized metal mar cot box for REED, C. A. II. Medium size hardy bamboo .10 phnt propagation .10 Beginning pecan growing as an III. Larger hardy bamboo .10 HAWKES, A. D. orchard industry .05 IV. Tropical type .10 Mascarena vershaffeltii .05 1946 status Chinese chestnut grow- V. Tropical type . 10 HENRY, MARY G . ing in Eastern U. S. .05 The Chayote .10 ColLectin!?: plants in northern Brit- ROBERTS, EDIn! A. YOUNGMAN, W . H. ish Columbia (Bound) .50 American ferns, how to grow them .10 The United States vegetable seed Some eastern penstemons .05 SAUNDERS, SILVIA industry .05 Lilium canadense .05 Portfolio of peony species (pic- Gardens an important cog in Ger~ Lilium bakerianum .05 tures on ly) .15 man food supply .05