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Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos N.º 836 N.º 836 Febrero 2020 Febrero 2020 CUADERNOS HISPANOAMERICANOS N.º 836 Precio: 5 € HISPANOAMERICANOS MINISTERIO DOSIER ENTREVISTA MESA REVUELTA DE ASUNTOS EXTERIORES, UNIÓN EUROPEA Y COOPERACIÓN CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA EN EL MUNDO Antonio José Ponte Ortega: pensamiento y paisaje CUADERNOS HISPÁNICO: DEL RENACIMIENTO Carlos Gómez A LA ILUSTRACIÓN Coordina Juan Francisco Maura Fotografía de portada © Miguel Lizana CUADERNOS HISPANOAMERICANOS Avda. Reyes Católicos, 4 Edita CP 28040, Madrid MAEC, Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación T. 915838401 AECID, Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo Director JUAN MALPARTIDA Ministra de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación Arancha González Laya Administración Secretario de Estado de Cooperación Internacional Magdalena Sánchez y para Iberoamérica [email protected] Juan Pablo de Laiglesia y González de Peredo T. 915823361 Directora de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo Suscripciones Ana María Calvo Sastre María del Carmen Fernández Poyato Director de Relaciones Culturales y Científicas suscripcion.cuadernoshispanoamericanos Miguel Albero Suárez @aecid.es T. 915827945 Jefe del Departamento de Cooperación y Promoción Cultural Pablo Platas Casteleiro Imprime CUADERNOS HISPANOAMERICANOS, fundada en 1948, ha sido Solana e Hijos, A. G., S. A. U. dirigida sucesivamente por Pedro Laín Entralgo, Luis Rosales, José San Alfonso, 26 Antonio Maravall, Félix Grande, Blas Matamoro y Benjamín Prado. CP 28917-La Fortuna, Leganés, Madrid Catálogo General de Publicaciones Oficiales: http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es Depósito legal M.3375/1958 Los índices de la revista pueden consultarse en el HAPI (Hispanic ISSN American Periodical Index), en la MLA Bibliography y en el catálogo 0011-250 X de la Biblioteca. Nipo digital 109-19-023-8 La revista puede consultarse en: Nipo impreso www.cervantesvirtual.com 109-19-022-2 www.cuadernoshispanoamericanos.com N.º 836 CUADERNOS HISPANOAMERICANOS DOSIER CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA EN EL MUNDO HISPÁNICO: DEL RENACIMIENTO A LA ILUSTRACIÓN 4 Juan Francisco Maura – La ciencia hispánica (siglos xv-xvii): destejiendo la calumnia 31 Carlos M. Madrid Casado – Compás, mapa y espada. La cosmografía novohispana en los siglos xvi y xvii 44 María Isabel Vicente Maroto – Alonso de Santa Cruz, el cosmógrafo real expoliado 64 Pablo Roza Candás – Ciencia y creencia en la terapéu- tica morisca. (El manuscrito aljamiado de la Arcadian Library) ENTREVISTA 78 Carmen de Eusebio – Antonio José Ponte: «El único conflicto: pasar de no escribir a escribir» MESA REVUELTA 90 Carlos Gómez – Ortega: pensamiento y paisaje BIBLIOTECA 120 Enrique del Risco – De la maledicencia como una de las bellas artes 125 José María Herrera – La magia del arte 129 Manuel Alberca – La ambición literaria de Carmen Laforet 134 Eduardo Laporte – Cirugía del alma 139 Michelle Roche Rodríguez – Antonio López Ortega: Un insomne que sueña con cuentos líricos 143 Juan Ángel Juristo – Esa incisiva oscuridad 147 Manuel Arias Maldonado – Los renglones torcidos del nuevo siglo 151 Fernando Castillo – Fervor de las vanguardias 155 Isabel de Armas – Ser rey-emperador en el siglo xii Ciencia y Tecnología en el mundo hispánico: Del Renacimiento a la Ilustración Coordina Juan Francisco Maura Por Juan Francisco Maura LA CIENCIA HISPÁNICA (siglos XV-XVII): destejiendo la calumnia I. LA NEGACIÓN DE LA CIENCIA EN ESPAÑA «Y más ahora, en que tanto se charla de la conciencia de nuestro atraso respecto a los demás pueblos cultos; ahora, en que unos cuantos atolondrados que no conocen nuestra propia historia – que está por hacer, deshaciendo antes lo que la calumnia protes- tante ha tejido en torno de ella– dicen que no hemos tenido ni ciencia, ni arte, ni filosofía, ni Renacimiento (éste acaso nos sobra- ba), ni nada» (Unamuno, Del sentimiento trágico de la vida. 225). De la misma manera que la historiografía protestante y la negligencia propia han negado la presencia de la mujer española y portuguesa en las Américas, África y Asia durante los primeros años del descubrimiento, conquista, y colonización hispánica del mundo, algo parecido ha ocurrido con la aportación científica hispánica a la humanidad.1 Jurisprudencia, cartografía, ingenie- ría, arquitectura, medicina, anatomía, astronomía, etnología o an- tropología, entre otras disciplinas científicas, fueron diseminadas por los hispanos por todo el orbe durante la Edad Media, Renaci- miento y Barroco. España tuvo científicos como Miguel Servet, el gran especialista en la circulación pulmonar, quemado vivo en la hoguera en Ginebra a instigación de Juan Calvino, o Luis Vives, padre de la moderna psicología, amigo de Catalina de Aragón y Tomás Moro, este último condenado a muerte, entre otras co- sas, por no aceptar el divorcio de Enrique VIII. Por su parte, las mujeres españolas del Renacimiento no sólo escribían comedias, como María de Zayas o Ana Caro, sino que también realizaban tratados científicos. ¿Por qué, vanos legisladores del mundo, atáis nuestras manos para las venganzas, imposibilitando nuestras fuerzas con vuestras CUADERNOS HISPANOAMERICANOS 4 falsas opiniones, pues nos negáis letras y armas? El alma, ¿no es la misma que la de los hombres? Pues si ella es la que da valor al cuer- po, ¿quién obliga a los nuestros a tanta cobardía? Yo aseguro que si entendierais que también había en nosotras valor y fortaleza no os burlaríais como os burláis; y así, por tenernos sujetas desde que nacemos vais enflaqueciendo nuestras fuerzas con los temores de la honra y el entendimiento con el recato de la vergüenza, dándonos por espadas ruecas y por libros almohadillas (María de Zayas y Sotomayor, Novelas ejemplares y amorosas, 481). Mujeres, por ejemplo, como Oliva Sabuco escribieron trata- dos científicos que nada tenían que envidiar a los realizados por otros humanistas de su tiempo.2 Es más, según algunos autores, sus obras fueron plagiadas posteriormente por pensadores como el francés Renato Descartes, y los ingleses Thomas Willis y Fran- cis Glisson:3 «Además de constituir el más preclaro antecedente de la moderna neuroquímica, la obra sabuceana invita a los médi- cos a tratar a sus pacientes de un modo integral, y a atender al uní- sono cuerpo, mente y ánima, por lo que muchos aspectos de su obra gozan de una gran modernidad y siguen siendo compatibles con el pensamiento médico y filosófico modernos» (Bustamante et al, 1190). Beatriz Galindo enseñaba latín a la reina Isabel, Lucía de Medrano enseñó los clásicos en la Universidad de Salamanca y Francisca de Lebrija fue catedrática de Retórica en la Universi- dad de Alcalá. Juliana Morella consiguió un doctorado en la Uni- versidad de Aviñón (Cuartero XXV). No es necesario mencionar a la novohispana sor Juana Inés de la Cruz y su insaciable curio- sidad científica, que en más de una ocasión la llevó a algún roce con sus homólogos masculinos por ser, sencillamente, superior a la mayoría de sus contemporáneos.4 A los españoles y portugueses, por su condición de pue- blo manchado de sangre semita que además ha tenido la osadía de ser el primer imperio global, a todos los niveles, no se les ha permitido incluirse en el selecto grupo de países «ilustrados», «científicos» europeos. Quizá por ser países meridionales y me- diterráneos, y en cierta manera «orientales». También se ha se- ñalado a España como el país de la «Inquisición», aunque dicha institución fuese creada mucho antes por otros países que nunca contemplaron la posibilidad de dar la opción a su población judía de permanecer en su patria si se convertían a la religión cristiana, como hicieron miles de judíos en España. Se podrá argüir que fue 5 CUADERNOS HISPANOAMERICANOS mucho más cruel el edicto de expulsión de los judíos de Francia en tiempos del rey Felipe Augusto, en 1182, y posteriormente en 1306, 1321 o 1394, o el realizado en Inglaterra, por Eduardo I, en 1290, por el que se apropiaron de todos sus bienes y no conta- ron con la posibilidad de conversión. Lo mismo podríamos decir de las sucesivas expulsiones de judíos de Italia durante la Edad Media o de las masacres de judíos en Alemania en tiempos de las cruzadas o durante la peste negra (1346-1353), e incluso del anti- judaísmo que existía en el Islam por las mismas fechas. Entonces, ¿por qué, hasta el día de hoy, se señala siempre a España cuando se mencionan estos episodios? Tal vez se deba, en cierta forma, con la enorme importancia y arraigo que este pueblo tuvo en la península Ibérica al menos desde el tiempo de los romanos.5 Sin duda, la expulsión de los judíos y los moriscos, tan es- pañoles como los que más, fue una de las decisiones más injustas y tristes de la historia de España, aunque la mayoría de los paí- ses europeos felicitasen a los Reyes Católicos por tal decisión. La amenaza de una «reconquista» turca y, por lo tanto, musul- mana de la península Ibérica y de buena parte de Europa no era sólo una paranoia de la monarquía hispánica. Buena fe dieron de ello los miles de niños cristianos capturados por corsarios como Barbarroja bajo las órdenes del sultán Suleimán I en las costas españolas, italianas y griegas para el engrandecimiento del ejército otomano con sus «jenízaros».6 Igualmente, los cautivos españoles en las galeras turcas se contaban por miles, y vicever- sa, como consecuencia de los interminables enfrentamientos que ambos imperios tuvieron en el Mediterráneo. Mucho debe Eu- ropa a España por haber, si no eliminado, sí frenado ese avance e incluso no sería una exageración afirmar que parte de Europa sería hoy musulmana sin la presencia y labor de los soldados y marinos españoles en aguas mediterráneas. Por supuesto, Lutero no compartía esa opinión, a lo que el gran humanista Francisco de Vitoria respondía: «Si bien entre los católicos hay suficien- te conformidad en esta materia, sin embargo, Lutero, que nada dejó por contaminar, niega ser lícito a los cristianos tomar las ar- mas ni siquiera contra los turcos.
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