DOCSLIB.ORG

Consequences of Chemical Asian Longhorned Beetle Eradication March 10, 2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Consequences of Chemical Asian Longhorned Beetle Eradication March 10, 2013 Consequences of Chemical Asian Longhorned Beetle Eradication March 10, 2013 An Interactive Qualifying Project Report Worcester Polytechnic Institute By: Gregory J Hutchinson Nicholas Morassi Da Teng Yan Yan Advisors: David Spanagel Assistant Professor of History, Worcester Polytechnic Institute John MacDonald Associate Professor of Chemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Sponsor: John Tycz Owner GoOrganic LLC Consequences of Chemical ALB Eradication IQP 2012-2013 DIS-HU05 Abstract This paper focuses on the use of chemical eradication as a response to Asian Longhorn Beetle infestation. Situated firmly in the historical context of the environmentalist movement, as well as the context of chemical pesticides, the project evaluates the use of the chemical pesticide Imidacloprid, used since the beetle’s first appearance in Worcester, Massachusetts. Soil samples were collected from two sites and analyzed using gas chromatography for their current levels of Imidacloprid. The group found concentrations ranging on average from 0.00301 to 0.02480 milligrams of Imidacloprid per kilogram of soil at one site; the other site presented undetectable concentrations. According to current EPA standards for pesticide persistence, these results do not pose a threat to living organisms. 2 Consequences of Chemical ALB Eradication IQP 2012-2013 DIS-HU05 Acknowledgements Marion H. Emmert Assistant Professor, Chemistry & Biochemistry Masters Albert – Ludwigs – Universitaet Freiburg, Germany PhD Westfaelische Wilhelms – Universitaet Muenster, Germany [email protected] John C. MacDonald Associate Professor, Chemistry B.A. Bowdoin College 1987 PhD University of Minnesota 1993 [email protected] Paula Moravek Operations Manager, Chemistry & Biochemistry Department [email protected] Rhonda Santos Legislative and Public Affairs USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB) Eradication Program [email protected] David Spanagel Assistant Professor, History B.A. Oberlin College, 1982 MSEd, University of Rochester, 1984 PhD Harvard University, 1996 [email protected] John Tycz Owner of GoOrganic LLC [email protected] 3 Consequences of Chemical ALB Eradication IQP 2012-2013 DIS-HU05 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.0 Background ................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 The Advent of Environmentalism .................................................................................................... 10 2.2 A Shift in Balance from Biocentrism to Anthropocentrism ................................................... 10 2.3 Emerging Public Awareness of the Dangers of Synthetic Insecticides ............................. 11 2.4 The Birth of Environmental Protection Agency ......................................................................... 17 2.5 Integrated Pest Management ............................................................................................................ 18 2.6 Environmentalism in the 21st Century ......................................................................................... 20 2.7 Invasive Species ...................................................................................................................................... 21 2.8 The Asian Longhorned Beetle ........................................................................................................... 22 2.8.1 Life Stages and Reproduction Rate of the Asian Longhorned Beetle ........................ 24 2.8.2 Why the Nature of the Asian Longhorned Beetle is Particularly Dangerous ......... 25 2.8.3 Host Trees for the Asian Longhorned Beetle ...................................................................... 26 2.8.4 The Asian Longhorned Beetle Invasion of the United States........................................ 26 2.8.5 Why Urban Areas ........................................................................................................................... 27 2.8.6 Threat of the Asian Longhorned Beetle ................................................................................ 28 2.8.7 USDA Eradication Program Worcester ................................................................................. 29 2.8.8 Surveying .......................................................................................................................................... 29 2.8.9 Public Reactions in Worcester .................................................................................................. 30 2.9 Introduction to Imidacloprid............................................................................................................. 31 2.9.1 Human Exposure ........................................................................................................................... 34 2.9.1.1 Oral ............................................................................................................................................. 34 2.9.1.2 Dermal Exposure ................................................................................................................... 34 2.9.1.3 Inhalation ................................................................................................................................. 34 2.9.2 Plant Exposure ................................................................................................................................ 35 2.9.3 Biochemical Consequences of Imidacloprid ....................................................................... 36 2.9.3.1 Earthworm ............................................................................................................................... 36 2.9.3.2 Soil Respiration ...................................................................................................................... 38 2.9.3.3 Plant Germination ................................................................................................................. 38 2.9.3.4 Bee Colonies ............................................................................................................................ 39 2.9.3.5 Other Insects ........................................................................................................................... 41 2.9.3.6 Amphibians .............................................................................................................................. 42 4 Consequences of Chemical ALB Eradication IQP 2012-2013 DIS-HU05 2.9.3.7 Birds ........................................................................................................................................... 43 2.9.3.8 Mammals .................................................................................................................................. 44 2.9.3.9 Additional Potential Risks: Inert Ingredient in Commercial Pesticides ........... 47 3.0 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 48 3.1 Overview of Treated Sites ................................................................................................................... 48 3.2 Why We Chose Our Sites ..................................................................................................................... 51 3.3 Procedures for Collecting Samples ................................................................................................. 52 3.4 Mapping Out the Sample Sites .......................................................................................................... 56 3.5 Sample Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 58 4.0 Results & Discussion.................................................................................................................................. 60 4.1 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 60 4.1.1 Explanation of Outlier Data ....................................................................................................... 65 4.1.2 Proposed Reasons for No Results at Spruce Pond Site ................................................... 66 4.2 Comparison of Data with Official Values....................................................................................... 68 4.3 Risk Assessment ..................................................................................................................................... 68 5.0 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 71 5.1 Project Summary .................................................................................................................................... 71 5.2 Future Direction ..................................................................................................................................... 71 5.2.1 Testing Additional Sites .............................................................................................................. 71 5.2.2 Alternate Routes of Testing ......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Are Tick-Borne Diseases Caused by Obligate Anaplasmosis: Intracellular Bacteria in the Genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
    Ehrlichiosis and Importance Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by obligate Anaplasmosis: intracellular bacteria in the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These organisms are widespread in nature; the reservoir hosts include numerous wild animals, as well as Zoonotic Species some domesticated species. For many years, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species have been known to cause illness in pets and livestock. The consequences of exposure vary Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, from asymptomatic infections to severe, potentially fatal illness. Some organisms Canine Hemorrhagic Fever, have also been recognized as human pathogens since the 1980s and 1990s. Tropical Canine Pancytopenia, Etiology Tracker Dog Disease, Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by members of the genera Ehrlichia Canine Tick Typhus, and Anaplasma, respectively. Both genera contain small, pleomorphic, Gram negative, Nairobi Bleeding Disorder, obligate intracellular organisms, and belong to the family Anaplasmataceae, order Canine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, Rickettsiales. They are classified as α-proteobacteria. A number of Ehrlichia and Canine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Anaplasma species affect animals. A limited number of these organisms have also Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, been identified in people. Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Recent changes in taxonomy can make the nomenclature of the Anaplasmataceae Tick-borne Fever, and their diseases somewhat confusing. At one time, ehrlichiosis was a group of Pasture Fever, diseases caused by organisms that mostly replicated in membrane-bound cytoplasmic Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, vacuoles of leukocytes, and belonged to the genus Ehrlichia, tribe Ehrlichieae and Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, family Rickettsiaceae. The names of the diseases were often based on the host Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, species, together with type of leukocyte most often infected.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pennsylvania Vector Control Association the Pennsylvania Vector
    The Pennsylvania Vector Control Association The Pennsylvania Vector Spreading News to the Vector Control Community Volume 15, Issue 1I September 13, 2017 Inside this issue: Birds Use Cigarette Butts for Chemical CWD Found in the Wild 2 in Clearfield County Warfare Against Ticks Equine West Nile Virus 3 Threat Remains Is this a cigarette habit with some benefits? A species of urban bird seems to harness the toxic chemicals in cigarette butts in its fight against nest parasites – although What’s Up: Region 1 4 there is a downside to the practice. What’s Up: Region 2 4 Constantino Macías Garcia at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and his What’s Up: Region 3 5 colleagues, have spent several years studying the curious cigarette habit in urban house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). Initial evidence hinted that nicotine and other What’s Up: Region 4 6 chemicals in the butts might help deter insect pests from moving into the nests – nico- What’s Up: Region 5 6 tine does have anti-parasite properties – but it wasn’t conclusive. What’s Up: Region 6 7 To firm up the conclusion, Macías Garcia and his team experimented with 32 house finch nests. One day after the eggs in the nest had hatched, the researchers removed Entomologists Discuss 7 the natural nest lining and replaced it with artificial felt, to remove any parasites Discovery’s “Mosquito” that might have moved in during brooding. They then added live ticks to 10 of the Documentary nests, dead ticks to another 10 and left 12 free of ticks.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Insects
    1.04cm spine for 208pg on 90g eco paper ISSN 0258-6150 FAO 171 FORESTRY 171 PAPER FAO FORESTRY PAPER 171 Edible insects Edible insects Future prospects for food and feed security Future prospects for food and feed security Edible insects have always been a part of human diets, but in some societies there remains a degree of disdain Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security and disgust for their consumption. Although the majority of consumed insects are gathered in forest habitats, mass-rearing systems are being developed in many countries. Insects offer a significant opportunity to merge traditional knowledge and modern science to improve human food security worldwide. This publication describes the contribution of insects to food security and examines future prospects for raising insects at a commercial scale to improve food and feed production, diversify diets, and support livelihoods in both developing and developed countries. It shows the many traditional and potential new uses of insects for direct human consumption and the opportunities for and constraints to farming them for food and feed. It examines the body of research on issues such as insect nutrition and food safety, the use of insects as animal feed, and the processing and preservation of insects and their products. It highlights the need to develop a regulatory framework to govern the use of insects for food security. And it presents case studies and examples from around the world. Edible insects are a promising alternative to the conventional production of meat, either for direct human consumption or for indirect use as feedstock.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Pollens
    Tree pollens Allergy – Which allergens? Author: Dr Harris Steinman, Allergy Resources International, P O Box 565, Milnerton 7435, South Africa, [email protected]. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the written consent of Phadia AB. ©Phadia AB, 2008 Design: RAK Design AB, 2008 Printed by: Åtta.45 Tryckeri AB, Solna, Sweden ISBN 91-973440-5-2 Contents Introduction .........................................................................5 t19 Acacia (Acacia longifolia) .........................................11 t5 American beech (Fagus grandifolia) ...........................14 t73 Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia) ....................17 t37 Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) ...........................20 t56 Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) .........................................22 t1 Box-elder (Acer negundo) .........................................24 t212 Cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) ...................................27 t45 Cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia) ...................................29 t206 Chestnut (Castanea sativa) .......................................32 t3 Common silver birch (Betula verrucosa) .....................35 t14 Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) ................................45 t222 Cypress (Cupressus arizonica) ...................................49 t214 Date (Phoenix canariensis) .......................................56 t207 Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) .............................59 t205 Elder (Sambucus nigra) ............................................60
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Possible Pheromones of Cerambycid Beetles by Field Testing Known Pheromone Components in Four Widely Separated Regions of the United States
    Journal of Economic Entomology, 111(1), 2018, 252–259 doi: 10.1093/jee/tox312 Advance Access Publication Date: 8 December 2017 Forest Entomology Research Article Identifying Possible Pheromones of Cerambycid Beetles by Field Testing Known Pheromone Components in Four Widely Separated Regions of the United States Jocelyn G. Millar,1 Robert F. Mitchell,2,3 Judith A. Mongold-Diers,2 Yunfan Zou,1 Carlos E. Bográn,4 Melissa K. Fierke,5 Matthew D. Ginzel,6 Crawford W. Johnson,7 James R. Meeker,7 Therese M. Poland,8 Iral Ragenovich,9 and Lawrence M. Hanks2,10 1Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, 2Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, 3Current address: Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901, 4OHP Inc., College Station, TX 77845, 5Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, 6Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, 7USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Pineville, LA 71360, 8USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Lansing, MI 48910, 9USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR 97204, and 10Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Subject Editor: Timothy Schowalter Received 14 September 2017; Editorial decision 16 October 2017 Abstract The pheromone components of many cerambycid beetles appear to be broadly shared among related species, including species native to different regions of the world. This apparent conservation of pheromone structures within the family suggests that field trials of common pheromone components could be used as a means of attracting multiple species, which then could be targeted for full identification of their pheromones.
    [Show full text]
  • Coleoptera) from South America with the Proposal of Three New Genera
    ZOOLOGIA 29 (6): 557–562, December, 2012 Available online at www.scielo.br/zool Seven new species of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) from South America with the proposal of three new genera Ubirajara R. Martins1 & Maria Helena M. Galileo2 1 Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Caixa Postal 42494, 04218-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. [email protected] 2 Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul. Caixa Postal 1188, 90001-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. [email protected] ABSTRACT. The following new species are described – Cerambycinae, Sydacini: Sydax flechtmanni sp. nov. from Brazil (São Paulo); Eburiini: Ebrodacrys biffipradorum sp. nov. from Brazil (Roraima); – Lamiinae, Pteropliini: Ataxia piauiensis sp. nov. from Brazil (Piuaí); Calliini: Amucallia carbonaria sp. nov. from French Guiana; A. citrina sp. nov. from Guiana. Also in Lamiinae, two new genera of Onciderini are proposed. Ubytyra gen. nov., type species U. tuberosa sp. nov. from Peru (Junin) e Japi gen. nov., type species J. duartei sp. nov., from Brazil (São Paulo); Ubytyra gen. nov. can be distinguished by the sides of prothorax with long central spine rounded at apex, and this new feature among Onciderini is discussed. Japi gen. nov., is characterized by a fringe of long hairs on the inner side of antennomere III, present only in species from North and Central America, and gender comparison of these species is done and discussed. In Hemilophini, Pseudotacocha gen. nov., type species P. magnifica sp. nov. from Peru (Cuzco), are described. The new genera can be distinguished by eyes well developed, elytra with two carinae and the apices outer with short spine; a comparison with related genera is done.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beetle Community of Small Oak Twigs in Louisiana, with a Literature Review of Coleoptera from Fine Woody Debris
    The Coleopterists Bulletin, 63(3):239–263. 2009. THE BEETLE COMMUNITY OF SMALL OAK TWIGS IN LOUISIANA, WITH A LITERATURE REVIEW OF COLEOPTERA FROM FINE WOODY DEBRIS MICHAEL L. FERRO,MATTHEW L. GIMMEL Louisiana State Arthropod Museum, Department of Entomology Louisiana State University AgCenter 402 Life Sciences Building Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, U.S.A. [email protected] [email protected] KYLE E. HARMS Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University 202 Life Sciences Building Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, U.S.A. [email protected] AND CHRISTOPHER E. CARLTON Louisiana State Arthropod Museum, Department of Entomology Louisiana State University AgCenter 402 Life Sciences Building Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, U.S.A. [email protected] Abstract We conducted a study to explore which beetles utilize dead twigs in a Louisiana secondary forest and the effect of debris position on the beetle community. Twigs averaging 14 mm in diameter from one tree of Quercus falcata Michaux (southern red oak) were placed randomly into bundles of ten. At each of three sites, three bundles were laid on the ground, three were propped at the base of a living tree, and three were tied tightly above the ground against the branch of a living woody plant. The bundles were collected 10 months later and each was placed into an emergence chamber. More than 400 adult Coleoptera specimens were collected, representing 35 species within 16 families. Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles) and Curculionidae (weevils) exhibited the highest species richness, with nine and five species, respectively. Species richness was significantly different among treatments. Bundles placed on the ground had the lowest richness, aboveground bundles had the highest, and propped bundles were intermediate.
    [Show full text]
  • New South American Species of Lamiinae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 637: 81–88 New(2016) South American species of Lamiinae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) 81 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.637.11001 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research New South American species of Lamiinae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) Maria Helena M. Galileo1,3, Antonio Santos-Silva2 1 PPG Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil 2 Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 3 Fellow of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Corresponding author: Maria Helena M. Galileo ([email protected]) Academic editor: F. Vitali | Received 1 November 2016 | Accepted 21 November 2016 | Published 2 December 2016 http://zoobank.org/D453AB53-360A-4893-A52A-43A3C635B288 Citation: Galileo MHM, Santos-Silva A (2016) New South American species of Lamiinae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). ZooKeys 637: 81–88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.637.11001 Abstract Two new species of cerambycid beetles are described from South America: Ataxia camiriensis (Pter- opliini), from Bolivia, and Falsamblesthis uniformis (Forsteriini), from Peru. The new species are included in previous keys. Keywords Key, Neotropical region, taxonomy Introduction Increased Cerambycidae collecting in recent decades, in northwestern South America has led to the discovery of many species new to science. Two of the species are included and described herein. Ataxia Haldeman, 1847 is a relatively large genus of Pteropliini. Currently it in- cludes 41 species, and occurs from the United States of America to southern South America (including Caribbean) (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2016). Eight species are known from Bolivia (Monné 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Threat of Foreign Arthropod-Borne Pathogens to Livestock in the United States
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 2002 Threat of Foreign Arthropod-Borne Pathogens to Livestock in the United States Ralph A. Bram University of Nebraska-Lincoln John E. George USDA-ARS Robert E. Reichard Office International des Epizooties Walter J. Tabachnick University of Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Part of the Agricultural Science Commons Bram, Ralph A.; George, John E.; Reichard, Robert E.; and Tabachnick, Walter J., "Threat of Foreign Arthropod-Borne Pathogens to Livestock in the United States" (2002). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 321. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/321 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FORUM Threat of Foreign Arthropod-Borne Pathogens to Livestock in the United States 1 2 3 4 RALPH A. BRAM, JOHN E. GEORGE, ROBERT E. REICHARD, AND WALTER J. TABACHNICK J. Med. Entomol. 39(3): 405Ð416 (2002) ABSTRACT There are manyexotic animal pathogens throughout the world that, if introduced into the United States, could have a signiÞcant detrimental impact on the health of livestock, agricultural economy, the environment, and public health. Many of these pathogens are arthropod-borne and potential vectors are readilyavailable in the United States. A number of these arthropod-borne pathogens are discussed here as examples that illustrate the potential risk and the consequences of inadvertent introductions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Xanthium Insects to Be Used in the Biological
    A STUDY OF XANTHIUM INSECTS TO BE USED IN THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF COCKLEBURS IN AUSTRALIA by SAMUEL GREENBERRY KELLY B. S., Kansas State Agricultural College, 1929 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 1930 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS page INTRODUCTION 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 Literature on Biological Control 3 Literature on Xanthium Insects 8 Literature on Cockleburs 11 MATERIAL AND METHODS 11 DISCUSSION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA 15 SUMMARY 32 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 33 REFERENCES 34 INTRODUCTION In April, 1929, an arrangement was made with the Australian government by which preliminary studies could be conducted with insects attacking Xanthium from June 1, 1929, until October 1, 1929. Since then, the. time allotted to the investigations has been extended until July 1, 1930. The purpose of the problem was to make a study of the in- sects attacking Xanthium with the hope of finding one or more species which could be safely introduced into Australia and used for the biological control of the cocklebur. The cocklebur is a worse pest in Australia than it is in the United States. Since it is an introduced weed in 3 that country, it has few or no natural factors as are found in Kansas to check its growth and distribution. Climatic conditions in Kansas are very similar to those in Australia, hence, the weed and insect problems would be similar. The principal reason why the weed is disliked in Australia is that the plants grow to such enormous size in the sheep pastures.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics of Longhorned Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Eugenio Hernán Nearns
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Biology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2013 Systematics of Longhorned Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Eugenio Hernán Nearns Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biol_etds Recommended Citation Nearns, Eugenio Hernán. "Systematics of Longhorned Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)." (2013). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biol_etds/86 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Eugenio H. Nearns Candidate Biology Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Kelly B. Miller, Chairperson Dr. Marc A. Branham Dr. Timothy K. Lowrey Dr. Steven Poe i SYSTEMATICS OF LONGHORNED BEETLES (INSECTA: COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) by EUGENIO HERNÁN NEARNS B.F.A., University of Florida, 1996 M.S., Entomology, University of Florida, 2006 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2013 ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents, Joseph Eugene Nearns and Bruna Palanza Nearns: thank you for instilling within me the value of hard work and education. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to extend my gratitude to Dr. Kelly B. Miller, my graduate advisor and dissertation committee chair, for his thoughtful mentorship and friendship. I also acknowledge my dissertation committee members, Dr. Marc A.
    [Show full text]
  • Ataxia Variegata
    Ataxia variegata Ataxia, described by Haldeman in 1847, is an American genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, tribe Pteropliini. Ataxia is primarily widespread in South America, but several endemic species are present in Central America and in the Antilles. Only few species reach the South-western USA. The genus includes 38 species: Ataxia acutipennis (Thomson, 1868). Ataxia albisetosa Breuning, 1940. Ataxia alboscutellata Fisher, 1926. Ataxia alpha Chemsak & Noguera, 1993. Ataxia arizonica Fisher, 1920. Friedreich's ataxia; Spinocerebellar ataxia, Friedreich; Hereditary spinal sclerosis; Friedreich's ataxia; Spinocerebellar ataxia, Friedreich; Hereditary spinal sclerosis; Hereditary spinal ataxia; FRDA See More. Categories Friedreich ataxia is an inherited condition that affects the nervous system and causes movement problems. People with this condition develop impaired muscle coordination (ataxia) that worsens over time. Ataxia Armor is a craftable Hardmode armor set made from Chaotic Bars. It requires 32 Chaotic Bars to craft a single full suit, or 60 Chaotic Bars if you want to craft one of each headpiece. A full set consists of an Ataxia Armor and an Ataxia Subligar as well as five different headpieces: The Ataxia Mask, Ataxia Helmet, Ataxia Helm, Ataxia Headgear and Ataxia Hood. All of the helmets share the set bonus, but also each piece providing boosts to the specific class. All helmets also provide immunity to Ataxia are a Detroit techno production & DJ duo comprised of Ted Krisko & Rickers. They are one of the core roster acts on Seth Troxlerâ™s Play It Say It acid house focused label, with 3 EPs to date on. Detroit. 50 Tracks.
    [Show full text]