DOCSLIB.ORG

Chromosomal Criteria and Taxonomic Relationships in the Solanaceae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chromosomal Criteria and Taxonomic Relationships in the Solanaceae C 1997 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 62: 103-113, 1997 Chromosomal Criteria and Taxonomic Relationships in the Solanaceae A. Badr 1 , *, S. F. Khalifa 2 , A. I. Aboel - Atta 3 , # and M. M. Abou -El - Enain 3 1 Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt 2 Botany Department , Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo , Egypt 3 Biological Sciences and Geology Department , Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt Accepted November 6, 1996 The Solanaceae is a cosmopolitan family with several economically important species. There have been different views with regard to the taxonomic treatment of the family (Bentham 1976, Wettstein 1895, Baehni 1946) . Current treatments of the Solanaceae (Hunziker 1977, D'Arcy 1979, 1991) recognized two main subfamilies. The Solanoideae with curved embryos contained in flattened discoid seeds and the Cestroideae with straight or slightly bent embryos in subglobose seeds . The Solanoideae have been viewed traditionally as the primitive subfamily, with the divergence of the Cestroideae occurring early during its diversification (Murray 1945, D'Arcy 1977, 1991, Armstrong 1986). On the other hand, Olmstead and Palmer (1992) based on molecular results argued that the Cestroideae is more primitive than the Solanoideae . At the tribal level, Bentham (1876) divided the Solanaceae into five tribes, while Wettstein (1895) divided the family into two series A and B which comprise three and two different tribes respectively. D'Arcy's classification (1991) includes 13 tribes belonging to the two major subfamilies i.e. Cestroideae (five tribes) Solanoideae (eight tribes) in addition to a third minor subfamily; Nolanoideae which comprises one tribe. There has been much change regarding generic circumscription in the two main subfamilies. The most recent estimate (D'Arcy 1991) is 60 genera and about 1746 species for the Solanoideae and 36 genera and about 529 species for the Cestroideae . Little attention has been focused on the role of cytology in classification and phylogeny of Solanaceae . However , since Jorgenson (1928) made the first chromosome counts in the genus Solanum ; other counts have been made on several Solanaceous taxa (Fedorov 1969) . More recent studies was made by a number of authors, among them; Lessani and Panahi (1979) for Atropa , Ugborogho (1983) , Okoli (1988) and Bernardello et al. (1994) for Solanum , Husaini and Iwo (1990) for Datura , Pringle and Murray (1990) for Cyphomandra and Moscone (1993) for Capsicum . The present work deals with the contribution of cytological data to the taxonomic relationships in the two main subfamilies of the Solanaceae and relationships within and between taxa are discussed and their phylogeny based on chromosomal variation is proposed. Materials and methods Species investigated were mainly obtained as seeds from a number of Botanic Gardens , except those of Nicotiana glauca that were collected from the Western Mediterranean coastal region of Egypt. The sources of the species studied are given in Table 1 and voucher specimens are kept at the herbarium of Biological Sciences and Geology Department, Faculty of * To whom correspondence should be addressed. # Present address: The Teachers College, Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . 104 A. Badr , S. F. Khalifa , A. I. Aboel - Atta and M. M. Abou - El - Enain Cytologia 62 Education , Ain Shams University . Cytological preparations were carried out on root tips, obtained from seeds germinated on moist filter paper in Petri dishes , pretreated with 0.05% colchicine solution for 4 hr and fixed in 3 : 1 (v/v) ethanol : glacial acetic acid for 24 hr. Squash preparations were made using the Feulgen squash technique, mounted in Euparal and photographed using a Carl Zeiss photomicroscope III . Some karyotype criteria were measured from 5 to 10 chromosome complements; these are mean length in ƒÊm , mean chromosome arm ratio (r-value) and TF% (Huziwara 1962). The variation in chromosome length and arm ratio within the karyotype has been expressed by calculating the standard error (S.E.) of these parameters. Results and discussion A summary of the cytological data of the species studied is given in Table 1. Karyotypes are illustrated in Figs. 1-45. Among the 45 species studied the basic chromosome number of x = 12 is recorded in 32 species representing 8 of the 15 examined genera. The lowest number (x = 7) is recorded in the two Petunia species, while x = 8 is found in Cestrum parqui and in Nicotiana suaveolens , x = 9 in only N . alata , x =10 in both Nicandra physaloides and Nicotiana longiflora , x =11 in the two genera (three species) of Salpiglossideae , and x = 14 and 17 in the genus Hyoscyamus (three species). The chromosome count of 2n = 24 (x = 12) for Lycium ruthenicum , Solanum citrullifolium and S . mauritianum has been recorded for the first time in the present study, while other numbers recorded here confirm previous reports. Mean chromosome length (MCL) varies substantially between the species studied (Table 1). The lowest value (0.81±0.05 um) is recorded in Atropa acuminata , while the highest value (6.96 ± 0.43 um) is found in Cestrum parqui . Short chromosomes with MCL from 1-2 ƒÊm are recorded in most of the species studied i.e. Atropa (2 species) , Datura (4 spp.) , Hyoscyamus (3 spp.) , Lycium barbarium , Lycopersicon lycopersicum , Nicandra physaloides , Nicotiana (4 spp.) , Petunia hybrida , Physalis (4 spp.), Salpiglossis (one species), Solanum (10 spp.) and Withania (one species). Chromosomes with MCL values of 2-3 um are found in Browallia (2 spp.) , Capsicum (2 spp.), Lycium ruthenicum , Nicotiana (3 spp.) , Petunia axillaris and Solanum mauritianum , chromosomes with MCL values of 3-4 ƒÊm are recorded in both Browallia viscosa and Nicotiana longiflora , while long chromosomes are found only in Cestrum parqui . Except in the latter two species low SE values were recorded indicating a high degree of similarity in chromosome length in the majority of the species studied. Most species studied have karyotypes with metacentric to submetacentric chromosomes as indicated by their mean r. values, whereas the lowest value (1.17 ±0.02) is recorded in Atropa acuminata , the highest value (2.78 0.39) is found in Nicotiana acuminatum . The degree of karyotype asymmetry as indicated by TF% values ranged between 30.21% in Nicotiana acuminata and 46.17% in Atropa acuminata . SE of mean r.values indicates also the low degree of karyotype asymmetry in the majority of the species studied. There have been two different opinions concerning the evolutionary relationships among the two main subfamilies of Solanaceae . According to the floral vasculature , flower zygo - morphy and other morphological features, traditional views have considered the Solanoideae as ancestral (Melchior 1964, D'Arcy 1979, 1991, Armstrong 1986). On the other hand, Olmstead and Palmer (1992) argued that members of the Solanoideae share a more recent common ancestry than do members of the Cestroideae . Stebbins (1974) postulated that chromosomal evolution in most woody orders of angio - sperms has involved aneuploid increases from low basic number followed by polyploidization . Diversification of genera and additional speciation may then involve higher basic chromosome numbers. Consequently families with n = 12, 13, or 14 have been considered to be of a polyploid •} 1997 Chromosomal Criteria and Taxonomic Relationships in the Solanaceae 105 Table 1 . Sources of the species studied and summary of their cytological characteristics BGA = Botanical Garden of Faculty of Science, Ain Shams Univeristy , Cairo , Egypt ; BGB = Botanical Garden of Berlin University, Germany; BGH = Botanical Garden and Musium of Martin Luther Univeristy , Halle , Germany ; BGM = Botanical Garden of Marsellia University, France; CVR = Centre of Vegetable Research, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; GAM = Garden of Aromtic and Medicinal Plants, Delta Barrage, Egypt; HBN = National Botanical Garden , Belgium ; Mma . = Western Mediterranean Costal Region of Egypt ; 2n = Number of somatic chromosome , x = Basic chromosome number ; MCL = Mean chromosome length; r. value = arm ratio = Length of long arm/Length of shrot arm ; TF% = Total form percentage = Total short arm legnth /total length of all chromosomesX 100. 106 A. Badr , S. F. Khalifa , A. I. Aboel - Atta and M. M. Abou - El - Enain Cytologia 62 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Figs. 1-14. 1. Cestrum parqui , 2. Nicotiana acuminata , 3. N. alata , 4. N. glauca , 5. N . longiflora , 6. N. paniculata , 7 . N . rustica , 8 . N . suaveolens , 9 . N . tabacum , 10. Petuniaaxillaris , 11. P . hybrida , 12. Browallia americana , 13. B. viscosa, 14 . Salpiglossis sinuata . 1997 Chromosomal Criteria and Taxonomic Relationships in the Solanaceae 107 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 21 28 29 30 Figs. 15-30. 15. Datura innoxia, 16. D. mete!, 17. D.stramonium, 18. D. tatula, 19. Hyoscyamus albus, 20. H. muticus, 21. H. niger, 22. Lycium barbarum, 23. L. ruthenicum, 24. Nicandra physaloides, 25. Atropa acuminata, 26. A. belladonna, 27. Capsicum annuum, 28. C. frutescence, 29. Lycopersicon lycopersicum, 30. Physalis alkekengi. 108 A. Badr , S. F. Khalifa , A. I. Aboel - Atta and M . M. Abou - El - Enain Cytologia 62 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Figs. 31-45. 31. Physalis ixocarpa , 32 . P . peruviana , 33. P. pruinosa , 34 . Solanum abutiloides , 35. S. americanum , 36 . S. avicular , 37 . S. citrullifolium , 38 . S. cornutum , 39 . S. dulcamara , 40 . S. macrocarpum , 41 . S . mauritianum , 42 . S. melongena , 43 . S . nigrum , 44 . S.sisymbriifolium , 45 . Withania somnifera . origin. However, Raven (1975) postulated x = 7 for the subclass Astridae , but proposed x = 12 for the Solanaceae with aneuploid reduction to x = 7 as in Petunia. Olmstead and Palmer (1992) pointed out that x = 12 should not be considered as ancestral in the Cestroideae , nor be 1997 Chromosomal Criteria and Taxonomic Relationships in the Solanaceae 109 interpreted as a parallelism with the Solanoideae . Rather x = 12 represents a synapomorphy uniting the Solanoideae with a part of the Nicotianeae (including Nicotiana but excluding Petunia) .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Abacca Mosaic Virus
    Annex Decree of Ministry of Agriculture Number : 51/Permentan/KR.010/9/2015 date : 23 September 2015 Plant Quarantine Pest List A. Plant Quarantine Pest List (KATEGORY A1) I. SERANGGA (INSECTS) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ N/ GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Acraea acerata Hew.; II Convolvulus arvensis, Ipomoea leaf, stem Africa: Angola, Benin, Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae; aquatica, Ipomoea triloba, Botswana, Burundi, sweet potato butterfly Merremiae bracteata, Cameroon, Congo, DR Congo, Merremia pacifica,Merremia Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, peltata, Merremia umbellata, Kenya, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, sweet potato) Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo. Uganda, Zambia 2. Ac rocinus longimanus II Artocarpus, Artocarpus stem, America: Barbados, Honduras, Linnaeus; Coleoptera: integra, Moraceae, branches, Guyana, Trinidad,Costa Rica, Cerambycidae; Herlequin Broussonetia kazinoki, Ficus litter Mexico, Brazil beetle, jack-tree borer elastica 3. Aetherastis circulata II Hevea brasiliensis (karet, stem, leaf, Asia: India Meyrick; Lepidoptera: rubber tree) seedling Yponomeutidae; bark feeding caterpillar 1 4. Agrilus mali Matsumura; II Malus domestica (apel, apple) buds, stem, Asia: China, Korea DPR (North Coleoptera: Buprestidae; seedling, Korea), Republic of Korea apple borer, apple rhizome (South Korea) buprestid Europe: Russia 5. Agrilus planipennis II Fraxinus americana,
    [Show full text]
  • A Phylogenetic Framework for Evolutionary Study of the Nightshades
    Särkinen et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:214 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/214 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A phylogenetic framework for evolutionary study of the nightshades (Solanaceae): a dated 1000-tip tree Tiina Särkinen1,2*, Lynn Bohs3, Richard G Olmstead4 and Sandra Knapp1 Abstract Background: The Solanaceae is a plant family of great economic importance. Despite a wealth of phylogenetic work on individual clades and a deep knowledge of particular cultivated species such as tomato and potato, a robust evolutionary framework with a dated molecular phylogeny for the family is still lacking. Here we investigate molecular divergence times for Solanaceae using a densely-sampled species-level phylogeny. We also review the fossil record of the family to derive robust calibration points, and estimate a chronogram using an uncorrelated relaxed molecular clock. Results: Our densely-sampled phylogeny shows strong support for all previously identified clades of Solanaceae and strongly supported relationships between the major clades, particularly within Solanum. The Tomato clade is shown to be sister to section Petota, and the Regmandra clade is the first branching member of the Potato clade. The minimum age estimates for major splits within the family provided here correspond well with results from previous studies, indicating splits between tomato & potato around 8 Million years ago (Ma) with a 95% highest posterior density (HPD) 7–10 Ma, Solanum & Capsicum c. 19 Ma (95% HPD 17–21), and Solanum & Nicotiana c. 24 Ma (95% HPD 23–26). Conclusions: Our large time-calibrated phylogeny provides a significant step towards completing a fully sampled species-level phylogeny for Solanaceae, and provides age estimates for the whole family.
    [Show full text]
  • Weedsoc.Org.Au
    THE WEED SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Inc. Website: www.nswweedsoc.org.au Seminar Papers WEEDS – WOE to GO IV Wednesday 6 September 2006 Metcalfe Auditorium State Library of NSW Macquarie Street , SYDNEY Sponsors Collated / Edited by Copies of this publication are available from: Dr Stephen Johnson THE WEED SOCIETY & Bob Trounce OF NEW SOUTH WALES Inc. PO Box 438 WAHROONGA NSW 2076 THE WEED SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Inc. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Seminar Organising Committee Lawrie Greenup (chair) Mike Barrett Bertie Hennecke Luc Streit Coordinator power point presentations Erica McKay Welcome to speakers and delegates Warwick Felton (President) Summary of the day’s presentations Mike Barrett Collation and preparation of proceedings Stephen Johnson Bob Trounce The committee thanks all who took part and attended the seminar and particularly the speakers for their presentations and supply of written documents for these proceedings. THE WEED SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Inc. SEMINAR SERIES: WEEDS WOE TO GO IV “Poisonous and Allergenic Plants Where are they?” Date: Wednesday 6th September 2006 Location: The Metcalfe Auditorium The State Library of NSW Macquarie Street Sydney Time Topic Speaker 9.00 – 9.30 am REGISTRATION & MORNING TEA 9.30 – 9.40 am Welcome Warwick Felton 9.40 – 10.30 am Weeds that make you sick Rachel McFadyen 10.30 – 11.20 am Poisonous, prickly, parasitic, pushy? John Virtue Prioritising weeds for coordinated control programs” 11.20 – 1130 am break 11.30 – 11.50 am Parietaria or Asthma Weed Sue Stevens Education & incentive project
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species
    Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species The first half of the color plates (Plates 1–8) shows a selection of phytochemically prominent solanaceous species, the second half (Plates 9–16) a selection of convol- vulaceous counterparts. The scientific name of the species in bold (for authorities see text and tables) may be followed (in brackets) by a frequently used though invalid synonym and/or a common name if existent. The next information refers to the habitus, origin/natural distribution, and – if applicable – cultivation. If more than one photograph is shown for a certain species there will be explanations for each of them. Finally, section numbers of the phytochemical Chapters 3–8 are given, where the respective species are discussed. The individually combined occurrence of sec- ondary metabolites from different structural classes characterizes every species. However, it has to be remembered that a small number of citations does not neces- sarily indicate a poorer secondary metabolism in a respective species compared with others; this may just be due to less studies being carried out. Solanaceae Plate 1a Anthocercis littorea (yellow tailflower): erect or rarely sprawling shrub (to 3 m); W- and SW-Australia; Sects. 3.1 / 3.4 Plate 1b, c Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade): erect herbaceous perennial plant (to 1.5 m); Europe to central Asia (naturalized: N-USA; cultivated as a medicinal plant); b fruiting twig; c flowers, unripe (green) and ripe (black) berries; Sects. 3.1 / 3.3.2 / 3.4 / 3.5 / 6.5.2 / 7.5.1 / 7.7.2 / 7.7.4.3 Plate 1d Brugmansia versicolor (angel’s trumpet): shrub or small tree (to 5 m); tropical parts of Ecuador west of the Andes (cultivated as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical regions); Sect.
    [Show full text]
  • Nightshade”—A Hierarchical Classification Approach to T Identification of Hallucinogenic Solanaceae Spp
    Talanta 204 (2019) 739–746 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Talanta journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/talanta Call it a “nightshade”—A hierarchical classification approach to T identification of hallucinogenic Solanaceae spp. using DART-HRMS-derived chemical signatures ∗ Samira Beyramysoltan, Nana-Hawwa Abdul-Rahman, Rabi A. Musah Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY, 12222, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Plants that produce atropine and scopolamine fall under several genera within the nightshade family. Both Hierarchical classification atropine and scopolamine are used clinically, but they are also important in a forensics context because they are Psychoactive plants abused recreationally for their psychoactive properties. The accurate species attribution of these plants, which Seed species identifiction are related taxonomically, and which all contain the same characteristic biomarkers, is a challenging problem in Metabolome profiling both forensics and horticulture, as the plants are not only mind-altering, but are also important in landscaping as Direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry ornamentals. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry in combination with a hierarchical classification workflow Chemometrics is shown to enable species identification of these plants. The hierarchical classification simplifies the classifi- cation problem to primarily consider the subset of models that account for the hierarchy taxonomy, instead of having it be based on discrimination between species using a single flat classification model. Accordingly, the seeds of 24 nightshade plant species spanning 5 genera (i.e. Atropa, Brugmansia, Datura, Hyocyamus and Mandragora), were analyzed by direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) with minimal sample preparation required.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • JABG01P351 Horton.Pdf
    JOURNAL of the ADELAIDE BOTANIC GARDENS AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL FOR AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY flora.sa.gov.au/jabg Published by the STATE HERBARIUM OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA on behalf of the BOARD OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS AND STATE HERBARIUM © Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, Adelaide, South Australia © Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Government of South Australia All rights reserved State Herbarium of South Australia PO Box 2732 Kent Town SA 5071 Australia J. Adelaide Bot Gard. 1(6): 351-356 (1979) TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT OF NICANDRA (SOLANACEAE) IN AUSTRALIA Philippa Horton Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, P. Bag 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Abstract Nicandra, of which there is only one species, N. physalodes (L.) Gaertn., is a native of Peru and has become naturalized in many tropical and temperate regions of the world. In Australia it is a weedy species occurring mainly in cleared or disturbed sites and on cultivated ground, mostly in the eastern coastal region. A description of the species based on Australian material is presented and its distribution in Australia is mapped. Introduction Nicandra physalodes, the only species in the genus (family Solanaceae) and nativeto Peru, has become a well-established member of the Australian flora. It has been cultivatedas an ornamental garden plant in Australia and elsewhere, and is now widely dispersed in tropical and temperate areas. N. physalodes has been suspected of poisoning stock, but feeding experiments in New South Wales in which thegreen berries and the plant were tested on sheep and a goat gave negative results (Hurst, 1942).
    [Show full text]
  • Green Cestrum
    OCTOBER 2008 PRIMEFACT 718 REPLACES AGFACT P7.6.44 Green cestrum Neil Griffiths Impact District Agronomist, NSW DPI, Tocal, Paterson Green cestrum is a vigorous plant that can out- compete other vegetation. Green cestrum is toxic to Dr Chris Bourke animals including cattle, sheep, horse, pigs, poultry Principal Research Scientist (Poisonous Plants), and humans. NSW DPI, Orange Agricultural Institute Habitat Green cestrum is normally found along watercourses and in non-crop areas where it usually grows in small to medium-sized thickets. Introduction Distribution Green cestrum (Cestrum parqui) is a large poisonous shrub belonging to the Solanaceae family. In NSW, green cestrum is found in the Hunter Valley, The plant is also known as green poison berry or the outer metropolitan areas of Sydney, the North Coast and the north-west, central west and south- Chilean cestrum. west of the State. Green cestrum was originally introduced into Australia from South America as an ornamental shrub for Description gardens. Since that time, it has become naturalised in Green cestrum is a medium-sized perennial areas of south-eastern Queensland, eastern New South shrub growing 2–3 m (Figure 2). It usually has many Wales (NSW) and parts of Victoria and South Australia. light-green, brittle stems. Figure 1. Green cestrum is a Class 3 noxious weed in NSW. Photo: G. Wisemantel. Leaves Fruit The shiny-green leaves are 20–30 mm wide and Clusters of shiny, black, egg-shaped berries 80–100 mm long. They have smooth edges, are 7–10 mm long are produced during summer and pointed at each end and are arranged alternately autumn (Figure 4).
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Wildflowers of the Modoc National Forest Selected Wildflowers of the Modoc National Forest
    United States Department of Agriculture Selected Wildflowers Forest Service of the Modoc National Forest An introduction to the flora of the Modoc Plateau U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region i Cover image: Spotted Mission-Bells (Fritillaria atropurpurea) ii Selected Wildflowers of the Modoc National Forest Selected Wildflowers of the Modoc National Forest Modoc National Forest, Pacific Southwest Region U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region iii Introduction Dear Visitor, e in the Modoc National Forest Botany program thank you for your interest in Wour local flora. This booklet was prepared with funds from the Forest Service Celebrating Wildflowers program, whose goals are to serve our nation by introducing the American public to the aesthetic, recreational, biological, ecological, medicinal, and economic values of our native botanical resources. By becoming more thoroughly acquainted with local plants and their multiple values, we hope to consequently in- crease awareness and understanding of the Forest Service’s management undertakings regarding plants, including our rare plant conservation programs, invasive plant man- agement programs, native plant materials programs, and botanical research initiatives. This booklet is a trial booklet whose purpose, as part of the Celebrating Wildflowers program (as above explained), is to increase awareness of local plants. The Modoc NF Botany program earnestly welcomes your feedback; whether you found the book help- ful or not, if there were too many plants represented or too few, if the information was useful to you or if there is more useful information that could be added, or any other comments or concerns. Thank you. Forest J. R. Gauna Asst.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Release Mechanisms and Androecium Structure in Solanum
    Flora 224 (2016) 211–217 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Flora journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/flora Pollen release mechanisms and androecium structure in Solanum (Solanaceae): Does anther morphology predict pollination strategy? ∗ Bruno Fernandes Falcão , Clemens Schlindwein, João Renato Stehmann Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Most species of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) exhibit a floral morphology typical of the genus: Yellow poricidal Received 18 November 2015 anthers with rigid walls contrasting in color with the corolla. However, some species of Solanum sect. Received in revised form 22 July 2016 Cyphomandropsis differ from most of the other species of Solanum by having flowers without contrast- Accepted 4 August 2016 ing colors and large anthers with flexible walls. These features resemble those of some closely related Edited by Stefan Dötterl species belonging to Solanum sect. Pachyphylla that exhibit a bellows pollination mechanism whereby Available online 28 August 2016 male euglossine bees cause the compression of thin anther walls and trigger pneumatic pollen release without vibration. Herein we studied the reproductive and pollination biology of a population of Solanum Keywords: luridifuscescens (sect. Cyphomandropsis), a species with purple corolla and anthers, expecting to find a Atlantic forest Cyphomandropsis bellows mechanism of pollination. Both artificial mechanical stimuli applied with forceps and vibrations Buzz-pollination transmitted with an electric toothbrush resulted in the release of pollen from the anthers.
    [Show full text]
  • Browallia Mionei (Solanaceae) Una Nueva Especie Del Norte Del Perú
    Arnaldoa 24 (2): 413 - 424, 2017 ISSN: 1815-8242 (edición impresa) http://doi.org/10.22497/arnaldoa.242.24201 ISSN: 2413-3299 (edición online) Browallia mionei (Solanaceae) una nueva especie del Norte del Perú Browallia mionei (Solanaceae) a new species from Northern Peru Segundo Leiva González Herbario Antenor Orrego (HAO), Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Casilla Postal 1075, Trujillo, PERÚ. [email protected]/[email protected] Flor Tantalean Evangelista Museo de Historia Natural, Escuela de Ingeniería Agrónoma, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Av. América Sur 3145, Urb. Monserrate, Trujillo, PERÚ. [email protected]/[email protected] 24 (2): Julio - Diciembre, 2017 413 Este es un artículo de acceso abierto bajo la licencia CC BY-NC 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Leiva & Tantalean: Browallia mionei (Solanaceae) una nueva especie del Norte del Perú Recibido: 8-IX-2017; aceptado: 28-X-2017; publicado online: 30-XI-2017; publicado impreso: 15-XII-2017 Resumen Se describe e ilustra en detalle Browallia mionei S. Leiva & Tantalean (Solanaceae), una nueva especie del norte del Perú. Browallia mionei es propia del km 49½-54 de la carretera Moro-Pamparomás, distrito Pamparomás, prov. Huaylas, región Ancash, Perú, entre los 9º05´22,0-9º05´29,7” S y 78º04´19,8-78º05´02,3” W, y entre los 1279-1377 m de elevación. Se caracteriza principalmente por la disposición de las flores en racimos, el indumento de sus órganos florales, estilo incluso, corola amarilla externamente y cremosa interiormente, 22-28 mm (entre el lóbulo mayor y los dos lóbulos inferiores) y 20-22 mm (entre los dos lóbulos laterales) de diámetro del limbo en la antésis, cápsula obcónica erecta, lasiocarpa, rodeada por una cobertura de pelos eglandulares transparentes rígidos la mitad distal, 6-6,3 mm de largo por 3,5-4 mm de diámetro.
    [Show full text]