Regulatory Challenges of Zero-Rating University Of
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State of Mobile Data 2019 Report by Nendo
A Nendo Publication THE STATE OF MOBILE DATA 2019 Context, Consumption, Control Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 03 CONSUMPTION CONTROL BACKGROUND 03 THE 5 S'S OF KENYAN INTERNET USE 24 SOFTWARE 39 THE ATTENTION ECONOMY 04 MINIMISING USAGE 39 SEARCH 25 THE 3 C'S OF THE INTERNET 04 MONITORING 42 SOCIAL 26 ZERO-RATING 42 SPORT 27 CONTEXT WI-FI AND ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF 44 SEX 28 CONNECTIVITY THE MOBILE PHONE AND THE 10 STORIES 28 INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY LITE-APPS OVER FULL APPS 46 IN THE BEGINNING WAS THE CYBER CAFÉ 10 INTERNET & MOBILE DATA BUNDLE 30 SWITCHING TO ANDROID GO-EDITION 46 THE MODERN CYBER CAFÉ - TYPE, 12 PRICING - AFFORDABILITY AND 30 TRANSSION & BOOMPLAY 47 REGISTER, PRINT OPTIONS IS THE WEB OPTIMISED FOR 48 BILLING & BYTES: THE CYBER CAFÉ VS 13 THE COST OF ACCESS 31 PREMIUM EXPERIENCES RATHER THE SMARTPHONE ADVERTISING TECHNOLOGY’S 35 THAN MEGABYTECONSTRAINTS? SMARTPHONES, FEATURE PHONES & 13 CONSUMING EFFECT ON MEGABYTES IN BASIC PHONES KENYA RECOMMENDATIONS HOW SMARTPHONES WORK 18 CAVEAT 50 HOW MANY KENYANS ARE ON THE 09 DISCLOSURES 53 INTERNET? END NOTES 54 State of Mobile Data 2019: Introduction 02 About Author Acknowledgements Mark Kaigwa is the Founder of Nendo - a digital My appreciation goes to Wanjiru Kaigwa for her growth consultancy delivering Advisory, Academy support in bringing this report to life and being a and Agency services. As a speaker, he has travelled sounding board throughout the writing process. My to over 37 countries around the world in a quest to thanks to Makena Onjerika for her editorial deliver projects, workshops and insights about assistance. -
Net Neutrality Reloaded
Luca Belli Editor Net Neutrality Reloaded: Net Neutrality Reloaded: Zero Rating, Specialised Service, Ad Blocking and Traffic Management Zero Rating, Specialised Service, Annual Report of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Net Neutrality Ad Blocking and Traffic Management Luca Belli Editor Annual Report of the UN IGF This Report is the 2016 outcome of the IGF Dynamic Coalition on Network Neutrality (DCNN). The Report gathers a series of case studies on a variety Dynamic Coalition of net neutrality issues from the perspective of different stakeholders. The double purpose of this report is to trigger meaningful discussion on net on Net Neutrality neutrality trends, while providing informative material that may be used by researchers, policy-makers and civil society alike. Researchers, practitioners and policy-makers regularly contribute to the DCNN report, providing a wide range of heterogeneous views. Preface by Tim Wu In 2016, Zero Rating was by large the most debated net neutrality issue, as reflected by the considerable number of contributions focusing on the topic within this report. Such high number of analyses on zero rating seems particularly useful to meet the increasing demand of research exploring the pros and cons of price discrimination practices. Furthermore, the report examines other very relevant and discussed topics, such as specialised services, ad blocking and reasonable traffic management, providing useful insight on some of the most recent policy evolutions in a variety of countries. Net Neutrality Reloaded: Zero Rating, -
Zero-Rating Practices in Broadband Markets
Zero-rating practices in broadband markets Report by Competition EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Competition E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels [Cataloguenumber] Zero-rating practices in broadband markets Final report February 2017 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Les informations et opinions exprimées dans ce rapport sont ceux de(s) l'auteur(s) et ne reflètent pas nécessairement l'opinion officielle de la Commission. La Commission ne garantit pas l’exactitude des informations comprises dans ce rapport. La Commission, ainsi que toute personne agissant pour le compte de celle-ci, ne saurait en aucun cas être tenue responsable de l’utilisation des informations contenues dans ce rapport. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 Catalogue number: KD-02-17-687-EN-N ISBN 978-92-79-69466-0 doi: 10.2763/002126 © European Union, 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. -
Mobile Zero Rating: the Economics and Innovation Behind Free Data
Mobile Zero Rating: The Economics and Innovation Behind Free Data BY DOUG BRAKE | MAY 2016 Zero-rating programs, which allow consumers to access certain Internet The FCC should content and services without it counting against their monthly data plans, announce that have proven polarizing, being met with reactions ranging from derision to nonexclusive zero- praise. The crux of the controversy is whether the practice of zero rating rating programs are in violates the spirit of network neutrality principles. Strictly speaking, zero- the public interest. rated data is treated differently than other data in a way that influences consumer behavior. But adhering to such a strict interpretation of net neutrality would be misguided. Zero-rating products are unlikely to harm the open Internet; instead they are a sign of healthy product differentiation that more efficiently allocates scarce resources in a competitive market, ultimately improving consumer value. The Federal Communications Commission—along with other regulators around the world—is examining zero rating, and while its case-by-case approach to overseeing these programs is sound, telecom regulators should make it clear that they believe nonexclusive zero-rating programs are in the public interest. INTRODUCTION Mobile carriers across the world have been rolling out what are called zero-rated or free data products, which allow consumers to access to certain Internet traffic without it counting against their monthly data plan. The motivations for these services vary in different markets, but, at least in the United States, mobile carriers are trying to differentiate their services in a competitive fight over who can best meet consumers’ ever-increasing demand for streaming video. -
Boosting Sales with Social Media
BOOSTING SALES WITH SOCIAL MEDIA Planning a Social Media Campaign Social Trends Globally Social Trends Globally Social Trends Globally Social Trends Globally Your plan answers... WHO WHAT Who is the target for What can you do now? your campaign or offer? Content planning WHERE WHEN Channels you are going Your timeline for to use to communicate getting the message out your message HOW What tactics are going to be employed to get you the results you want and need. Summer 2020 Campaign OVERALL GOAL: Generate 100 Sales for our Activity Centre (Epic Adventures) by the end of July and total revenue of €5000 ▪ The offer – 3 offers targeted at different personas ▪ Define the budget for this campaign - €600 for paid promotion ▪ Who you are targeting - 24-34 couples / families ▪ What content is required: great outdoors / fun & adventure / packages / testimonials ▪ Where to publish / promote your content: Instagram / Facebook ▪ When? 1 week prepare, 3-week ad campaign ▪ How – Paid campaign, organic posting WHERE Social Trends in Ireland Since 2017 up 7% up 7% up 5% up 15% WHO Example of a Persona Late 20’s couple who’ve been living at home saving for a mortgage. Or a group of friends ▪ Know now? Need to get out of the house! ▪ Tomorrow? What will they be able to do? Safety? ▪ Location - top level info on attractions in the area. ▪ Blocker? Will things be open? Cancellation policy? ▪ Emotion? Boredom ▪ Platform? Instagram Persona Builder Template is available as a download with this video WHAT Content that would appeal WHAT Content that would appeal -
The Fcc Restoring Internet Freedom Order and Zero Rating Or: How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Market
THE FCC RESTORING INTERNET FREEDOM ORDER AND ZERO RATING OR: HOW WE LEARNED TO STOP WORRYING AND LOVE THE MARKET Daniel A. Schuleman TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ......................................................................................... 149 II. Background ......................................................................................... 151 A. What is Net Neutrality? ............................................................... 151 B. Net Neutrality Around the World ................................................ 152 C. Net Neutrality in the United States .............................................. 153 D. Net Neutrality Under the Trump Administration and the Repeal of the 2015 Open Internet Order...................................... 156 E. Zero Rating .................................................................................. 159 1. Arguments for Zero Rating Plans .......................................... 159 2. Arguments Against Zero Rating Plans .................................. 160 III. Analysis ............................................................................................... 163 A. T-Mobile Case Study Demonstrates Non-Neutral Internet Practices ....................................................................................... 163 B. Internet as a Utility in the Abstract .............................................. 164 IV. Recommendation ................................................................................ 165 V. Conclusion ......................................................................................... -
The Relationship Between Net Neutrality and Local News
Slowing Down the Presses: The Relationship Between Net Neutrality and Local News Adam Hersh | December 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 I. The Modern World of Local News 3 A. Legacy Local News Providers Are in Trouble 5 B. Online Local News Is Still in Its Infancy 9 II. Eliminating Strong Net Neutrality Rules Would Make It Harder to Rejuvenate Local News 10 A. Access Fees 12 B. Blocking 16 C. Discrimination 19 D. Paid Prioritization 23 E. Zero Rating 28 Conclusion 34 Introduction In 2011, the FCC released The Information Needs of Communities, a lengthy report on the state of American local news in the world of the internet.1 The report detailed a legacy media landscape struggling to adapt to the challenges of the internet, and a surprising dearth of online news sources coming in to fill the gap. The report also presented a series of policy recommendations designed to spur a more robust digital news ecosystem. Among them was a brief reference to the “open Internet debate” going on at the time: The open Internet debate has several implications for news. First, if the Internet were to evolve toward a tiered system in which preferred customers get better service, it could end up privileging certain types of content over others without regard to consumer demand. Public and nonprofit media would be particularly vulnerable, as it is likely that such a structure would reward established, well- heeled companies over less-well-capitalized start-ups, possibly commercial over nonprofits. It also is plausible that a broadband Internet provider with strong political views might wish to minimize the dissemination of antithetical viewpoints. -
Constitutive Surveillance and Social Media’, in Hunsinger, J., Allen
Constitutive Surveillance and Social Media by Ryan Tippet A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Otago New Zealand ABSTRACT Starting from the premise that surveillance is the ‘dominant organising practice’ of our time (Lyon et al 2012: 1), this thesis establishes a framework of ‘constitutive surveillance’ in relation to social media, taking Facebook as its key example. Constitutive surveillance is made up of four forms: economic, political, lateral, and oppositional surveillance. These four surveillance forms – and the actors who undertake them – intersect, compound, and confront one another in the co-production of social media spaces. The framework of constitutive surveillance is structured around a Foucauldian understanding of power, and the thesis shows how each surveillance form articulates strategies of power for organising, administering, and subjectifying populations. After outlining the four surveillance forms, each chapter unpacks the relationship of one form to social media, building throughout the thesis an extensive critical framework of constitutive surveillance. i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks first of all to my supervisor, Dr Brett Nicholls, for his insight, support, and guidance on this project, which was invaluable in helping me to identify and pursue some of the thesis’ most interesting questions and ideas. Thank you also to my many inspiring postgraduate colleagues in the Department of Media, Film and Communication, especially George, Paul, Chloe, Chris, Lewis, Edmund, Kevin, Thaera, Massi, David, and Alex. And to Peter – your bottomless reserve of cheer and goodwill will always be missed, and never forgotten. Thanks to other department faculty, past and present, for your generous feedback and support, especially Holly, Rosie, Anne, and Vijay. -
The FCC's Authority to Preempt State Laws Under the Communications
Stepping In: The FCC’s Authority to Preempt State Laws Under the Communications Act Updated September 20, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46736 SUMMARY R46736 Stepping In: The FCC’s Authority to Preempt September 20, 2021 State Laws Under the Communications Act Chris D. Linebaugh The line between federal and state authority plays a central role in modern communications law. Legislative Attorney Rather than fully displacing state law, the Communications Act of 1934 (Communications Act or Act) sets up a dual system of federal and state regulation. At the federal level, the Eric N. Holmes Communications Act gives the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or Commission) Legislative Attorney broad authority to regulate wired and wireless telephony, radio transmissions, cable services, and matters that are ancillary to these areas. At the same time, however, the Act expressly preserves some state regulatory authority over these technologies. Consequently, the boundary between the FCC’s authority and the states’ has been a source of dispute. The FCC has the upper hand in such conflicts. The Communications Act gives the FCC broad regulatory authority and, along with it, the ability to preempt state laws that conflict with or frustrate its regulatory actions. When the FCC is acting within its proper statutory authority, the U.S. Constitution’s Supremacy Clause ensures that its actions prevail. Nevertheless, the FCC’s statutory preemption authority is not boundless. The extent to which the FCC may displace state and local laws is limited by the scope of its regulatory jurisdiction, express statutory provisions preserving or defining the scope of state laws, and interpretive presumptions that courts have applied to preserve the usual constitutional balance between the federal and state governments. -
Study on Net-Neutrality Regulation
BoR (17) 159 Final public report for BEREC Study on net-neutrality regulation 18 September 2017 James Allen, Andrew Daly, J. Scott Marcus, David de Antonio Monte, Robert Woolfson Ref: 2009152-254 . Study on net-neutrality regulation Contents 1 Executive summary 1 1.1 Background and purpose of the work 1 1.2 Overview of approach to tackling net neutrality in each country 1 1.3 Case studies of monitoring tools and techniques 3 1.4 Lessons learnt and concluding remarks 4 2 Introduction 6 2.1 Aim of the study 6 2.2 Summary of net neutrality 6 2.3 Approach to conducting the study 7 2.4 Structure of this document 7 3 Approach to tackling net neutrality in benchmark countries 8 3.1 The evolution of net-neutrality rules over time 8 3.2 Non-net-neutral practices 11 3.3 Transparency obligations on ISPs in relation to practices which may affect net neutrality 19 3.4 Monitoring and supervision by NRAs 22 3.5 Legal mechanisms for enforcement of net neutrality by NRAs 24 3.6 Reporting by NRAs 25 4 Case studies 26 4.1 Chile: Adkintun 26 4.2 Chile: Sistema de Transferencia de Información (STI) 27 4.3 USA: Netalyzr 28 4.4 USA: Measuring Broadband America programme 28 5 Lessons learnt and concluding remarks 33 Annex A Tools and techniques available to detect and characterise non-net-neutral practices Ref: 2009152-254 . Study on net-neutrality regulation Copyright © 2017. Analysys Mason Limited has produced the information contained herein for BEREC. The ownership, use and disclosure of this information are subject to the Commercial Terms contained in the contract between Analysys Mason Limited and BEREC. -
State Responses to Net Neutrality
State Responses to Net Neutrality Kathryn J. Kline National Regulatory Research Institute [19–03] Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Commissioner emeritus Travis Kavulla Elin Katz, Connecticut Consumer Counsel and President of NASUCA Jon Banks, formerly of US Telecomm Timothy Karr of Free Press Cynthia G. Wilson-Frias, Deputy Chief of Legal Services for the Rhode Island Public Utilities Commission Adam Bender, Communications Daily Dr. Victor Glass, Rutgers University Kenneth Mallory, Esq., Legislative Affairs Counsel at NARUC Marianne Townsend and Jason Well, Public Utilities Commission of Ohio Dr. Carl Pechman, National Regulatory Research Institute and my indefatigable colleague, Dr. Sherry Lichtenberg, for her guidance and feedback throughout the writing process. State Responses to Net Neutrality | 1 Table of Contents I. Executive Summary ..........................................................3 II. Purpose of this Document .....................................................5 III. Context ....................................................................6 A. Legislative and Regulatory Context ...........................................6 B. NARUC on Net Neutrality, a State Regulatory Perspective .........................9 IV. The State Response .........................................................11 A. Executive Orders on Net Neutrality ..........................................11 B. Legislative Resolutions ....................................................12 C. Legislative Bills ..........................................................13 -
In This Booklet
The EDRi papers The EDRi papers NET NEUTRALNET ITY 2.0 NEUTRALITY 2.0 ACCESS DENIED: Net neutrality legislation has not been properly implemented in your country. EUROPEAN DIGITAL RIGHTS What is Net Neutrality? 10 Reasons for Net Neutrality Myths & Truths PAGE 04 PAGE 10 PAGE 13 Net Neutrality means that every point on the network can connect to any other point on the network, without discrimination on the basis of origin, destination or type of data. This principle is the central reason for the success of the internet. Net Neutrality is crucial for innovation, competition and for the free flow of information. Most importantly, Net Neutrality gives the internet its ability to generate new means of exercising civil rights such as the freedom of expression and the right to receive and impart information. In this booklet, we will explain the principle of Net Neutrality, why it is important, why certain internet access providers believe that they have an interest in violating it, and we will address common misconceptions. “Allowing broadband carriers to control what people see and do online would fundamentally undermine the principles that have made the internet such a success.” - Vint Cerf, founding father of the internet With financial support from CONTENTS PAGE 01 WHAT IS NET NEUTRALITY? FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATION IN THE DIGITAL ERA PAGE 05 WHY IS NET NEUTRALITY VIOLATED? THE THREE MAIN REASONS PAGE 07 10 REASONS FOR NET NEUTRALITY PAGE 10 MYTHS & TRUTHS PAGE 13 THE SITUATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION WAITING FOR NET NEUTRALITY PAGE 15 THE NETHERLANDS A CASE STUDY PAGE 17 10 WAYS TO SAFEGUARD NET NEUTRALITY PAGE 19 GLOSSARY Original booklet written by: The EDRi (European Digital Rights) network European Digital Rights Kirsten Fiedler and Joe McNamee, ex-colleagues is a dynamic collective of 44+ NGOs, 12 Rue Belliard experts, advocates and academics working 1040 Brussels at EDRi.