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The Australian Gold Rushes the Australian Gold Rushes

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The Australian Gold Rushes the Australian Gold Rushes Contents The Australian gold rushes 4 Growth after gold 5 Population explosion 6 Gold – Australia’s greatest export 9 Spread of settlement 10 Improvements in transport 16 Development of the railways 21 Suburban transport 24 Advances in agriculture and industry 26 Federation 30 Glossary 31 Index 32 Acknowledgements 32 Glossary words When a word is printed in bold, click on it to f ind its meaning. TheThe AustralianAustralian Growth after gold gold rushes People from all over the world flocked to Australia gold rushes In this book you can: during the gold rushes. Many decided to stay and settle in a new and wealthy country. If they had made • DISCOVER how money from gold they poured this wealth into farming, the rapid increase in manufacturing, the retail business or property. If they population during the n 2001, Australia celebrated the 150th anniversary of I had barely made a living, they looked for other work gold rushes led to the official discovery of gold near Bathurst in New South in shops, mines, factories or farms. Whatever their demands for new goods, Wales. On 12 February 1851, Edward Hargraves found five experiences, the rush to Australia’s goldfields changed transport and places grains of gold in mud washed from Lewis Ponds Creek. their lives and the future of Australia. to live Gold was such a valuable and desired material that for • LEARN about changes a while, the whole country was caught up in ‘gold fever’. to towns and cities Men left their jobs, homes and families to rush to the when the gold rushes goldfields in New South Wales and Victoria. The fever ended spread to Queensland, and then finally to all the colonies • READ how transport of Australia. Within 10 years, the population had more Wealth and prosperity expanded and improved than doubled, as eager gold diggers from Europe, America In 1884, artist as a result of the growth and Asia sailed to Australia in the hope of making their Nicholas Habbe of our nation fortune. Australia was never the same again. imagined prosperous • FIND OUT about the New towns and cities grew quickly with the increase New South Wales new industries that in population. More farming land was taken up to feed as a young maiden developed in Australia the diggers and their families. New industries developed with a sparkling after the gold rushes crown. As gold to provide them with building materials, furniture, was a major part • SEE how the colonies clothes and food, and equipment for the mines. But gold of this prosperity, joined together to form did not bring prosperity for all. As settlement spread, it was represented a federated Australia. by a gold band more and more Aboriginal people were forced off their around her arm. traditional lands. Growth After Gold is one in a series of six books that celebrates 150 years of gold in Australia, from the excitement of its official discovery in 1851, to the large scale mines of today. Each book looks at how the discovery A brooch of those tiny grains of gold changed Australia forever. made in Sydney in about 1858 from locally mined gold and quartz 4 5 Curriculum Resource Pack: The Australian Gold Rushes © Powerhouse Museum/Macmillan Publishers Australia 2012 ISBN 978 1 4202 9789 8 Curriculum Resource Pack: The Australian Gold Rushes © Powerhouse Museum/Macmillan Publishers Australia 2012 ISBN 978 1 4202 9789 8 Population explosion Diggers from other countries Until the discovery of gold, most of the non- Aboriginal people living in Australia were born here Australia’s population increased enormously during the or in Britain. Some chose to come hoping they would gold rush years. In the 10 years between 1851 and 1861, find more opportunities in Australia than at home. Others came as convicts, government officials or the population of Australia more than doubled, from These Chinese coins 437 000 to over 1.1 million. By 1871, it had reached soldiers. are from over 18 000 1.7 million. At no other time in Australia’s history has Over the first nine years of the gold rushes: recently found on the • 500 000 people left Britain for Australia Palmer River diggings there been such a huge increase in such a short time. in Queensland • 60 000 came here from continental Europe • 42 000 travelled from China • 10 000 came from the United States • 5000 arrived from New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. Becoming more multicultural Just over half of these people stayed once the rush was over. For the first time, Australia had a population that was not either born in Britain or the descendants of Britons. There were Germans, French, Poles, Italians, Scandinavians, Dutch and Americans on many goldfields. All of these nationalities brought customs, traditions and skills that enriched their communities and began the move towards a multicultural Australia. Chinese diggers Not all of these new arrivals were welcome. Gold diggers In the 1850s and 1860s, diggers protested During the second gold rush of the 1880s and 1890s, Like thousands of others, against the numbers of Chinese allowed into these men hoped that Victoria and New South Wales. Twenty years Ballarat parade another rapid increase in population occurred. Western hard work and some luck later, they objected to them working on the Australia’s population more than trebled between 1891 would make their fortune Some Chinese stayed on in goldfields’ in Australia. Palmer River diggings in Queensland and in towns and were active in community and 1901, increasing from 49 782 to 184 124. life. In 1901, the Duke and Duchess of the Northern Territory. As a result, the In Victoria, the change was particularly dramatic. York were enthusiastically welcomed In 1851, Victoria had a population of 77 345. Ten years governments of these colonies introduced in Ballarat, Victoria. The local Chinese community built a spectacular arch later, the population was 538 628. laws limiting the number of Chinese allowed into Australia. across Main Road, decorating it with richly embroidered banners. 6 7 Curriculum Resource Pack: The Australian Gold Rushes © Powerhouse Museum/Macmillan Publishers Australia 2012 ISBN 978 1 4202 9789 8 Curriculum Resource Pack: The Australian Gold Rushes © Powerhouse Museum/Macmillan Publishers Australia 2012 ISBN 978 1 4202 9789 8 Impact on the Aboriginal Gold – Australia’s population Before gold was discovered, the Aboriginal population greatest export of Australia was thought to be between 300 000 and 750 000. Aboriginal peoples living on the east coast King of the Wolgal suffered most from the spread of European settlement. Their lands were taken away, their water polluted and To demonstrate their conquest of Aboriginal peoples, animals killed that they relied on for food. Many died Europeans made particular from European diseases such as measles and influenza. Aboriginals ‘kings’. They By the time diggers arrived in towns like Ballarat presented them with engraved breastplates like this to wear or Bathurst, the local Aboriginal people had already around their necks. The Wolgal been forced off their lands by European farmers. people lived in south eastern New South Wales. Garden Palace For the first 20 years after its discovery, gold took over wool’s In 1879, New South position as Australia’s major export. In 1871, it slipped to Wales showed its wealth in a specially built ‘Garden second place and stayed there until the early 1900s, ahead of Palace’. An obelisk was meat, butter, wheat, flour, coal and other minerals. erected in the grounds to The amount of wealth generated by the goldfields was represent the £281 million worth of gold mined extraordinary. Here are just a few examples. Blanket handout to date. • At the height of the rushes in 1861, Victoria produced Violent conflict With the loss of their 35 per cent of all the gold in the world. land, Aboriginal In later rushes, diggers arriving at the goldfields of peoples became • In the first nine years of the gold rushes in Ballarat, Queensland, Western Australia and what is now the largely dependent £82 million of gold was found. Northern Territory, were usually the first Europeans in on European charity. • When the last of Ballarat’s mines closed in 1918, This photograph the area. They came into direct and often violent conflict shows the annual £230 million of gold had been extracted from the area. with local Aboriginal people and killed many of them. blanket handout • In Queensland, Mount Morgan paid out more than On Queensland’s Palmer River goldfields, enormous at Goondiwindi in £3 million in its first 10 years. When Mount Morgan’s Queensland. conflict was caused by diggers destroying Aboriginal water goldmine closed in 1927, it had produced £22 million supplies and food in their search for gold. The Aboriginal worth of gold. Gold medal people retaliated and killed about 90 diggers. More battles • In 20 years of goldmining, Gympie produced An International Exhibition followed, but Aboriginal spears were no match for European £5 million worth of gold. gold medal shows the main revolvers and rifles. Many Aboriginal people were killed by sources of the colony’s • By the end of 1915, the Western Australian goldmines new wealth: wool, wheat, miners and police. had paid out £25 million in profits. shipping and mining. 8 9 Curriculum Resource Pack: The Australian Gold Rushes © Powerhouse Museum/Macmillan Publishers Australia 2012 ISBN 978 1 4202 9789 8 Curriculum Resource Pack: The Australian Gold Rushes © Powerhouse Museum/Macmillan Publishers Australia 2012 ISBN 978 1 4202 9789 8 Spread of settlement Gold towns – Victoria Golden stories George Lansell Ballarat GeorgeG Lansell was the first goldfields Gold fever brought people and wealth to country Ballarat was farming land when gold was first millionaire and was nicknamed ‘the quartz king’.
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