Study on Net-Neutrality Regulation
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NET NEUTRALITY Work Operator
Database NET NEUTRALITY work operator. In October 2007, Comcast was ac- cused of secretly deploying filtering technologies to manage its network in order to keep some peer-to- Net neutrality denotes the neutral transmission of peer traffic from overloading its network and hence data via the Internet, i.e., every packet of data, affecting the accessing speeds of its other Internet regardless of its content, origin and the application subscribers. The FCC deemed it unreasonable for that created it, is treated the same way and the best Comcast to discriminate against particular Internet effort should always be made to forward it.This con- applications and not to disclose its practice ade- cept is often regarded as a fundamental characteris- quately to its customers and therefore ruled against tic of the Internet. However, the amount of data that Comcast’s practices of throttling Internet traffic and is transported via the Internet is increasing rapidly, delaying peer-to-peer traffic. Comcast appealed to especially because of applications like music and vi- the US Court of Appeals, claiming that no legally deo downloads, Internet TV,and Internet telephony. enforceable standards or rules on the matter existed. All these applications require large capacities. This In April 2010 the federal appeals court ruled that the may lead to a capacity overload and delays of data FCC had limited power over Internet traffic under transmissions.The current technological state allows current law. This decision allows network operators for assigning different priorities to different data to block or slow specific sites and charge sites to packets. Therefore, the discussion has emerged deliver their content faster to users. -
Net Neutrality Reloaded
Luca Belli Editor Net Neutrality Reloaded: Net Neutrality Reloaded: Zero Rating, Specialised Service, Ad Blocking and Traffic Management Zero Rating, Specialised Service, Annual Report of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Net Neutrality Ad Blocking and Traffic Management Luca Belli Editor Annual Report of the UN IGF This Report is the 2016 outcome of the IGF Dynamic Coalition on Network Neutrality (DCNN). The Report gathers a series of case studies on a variety Dynamic Coalition of net neutrality issues from the perspective of different stakeholders. The double purpose of this report is to trigger meaningful discussion on net on Net Neutrality neutrality trends, while providing informative material that may be used by researchers, policy-makers and civil society alike. Researchers, practitioners and policy-makers regularly contribute to the DCNN report, providing a wide range of heterogeneous views. Preface by Tim Wu In 2016, Zero Rating was by large the most debated net neutrality issue, as reflected by the considerable number of contributions focusing on the topic within this report. Such high number of analyses on zero rating seems particularly useful to meet the increasing demand of research exploring the pros and cons of price discrimination practices. Furthermore, the report examines other very relevant and discussed topics, such as specialised services, ad blocking and reasonable traffic management, providing useful insight on some of the most recent policy evolutions in a variety of countries. Net Neutrality Reloaded: Zero Rating, -
AB 1699 Page 1
AB 1699 Page 1 Date of Hearing: April 30, 2019 ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON PRIVACY AND CONSUMER PROTECTION Ed Chau, Chair AB 1699 (Levine) – As Amended April 22, 2019 SUBJECT: Telecommunications: public safety customer accounts: states of emergency SUMMARY: This bill would prohibit, among other things, a mobile internet service provider (ISP) from impairing or degrading the lawful internet traffic of its public safety customer accounts, subject to reasonable network management, as specified, during a state of emergency declared by the President or the Governor, or upon the declaration of a local emergency by an official, board, or other governing body vested with authority to make such a declaration in any city, county, or city and county. This bill would state that the Legislature finds and declares that this bill is adopted pursuant to the police power granted to the State of California under the United States Constitution and cannot be preempted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and that the bill ensures police and emergency services personnel have access to all of the resources necessary for them to operate effectively during a state of emergency. EXISTING LAW: 1) Declares it unlawful for a fixed or mobile ISP, insofar as the provider is engaged in providing fixed broadband internet access service, to engage in certain activities, including, among other things: Blocking lawful content, applications, services, or nonharmful devices, subject to reasonable network management. Impairing or degrading lawful internet traffic on the basis of internet content, application, or service, or use of a nonharmful device, subject to reasonable network management. Unreasonably interfering with, or unreasonably disadvantaging, either an end user’s ability to select, access, and use broadband internet access service or the lawful internet content, applications, services, or devices of the end user’s choice, or an edge provider’s ability to make lawful content, applications, services, or devices available to end users, subject to reasonable network management. -
Zero-Rating Practices in Broadband Markets
Zero-rating practices in broadband markets Report by Competition EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Competition E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels [Cataloguenumber] Zero-rating practices in broadband markets Final report February 2017 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Les informations et opinions exprimées dans ce rapport sont ceux de(s) l'auteur(s) et ne reflètent pas nécessairement l'opinion officielle de la Commission. La Commission ne garantit pas l’exactitude des informations comprises dans ce rapport. La Commission, ainsi que toute personne agissant pour le compte de celle-ci, ne saurait en aucun cas être tenue responsable de l’utilisation des informations contenues dans ce rapport. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 Catalogue number: KD-02-17-687-EN-N ISBN 978-92-79-69466-0 doi: 10.2763/002126 © European Union, 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. -
Zscaler Bandwidth Control Ensures Your Mission-Critical Applications, Like Office 365, Don’T Take a Back Seat to Youtube, OS Updates, and Streaming Content
DATA SHEET Zscaler™ Bandwidth Control Prioritize business applications over recreational traffic Zscaler Bandwidth Control ensures your mission-critical applications, like Office 365, don’t take a back seat to YouTube, OS updates, and streaming content. The challenge of managing bandwidth in a UTM/Firewall Appliance Sprawl cloud world Leading organizations are moving toward local Internet breakouts to ensure a fast user experience and realize the full agility and cost-saving benefits of the cloud. With more traffic bound for the Internet, it is essential that business apps, like Office 365, are prioritized over YouTube, Spotify, and other recreational traffic like live-streaming sporting events. One way to route traffic locally and police bandwidth is to deploy next- generation firewalls or UTM appliances in each location, but this approach creates costly, unmanageable appliance sprawl. User experience also HQ DATA CENTER suffers with an appliance-based approach because appliances are not designed for bandwidth shaping and will drop packets and interrupt streaming video. And, because this approach is implemented in the last mile, instead of the cloud, the enterprise itself remains vulnerable to bottlenecks and bandwidth contention. Break Free with Zscaler A better approach: Zscaler Bandwidth Control With the majority of your users and applications in the cloud, and most of your traffic now bound for the Internet, it makes sense to move your security and controls to the cloud, too. By implementing Zscaler Bandwidth Control — part of the Zscaler Cloud Security Platform — you can route traffic locally to the Internet, providing great performance and the same level of protection for all users, across all locations. -
The Fcc Restoring Internet Freedom Order and Zero Rating Or: How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Market
THE FCC RESTORING INTERNET FREEDOM ORDER AND ZERO RATING OR: HOW WE LEARNED TO STOP WORRYING AND LOVE THE MARKET Daniel A. Schuleman TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ......................................................................................... 149 II. Background ......................................................................................... 151 A. What is Net Neutrality? ............................................................... 151 B. Net Neutrality Around the World ................................................ 152 C. Net Neutrality in the United States .............................................. 153 D. Net Neutrality Under the Trump Administration and the Repeal of the 2015 Open Internet Order...................................... 156 E. Zero Rating .................................................................................. 159 1. Arguments for Zero Rating Plans .......................................... 159 2. Arguments Against Zero Rating Plans .................................. 160 III. Analysis ............................................................................................... 163 A. T-Mobile Case Study Demonstrates Non-Neutral Internet Practices ....................................................................................... 163 B. Internet as a Utility in the Abstract .............................................. 164 IV. Recommendation ................................................................................ 165 V. Conclusion ......................................................................................... -
FCC Jurisdiction Over ISPS in Protocol-Specific Bandwidth Throttling Andrew Gioia University of Michigan Law School
Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review Volume 15 | Issue 2 2009 FCC Jurisdiction over ISPS in Protocol-Specific Bandwidth Throttling Andrew Gioia University of Michigan Law School Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.law.umich.edu/mttlr Part of the Administrative Law Commons, Communications Law Commons, and the Internet Law Commons Recommended Citation Andrew Gioia, FCC Jurisdiction over ISPS in Protocol-Specific Bandwidth Throttling, 15 Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev. 517 (2009). Available at: http://repository.law.umich.edu/mttlr/vol15/iss2/7 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE FCC JURISDICTION OVER ISPS IN PROTOCOL-SPECIFIC BANDWIDTH THROTTLING Andrew Gioia* Cite as: Andrew Gioia, FCC Jurisdictionover ISPs in Protocol-SpecificBandwidth Throttling, 15 MICH. TELECOMM. TECH. L. REV. 517 (2009), available at http://www.mttlr.org/volfifteen/gioia.pdf I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 518 I. TECHNICAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND ......................... 519 A . The BitTorrent Protocol..................................................... 519 B. Comcast's Protocol-SpecificDiscrimination Policy .......... 520 III. THE FCC -
The Relationship Between Net Neutrality and Local News
Slowing Down the Presses: The Relationship Between Net Neutrality and Local News Adam Hersh | December 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 I. The Modern World of Local News 3 A. Legacy Local News Providers Are in Trouble 5 B. Online Local News Is Still in Its Infancy 9 II. Eliminating Strong Net Neutrality Rules Would Make It Harder to Rejuvenate Local News 10 A. Access Fees 12 B. Blocking 16 C. Discrimination 19 D. Paid Prioritization 23 E. Zero Rating 28 Conclusion 34 Introduction In 2011, the FCC released The Information Needs of Communities, a lengthy report on the state of American local news in the world of the internet.1 The report detailed a legacy media landscape struggling to adapt to the challenges of the internet, and a surprising dearth of online news sources coming in to fill the gap. The report also presented a series of policy recommendations designed to spur a more robust digital news ecosystem. Among them was a brief reference to the “open Internet debate” going on at the time: The open Internet debate has several implications for news. First, if the Internet were to evolve toward a tiered system in which preferred customers get better service, it could end up privileging certain types of content over others without regard to consumer demand. Public and nonprofit media would be particularly vulnerable, as it is likely that such a structure would reward established, well- heeled companies over less-well-capitalized start-ups, possibly commercial over nonprofits. It also is plausible that a broadband Internet provider with strong political views might wish to minimize the dissemination of antithetical viewpoints. -
Oxygen-3 User Guide
Oxygen-3 User Guide Model Oxygen-3 3066 Beta Avenue | Burnaby, B.C. | V5G 4K4 Sales: 1.877.985.2878 \ 604.294.4465 Revision Rev 1.9 Support: 1.844.462.9773 \ 778.462.9773 [email protected] Firmware Rev 5.0 Revision Control 2 Revision Control Description Revision Date Release Update 1.1 04-Mar-2015 Minor Update 1.2 23-Sep-2015 Update for firmware rev. 4.3 1.3 29-Sep-2015 Update for firmware rev. 4.4 - 4.5 1.4 18-Dec-2015 Update for firmware rev. 4.6 - 4.7 1.5 09-Jun-2016 Update for firmware rev. 4.8 1.6 11-Aug-2016 Added Chapter on WLAN 1.7 21-Sept-2016 Update for firmware rev. 4.9 1.8 09-Jan-2017 Update for firmware rev. 5.0 1.9 10-July-2017 Contents Revision Control .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Contents .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 1 Legal Notices ........................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Regulatory Restrictions ................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) – United States FCC Information ........................................... 7 1.3 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) – Canada Information ........................................................... 7 1.4 Li-Ion Battery .................................................................................................................................. -
The FCC's Authority to Preempt State Laws Under the Communications
Stepping In: The FCC’s Authority to Preempt State Laws Under the Communications Act Updated September 20, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46736 SUMMARY R46736 Stepping In: The FCC’s Authority to Preempt September 20, 2021 State Laws Under the Communications Act Chris D. Linebaugh The line between federal and state authority plays a central role in modern communications law. Legislative Attorney Rather than fully displacing state law, the Communications Act of 1934 (Communications Act or Act) sets up a dual system of federal and state regulation. At the federal level, the Eric N. Holmes Communications Act gives the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or Commission) Legislative Attorney broad authority to regulate wired and wireless telephony, radio transmissions, cable services, and matters that are ancillary to these areas. At the same time, however, the Act expressly preserves some state regulatory authority over these technologies. Consequently, the boundary between the FCC’s authority and the states’ has been a source of dispute. The FCC has the upper hand in such conflicts. The Communications Act gives the FCC broad regulatory authority and, along with it, the ability to preempt state laws that conflict with or frustrate its regulatory actions. When the FCC is acting within its proper statutory authority, the U.S. Constitution’s Supremacy Clause ensures that its actions prevail. Nevertheless, the FCC’s statutory preemption authority is not boundless. The extent to which the FCC may displace state and local laws is limited by the scope of its regulatory jurisdiction, express statutory provisions preserving or defining the scope of state laws, and interpretive presumptions that courts have applied to preserve the usual constitutional balance between the federal and state governments. -
State Responses to Net Neutrality
State Responses to Net Neutrality Kathryn J. Kline National Regulatory Research Institute [19–03] Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Commissioner emeritus Travis Kavulla Elin Katz, Connecticut Consumer Counsel and President of NASUCA Jon Banks, formerly of US Telecomm Timothy Karr of Free Press Cynthia G. Wilson-Frias, Deputy Chief of Legal Services for the Rhode Island Public Utilities Commission Adam Bender, Communications Daily Dr. Victor Glass, Rutgers University Kenneth Mallory, Esq., Legislative Affairs Counsel at NARUC Marianne Townsend and Jason Well, Public Utilities Commission of Ohio Dr. Carl Pechman, National Regulatory Research Institute and my indefatigable colleague, Dr. Sherry Lichtenberg, for her guidance and feedback throughout the writing process. State Responses to Net Neutrality | 1 Table of Contents I. Executive Summary ..........................................................3 II. Purpose of this Document .....................................................5 III. Context ....................................................................6 A. Legislative and Regulatory Context ...........................................6 B. NARUC on Net Neutrality, a State Regulatory Perspective .........................9 IV. The State Response .........................................................11 A. Executive Orders on Net Neutrality ..........................................11 B. Legislative Resolutions ....................................................12 C. Legislative Bills ..........................................................13 -
In This Booklet
The EDRi papers The EDRi papers NET NEUTRALNET ITY 2.0 NEUTRALITY 2.0 ACCESS DENIED: Net neutrality legislation has not been properly implemented in your country. EUROPEAN DIGITAL RIGHTS What is Net Neutrality? 10 Reasons for Net Neutrality Myths & Truths PAGE 04 PAGE 10 PAGE 13 Net Neutrality means that every point on the network can connect to any other point on the network, without discrimination on the basis of origin, destination or type of data. This principle is the central reason for the success of the internet. Net Neutrality is crucial for innovation, competition and for the free flow of information. Most importantly, Net Neutrality gives the internet its ability to generate new means of exercising civil rights such as the freedom of expression and the right to receive and impart information. In this booklet, we will explain the principle of Net Neutrality, why it is important, why certain internet access providers believe that they have an interest in violating it, and we will address common misconceptions. “Allowing broadband carriers to control what people see and do online would fundamentally undermine the principles that have made the internet such a success.” - Vint Cerf, founding father of the internet With financial support from CONTENTS PAGE 01 WHAT IS NET NEUTRALITY? FREEDOM OF COMMUNICATION IN THE DIGITAL ERA PAGE 05 WHY IS NET NEUTRALITY VIOLATED? THE THREE MAIN REASONS PAGE 07 10 REASONS FOR NET NEUTRALITY PAGE 10 MYTHS & TRUTHS PAGE 13 THE SITUATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION WAITING FOR NET NEUTRALITY PAGE 15 THE NETHERLANDS A CASE STUDY PAGE 17 10 WAYS TO SAFEGUARD NET NEUTRALITY PAGE 19 GLOSSARY Original booklet written by: The EDRi (European Digital Rights) network European Digital Rights Kirsten Fiedler and Joe McNamee, ex-colleagues is a dynamic collective of 44+ NGOs, 12 Rue Belliard experts, advocates and academics working 1040 Brussels at EDRi.