A Passagem De Robert Fitzroy E O HMS Beagle Pela Argentina Gabriel Passetti Doutorando/USP

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A Passagem De Robert Fitzroy E O HMS Beagle Pela Argentina Gabriel Passetti Doutorando/USP Anais Eletrônicos do VII Encontro Internacional da ANPHLAC Campinas – 2006 ISBN - 978-85-61621-00-1 Civilização britânica, barbáries americanas: a passagem de Robert FitzRoy e o HMS Beagle pela Argentina Gabriel Passetti Doutorando/USP Durante as décadas de 1820 e 1830, expedições britânicas percorreram as costas sul-americanas objetivando o mapeamento cartográfico das rotas do comércio imperial e a formalização de contatos comerciais e políticos com os Estados em formação após as independências ibéricas. Um dos locais mais visados foi a passagem do Oceano Atlântico para o Pacífico, rota obrigatória para o comercio imperial, o Estreito de Magalhães. Para ele, foram enviadas duas expedições que, juntas, permaneceram praticamente ininterruptamente entre 1827 e 1834, capitaneadas por Philip Parker King e Robert FitzRoy. Este artigo procura apresentar algumas observações iniciais desta documentação, procurando identificar os projetos para a América Latina e a visão construída da região e os povos que a habitavam. O final do século XVIII foi marcado pelo crescente interesse britânico e francês pelas rotas de circunavegação do globo e pelo mapeamento de regiões até então praticamente intocadas do interior das Américas, da África e da recém-descoberta Oceania. As expedições de James Cook (1768-1779) foram marcos importantes, pois estabeleceram as principais rotas, enquanto que as de Alexander von Humboldt (1799- 1804) construíram os modelos científicos a serem adotados pelos navegadores posteriores. O fim das guerras napoleônicas marcou a consolidação do poderio naval britânico e proporcionou um novo avanço, pois a Marinha Real, ampliada durante os combates, assumiu a posição de reguladora dos mares. Grandes veleiros foram enviados para verificar e detalhar as antigas cartas náuticas ibéricas das Américas, da África e da Ásia. Auxiliados por pequenos botes expedicionários e dotados de grande autonomia de viagem, as embarcações saíram da Inglaterra com a missão de identificar portos seguros, ameaças, climas e oportunidades para o comércio imperial britânico em franca expansão. 1 Anais Eletrônicos do VII Encontro Internacional da ANPHLAC Campinas – 2006 ISBN - 978-85-61621-00-1 Com estas grandes expedições financiadas pelo governo, foram enviados artistas e naturalistas, responsáveis pela elaboração de imagens e pela coleta de amostras para a ambiciosa coleção mundial do British Museum de Londres. Longas e cansativas, as viagens eram intensamente programadas e contavam com uma mescla entre oficiais de carreira – veteranos das guerras napoleônicas – e jovens tenentes formados pela Escola Naval. Auxiliados por tripulações de algumas dezenas de marinheiros, estes oficiais precisavam lidar com o clima inóspito, a constante ameaça do escorbuto e com povos nativos nem sempre interessados em contatos com os europeus. Apesar de mais rápidas e bem preparadas, as expedições do início do século XIX ainda em muito se assemelhavam às primeiras viagens intercontinentais de portugueses e espanhóis. Além dos naufrágios, o maior temor dos navegadores da época era o desfecho mortal de negociações com nativos, assim como ocorrera com Fernão de Magalhães nas Filipinas, em 1521, e James Cook no Havaí, em 1779. Em 22 de maio de 1826, o comandante-explorador Philip Parker King partiu da Inglaterra com os veleiros HMS Adventure e HMS Beagle para explorar e mapear as costas sul-americanas entre o rio da Prata e a ilha de Chiloé, no Chile, estabelecer contatos comerciais e diplomáticos com os governos locais, seguir para as colônias britânicas em Nova Gales do Sul, na Austrália, e depois ao Cabo da Boa Esperançai. Seu principal foco recaia sobre o temido, inóspito e pouco conhecido Estreito de Magalhães. Caminho obrigatório para os navios que objetivavam o lucrativo comércio com a Ásia, para as ainda pouco conhecidas terras da Oceania e para a costa oeste mexicana, aquele ainda era um dos principais pontos da lucrativa indústria de caça aos cetáceos e mamíferos marinhos em geral. O Estreito era o principal objetivo da viagem e também um desafio, pois seu clima hostil demandava organização, paciência e um pouco de sorte. Sabendo que esta passagem certamente avariaria as embarcações, Philip Parker King partiu diretamente para o local, sem se ater, a princípio, às zonas entre o rio da Prata e o sul da Patagônia, pois pretendia evitar estabelecer o primeiro contato com o Estreito durante o inverno. O comandante conhecia as dificuldades enfrentadas naquela região ao ler anteriormente os relatos de alguns dos navegadores que por lá passaram – os ingleses John Narborough (1652), John Byron (1765), Samuel Wallis e Philip Carteret (1767), os espanhóis Jofre 2 Anais Eletrônicos do VII Encontro Internacional da ANPHLAC Campinas – 2006 ISBN - 978-85-61621-00-1 García de Loyasa (1525), Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1579) e Antonio de Córdova (1785), além do francês Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1767). O primeiro contato com o Estreito foi bastante produtivo, pois foi possível estabelecer uma base de operações em um de seus pontos mais importantes, o Puerto del Hambre (chamado de Port Famine), antiga base de vigilância espanhola do século XVI. Enquanto o HMS Adventure permaneceu ancorado, o HMS Beagle vasculhou a região e suas principais baías, ilhas e canais em um levantamento preliminar. Talvez a principal dificuldade encontrada durante a estadia em Port Famine foi o controle da alimentação da tripulação e o combate ao escorbuto, tendo em vista que o frio extremo e os ventos da região impedem o crescimento de plantas que possam fornecer vitamina C em quantidade suficiente para dezenas de homens. A estratégia adotada pelo comandante King para superar esta dificuldade foi o contato e o comércio recorrentes com os povos nativos da região, aptos e interessados em fornecer carne de guanacoii e artesanato em troca de objetos manufaturados, armas de fogo, moedas, objetos metálicos, roupas e, eventualmente, bebidas alcoólicas. Philip Parker King dividiu os povos que encontrou baseado na origem geográfica, classificando-os como patagones e fueginos, originários da Patagônia e da Terra do Fogo, respectivamente. Os primeiros eram da família lingüística Tehuelche, utilizavam largamente os cavalos para caçar guanaco e viviam em pequenos grupos familiares semi-nômades. Desde os primeiros navegadores europeus que freqüentaram a região, foram descritos como gigantes – mito conhecido, mas questionado pelo comandante britânico. Após medi-los, King chegou à conclusão de que eram maiores do que os ingleses, mas não gigantes, e sim da altura dos holandeses. Segundo ele, pode ter havido uma redução na altura dos patagones desde os primeiros contatos com os europeus, através do convívio com os povos fueginos. Estes, das etnias Ona e Selk’nam, viviam basicamente do que conseguiam extrair do mar, ou seja, eram caçadores de focas e pescadores e também viviam em pequenos grupos familiares semi-nômades. O comandante King conviveu e comercializou com ambos grupos étnicos, mas desenvolveu um apreço maior pelos patagones, vistos como superiores na escala evolutiva por já terem conhecimentos rudimentares do idioma espanhol e alguns conceitos cristãos – provavelmente derivados da missão solitária evangelizadora do 3 Anais Eletrônicos do VII Encontro Internacional da ANPHLAC Campinas – 2006 ISBN - 978-85-61621-00-1 jesuíta Thomas Falkner, entre 1740 e 1768. Para o britânico, tanto fueginos quanto patagones estavam aptos a alcançar a civilização – cujo ápice era a sociedade inglesa anglicana – desde que atentos aos ensinamentos religiosos, afastados da idolatria, da ignorância ibérica e das bebidas alcoólicas. Os indígenas não estavam necessariamente interessados na evangelização e nos costumes britânicos, mas procuraram se aproximar e chamar a atenção daqueles navegadores, pois com eles era possível estabelecer proveitosas relações comerciais. Alguns contatos mais intensos foram estabelecidos, com momentos de convivência indígena nos navios ou nos acampamentos militares, mas a regra era o estabelecimento de pequenas feiras de escambo e a separação física entre europeus e nativos, especialmente para conter as investidas sexuais dos marinheiros, que poderiam atrair a animosidade dos homens de quem se dependia para o combate ao escorbuto. Philip Parker King estava convencido da superioridade do Império e da civilização britânicaiii. Ele comungava das idéias que dividiam as sociedades em uma hierarquia civilizacional e considerava que fueginos eram inferiores aos patagones, estes aos ibero-americanos, menos evoluídos do que católicos europeus, que estavam abaixo dos anglicanos ingleses. Para ele, a cultura católica – e em especial a ibérica – era atrasada e retrógrada, caracterizada pela preguiça e pela inoperância, sendo sua idolatria aos santos responsável pela incapacidade em afastar os indígenas americanos da barbárie. Após meses levantando a geografia do Estreito de Magalhães, a expedição britânica zarpou para executar os levantamentos cartográficos da costa até o rio da Prata. Após passarem por Montevidéu, se dirigiram ao Rio de Janeiro, pois, naquele período, o Império Brasileiro era tido como o Estado mais estável da América do Sul e sua capital-porto era tida como a mais segura e confiável, sendo o principal centro de comércio de materiais e equipamentos navais da região. Além de comprar víveres, naquela cidade foi possível reparar os estragos nas embarcações, receber a correspondência proveniente do Almirantado de Londres e estabelecer metas e roteiros em reuniões com Robert Waller Otway, o comandante-geral
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