DOCSLIB.ORG

Adjudication on the Gold Fields in New South Wales and Victoria in the 19Th Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Adjudication on the Gold Fields in New South Wales and Victoria in the 19Th Century ADJUDICATION ON THE GOLD FIELDS IN NEW SOUTH WALES AND VICTORIA IN THE 19TH CENTURY John P Hamilton QC, BA, LLB Sydney Macquarie Law School Faculty of Arts Macquarie University 2014 A thesis submitted for examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction and Plan 8 2 History and Social Background 22 3 Origins of System 51 4 Legislative History in New South Wales and Victoria 69 5 The Establishment of Gold Commissioners as 96 Adjudicators 6 The Establishment of Local Courts and Wardens in 126 Victoria and Their Operation until 1858 7 Continued Operation of Commissioners in New 156 South Wales from 1853 to 1866 8 The 1866 Legislation and the New South 186 Wales Royal Commission of 1870-71 9 Continued Operation of Adjudicators in New South 207 Wales from 1867 to 1873 10 The Establishment of the Victorian Courts of Mines 229 and Wardens’ Courts in 1858, Their Operation from 1858 to 1875 and Comparison with the New South Wales System 11 T A Browne and Gulgong 243 12 Browne v Browne 260 13 Wardens’ Courts in New South Wales from 1874 275 14 Jurisprudence in Superior Courts Concerning 288 Adjudication System 15 History of Wardens’ Courts after 1875 322 2 16 Conclusion 328 Appendix I: 353 Record of Cases Determined in Beechworth Local Court Appendix II: 363 Cases From Hill End Bench Book Appendix III: 383 Register of Complaints in Sofala Warden’s Court Bibliography 403 3 SUMMARY The sudden onset of the gold rushes in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 created an immediate necessity for a system of resolving disputes among gold miners. Despite a large literature on the gold rushes generally, virtually nothing has been written on the adjudication systems. The aim of this thesis is to examine what these systems were, to discover what records of them have survived and to expose samples of those records. The thesis concentrates on the period from 1851 to 1875 when the adjudication systems were at their most active. It records the changing legislative provisions relating to adjudication in that period. The first adjudicative institution created in both New South Wales and Victoria was Gold Fields Commissioners appointed under the Crown Lands Act 1833. In New South Wales the first Commissioner appointed was John Richard Hardy who reached the Western Gold Fields at the beginning of June 1851 and immediately started both issuing licences to mine and settling disputes. The Commissioners operated in Victoria only until 1855. Having been discredited as a result of the events leading up to the Eureka Stockade, they were then replaced by Wardens and Local Courts. However, the Commissioners were successful in New South Wales, in part because of the personal qualities of Hardy, and continued to operate in one form or another until 1874 when they were replaced by Wardens’ Courts. The thesis explores what records survive of adjudications in both Colonies and incorporates samples of them. It examines in some detail the career of Thomas Alexander Browne (who was the 4 novelist Rolf Boldrewood) as the Commissioner at Gulgong in the early 1870s and who, atypically of Gold Fields Commissioners, was at odds with his community. It also examines the reported cases in the Supreme Courts concerning gold fields adjudication. The thesis thus presents, for the first time, an account of these adjudicative systems. After 1875 a system of Mining Wardens’ Courts for determining mining disputes became universal throughout Australia, and widely used beyond, which system, in one form or another, has persisted into the 21st century. 5 STATEMENT BY CANDIDATE This work has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution. 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I should like to thank my supervisors Professors Peter Radan, Bruce Kercher and Andrew Buck for their encouragement, helpful suggestions and insightful comments throughout the course of my writing this thesis. The thesis involved extensive research at the New South Wales State Archives at Kingswood and I should like to thank the staff, particularly Christine Yeats, for their assistance. I should also like to thank the staff of the Public Record Office of Victoria at North Melbourne and Ballarat for their assistance with research at those sites. I thank Dianne CampbelI of Ballarat and Ben Chen for their assistance in recovering documents. I am grateful to my wife Wendy Robinson for reading the manuscript and particularly for her patience and encouragement throughout the project. 7 Chapter One: Introduction and Plan 101 The subject matter of this thesis is the origins, development and nature of the distinctive system of adjudication of mining disputes that grew up on the gold fields of New South Wales and Victoria in the mid nineteenth century. It has spread throughout Australia and beyond and persisted in some form until today. The context in which this project arose is the novel body of Australian mining law which originated on the gold fields of New South Wales and Victoria in the gold rush days of the early 1850s. 102 There were two distinctive features of this system. The first was a way of managing titles whereby mining was carried out under a totally different regime from that which prevailed in England or in the United States. The system developed in a fairly uniform fashion across all the States and Territories of Australia, and was exported to New Zealand, to Papua New Guinea when it was an Australian territory and to at least two Canadian provinces and four states of Malaya. The system originated in possessory claims held under a licence, subsequently called a miner’s right, to take and keep the gold of the Crown in Crown lands. The gold was owned by the Crown under the Crown prerogative in respect of royal minerals and royal mines: The Case of Mines.1 Subsequently a system of leasing Crown lands to permit mining was developed so that larger areas and longer 1 (1568) 1 Plowden 310; 75 ER 472 adopted in Australia by Millar v Wildish (1863) 2 W&W E37 and Woolley v The Attorney General of Victoria (1877) 2 App Cas 163, see Paragraphs 1420 and 1450 below. 8 term titles could, as operations became more sophisticated and required the devotion of greater capital sums, be granted in return for payment of rent and a royalty. Ultimately in all jurisdictions the system expanded to permit the Crown to grant titles over privately owned lands to recover Crown minerals and, in the end, to recover also privately owned minerals, so that those minerals could not, from a public point of view, remain locked up and unexploited at the whim of the owner. In the case of privately owned minerals, the royalty was charged by and paid to the Crown, but the bulk of the royalty was subsequently returned to the owner of the privately owned mineral: Cadia Holdings Pty Ltd v State of New South Wales.2 103 Along with this original and distinctive system of titles to recover minerals, there grew up a distinctive and original adjudicative system for the settlement of disputes among miners on the field. These disputes commonly concerned the entitlement of particular persons to particular pieces of ground or complaints that one person was encroaching on or taking gold from ground to which another person was entitled. Equally, where more than one person was involved in a claim or lease, there were disputes concerning questions of entitlement as between co-owners or alleged co-owners, or, where there was a partnership, what the entitlements were under that partnership. It was obviously 2 [2008] NSWSC 528; [2009] NSWCA 174, (2009) 257 ALR 528; [2010] HCA 27, (2010) 242 CLR 195. 9 important that these disputes should be determined locally, quickly and cheaply. 104 Initially the power of adjudication was vested in Gold Fields Commissioners. But the typical system that ultimately grew up and was adopted in some form throughout Australia was for the local Magistrate to be appointed as a Mining Warden and to be invested with jurisdiction to determine these disputes. This was instituted in Victoria in 1858, but the Gold Fields Commissioners in New South Wales retained the jurisdiction until 1874.3 The jurisdiction that was ultimately invested in Wardens’ Courts was jurisdiction that was coterminous with, although not exclusive of, the common law and equitable jurisdictions of the Supreme Court of the Colony (subsequently the State) in mining disputes, and this without any limitation of subject matter, whether by amount or otherwise. Wardens’ Courts ultimately existed in every State. In Victoria alone there was a second level of courts called Courts of Mines corresponding with the County Courts. In two States, South Australia and Western Australia, Wardens’ Courts retain their jurisdiction. In the other four States and the Northern Territory, Wardens’ Courts have been abolished, in New South Wales as recently as 2008,4 but the jurisdiction has been transferred to other tribunals. In Victoria in 1969 the jurisdictions of the Courts of Mines and the Wardens’ Courts were respectively transferred to the County Courts and the Magistrates 3 See Paragraph 114 below. 4 Courts and Crimes Legislation Further Amendment Act 2008 (NSW). 10 Courts5 and in New South Wales in 2008 the jurisdiction of the Wardens’ Courts was transferred to the Land and Environment Court. Like the title system, this unique and distinctive adjudicative system was exported to overseas jurisdictions.6 105 There has been a good deal of historical writing about life on the gold fields.7 On some aspects, particularly the rebellion of the Eureka Stockade, there has been a considerable literature.8 But although there have been short accounts of the process of adjudication before Commissioners,9 there has been no detailed writing on the institutions and operation of the process of adjudication other than in respect of the narrowaspect of the elective Victorian Local Courts that existed from 1855 to 1858.10 The works recorded in fn 10 do give details of the establishment 5 Mines (Abolition of Courts) Act 1969 (Vic).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inaugural Speeches in the NSW Parliament Briefing Paper No 4/2013 by Gareth Griffith
    Inaugural speeches in the NSW Parliament Briefing Paper No 4/2013 by Gareth Griffith ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to thank officers from both Houses for their comments on a draft of this paper, in particular Stephanie Hesford and Jonathan Elliott from the Legislative Assembly and Stephen Frappell and Samuel Griffith from the Legislative Council. Thanks, too, to Lenny Roth and Greig Tillotson for their comments and advice. Any errors are the author’s responsibility. ISSN 1325-5142 ISBN 978 0 7313 1900 8 May 2013 © 2013 Except to the extent of the uses permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval systems, without the prior consent from the Manager, NSW Parliamentary Research Service, other than by Members of the New South Wales Parliament in the course of their official duties. Inaugural speeches in the NSW Parliament by Gareth Griffith NSW PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY RESEARCH SERVICE Gareth Griffith (BSc (Econ) (Hons), LLB (Hons), PhD), Manager, Politics & Government/Law .......................................... (02) 9230 2356 Lenny Roth (BCom, LLB), Acting Senior Research Officer, Law ............................................ (02) 9230 3085 Lynsey Blayden (BA, LLB (Hons)), Research Officer, Law ................................................................. (02) 9230 3085 Talina Drabsch (BA, LLB (Hons)), Research Officer, Social Issues/Law ........................................... (02) 9230 2484 Jack Finegan (BA (Hons), MSc), Research Officer, Environment/Planning..................................... (02) 9230 2906 Daniel Montoya (BEnvSc (Hons), PhD), Research Officer, Environment/Planning ..................................... (02) 9230 2003 John Wilkinson (MA, PhD), Research Officer, Economics ...................................................... (02) 9230 2006 Should Members or their staff require further information about this publication please contact the author.
    [Show full text]
  • HERITAGE LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park
    HERITAGE LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park Final Report June 2017 Prepared for Parks Victoria Context Pty Ltd 2017 Project Team: John Dyke Chris Johnston Louise Honman Helen Doyle Report Register This report register documents the development and issue of the report entitled Heritage Landscape Management Framework Castlemaine Diggings National Heritage Park undertaken by Context Pty Ltd in accordance with our internal quality management system. Project Issue Notes/description Issue Issued to No. No. Date 2068 1 Interim project report 12.4.2016 Patrick Pigott 2068 2 Heritage Landscape 21.4.2017 Jade Harris Management Framework (Draft) 2068 3 Heritage Landscape 19.6.2017 Jade Harris Management Framework Context Pty Ltd 22 Merri Street, Brunswick VIC 3056 Phone 03 9380 6933 Facsimile 03 9380 4066 Email [email protected] Web www.contextpl.com.au ii CONTENTS 1 SETTING THE SCENE 1 1.1 Introduction 1 Creating a Heritage Landscape Management Framework 1 1.2 Significance of CDNHP 3 1.3 Understanding cultural landscapes 5 2 KEY GOLDFIELDS HERITAGE LANDSCAPES 7 2.1 Historic landscapes and key sites 7 2.2 Community values 10 Engaging with the community 10 Who uses the park? 10 2.3 Themes and stories 11 2.4 Interpretive and visitor opportunities 13 2.5 Key landscape constellations 14 Understanding the landscape character 14 Defining the key landscape constellations 19 Northern constellation – Garfield /Forest Creek 21 Central constellation – Spring Gully Eureka 25 Southern constellation – Vaughan Springs
    [Show full text]
  • Major Gold Discoveries
    Major gold discoveries Gold production graph This graph shows the amounts of gold found in Australia’s states and territories This map of Australia shows where Australia’s major between 1851–1989. Some states have gold discoveries were made between 1851 and 1900. never been major producers of gold, The state and territory boundaries on this map are while others have changed substantially how they are today. over time. Families visiting the Kalgoorlie Super Pit mine on its 20th birthday 12 February 14 June 28 June 22 July August October February October Edward Hargraves New South Wales’ Gold is found The Geelong Advertiser James Regan What will become James Grant finds The first payable gold and John Lister find richest goldfield at Clunes in Victoria publishes news of discovers the richest Victoria’s richest Tasmania’s first is found near Armidale, 1851 five specks of gold is found on the by James Edmonds. Edmonds’ find and alluvial goldfield in the field is discovered 1852 payable gold New South Wales. near Bathurst, Truron River. the Victorian world at Golden Point, at Bendigo. near Fingal. The first finds of gold New South Wales. gold rushes begin. Ballarat, Victoria. in South Australia are 20 made at Echunga. 21 Gold discoveries New South Wales Golden stories In 1851, within weeks of Edward Hargraves’ Ned Peters announcement, thousands of diggers were panning across Australia NedG Peters filled his diary with along Lewis Ponds Creek and the Truron River near poems about his life as a digger. Bathurst. The town of Sofala, named after a gold He wrote about the hard work and mining town in Mozambique, soon had hotels his unhappiness about not finding Although gold has been found in each Australian state and stores to serve the diggers.
    [Show full text]
  • When the Periphery Became More Central: from Colonial Pact to Liberal Nationalism in Brazil and Mexico, 1800-1914 Steven Topik
    When the Periphery Became More Central: From Colonial Pact to Liberal Nationalism in Brazil and Mexico, 1800-1914 Steven Topik Introduction The Global Economic History Network has concentrated on examining the “Great Divergence” between Europe and Asia, but recognizes that the Americas also played a major role in the development of the world economy. Ken Pomeranz noted, as had Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx before him, the role of the Americas in supplying the silver and gold that Europeans used to purchase Asian luxury goods.1 Smith wrote about the great importance of colonies2. Marx and Engels, writing almost a century later, noted: "The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America [north and south] trade with the colonies, ... gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known. "3 Many students of the world economy date the beginning of the world economy from the European “discovery” or “encounter” of the “New World”) 4 1 Ken Pomeranz, The Great Divergence , Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000:264- 285) 2 Adam Smith in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776, rpt. Regnery Publishing, Washington DC, 1998) noted (p. 643) “The colony of a civilized nation which takes possession, either of a waste country or of one so thinly inhabited, that the natives easily give place to the new settlers, advances more rapidly to wealth and greatness than any other human society.” The Americas by supplying silver and “by opening a new and inexhaustible market to all the commodities of Europe, it gave occasion to new divisions of labour and improvements of art….The productive power of labour was improved.” p.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Gold Rushes
    Britannica LaunchPacks | Australian Gold Rushes Australian Gold Rushes For Years 3-5 This Pack contains: 2 ARTICLES 4 IMAGES 1 VIDEO © 2020 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1 of 15 Britannica LaunchPacks | Australian Gold Rushes Australian gold rushes The discovery of gold in New South Wales in 1851 began a series of gold rushes in colonial Australia. These gold rushes transformed Australia’s population and society. Miners from all over the world left their homes and tried to strike it rich on the Australian goldfields. Most were unlucky, but they all helped shape a defining era of Australian history. A map shows the locations and years of major Australian gold rushes. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc./Kenny Chmielewski People panned for gold in the Bendigo region of Victoria, Australia,… National Library of Australia (nla.pic-vn4496154) © 2020 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2 of 15 Britannica LaunchPacks | Australian Gold Rushes Gold Discoveries A man pans for gold in Australia in the late 19th century. Panning… State Library of Victoria, Australia; gift of Mrs. T. Cameron, 1980 (accession no. H84.458/13) Before 1851 the discovery of any gold in the Australian colonies was kept secret. England had established the colonies as penal settlements, places where criminals were sent to live. The colonial governments feared the discovery of gold would lead to an increase in crime or a convict uprising. However, the New South Wales government changed its approach after thousands of people left the colony to head to California in North America for the gold rush of 1848. The loss of colonists caused a shortage of workers and an economic downturn.
    [Show full text]
  • The Australian Gold Rushes the Australian Gold Rushes
    Contents The Australian gold rushes 4 Growth after gold 5 Population explosion 6 Gold – Australia’s greatest export 9 Spread of settlement 10 Improvements in transport 16 Development of the railways 21 Suburban transport 24 Advances in agriculture and industry 26 Federation 30 Glossary 31 Index 32 Acknowledgements 32 Glossary words When a word is printed in bold, click on it to f ind its meaning. TheThe AustralianAustralian Growth after gold gold rushes People from all over the world flocked to Australia gold rushes In this book you can: during the gold rushes. Many decided to stay and settle in a new and wealthy country. If they had made • DISCOVER how money from gold they poured this wealth into farming, the rapid increase in manufacturing, the retail business or property. If they population during the n 2001, Australia celebrated the 150th anniversary of I had barely made a living, they looked for other work gold rushes led to the official discovery of gold near Bathurst in New South in shops, mines, factories or farms. Whatever their demands for new goods, Wales. On 12 February 1851, Edward Hargraves found five experiences, the rush to Australia’s goldfields changed transport and places grains of gold in mud washed from Lewis Ponds Creek. their lives and the future of Australia. to live Gold was such a valuable and desired material that for • LEARN about changes a while, the whole country was caught up in ‘gold fever’. to towns and cities Men left their jobs, homes and families to rush to the when the gold rushes goldfields in New South Wales and Victoria.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gold Rush
    History The Gold Rush Preview For Upper Primary 1 Contents Discovery of Gold! ...................................... Page 3 Gold! ........................................................... Page 4 Life on the Goldfields ................................. Page 5 Living on the Goldfields 1 .......................... Page 6 Living on the Goldfields 2 .......................... Page 7 Answers...................................................... Page 8 Title: The Gold Rush For Upper Primary Published by Ready-Ed Publications © 2019 Taken from: Australian History Series Book 6: Australia as a Nation Author: Sharon Szczecinski Preview Illustrator: Alison Mutton Copyright Notice The purchasing educational institution and its staff have the right to make For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: copies of the whole or part of this book, beyond their rights under the Copyright Agency Limited Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act), provided that: Level 19, 157 Liverpool Street 1. The number of copies does not exceed the number reasonably required Sydney NSW 2000 by the educational institution to satisfy its teaching purposes; Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 2. Copies are made only by reprographic means (photocopying), not by Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 electronic/digital means, and not stored or transmitted; E-mail: [email protected] 3. Copies are not sold or lent; Reproduction and Communication by others 4. Every copy made clearly shows the footnote, ‘Ready-Ed Publications’. Except as otherwise permitted by this blackline master licence or under Any copying of this book by an educational institution or its staff outside the Act (for example, any fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, of this blackline master licence may fall within the educational statutory criticism or review) no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in licence under the Act.
    [Show full text]
  • John Lucas and His Contemporaries in the Fourth Parliament, 1860 - 1864
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+ University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2018 Independent Voices: John Lucas and his contemporaries in the Fourth Parliament, 1860 - 1864 Kate Nielsen Matthew Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1 University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Research Online is the open access institutional
    [Show full text]
  • Aboriginal People on the Goldfields of Victoria, 1850-1870
    Black Gold Aboriginal People on the Goldfields of Victoria, 1850-1870 Fred Cahir Black Gold Aboriginal People on the Goldfields of Victoria, 1850-1870 Fred Cahir Published by ANU E Press and Aboriginal History Incorporated Aboriginal History Monograph 25 This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/ National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Cahir, Fred. Title: Black gold : Aboriginal people on the goldfields of Victoria, 1850-1870 / Fred Cahir. ISBN: 9781921862953 (pbk.) 9781921862960 (eBook) Series: Aboriginal history monograph ; 25. Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Gold mines and mining--Victoria--1851-1891. Aboriginal Australians--Victoria--History--19th century. Dewey Number: 994.503 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Published with the assistance of University of Ballarat (School of Business), Sovereign Hill Parks and Museum Association and Parks Victoria This publication has been supported by the Australian Historical Association Cover design with assistance from Evie Cahir Front Cover photo: ‘New diggings, Ballarat’ by Thomas Ham, 1851. Courtesy State Library of Victoria Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2012 ANU E Press Contents Preface and acknowledgements . .vii Introduction . 1 1 . Aboriginal people and mining . 5 2 . Discoverers and fossickers . 21 3 . Guiding . 35 4 . Trackers and Native Police . 47 Illustrations . 57 5 . Trade, commerce and the service sector . 67 6 . Co-habitation . 85 7. Off the goldfields . 103 8 . Social and environmental change . 109 9 .
    [Show full text]
  • Leichhardt Historical Journal
    Leichhardt Historical No12 Journal 1983 FROM PEACOCK POINT TO DARLING ST WHARF BIDURA THE HOME THAT BLACK ET BUlL T FROM DARLING ST WHARF TO SIMMONS POINT LOOKE'S BOATYARD AT BALMAIN EAST Annandale Balmain Glebe Leichhardt Lilyfield Rozelle Leichhardt Historical Journal EDITORIAL graceful sandstone school set at the ISSN 0155-4840 No 12 1983 THE 1980s: THE CENTENARY DECADE top of the hillside at Balmain East. ~ P Reynolds, A Roberts, M Soiling The 1970s witnessed increasing Its centenary was declared open by Peter Reynolds interest in local history and build­ the Hon N K Wran, QC, MP, Premier of Alan Roberts ing conservation. The fruits of NSW, on 23 April 1983. Editors Max Solling many projects are ripening in the To sheet home the centenary, the 1980s at a time when many centenar­ school is publishing Larrikin Days, The Leichhardt Historical Journal is ies are being celebrated. a 100 years of growing up in the published jointly by: 1983 began with the centenary of suburb, by Annette O'Neill and Tony The Annandale Association, the death of Sydney's famous archi­ Stephens. The book gives slices of C/-289 Annandale St,Annandale,2038 tect, Edmund Thomas Blacket (1817- life in Balmain for important time The Balmain Association, 1883) .The impact that he left upon his periods based upon diligently collect­ PO Box 57, Balmain 2041 adopted country has been well record­ ed oral history. The Glebe Society, ed in the Australian Dictionary of Orange Grove Public School is also PO Box 100, Glebe, 2037 Biography and in Morton Herman's The 100 not out this year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Economy of Resource Regulation an International and Comparative History, 1850–2015
    THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF RESOURCE REGULATION AN INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE HISTORY, 1850–2015 Edited by Andreas R.D. Sanders, Pål Thonstad Sandvik, and Espen Storli UBC Press©Sample Material Contents Introduction: Natural Resource Regulations and the Global Economy / 3 ANDREAS R.D. SANDERS, PÅL T. SANDVIK, AND ESPEN STORLI Part 1 Evolution of the Domestic Regulation of Natural Resources 1 The ustralianA Gold Rushes, 1850–1900: Elites, Mineral Ownership, and Democracy / 23 ZDRAVKA BRUNKOVA AND MARTIN SHANAHAN 2 Regulation of Natural Resources in the Nordic Countries, 1880–1940 / 45 ANDREAS R.D. SANDERS, PÅL T. SANDVIK, AND ESPEN STORLI 3 Regulating Natural Resources in Canada: A Brief Historical Survey / 67 ROBIN S. GENDRON AND ANDREAS R.D. SANDERS 4 National Oil Companies and Political Coalitions: Venezuela and Colombia, 1910–76 / 96 MARCELO BUCHELI 5 Managing Russia’s Resource Wealth: Coalitions and Capacity / 118 STEPHEN FORTESCUE UBC Press©Sample Material vi Contents 6 Regulatory Regimes for Petroleum Production in Brazil / 139 GAIL D. TRINER Part 2 Impact of Imperialism on Resource Policy 7 Regulating Oil Concessions in British West Africa: The Case of Nigeria and the Gold Coast during the Colonial Period / 165 JON OLAV HOVE AND JOHN KWADWO OSEI-TUTU 8 Regulating Oil in Iran and India: The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and Burmah Oil, 1886–1953 / 186 NEVEEN ABDELREHIM AND SHRADDHA VERMA 9 “In the National Interest”: Regulating New Caledonia’s Mining Industry in the Late Twentieth Century / 210 ROBIN S. GENDRON Part 3 Growing Internationalization of Resource Policy 10 Regulating the Regulators: The League of Nations and the Problem of Raw Materials / 231 MATS INGULSTAD 11 Regulating the Natural Resources in the Antarctic Region: A Historical Review / 259 BJØRN L.
    [Show full text]
  • History VICTORIAN CURRICULUM
    FILE NAME: OBI_HIS_VIC_9_07905_CVR SIZE: 217 x 280 SPINE 15.25 mm COLOUR: FULL/CMYK 9 oxford Geraldine Carrodus | Richard Smith big ideas history VICTORIAN CURRICULUM OBI_HIS_VIC_9_07905_CVR_SI.indd 1 17/10/2016 10:08 am 9 Geraldine Carrodus | Richard Smith oxford Contributions by big ideas Bernie Howitt | Bruce Dennett history VICTORIAN CURRICULUM OBI_HIS_VIC_9_07905_TXT_00_UB1_SI.indd 1 17/10/2016 11:25 am 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries. Published in Australia by Oxford University Press 253 Normanby Road, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia © Geraldine Carrodus, Richard Smith 2016 © Oxford University Press 2016 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First published 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data Carrodus, Geraldine, author Oxford big ideas. History 9 Victorian Curriculum / Geraldine Carrodus, Richard Smith. ISBN 9780190307905 (paperback) Includes index.
    [Show full text]