Generative Studies in Chinese Syntax
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In Language and Linguistics Compass 7.1:39-57 (2013) Survey Of
In Language and Linguistics Compass 7.1:39-57 (2013) Survey of Chinese Historical Syntax Part I: Pre-Archaic and Archaic Chinese Edith Aldridge, University of Washington Abstract This is the first of two articles presenting a brief overview of Chinese historical syntax from the Pre-Archaic period to Middle Chinese. The phenomena under examination in the two papers are primarily aspects of pre-medieval grammar which differ markedly from modern Chinese varieties, specifically fronting of object NPs to preverbal position, the asymmetry between subject and object relative clause formation, and the encoding of argument structure alternations like active and passive. I relate each of these characteristics to morphological distinctions on nouns, verbs, or pronouns which are either overtly represented in the logographic writing system in Archaic Chinese or have been reconstructed for (Pre-)Archaic Chinese. In the second part of this series, I discuss the changes in the Archaic Chinese grammatical features and correlate these innovations with the loss of the (Pre-)Archaic Chinese morphology. The main goal of these articles is to highlight a common denominator, i.e. the morphology, which enables a systemic view of pre-medieval Chinese and the changes which have resulted in the striking differences observed in Middle Chinese and beyond. 1. Introduction This paper is the first in a two-part series on grammatical features of Chinese from the earliest attested records over a millennium before the Common Era (BCE) to Middle Chinese of approximately the 5th century of the Common Era (CE). The first installment introduces characteristics of Pre-Archaic and Archaic Chinese which distinguish it from both Middle Chinese and modern Chinese varieties, in particular Standard Mandarin. -
A Crossover Puzzle in Hindi Scrambling
Universität Leipzig November òýÔÀ A crossover puzzle in Hindi scrambling Stefan Keine University of Southern California (presenting joint work with Rajesh Bhatt) Ô Introduction Condition C, i.e., if it does not amnesty a Condition C violation in the base position (see Lebeaux ÔÀ, òýýý, Chomsky ÔÀÀç, Sauerland ÔÀÀ, Fox ÔÀÀÀ, • Background and terminology Takahashi & Hulsey òýýÀ). Ô. Inverse linking ( ) a. *He thinks [John’s mother] is intelligent. A possessor may bind a pronoun c-commanded by its host DP (May ÔÀÞÞ, Ô Ô b. * mother thinks is intelligent. Higginbotham ÔÀý, Reinhart ÔÀç). We will refer to this phenomena as [John’sÔ ]ò heÔ ò inverse linking (see May & Bale òýýâ for an overview). • Movement-type asymmetries (Ô) a. [Everyone’sÔ mother] thinks heÔ is a genius. English A- and A-movement dier w.r.t. several of these properties: b. [No one’s mother-in-law] fully approves of her . Ô Ô (â) Weak crossover (WCO) ò. Crossover a. A-movement Crossover arises if a DP moves over a pronoun that it binds and the resulting Every boyÔ seems to hisÔ mother [ Ô to be intelligent ] structure is ungrammatical (Postal ÔÀÞÔ, Wasow ÔÀÞò). b. A-movement (ò) Strong crossover (SCO): pronoun c-commands trace *Which boyÔ did hisÔ mother say [ Ô is intelligent ]? a. *DPÔ ... pronÔ ... tÔ (Þ) Secondary strong crossover (SSCO) b. *WhoÔ does sheÔ like Ô? a. A-movement (ç) Weak crossover (WCO): pronoun does not c-command trace [ Every boy’sÔ mother ]ò seems to himÔ [ ò to be intelligent ] a. *DP ... [ ... pron ...] ... t Ô DP Ô Ô b. -
Pronouns, Logical Variables, and Logophoricity in Abe Author(S): Hilda Koopman and Dominique Sportiche Source: Linguistic Inquiry, Vol
MIT Press Pronouns, Logical Variables, and Logophoricity in Abe Author(s): Hilda Koopman and Dominique Sportiche Source: Linguistic Inquiry, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 555-588 Published by: MIT Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4178645 Accessed: 22-10-2015 18:32 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. MIT Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Linguistic Inquiry. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.97.27.20 on Thu, 22 Oct 2015 18:32:27 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Hilda Koopman Pronouns, Logical Variables, Dominique Sportiche and Logophoricity in Abe 1. Introduction 1.1. Preliminaries In this article we describe and analyze the propertiesof the pronominalsystem of Abe, a Kwa language spoken in the Ivory Coast, which we view as part of the study of pronominalentities (that is, of possible pronominaltypes) and of pronominalsystems (that is, of the cooccurrence restrictionson pronominaltypes in a particulargrammar). Abe has two series of thirdperson pronouns. One type of pronoun(0-pronoun) has basically the same propertiesas pronouns in languageslike English. The other type of pronoun(n-pronoun) very roughly corresponds to what has been called the referential use of pronounsin English(see Evans (1980)).It is also used as what is called a logophoric pronoun-that is, a particularpronoun that occurs in special embedded contexts (the logophoric contexts) to indicate reference to "the person whose speech, thought or perceptions are reported" (Clements (1975)). -
NTOU Chinese Grammar Checker for CGED Shared Task
NTOU Chinese Grammar Checker for CGED Shared Task Chuan-Jie Lin and Shao-Heng Chen Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Taiwan Ocean University No 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan R.O.C. {cjlin, shchen.cse}@ntou.edu.tw However in NLPTEA2-CGED (Lee et al., Abstract 2015), it is required to report the location of a detected error. To meet this requirement, two Grammatical error diagnosis is an new systems were proposed in this paper. The essential part in a language-learning first one was an adaptation of the classifier tutoring system. Participating in the developed by machine learning where location second Chinese grammar error detection information was considered. The second one task, we proposed a new system which employed hand-crafted rules to predict the measures the likelihood of sentences locations of errors. generated by deleting, inserting, or We also designed two scoring functions to exchanging characters or words. Two predict the likelihood of a sentence. Totally sentence likelihood functions were three runs were submitted to NLPTEA2-CGED proposed based on frequencies of space- task. Evaluation results showed that rule-based removed version of Google n-grams. systems achieved better performance. More The best system achieved a precision of details are described in the rest of this paper. 23.4% and a recall of 36.4% in the This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 identification level. gives the definition of Chinese grammatical error diagnosis task. Section 3 delivers our newly 1 Introduction proposed n-gram statistics-based systems. Section 4 gives a brief description about our Although that Chinese grammars are not defined SVM classifier. -
Chinese Grammar Wiki
ELEMENTARY CHINESE GRAMMAR II - UNDER CONSTRUCTION Chinese Grammar Wiki All Set Learning Book: Elementary Chinese Grammar II - under construction This text is disseminated via the Open Education Resource (OER) LibreTexts Project (https://LibreTexts.org) and like the hundreds of other texts available within this powerful platform, it freely available for reading, printing and "consuming." Most, but not all, pages in the library have licenses that may allow individuals to make changes, save, and print this book. Carefully consult the applicable license(s) before pursuing such effects. Instructors can adopt existing LibreTexts texts or Remix them to quickly build course-specific resources to meet the needs of their students. Unlike traditional textbooks, LibreTexts’ web based origins allow powerful integration of advanced features and new technologies to support learning. The LibreTexts mission is to unite students, faculty and scholars in a cooperative effort to develop an easy-to-use online platform for the construction, customization, and dissemination of OER content to reduce the burdens of unreasonable textbook costs to our students and society. The LibreTexts project is a multi-institutional collaborative venture to develop the next generation of open-access texts to improve postsecondary education at all levels of higher learning by developing an Open Access Resource environment. The project currently consists of 13 independently operating and interconnected libraries that are constantly being optimized by students, faculty, and outside experts to supplant conventional paper-based books. These free textbook alternatives are organized within a central environment that is both vertically (from advance to basic level) and horizontally (across different fields) integrated. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. -
Singapore Mandarin Chinese : Its Variations and Studies
This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Singapore Mandarin Chinese : its variations and studies Lin, Jingxia; Khoo, Yong Kang 2018 Lin, J., & Khoo, Y. K. (2018). Singapore Mandarin Chinese : its variations and studies. Chinese Language and Discourse, 9(2), 109‑135. doi:10.1075/cld.18007.lin https://hdl.handle.net/10356/136920 https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.18007.lin © 2018 John Benjamins Publishing Company. All rights reserved. This paper was published in Chinese Language and Discourse and is made available with permission of John Benjamins Publishing Company. Downloaded on 26 Sep 2021 00:28:12 SGT To appear in Chinese Language and Discourse (2018) Singapore Mandarin Chinese: Its Variations and Studies* Jingxia Lin and Yong Kang Khoo Nanyang Technological University Abstract Given the historical and linguistic contexts of Singapore, it is both theoretically and practically significant to study Singapore Mandarin (SM), an important member of Global Chinese. This paper aims to present a relatively comprehensive linguistic picture of SM by overviewing current studies, particularly on the variations that distinguish SM from other Mandarin varieties, and to serve as a reference for future studies on SM. This paper notes that (a) current studies have often provided general descriptions of the variations, but less on individual variations that may lead to more theoretical discussions; (b) the studies on SM are primarily based on the comparison with Mainland China Mandarin; (c) language contact has been taken as the major contributor of the variation in SM, whereas other factors are often neglected; and (d) corpora with SM data are comparatively less developed and the evaluation of data has remained largely in descriptive statistics. -
Publ 106271 Issue CH06 Page
REMARKS AND REPLIES 151 Focus on Cataphora: Experiments in Context Keir Moulton Queenie Chan Tanie Cheng Chung-hye Han Kyeong-min Kim Sophie Nickel-Thompson Since Chomsky 1976, it has been claimed that focus on a referring expression blocks coreference in a cataphoric dependency (*Hisi mother loves JOHNi vs. Hisi mother LOVES Johni). In three auditory experiments and a written questionnaire, we show that this fact does not hold when a referent is unambiguously established in the discourse (cf. Williams 1997, Bianchi 2009) but does hold otherwise, validating suggestions in Rochemont 1978, Horvath 1981, and Rooth 1985. The perceived effect of prosody, we argue, building on Williams’s original insight and deliberate experimental manipulation of Rochemont’s and Horvath’s examples, is due to the fact that deaccenting the R-expres- sion allows hearers to accommodate a salient referent via a ‘‘question under discussion’’ (Roberts 1996/2012, Rooth 1996), to which the pro- noun can refer in ambiguous or impoverished contexts. This heuristic is not available in the focus cases, and we show that participants’ interpretation of the pronoun is ambivalent here. Keywords: cataphora, focus, deaccenting, question under discussion 1 Focus and Cataphora Since Chomsky 1976, it has often been repeated that backward anaphora is blocked if the ‘‘anteced- ent’’ receives focus. This is illustrated by the purported contrast in the answers to the questions in (1). These examples, and judgments, are from Bianchi 2009.1 (1) a. As for John, who does his wife really love? ?*Hisi wife loves JOHNi. b. As for John, I believe his wife hates him. -
P020110307527551165137.Pdf
CONTENT 1.MESSAGE FROM DIRECTOR …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03 2.ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 05 3.HIGHLIGHTS OF ACHIEVEMENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 Coexistence of Conserve and Research----“The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species ” services biodiversity protection and socio-economic development ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 The Structure, Activity and New Drug Pre-Clinical Research of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids ………………………………………… 09 Anti-Cancer Constituents in the Herb Medicine-Shengma (Cimicifuga L) ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 Floristic Study on the Seed Plants of Yaoshan Mountain in Northeast Yunnan …………………………………………………………………… 11 Higher Fungi Resources and Chemical Composition in Alpine and Sub-alpine Regions in Southwest China ……………………… 12 Research Progress on Natural Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Inhibitors…………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Predicting Global Change through Reconstruction Research of Paleoclimate………………………………………………………………………… 14 Chemical Composition of a traditional Chinese medicine-Swertia mileensis……………………………………………………………………………… 15 Mountain Ecosystem Research has Made New Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Plant Cyclic Peptide has Made Important Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 Progresses in Computational Chemistry Research ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 New Progress in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… -
Weak Crossover and the Syntax-Phonology Interface
BLS 40, 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v40i0.3130 (published by the Berkeley Linguistics Society and the Linguistic Society of America) Weak Crossover and the Syntax-Phonology Interface CALIXTO AGÜERO BAUTISTA Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières1 1 Introduction Postal (1971) shows that when a wh-operator is fronted over a position containing a pronoun, the pronoun cannot be understood as a variable bound by the crossing operator. Consider the contrast in (1). (1) a. Who1 does his ?*1/2 mother love t1? b. Who1 t1 loves his1 mother? In languages like English, a subject wh-phrase cannot possibly cross over a pronoun inside an object DP, when fronted, as subjects are structurally higher than objects to begin with. Thus, in (1b) who has not crossed over the object DP containing the pronoun his. (1b) can be understood as a question about the identity of the person x, such that x loves x’s mother. In that reading of the sentence, the pronoun is undeniably interpreted as a bound variable, given that its value covaries with that of the wh-phrase. Postal’s observation is that whereas the bound variable interpretation (BVI) of the pronoun is available in examples like (1b), the pronoun cannot be so interpreted in (1a). That the BVI of the pronoun is the problem in (1a) is shown by the fact that the sentence is acceptable under a deictic interpretation of the pronoun. Postal (1971) refers to the data exemplified in (1) as crossover phenomena. Later, Wasow 1979 shows that the deviance found in crossover sentences is greater when the pronoun c- commands the gap than when it doesn’t. -
Anaphoric R-Expressions As Bound Variables1
Berkeley Linguistics Society . 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v28i1.3833 28 Published by the Linguistic Society of America Anaphoric R-Expressions as Bound Variables1 FELICIA LEE University ofBritish Columbia 0. The Problem San Lucas Quiavini Zapotec (SLQZ), an Otomanguean language of southern Mexico, regularly allows apparent Principle B and C violations.2 R-expressions may bind identical R-expressions (1-2) and pronouns may locally bind identical pronouns (3): (I) R-yu'laaa'z Gye'eihlly Gye'eihlly hab-like Mike Mike "Mike likes himself." (2) R-caaa'z bxuuhahz ch-iia bxuuhahz hab-want priest irr-go priest "The priest wants to go." (3) R-yu'laaa'z-eng la'anng hab-like-3s.prox 3s.prox "He/she likes himself/herself." Thai also allows apparent Principle C violations: (4) John koonnuat John John shaved John "John shaved himself." [Thai] 1 I am grateful to Rodrigo Garcia and Sugunya Ruangjaroon for providing the SLQZ and Thai data and judgments in this paper. I am also grateful to Irene Heim, Jim Huang, Pamela Munro, Tim Stowell, and audiences at UBC, University of Canterbury, and NELS 32 for their suggestions and questions on earlier stages of this project. Any remaining errors are my own. 2 This pattern was described in detail in Munro 1994. Some of the grammaticality judgments reported in this earlier work differ from those found here. 177 Felicia Lee (5) Aajarn kit waa puak rau chyyp aajarn teacher think that all we like teacher "The teacheri thinks we like himi." [Thai] 1. Proposal This paper will show that Principles B and C do indeed hold in SLQZ and Thai. -
The Place of Vietnamese in Austroasiatic André-Georges Haudricourt
The place of Vietnamese in Austroasiatic André-Georges Haudricourt To cite this version: André-Georges Haudricourt. The place of Vietnamese in Austroasiatic. 2017. halshs-01631477 HAL Id: halshs-01631477 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01631477 Preprint submitted on 9 Nov 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Non-final version (November 9th, 2017). In preparation for: Haudricourt, André-Georges. Evolution of languages and techniques. (Ed.) Martine Mazaudon, Boyd Michailovsky & Alexis Michaud. (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] 270). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. The place of Vietnamese in Austroasiatic (1953) Originally published as: La place du vietnamien dans les langues austroasiatiques, Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 49(1): 122– 128. translated by Alexis Michaud Abstract Vietnamese must be classified in the Austroasiatic language family, between the Palaung-Wa group to the north-west and the Mon-Khmer group to the south-west. The Vietnamese language has been considered as related to the Mon language for more than a century (Logan 1852: 658; Forbes 1881; Müller 1888, vol. 4, p. 222; Kuhn 1889; Schmidt 1905: 5; Przyluski 1924: 395; Benedict 1942). -
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REFERENCES ,, Allen, W. Sidney l953. Phonetics in ancient India. London: Oxf~rd University Press. Bill Dizhou and Yu Shichang 1954. 'GuanZhiihg fiingyin diaoclia baogao. Yuyan zhuankan ' 6. P~king: zh~ngguo Kexueyuan. .• Bao.Mingwei 1980. Liushinian 1~ ~anjlng fiingyin xiang P..iitiinghu;i k~olong qingkuang pe lcaocha: Zhong'guo Yuwen 4, 241-5. • Barnes Dayle 1974. Language planning in Mainland China: stanCiardization. In Joshua A. 'Fishman (ed.), Advances in languageplanni~g. the Hague: Mouton. · Beijing Daxue 1962. Hanyiifiingyfn zihui. Peking: Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe. ~eijing Daxue 1964. Hanyiifiingyan cihui. Pekin&: 'wenzi Gaige Chubanshe. Benedict, Paul K. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesian: a new alignment in Southeastern Asia. American Anthropologi1t 44, 576-601. Benedict, Paul 1972. Sino-Tibetan: a conspectus. Contributing editor, James A. Matisoff. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Benedict, Paul K. 1975. Austro-Thai language and culture, with a glossary of roots. New Haven: Human ReJations Area Files Press. Benedict, Paul K. 1976. Rhyming dictionary of Written Burmese. Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman area, vol. 3, no. 1. Benveniste, Emile 1971. Problems in genera/linguistics. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press: (Onginal title: Prob/emes de linguistique genera/e. Paris: Gallimard, 1966.) Bhat, D. N. Shankara 1968. Bora vocabulary. Poona: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute. Bodman, Nicholas 1955. Spoken Amoy Hokkien, vol. 1. Kuala Lumpur: Charles Grenier. Bodman, Nicholas 1958. Spo"ken Amoy Hokkien, vol. 2. Kuala Lumpur; Charles Grenier. Bodman, Nicholas 1980. Proto-Chinese and Sino-Tibetan: data towards establishill.g the nature of the relationship. In Frans Van Coetsem and Linda R. Waugh (eds.) Contri butions to historical linguistics: issues and materials.