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(Ajst) Seismotectonics of Zimbabwe

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(Ajst) Seismotectonics of Zimbabwe African Journal of Science and Technology (AJST) Science and Engineering Series Vol. 1, No.4, pp. 22-28 SEISMOTECTONICS OF ZIMBABWE J.H. Dumisani Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box AC 939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The seismotectonics of Zimbabwe is presented in this paper. Data used in the study are from instrumental records for the period 1910-1991 sourced from available seismological bulletins. Earthquake magnitudes are unified to surface-wave magnitude (Ms), facilitating easy evaluation of seismicity of the region. Seismicity is confined to regions with broad scale lineaments that trend in a north-easterly direction. Seismic hazard potential for Zimbabwe may be inferred from the total magnitude representing the seismic wave energy. Fault plane solutions and energy release during the period of study show that high seismic hazard potential lies along the Deka fault zone mid- Zambezi basin to the north and northwest of Zimbabwe, in the Save-Limpopo mobile belt to the south of Zimbabwe and along the Zimbabwe eastern highlands, bordering Mozambique. Key words: seismicity, seismic energy, hazard potential, fault lineaments. INTRODUCTION Zimbabwe lies over the southern tip of the east Africa rift system (Fig. 1). The south-east (Save-Limpopo basin) and The demand in modern seismology today is for accurate the north-west (the Deka fault zone mid-Zambezi basin) earthquake data that are both homogeneous and complete. areas of the region are covered by Karroo sediments that This is necessary to be able to map out hidden tectonic comprise 15% of Zimbabwe. These sediments wedge out features and assess seismic hazard. The seismotectonics towards the centre of Zimbabwe. The rest of Zimbabwe is of Zimbabwe is presented in this paper with this part of a continental shield with little seismicity. requirement in mind. Although the period 1910-1991 is Considerable seismic activity occurs along the Zimbabwe being considered for the results in this paper, it is worth south-eastern border with Mozambique and the Deka fault emphasizing that the period 1910-1950 is characterised by zone mid-Zambezi basin. Activity in central western a lack of data. Two events, Ms magnitude 6 (mb » 5.9), Mozambique is of pure tectonic origin while that along the occurred, one in 1910 and the other in 1940. These events Zambezi basin is contaminated with reservoir induced are significant for a region of low seismicity like the one in seismicity (related to the Kariba dam). this study. They were instrumentally recorded, and contribute in seismic hazard calculations for the region. GENERAL TECTONICS Although more data became available in the early 1950’s, only events of moderate magnitude (i. e. magnitude > 5) On the African continent, the east Africa rift system is the appear in the records. Work in the region has focused on most pronounced tectonic feature. The southern extent of induced seismicity at Lake Kariba (Gough & Gough 1970, this system is well defined only as far south as Lake Malawi, Gupta et al 1972a, 1972b, Gupta & Rastogi 1976, Gough i.e. approximately 15° S latitude. Beyond this point, there 1978), magnitude determination (Henderson 1974, Chow exists very little in the form of surface features to suggest et al 1980) and fault plane solutions (Maasha & Molnar rifting. In this area, the rift system ceases to be confined to 1972, Shudofsky 1985, Hlatywayo 1995) to name just a clearly defined narrow belts and rifting may be considered few. The homogenized earthquake data set developed for only on account of shallow seismic activity. Sykes (1970) this study will in future studies be used in seismic hazard proposed that the pattern of failure is more complex in calculations in the region. This paper therefore provides continental areas than in oceanic areas, perhaps because primary data on Zimbabwe that is required by both continents are older and contain many zones of weakness; geophysicists and the construction engineers. and, south of the equator, the initial break-up of Africa is in AJST, Vol.1, No. 4: January, 2001 22 Seismotectonics of Zimbabwe an early stage. This initial pattern of break-up is normally shows the trend of lineaments from Botswana running complex and multi-branched. Maasha and Molnar (1972) north-easterly through the Deka fault zone and the mid- observed that activity in southern Africa remained high Zambezi basin into the Luangwa rift (Fig. 1). As follows when compared to other continental regions in spite of the from the present study, there is a belt of epicentre absence of active rifting. Lineaments in the Deka fault zone concentrations lying along this zone. Reeves (1972), reports mid-Zambezi basin to the north-west of Zimbabwe trend in the Kalahari seismic axis is an aligned extension of the a north-easterly direction extending further north into the Deka fault zone mid-Zambezi basin to the Luangwa karroo- Luangwa rift in eastern Zambia (Fig. 1). The surface is filled rift. Migratory rift-faulting is believed to have been covered with thick Karroo sediments of Mesozoic and the controlling force of the karroo belt. McKenzie et al. Palaeozoic ages. The karroo sediments of the mid-Zambezi (1970) have treated the east Africa rift system as a plate basin extend south-west-wards through the Deka fault zone boundary. No evidence has been put forward to suggest into Botswana. The general geology is white and red that the east Africa rift connects with the mid-Indian Ocean sandstones overlain by basaltic lavas approximately 700m Ridge to the south. All indications from the study of the thick (Maufe 1924, Vail 1967, Reeves & Hutchins 1975). seismicity of southern Africa point towards the southern Close to the north-western edges of the Karroo sediments tip of the western arm of the east Africa rift, terminating on lies the Deka fault marking a line of fault throwing down to the continent. Accretion of new crustal material over the the north-west. areas now under discussion does not exist and the lithosphere has been found to be still unbroken (Scholz et al. 1976). This area, therefore, represents some early mode of break-up that has not started, yet it is visible in the guise of a sub-plate boundary. Scholz et al. (1976), found concentrations of epicentres of earthquakes trending along a north-easterly direction from Botswana into the Deka fault zone mid-Zambezi basin - Luangwa rift, suggesting a branch of the east Africa rift system starting off from just north of Malawi. The area studied falls in the region of the southern tip of the East Africa rift system. The south- eastern Zimbabwe area along the border with Mozambique, forms the western flanks of the rift extension through Lake Malawi. Along the Zimbabwe eastern border, the area comprises highly folded and sheared quartzites separated from neighbouring formations by numerous faults. The main lineaments trend in an east-north-east direction ( Fig. 1). DATA The study area is shown in Fig. 1. Included in this area besides all of Zimbabwe, are parts of Zambia, Mozambique, Figure 1. Map of central southern Africa showing the South Africa and Botswana. The choice of the area made it broad-scale lineaments and faults. The three focal possible to study the seismicity of Zimbabwe and its mechanisms shown give the general fault solutions that surroundings. The main areas of activity in the region are have been obtained in the region and their tensile axis. included. All data found in available catalogues and seismological bulletins published by different reporting Using the seismicity of southern Africa and areas to the agencies are used. Besides the Zimbabwe seismological north, i.e. extending north-wards into the rift system, bulletins data sources included the National Earthquake several authors have suggested incipient rifting to extend Information Service, USA (NEIS) catalogue (1904 - 1987) this far south along longitude 26° E (Fairhead & Girdler and the British Geological Survey (BGS) Sub-Saharan 1969a, b, Fairhead & Henderson 1977). There are, however, African Earthquake Catalogue (Musson 1994). no notable major fault lineaments trending north-wards along 26° E from either Zimbabwe or Botswana to support There are 3980 events in the data set. All events except a rifting along this line. A map of the post-Karroo rifting, few (31 events) were recorded by the Zimbabwe 23 AJST, Vol.1, No. 4: January, 2001 J.H. DUMISANI seismological network. The Department of Meteorology reporting agencies within the region. The same phase data of the Zimbabwe Government (formerly, Rhodesia were used in this study for the event relocations. This Meteorological Services) operated six stations in exercise however, served to show the nature of the BUL Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi during most of the last 30 manual epicentre location deviations from computer aided years of the period for this study. Monitoring of locations. earthquakes in Zimbabwe arose out of an interest to record the effects of the Lake Kariba reservoir on seismic activity UNIFICATION OF MAGNITUDES in the area. Although dam construction began early in the 1950’s, seismograph stations were not deployed to monitor There are several different magnitude scales in use today seismic activity until 1959, the year that the dam wall was and magnitude determination continues to be a subject of impounded. A permanent network of six stations was put discussion. Even with magnitudes that are determined from in place by 1966. It therefore means that going by the the same scale, there are significant and consistent network detection capability, data completeness may only differences determined by different seismological centres. be considered for the period after 1966. From 1963 Zimbabwe The ISC, in their seismological bulletins, give the final record operated a six component World Wide Seismograph Station of earthquake parameters including magnitude.
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