A Greek Grammar for Beginners
GIFT OF John H. Mee
>$yit>& /
A GREEK GRAMMAR
FOR BEGINNERS.
BY WILLIAM HENRY WADDELL, // PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA.
NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 1873. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by HARPER & BROTHERS,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. PRE FAC E.
Tins book is an attempt to be precisely what its name imports nothing more, and nothing less. It is &"Gree7c Grammar for Beginners" The author has studiously avoided the insertion of a solitary word not absolutely essential. Such a book has been, for many years, a great desideratum a book which shall contain no notes, remarks, observations, "fine print" in short, to be marked by a teacher for omission, but only essential and elementary principles and paradigms, which are to be thoroughly memorized by the pupil, without any ex- ception whatever. The Grammar is designed to be committed to memory, from cover to cover, the first time the pupil goes over it. It is not, therefore, a Grammar of reference the world is full of such. It is a schoolboy's book, and intended for a schoolboy's use. Whether the author has succeeded in perfecting his wishes, and in giving expression to his many years' experience in teaching Greek, he leaves the public to decide,
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CONTENTS.
PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY Page 9 The Greek Alphabet 9
Euphonic Changes * 11
Accents Punctuation ,. 15
PART IT. ETYMOLOGY 1C
Some general Rules of Declension 16 First Declension 17 Contracts of the First Declension 18 Second Declension 19 Contracts of the Second Declension 20 Third Declension 20 Contracts of the Third Declension 22 Adjectives 27 Numerals Comparison of Adjectives 34: Article Pronouns 36 The Verb 39
Synoptical Table of the Verb ruTrrw, I strike 42 Table of the Inflections 43 Formation of Tenses 53 Augment Reduplication 53 Compound Verbs 54 The Root 54 Secondary Root 55 Special Rules for Formation of the Tenses 55
Special Rules for Pure Verbs , 59 Examples of Pure Contract Verbs 60 Table of Inflections 64 Liquid Verbs 68 in Verbs /zi 70 Synoptical Table 72 Vlll CONTENTS.
Table of Inflections Page 73 Exercises in Formation 77 Tables of the Synopses and Inflections of certain Irregular arid Defective Verbs 78 Deponent Verbs 84 Synopsis of the Deponent Verb !%o^ai, / receive 85 Adverbs Prepositions 85
PART III. SYNTAX 8G
Syntax of the Cases 89 Syntax of the Verb 96 Negatives Accents 99 General Rules for Writing the Accents 101 >
GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.
PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY. THE GREEK ALPHABET.
1. The Greek Alphabet consists of twenty-four letters, viz.:
Figure. 10 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.
2. The Vowels are seven in number, viz. :
e and o, Short.
7? and w, Long.
a, t, and v, Doubtful. The last three are so called because they are sometimes short and sometimes long. 3. A combination of two vowels is called a Diphthong.
These are twelve in number, viz. :
tit, ft, Oi.
au, v, oi>. wt. at, ?;(, The last three are usually written with the Iota sub- scribed, thus :
They are pronounced as follows, viz. :
at like ai in aisle ; e. g. aipw. ti el height ; e. g. etc. 01 oi coin ; e. g. rot*/. av ou house ; e. g.
v and 7/u eu in neuter; e. g. ou oo noon; e. g. vt we in pronoun we / e. g. /zvta. and are The improper diphthongs, 9, 77, w, pronounced like and w. precisely a, ry, 4. The Consonants are seventeen in number, viz., Nine
Mutes, subdivided as follows : Smooth. Medial. Rough. Palatals, K y x Kappa-mutes. Linguals, r d 3- Tau-mutes. IT Pi-mutes. Labials, ft Three Double so called because Consonants, v//, , , formed respectively by the composition of the Smooth, Medial, and Bough Mutes with the letter Sigma, thus : for 2 for KOT, y 5. The Breathings are two in number, viz. : Smooth ('). Rough ('). One of these must be written over every vowel or diph- thong which commences a word. The Smooth Breathing produces no change in the pronunciation of a word. The Rough Breathing has the same effect as if the letter H were written before the first vowel or thus : diphthong ; is pronounced Hekaton ; evpev Heuren. EUPHONIC CHANGES. 6. The following rules of Euphony are to be carefully observed in the formation and derivation of Greek words, viz. : RULE 1. A Labial or a Palatal occurring before a Lin- gual is changed into its corresponding Smooth, Medial, or Rough, according as the Lingual is Smooth, Medial, or Rough. E.g., rfVpt/3rat is written reYjOiTmu. 2. Labial before is into RULE A /z changed p. E. g., is TETpiTTfjiat written rtrpi/i/xac. RULE 3. Palatal before is A p, changed into y. E. g., TTw%iJiai IS written rtrEvy^icu. RULE 4. before is a. A Lingual /x changed into E. g., is written 7reVei<7//cu. 12 GREEK GRAMMAR TOR BEGINNERS. RULE 5. A Labial before a unites with it and forms $. E. g., Tpififfw is written rptya). RULE 6. A Palatal before a unites with it and forms . E.g., irXtKffu) is written TrXt'4'w. RULE 7. A Lingual before a is rejected. E. g., TrXaOffw is written TrXaffw. RULE 8. A Lingual before another Lingual is changed into ff. E. g., ireTrXadrai is written TrfVXaorcu. RULE 9. A Lingual before a Palatal is rejected. E. g., 7T7rt0m is written TreVam. RULE 10. The letter o- occurring between two Conso- nants is rejected. E. g., yeypa(f)(Tdat is written yeypatydai. RULE 11. The letter v before a Labial is changed into P . E.g., fy/3aXXw is written RULE 12. The letter v before a Palatal is changed into 7- E.g., trvvKuXetx) is written 14. a- RULE The letter v before or is dropped. E. g., is ^alpovfft written (Haifiom. RULE 15. v and a are before When Lingual rejected o-, the preceding short vowel is lengthened, and e becomes ft ; o becomes ov v become and ; d, , respectively d, I, v, E. g., yipovrai is written yepovvt. RULE 16. A Smooth Mute ending a word is changed into its corresponding Rough before an aspirated vowel beginning the next word. E. g., CITTO ov is first TT' ov. written e>v, and then a$ ORTHOGRAPHY. 1 3 RULE 1 7. Iftwo successive syllables begin with a Rough the first is into its Mute, changed own smooth. E. g., is (j)(j)iXrjKa written TrefytXrjxa. RULE 18. The letter p in tne beginning of a word is doubled a short is when vowel prefixed to it. E. g., tpevtca is written tppevKa. RULE 19. in Words ending o-t, and verbs of the third in c or v person ending i, annex to these terminations when the next word begins with a vowel, or before a E. pause. g., /\ AJI* iffri is written iariv. 7. The following words violate the preceding rules. Let the pupil correct them, repeating the rule by which the correction is made : 6 ^ tXnre ov eSrjK &$fj.ai XsiTrffU) Xrificra) (bdffi t/j crvvTrXtKbJ ivKXivit) a. 8. A vowel preceded by another vowel, with which it does not unite and form a diphthong, is said to be pure. A pure vowel often combines with the one immediately This is called preceding it, and forms one long syllable. contraction, and commonly takes place according to the following rules, viz. : aa are contracted into a, as fivda arj are contracted into a, as TifJLarjre as ay , [iva cii as diacrtt) aai at, as fjivdai nval. ^t, ^'or ao as a a, as r//ia rt'/ia. a>, n^ao^v aei p, as Tipdti ripy. aot y, as Tifidoifjiev 14 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. aov are contracted into w, as n- oa are contracted into w or a, as *1 aTrXa. liaovai rt/iuJ(7t. fix TO*** aTrXoa oai* as $t7rX6at dtTrXal. au) uj, as rijjidd) Tijjiat. at, as of as rj, 7a 777. Sometimes , drjXoere drjXovre. into a, as xpv fffa XPvff^y vytsa' oei ou, as drjXoeiv deXovv. Verbs f ym. in oo> contract the endings oa and y> as Xpvoty XPVff$' ofi in^o ot and ot^, as tfyXoa at y or at, as TVTrreai TVTTTiy, c^?Xot, drjXoeig drjXolQ. Xpvaeai \pvgai. ot] w, as drfXorjre drjX&re. Some- tinies into as t, as 0i'Xff 0t\t. Some- j;, o^tTrXo?; dnrXrj. as This times into rj, as rpirjpee rprijpr]. oy ot, drjXoyg drjXolg. fft in verbs t, as (j)iXttig 0tXftc. contraction occurs only * in oat. n *7> as (piXerjre QiXrJTE. Verbs in wjut contract oy ey y, as tyiXeyg t ft, as TroXft TrdXft. ot ot, as v)\oi /x ** o ~ of. as (biXsoutv 01 ot, as QiXsoifitv 0iXot/iv. oot ot, as < ov ?t ^, as Qpfjiffffa Qpyaaa. vi vi, as TrXrj&vi TrXrj&vl. u t, as TroXtt TroXi. The following words violate the preceding rules. Let the pupil correct them, referring in each instance to the concurring vowels in the list above by which the correc- tion is made : Arj/zoeScVec Ar)-6og p,\iTOV tap Arjjj.o(T$Va Arjroa lIpaK\Tjg %r]\6ov ^rjXorj TtfjLacj \aag rip-ae TljJLO.OV(Tt TlfJLaCl TILLCLT] TlfJLaig Kfpag -aTog ocj>ig ofyu TiSfiai Tip,f]v Ktpaa Kpaoiv p,pog fjitpti pepe fJLpOLV flpa fJLpOJV TToXtt TroXeec < ORTHOGRAPHY. 15 KepctTi Kpara /iar/ KEpaTwv SrjXorj 17X001 ffite (TCLOQ ACCENTS. 9. The accents are three : acute ' The ( ) ; as, w?/, life. The v and some one. grave ( ) ; as, rat, / rig, circumflex of the acute and The (~ ), composed grave; as, yrj, land. When words are accented on the last syllable, they are called oxytones ; when not, barytones. PUNCTUATION. 10. The Greek has the following punctuation marks: Comma 16 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. PAET II. ETYMOLOGY. 11. The Greek Language has Nine Parts of Speech, viz. : Noun, Adjective, Article, Participle, Pronoun, and Verb which are declined and and Con- ; Adverb, Preposition, junction which are not declined. 12. There are Three Persons : First, Second, and Third. 1 3. There are Three Genders : Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. 14. There are Three Numbers: the Singular, denoting one the two and the ; Dual, denoting ; Plural, denoting more than one. 15. There are Five Cases: the Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative. 16. There are Three Declensions: First, Second, and Third. First has four : The Declension terminations, viz. a, 77, ? ? The Second Declension has two terminations, viz. : oc, ov. The Third Declension has nine viz. : terminations, a, , v, SOME GENERAL RULES OF DECLENSION. 1 7. (a) The Nominative and Vocative are usually alike in the Singular, and always alike in the Dual and Plural. ends in or (b) The Dative Singular always t, annexed subscribed. (c) The Genitive Plural always ends in wr. (d) The Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative of Neu- ters are the same in all three Numbers, and these Cases in the Plural end always in a. (e) In the Dual Number, the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative are alike, as also are the Genitive and Dative. ETYMOLOGY. 18. The following Table exhibits a comparative view of the terminations of the Three Declensions. I. Declen. II. Declen. III. Declen. 18 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. S.o ETYMOLOGY. 19 EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. \ fftXrjvr], the moon. yXw<7 \va(jctj frenzy. flia,force, ri, counsel. a breeze, a K&apiffrrjc., a harper. avpctj , sword. sadness. 'AvaZayopac,, Anax- dy'ict, ., high-mind- a ivrestler. agoras. , ed. SECOND DECLENSION. 22. Nouns ending in oc are Masculine, and rarely Fem- inine. Those ending in ov are Neuter. They are declined as follows, viz. : S. o (word) D. (two words) P. (words) N. Xdyo N. Xdyw N. Xdyot G. Xdyou G. Xoyoiv G. Xoywv D. X6y(p D. Xoyoiv D. Xdyot A. Xoyov A. Xdyw A. Xdyov V. Xdye V. Xdyw V. Xdyot D. (two Jigs) P. (Jigs) N. GVKOV N. (Tvica G. GVKWV D. OVKQIQ P. (temples) N. vey G. D. A. V. VH# P. (halls) N. G. D. A. V. dvwyew are irregular, 20 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. belonging to the Attic Dialect, and are inserted as exam- ples. CONTRACTS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. 23. Nouns which ETYMOLOGY. 21 They are declined as follows, viz. : 22 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. o, vulture. D.N.yuTre G. yv-jToiv ETYMOLOGY. 23 The following rules are for the contractions of the Third Declension, and for Verbs also : 1. A short vowel followed by itself becomes its own diphthong ; as, /3a 2. Two consecutive short vowels become ou ; as, 3. short before t becomes its A vowel own diphthong ; 4. A short vowel before a unites with it and becomes its own long ; as, tap, ?]p. 5. E before a vowel or a is long diphthong rejected ; as, 6. O before a vowel becomes w before a long ; diphthong it combines with the second vowel of the diphthong ; as, ?7Xow, 77X0) ; c)/?Xoot, 77X01. 7. before o or A w becomes w ; before the other vowels it becomes d ; as, o-aoc, <7a>e ; r//xaf, r//za. 8. If the first of two vowels is or a the , v, long vowel, last is rejected ; EXAMPLES. S. i] (galley} S. TO (wall) N. rpirjprjQ N. Ti1xS G. Tpirjpeog TpirjpovQ G. rft^o^ D. Tpirjpti Tpirjpti "D. A. rpirjpea rptrjprj A. rtt^og V. Tpiqptg V. Telxog- /) O^o galleys) D. (two walls) N.A.V. rpujpEe rpifiprj N.A.V. rt'x G. D. rpiripkoiv Tptrjpolv G. D. P. (galleys) t P. (walls) N. Tpifipet rpirjpeig N. ra'xftf G. rptrjpiwv Tpirjp&v G. TEIX&UV D. Tpif)pai(v) D. A. Tpirfpeac rpiripfiQ A. V. TpiripteQ Tpujpeiz V. 24 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. S. TO (prize) S. rj (echo) N. yepag N. r/xw G. yspaog yepwg G. riXQ D. yipa'i ytpy D. jfaoi 77x01 A. ye/oac A. i]\QCL r/xw V. y|oa V. J?x*- Z). (wo prizes) D. (two echoes) N. A.V. ye/oat ylpa N. A.V. jfow G. D. jpdoiv ytp P. (prizes) P. (echoes) N. ykpaa y*'|o5 N. 3?%oi G. yepdajv ytp&v G. D. ykpaai(v) D. A. ykpaa ykpa A. V. yipaa ytpa V. names in contracted a Proper tfX^V, K-X?7c5 undergo double contraction in the dative and sometimes singular', in the accusative singular. E. g., 5. 6 (Pericles) N. G. D. HEpucXeti HepucXeei HepiK\tZ A. HtpiK\8ea HeptKXta HtpucXij V. IljOtKX HeptK\eig Nouns in ec, vg, gen. ioc, voc, are contracted in the dative singular, and in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural. E. g., S. o (serpent) S. 6 (fish) N. o0t N. i'x-^ G. 0010 G. IX&VOC, D. 50u o0I D. ix&vi ix$vl A. 6 Z). ( P. (serpents) P. (fishes) N. o0c o0iC N. G. 6 D. o0i TO Kptag, flesh. TO icepag, a horn. Sing. Sing. N. A.V. Kpk-ag N. A.V. Kkp-ag G. Kps-arog -aog -a>g G. icsp-arog -aog -wg D. Kpi-ari -at -^ D. Ksp-art, -at - Dual. Dual. N. A.V. Kpk-aT -as -a N. A.V. Ktp-are -as -a G. D. Kpe-droiv -doiv -yv G. D. Ktp-dT*iv -doiv -(7>v Plur. Plur. N. A.V. Kpk-aTa -aa -a N. A.V. Kip-ara -aa -a G. Kpe-aTuv -dwv -utv G. Kfp-drcov -duv -&v 26 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. S. o (king) D. (two kings) P. (kings) N. A. V. G. (BaviXee t I). paaLXei fiaoiXtl D./ G. D. A. paffiXsoiv i V. (3aaiXtv V./ Most in i v e in all Nouns t, t, vc, v, change and into the cases except the nominative, accusative, and vocative sin- gular. Substantives in ig and VQ generally change oc into CJQ. xL. 2f. 9 r *s . ETYMOLOGY. 27 ADJECTIVES. 26. Adjectives in Greek have three terminations, two terminations, and one termination. The first termination is masculine, the second feminine, the third neuter. They are of the First and Second Declensions, and of the Third Declension. They are declined as follows, viz. : S. o (wise) rj (wise) TO (wise) N. GO(j)OQ G0(j)f] GOfyoV G. GO^OV GotyrJQ Gotyov JL). GO(f)({J (700$ (TCfpty A. crcxpuv Gofa'jv Gotyov V. GOfyk GO^i] GO(j)OV 1}. N. A. V. (T00W G0(f)d G0(f)(i> G. I). (70001^ aotyalv Gofyoiv p. N. GOtyo'l GO(j)Cli G0(pd G. GOfpUJV CT00WV GO(f)UJV D. Gofyoiq Gotyalg Gotyolg A. GO V. GO 27. Adjectives in OQ pure and pog make their Feminine in as : a j fiaicpoG, long. Sing. Dual. Plur. N. ftaicp-og, d, 6v N. /zaK-p-ot, ai, a G. fiaicp-ov, acj ou N. A.V. /uaKp-w, a, w G. fiaKp-uv, a>v, &v I), I). juiciKp-y, ^t, ^7 jita/cp-ot^, att;, 01^ A. fjiaicp-ov, dv, 6v G. D. /j.aKp-o1Vj aiv, oiv A. /ajcp-ov, c> V. fictKp-E, d, 6v V. paKp-oi, at, a o /S. (worthy} } (worthy) rb (worthy) N. ci^ioQ d%ia a^iov G. d%iov d^'iaq dt,iov D. di(jj a^cot a^tV/j A. atoj> a^tav a^iov V. ft a^/a d^iov J), N. A.V. i'w ^/a d^/aj G. D. d^ioiv d^icav ct%ioiv 28 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. b P. (worthy) r} (worthy) TO (worthy) N. d^ioi d^icti d%ia 28. Compound and Derivative Adjectives of more than two syllables have usually but two terminations : one for the Masculine and and one for the as : Feminine, Neuter ; S. b, r} (quiet) TO (quiet) N. G. D. A. V. }o D. KA.V. rye G.D. P. N. G. D. A. V. Adjectives in we are declined thus: TO S. b, if (fertile) (fertile) G. evytto fuytw D. tvyup tvytip A. tvytojv tvyewv D. N. A.V. #yfw fi>yw G.D. P. G. 1). A. V. ETYMOLOGY. 29 29. Adjectives of the Third Declension have the Mascu- line and Neuter of the Third Declension, and the Feminine of the First. They are declined as follows : S. o (sweet) 30 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. D. o (giving) ?} (giving) TO (giving) N. A.V. diSoVTE dtdovTE G. D. SidovToiv cidovTOiv P. N. didovTes G. ClOOVT(Jf)V X ' f * D\. ClOOUffli V diooiicraig didovaag Sidovaai S. TO 'l (ripe) (ripe) N. TTITTOV G. TTtTTOVOg IX TTtTTOVL TTtTTOVL A. irkirov V. TTtTTOV D. N. A.V. Tr'tTTQVE G. D. TreTrovoiv N. TTSTTOPfQ TT&TTOVa G. TTtTTOVdJV D. A. TT&TTOVa V. TTZTTOVa S. TO N. G. TiTVtpOTOQ I). A. V. N.A.V. G.D. TTV(j)viaiV TcTVtpOTOlV P. N. G. TTV(j)6T(t)V D. A. V. TtTVfpOTa in Participles ending ug are declined like -E-vfywQ. ETYMOLOGY. 31 TO S. o, r) (true) (true) " D. d\rid& A. dXrj^sa V. ciXriStQ D. N. A.V. aXrjSie G. D. aXqSioiv dXrjSolv dXrjStoiv dXifiolv P. N. dXifiiec; dXi]3rti dXtfiia d\rj$)i G. d\Ti$kii)v dXi]S A. V. o TO S. (placing) >} (placing) (placing) G. T&kvTQQ T&llOffc T&'t.VTOq D. r&tVTi r&tiay T&IVTI A. T&tVTCt TlStlffdV TlStV D. N. A.V. rt^lrre r&tiaa P. N. ft&V7^C ft^tMWfl T&SVTtt G. TiS&VTwv TiSrtiauiv T&ZVTWV A. T&'tVTCtQ T&tiffdG T&tvTCl V. rt^s^rfff TiStivai Participles ending in f ic are declined like rt0cc. o TO >Si. (showing) >} (showing) (showing) N. SUKVVQ G. StlKVVVTOQ D. StiKvvvTi dtiRvvffy SeucvvvTi A. StiKvvvTa StiKvveav SEIKVVV V. StlKVVQ StlKVVffCi dflKVVV D. N. A.V. SEIKVVVTS deLKvvcra deiKvuvTe G. D. felKvtivTofy dElKVVffdtV CtlKVVVTOtV 32 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. P. o (showing*) ij (showing) TO (showing) N. StlKVVVTtQ dtlKVVffCtt $ElKVVVTCt G. CtlKVVVTWV CtlKVVG&V StlKVVVTUJV 1). diicvvai(v) dtiKvvaaic; ()IK.VV(TI(V) A. VtlKVVVTClQ SllKVVGaQ deiKVVVTCt V. StlKVVVTtQ CtlKVVGCtl tl\VVVTCt Adjectives in wv, genitive o^roc, have three endings : o^, or. , E. s. ETYMOLOGY. ro /). o (great) ?} (great) (great) N. A.V. jutydXw G. D. ^ityaXoLv P. lUyaXat D. jUfydXotg A. ntyaXovQ [.irydXa ro /S. o, } (pleasanter) (pleasantcr) T 1\ . IjOLMV TI^IQV ifiiOVOQ Do }&OM ttfiovt A. ifiiova /ciu, N. A. /flfW G. D. /^(Ji/cti/ P. N. fidiovtg i^cicvQ jova G. t'rfwvwv A. ifiiovaQ t'loiovg tender. r'l|07/i', , honored. Sing. Sing. N. rsp-rji', tivct, ii> G. TfjO-CVOC, 0'J7ff, ^0< G. r/ju-f/iroc, '';cr^C> "" ' T") _ rjvrt A. Tp-EVCtj UVCtV, (V tv V. rlp-2', ai'tf, V. Ttp-iiv, faffa, II V Dual. Dual. N.A.V. re'p-f^s W, fw N.A.V. rfTCTff, G. D. rtp-tvoiv, tivaiv, tvoiv G. D. Plur. Plur. ' ~\T c r fi//^ N. rt^i-JivrtQ^ ijcrfjcti, ijrra /^< . ' ~ / O n c fiit^t/ LIU ~ ' * T ^ ' D. Ttp-LVl, eiVCllC;, t(Tl A. TifA-ijvrctQ, TiaaaQ, i\vra tva V. T&p-evc, eivai, V. Tiu-ijvrt, ijffffai, iji>ra The syncopated Perf. Part, of as follows, viz. : B2 34 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. to iffTr)jj.i, stand. /ufiXac, blade. Sing. Sing. N. loT-Wfi o)cra, (-JQ N. jusX-ac, aiva, av G. CT-u>ro, a><7?7, WTOQ G. fj.i\-avoc, aivqc, UVQQ D. wri D. for-wn, (7j7, /Lt\-ai/<, aiV#, an A. tar-ujTa, dJaav, WQ A. n'tX-ava, aivav, av \. f'0r-it>, a!(7(7, tuj; V. n'tX-aV) aiva, av Dual. Dual. N. A.V. wre are. tor-wrf, wcrfr, N. A. V. [ii\-ave , aiva, G. D. iar-uroiv, wvcav, WTOLV G. D. ptX-avoiv, aivaiv, dvoiv Plur. Plur. N. iar-MTeg, waai, tira N. yulX-avfc, aivai, ava G. tar-MTtov, WG&V, WTCOV G. niX-avw, atv&v, avwv D. dr-w(Tt, waaiQ, OJGI D. jusX-atrt, aivaiQ, acrt A. tVr-wraCi W(TCJ wra A. ptX-avctQ, aivac, ava ava V. tcrr-wrfc, w(Trti, aira V. /tt'X-ni-'fC) aivai, NUMERALS. 30. The Cardinal Numbers ac, c^o, rpelcj and TtffffapE^ are declined below. The remainder, as far as a hundred, are indeclinable. The numbers above one hundred are again declinable like the plural of Adjectives of the First ciauo'enoi at a and Second Declensions; as, ? ETYMOLOGY. 06 in if the is Adjectives OQ drop c, and, penult short, length* it as : en ; Adjectives in ac, ^c, and vc annex repoQ and raroe to the as : Neuter ; peXag (Neuter pfXav) jmeXavrepOQ ^fXuv acrQevrjz (Neuter aa'diveg) acr'dfvtcrrepOQ Adjectives in w*/ and r?v annex rfjooe and raroc to the as : Nominative Plural ; (Plural (Tu^poveo) ff epEveg) repevtarrepOQ T in the and those in t of Adjectives ae drop , 5 change the Plural into as : Nominative larepoQ icrraroc ; /3\d| (Plural /3\ac) (3Xxu& Some Adjectives, ending in vc and poc, change the ter- minations into iwj/ for the Comparative, and into co-roc for the as : Superlative ; The following Adjectives are compared irregularly, viz. : [ cifjiEivajv, aya3 , wa., 7 aya.joc, aooa, KptlTTCJV, iKwrepog. ) KClKLffTOC. KLWV, \ .I/C,. IXU,L*. 36 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. Ka\oQ,fair, KaXXiwv, KciXXic uaicpug, long, < , (fia jikyaQ, great, jjif. liuepoQ, small, 7roXv, many, ( , 7 , TtOTTVOTeOOC, TtQTTVOTaTOQ. TtpjrvoQ, agreeable, . . rit'Xraroc. ,x /. 77 ( 0tXrfpo, ARTICLE. 32. The Article o, ?7iC, is declined as follows: S. M. F. N. D. M. F. N. P. M. F. N. N. 6 if TO N. 7"W TCI Tit) N, Ot Ol TCI G. rou r/yc TOV G. rcl^ rat^ roir G, r&v T&V T&y I). T<<> 3). roii^ TCLIV TOIV IX T(fi Ty rott,- rt^ TO!Q A. rov r/p-' ro A. ra> ra rw A. **?& TC\Q TO. PROXOUNS. PERSONAL PRONOUN. 33. The Personal Pronouns are eyw. o-^'L The Nomina- tive 'I is obsolete. S. (I) S. (thov) S. (he, she, it) N. fcyw N. GU N. 'I croi) o<; G. t/uLOV, jjiov G. G. crot I). ol 1). t/io/, /^oi D. A. A. Gt A. tJA, fJLS. D. (we two) D. (you two) D. (they two) v G.D. V(jj(V, ViOV G.D. G(b(iilV, G(b('JV G.D- G(h(t}LV P. (we) P. (ye, you) P. (they) N. >//tftC N. VJJLEIQ N. I). //n)' D. ?''//tv D. G(j)iffi(i>) A. n. A. ?/^u A. ?'^oc Ttfrlc *T0f ETYMOLOGY. 37 POSSESSIVE PRONOUN. The Possessive Pronouns signify possession. They are formed from the Personal Pronouns. are They t/zoc, #, etc., and are declined like o-o^oc. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. These are tpavTov, creavrov, iavrov. They have no Nom- inative, They are declined as in the oblique cases of CLVTOQ. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN. The Interrogative Pronoun TIC, who? which? what? is declined in the following manner : S. M. F. N. D. M. F. N. P. M. F. N. N. TIQ r'i N. rive N. rive.Q rivet G. TIVOC, TOV TIVOC, TOV G. TIVOIV G. TIVWV Tivtov I). Tivi D. TIVOIV D. t T(} rim, T<$ r/(Tt(i') rim(v) A. riva ri A. rive A. Tivag Tiva INDEFINITE PRONOUN. The Indefinite Pronoun rig (grave accent), any, certain, some, is declined as follows : S. M. F. N. D. M. F. N, P. M. F. N. N. riff ri N. rive N. nvic, riva G. TIVOQ, TOV riVOff, TOV G. TIVOIV G. TlvCoV TLV&V 1^. TlVl 7V<7 TIVOIV 1). t TLVlj Tip D. TWI^f) 7"t(T/(l/) * A, rn-'ii ri A. rti^t A. TIV&Q Tivd, DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN. The Demonstrative Pronouns are 6'de, ovrog, and EKZLV "Ode is simply the Article with the inseparable particle . Thus, o^e, ?;'^, ro^e, G. rouoe, r^rSe. is declined as follows : S. M. (tins') F. (this) N. (this) N. owroff avTtj TOVTO TCVTOV Taini]Q TQVTOV Tovftft ravry rovr^ TOV TOV ravTr,v TOVTO GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. ETYMOLOGY. 39 1. In the Nominative Case always, and in the Oblique Cases when it stands first in the sentence, UVTOQ has the force of the English self j ,as, 'Eyw cWoc, I myself. 2. In the Oblique Cases, when not the first word in the clause, it means him, her, it, etc. it 3. With the Article before it, always means the same ; as, 6 avroQ c)ovXoc, the same slave. It is declined as follows : Singular. Dual. Plural. N. aur-oQ -i] -6 N. A. N. avT-o'i -ai -d G. avT-ov -i]Q -ov CWT-IO -d -w G. auT-CJv -wv -&v D. avr-( -y -cf G. D. D. avr-otc; -CL"IQ -tj A. O.VT-OV -i]V -6 avT-olv -alv -civ A. aur-ovq -ct -d In the same manner are declined : dXXoQ dXXrj dXXo another o CQ i] who, which tKU.VOQ tKlLVtf LKLLIO that RECIPROCAL PRONOUN. The Reciprocal Pronoun aXX/yXw^, of one another, is thus declined : D. 40 GllEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. VOICES. I. There are three Voices : the Active, the Passive, and the Middle. The Active Voice represents the' agent as acting upon an TVTTTIO strike object ; as, ere, I you. The Passive Voice represents the subject as being acted some or upon by person tiling; as, rti/rro/^cn, lam struck. The Middle Voice represents the agent (l) as acting upon itself; as, Active, Xouw, I wash; Middle, Xouopai, I wash i. myself, e., / bathe (2) as acting for its own ad- vantage ; as, Active, Trapaoram^w, Iprovide ; Middle, ?ra- pairxEvaopat, I provide for my own use (8) as causing something to be done for its own advantage,j as, Active, Traparidrjpi rr\v rpaTrtZav, Iset forth the table / Middle, Trapa- TidEfjLai rrjv rpaTTE^ar^T cause the table to be set forth before me. II. There are five Moods : the Indicative, the Subjunctive, the Optative, the Imperative, and the Infinitive. The Indicative represents that which actually is or oc- curs he strikes. ; as, Tvirrei, The Subjunctive represents a possibility or conception of the mind he advise. ; as, fiovXevrj. may The Optative represents a wish, and is also used as the of the Past Tenses let him Subjunctive ; as, TVTTTOI, strike, or, he might strike. The Imperative represents a command, exhortation, or strike thou. entreaty ; as, TVTT-E, The Infinitive represents simply the meaning of the Verb, without limitation of person or number; as, to strike. ETYMOLOGY. 41 TENSES. III. the There are six Tenses : the Present, the Imperfect, Perfect, the Pluperfect, the Future, and the Aorist The Present, Perfect, and Future are called Primary Tenses. The Imperfect, Pluperfect, and Aorist are called Historical Tenses. The Present Tense represents an action as now taking place; as, TVTTTW^ I strike. The Future Tense represents an action which will take lie will strike. In the Passive Voice two place ; as, TU^E t, forms occur : the First Future and the Second Future. The Imperfect Tense represents an action which was taking place and was not completed in some past time / as, eVuTrroj', I was striking. The Aorist Tense (ao/>joroe, indefinite) represents a past action as simply done, without reference to the time of its Istruck. This tense has completion ; as, tVv^a, two forms, known as the First and Second Aorist, which do not differ in meaning, and are not both found in the same Verb. The Perfect Tense represents an action as complete at the time have struck. this tense present ; as, render, I Of also, as well as of the Pluperfect, two forms, the First and the Second, exist. The Pluperfect Tense represents an action as complete at some time I had struck. past ; as, i-eru^Eu^ PERSONS. IV. There are three Persons, First, Second, and Third. There is no separate form for the First Person Dual in the Active Voice. _ It is expressed by the form of the First Person Plural. GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 2 a sg - -lsM lt-l-1 "* k Pi v .5 5 S fills ' f-Hf'l s> a s> a re W o ETYMOLOGY. 43 3G. TABLE OF INFLECTIONS, ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. / strike. S. TV7TTW, TVTTTtig, TV7TTEI, I strike. thou strikest. he strikes. IX TVTrTETOV, TVTTTETOV, you two strike. they two strike. P. TUTTTOJUV, TUTTTtTf, TVTTTOVGl, ive strike. you strike. they strike. Imperfect. I was striking. S. kTVTTTOV kTVTTTtC; IX kTVTTTfTOV P. IT kTVTTTcTE Perfect 1 . / have struck. S. IX p. > TSTvtiaTe Perfect 2. / have struck. S. TkTVTTa TiTVTTaQ TcTVTTE D. TiTVTTaTOV Tt-vrraTOV P. TTV7raUV TiTVirOLTf. Pluperfect 1 . / had struck. irtrvtyti D. kTtTV(f)tlTOV Pluperfect 2. I had struck. S. iTtTVTTUV kTcTVTTtlQ D. kTtTVTTeiTOV kTtTVTTcLTS. irf.TV7rf.Laav P. kTE.TVTrf.lfJLtV Future 1. I shall strike. TV'^tTOV TV'^OVffl Future 2. I shall strike.^ TVTTilQ p. 44 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. Aorist 1. I struck. . S. trv^a trv^ag trvifse I). trv^arov trv^aT^v P. kTU'ipctf-lfV cTVl^CtTS tTV$/CtV Aorist 2. I struck. S. tTUTrOls tTVTTEC tTVTTS I). iruTTcTOV tTUTrtrrjv P. kTUTToptv i-uxEre iTVirov SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. I may strike. S. TUTTTiiJ TVTTTyQ TUTTTy 1). TVTTTl]TOV TV7TT1JTOI P. T^TTrW/ZfJ/ TVTTTIJTk TUTTTWGl Perfect 1. I may have struck. D. TTV(f)r]TOV TcTV^tJTO Perfect 2. / may have struck. S. TiTVTTW TcTVTTyQ ~D. TTV7TJ]TOV Aorist 1. I may strike. J). TV^TJTOV TV^TjTOV Aorist 2. I may strike. S. TU7TU) TVTTyQ TVTty I). rVTTf]TOV TUTTtfTOV P. TV7ra)[,iLV rvTrrjre TVTTWGI OPTATIVE MOOD. Present. I might, could, icould, or should strike. S. TUTTTOlfM rVTCTOlQ TVTTTOt D. TU7TTOITOV TVTTTOirTJV P. TVTTTOlUtV TVTTTOlTt TVTTTQltV Perfect 1. Imiyht, could, would, or should have struck. S. TtTV^Olfll TETV(j)OlQ TBTlHbOl Y). TfTV([)OirOV TETV(j)OlT1]V P. TTV(j)Ol[JltV TtrV$OlT6 T(TV$OltV ETYMOLOGY. 45 Perfect 2. I might, could, would, or should have struck. S. T&TV7TOIUI TITV7TOIQ TETV7TOL D. TETV7TOITOV TtTUTTOlTIJV P. Tf.TVTTOlp.LV TtTVTTOlTe. TeTVTTOtiV Future 1. I should or would strike. S. TV^Olfjil TV^Oig TV^/Ol I). TUTpoiTOV TV^QITK]V P. TVtpotfjttv Ti\^oire TV\poitv Future 2. I might, could, would, or should hereofter strike.'f S. TVTTollJLl TVTCOIQ TV7TOI i' TVTrorrjv P. TV7TolfJ,EV TVTTOlTS TUTToltV Aorist 1. I might, could, would, or should strike. S. Tv\pai[.u P. Aorist 2. I might, could, would, or should strike. S. TVTTOlftl TV7TOIQ TVTCOL D. ru'/rotrov TVTTOITTJV P. TVTroipev TVTTOITS IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present, ASVn'/je. S. rvTrre ri>7T7fcra> D. TVTTTtTOV TVTTTSrdJV P. TV7TTLT8 . TVTTTtTUJGaV Perfect 1. Have struck. S. T'cTlHpB. TtTV Perfect 2. //are struck. S. T&TVTTE TfTVTTtTlt) D. TtTVTTETOV TtTVTf'iTMV P. TtTVTTtTc TtTVTc'tTUaCtV Aorist 1. Strike. S. rv Aorist 2. Strike. S. TV7TE TV7TETW % D. TVTTtTOV TVTTSTWV P. TV KITE TVTTtTbMJaV INFINITIVE MOOD. Present. TVTTTEIV, to strike, to be striking. Perfect 1. rtrvtitvai, to have struck. Perfect 2. rervTrsvai, to have struck. Future 1 . TV^EIV, to be about to strike, Future 2. rvTrtiv, to be about to strike.^ Aorist 1. TV^CII, to strike. Aorist 2. ru/rn^, to strike. PARTICIPLES. Present. Striking. N. TV7TTUJV TVTTTOVffCt G. TVTTTOVTOQ TVTTTOVarjg Perfect 1. Having struck. N. TtTlHpiOQ TETV Perfect 2. Having struck. N. TtTV7r Future 1. Going to strike. N. TVIJJWV G. TV^OVTt Future 2. Going to strike.^ N. TV7TWV TUTTUUGCt TVTTOiJV G. TVXOVVTOZ TVTrovcrrjc; TVTruvvTog Aorist 1. Having struck. N. Tv-(jja Tvijjacra rv^av G. TV^CIVTOQ TV\jJClG1ig TV\JJC(PTO Aorist 2. Having struck. N. TVTTOtV TVTTOVffa TV7TUV G. TV7TOPTO TVTTOVVrjQ TUTTGVTQQ ETYMOLOGY. PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD, Present. / am struck. TVTTTOfJLaC TVTTTy OT -7TTU D. TVTTTOfJL^OV P. TVTTTOVrai Imperfect. I was struck. S. irVTTTOV rvrrreTO I). P. tTVTTTOVTO Perfect. I have been struck. S. D. P. Pluperfect. / had been struck. S. D. P. irirv^e kvoi ijaav Future 1. I shall or will be struck. S. or -era D. P. Future 2. I shall be struck. S. TVTrfjGOfJiai TV7TY] Future 3. I shall be struck. S. D. P. Aorist 1. I was struck. S. D. irvfi&rjTov P. inxf&rjre Aorist 2. / was struck. S. MTTIJV kTWTJje tTVTT)] D. trvTrrjrov tTVTrfjTrjf P. 48 GEEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. I am struck. I may or can le struck. S. TVTTTUfJlCtl TVTTTy TVliTT]Tai I). TVTTTWfjltSoi' TVTTTrjGSrOV TUTTTtjaSrOV P. TVTrTion&a TVTTrrjaSe rvirr^vrai Perfect. / have been struck, I may have been struck. S. TETVfifjiirog (y, ov), w, yq, y- D. rfri>ju/zro> (a, w), (Oytttv, IJTOV, ijrov. P. TtTV^fjiepoi (at, a), Aorist 1. / S. TvtySuj J). P. Tvtyz&niv Aorist 2. I may be struck. S. rfTrJ; Tviryz D. - TVTTtJTOV TVTriJTOV P. TU7TU>fJ.V TVTTiJTE TVK&Gl OPTATIVE MOOD. Present. / mir/ht, could, would, or should be struck. S. TVTTToifJIJV TV7TTOIO TV7TTOLTO D. TVTTTOIH&OV TVTTTOiaSrov TVTTToi(j3rr] P. TWKToifjie&a. TVTTTOKJ^E TVTTTOIVTO Perfect. I might, etc., Ai*c teerc struck. S. TervpjjL^vo^ (j], oi/), ('?yv, f'^Cj ' ?7' D. TtTV^kvit) (, w), eh]Liev,tirjTOV, eu'iTTjv. P. Future 1. I should or would be struck. S. rvtySrnGoifirjv rv^rjuoto TV T). TV(j)^rr](7oipt^ov rv(^3rr]ffoi<7^ov nMJ&ijffoiff&l P. Tv^rjaoifJLf^ra TU(p$i]aoivS8 Future 2. I might, etc., hereafter be struck. S. TVTrnaoi/Jirjv rvTn'jffoio Tvirr D. TvirrjcroiiJitSov T P, rvwqaoipe&a r ETYMOLOGY. 49 Future 3. I should or would remain struck. S. rtrv^oifjujv rerv^oio D. TtTV^OljJl&OV TtTV^OUjStOV TtTV^o'ltJ^f P. reTVifjoifji&a TTU\}JOI Aorist 1. I might, could, would, or should be struck. S. D. TV(pllT)Tr]V P. fifv rwj&ttijTt or -are Aorist 2. I might, etc., be struck. S. TVTrenjv rvvfrjg D. rv7ri'ir]Tov P. TVTTtitJlJtEV TVTTtlTJTe IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present. Be thou struck. S, TVTTTOV TVTrr D. p. Perfect. Be thou struck. a D. p. Aorist 1. Be thou struck. S. D. P. Aorist 2. Be struck. S. TVTTTjdt D. TVTTrfTOV P. TVTrrjre TVTrrjTOjaav or -evrwv INFINITIVE MOOD. Present. rvTrrtaSai, to be struck. Perfect, rfrt/03-at, to have been struck. Future 1. rv03-7 Aorist 1. rv PARTICIPLE. Present. rvTrTofjitvoc., ij, ov, being struck. Perfect. TITV^^'WOC, rj, ov, struck, having been struck. Future 1 . ru03^<7o/ji>o, 77, or, about to be struck. Future 2. Tvirrjcofjitvoc., rj, ov, about to be struck. Future 3. Terv^ofjiEvog, about to remain struck. Aorist 1. TvfyStic., tlffa, &v, being struck. Aorist 2. TVTTiig, etera, er, being struck. MIDDLE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. / strike myself. S. rvTTTOfjiai rvrcry rvimrai I). TVTTTOfJl&OV TVTTTtaSoV TV7TTt(T$OV P. TVTTTUIJl&a TVTTTtGSf TVTTTOVTCLl Imperfect. / was striking myself. S. irvTrrofjiTjv ITVTTTOV iTvirnro P. iTVTTTOfji&a irvrrTtaSe irvTrrovro Perfect. / have struck myself. S. rt'rv/u/iat rkrvtyai riruTfrai D. P. Pluperfect. I had struck myself. S. ireTvfifJLrjv irtrv^o IrtTVTrro D. treTvfjin&ov trkrvfySov trtTvQSrtjv Future 1. I shall strike myself. S. rv^o/iae rv^y TV^ETUI P. TV'il/OUtOa TVlLfffOt TVll/OVTat Future 2. I shall strike myself*.f S. rvTrovfJiai TVTTTJ rvTritrai D. TVTTOVfJt&OV TVTTtiaSoV TVirtla&OV P. rvTrovfJif^a TviriiaSt rvirovvrai Aorist 1 . / struck myself. S. rwpa/uj;i> trvx//o> irv^dro P. irv^afie^a eTV\l/aa$6 tTv^avro ETYMOLOGY. 51 Aorist 2. I struck myself. S. tTvirofjirjv krvirov D. irvTTOfJieOov ervTreoOov P. irvTrofttOa SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. I strike, I may or can strike, myself. S. rurrruj/iat Tvirry D. TVTrrdjfJie^ov rvTrrrjaSov P. TVtrTWH&a TV7TT7](T& T Perfect. / may have struck myself. S. TtTVfjLfjitvoG S), yg, y, D. TiTVjJLfJlBVd}, TJTOV, ffTOV, P. TtTVJJlfJlivOl WfJieV, iJT, tbffl. Aorist 1. I may strike myself. S. TvipufJiai Tv-fyy T "D. TV^fJltOoV TV^TJffOoV T P. Tv^w/jitQa rv^rjaOe Aorist 2. I struck myself. S. ruTraJfJiai rviry D. TVTTWfJltOoV TVTTTjaOoV TV7T1]ff9oV P. ru7ro>/ic9a TvirrjaOe OPTATIVE MOOD. Present. / might strike myself. S. TVTTToiflTJV TV7TTOIO TVTTTOLTO D. TVTTTOlfJieSoV TVTTTOlffSoV TVTTToiaSrrjV P. TVTrroifji&a TvirroiffSre TVTTTOIVTO Perfect. I might have struck myself. S. Ttrvfjifjitvoc; tirjv, tirig, tlij, * D. TtTVUfJlBVto), tlrjTOV, tlTJTTJV, P. TeTvpfJiEvoi elrjfjiev, tlrjTe, tlrjaav. Future 1. I should strike myself. S. TV^OlprjV TV\I/010 TV^OITO D. TVlfjOtfJltQoV TV^OHjQoV TV^OiaQlJ P. Tv\j/6ifjieQa 2 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. Future 2. I should strike myself.^ S. TVTTOlfJiyjV TVTTOIO TV1TOITO D. TVTToijjllOoV TVTTOtaOov TVTTOlffOrjV P. TViroifJitQa rvTrourOe TVTTOIVTO Aorist 1. / mighty etc., strike myself. S. D. P. Aorist 2. etc. strike / mighty , myself. S. TVTToijjirjv TVTTOIO TVTTOITO D. TVTToifjitOov TviroiaQov TVTroiaOrjv P. TVTTOlfJLeOa TVTTOHtOe TV7TOIVTO IMPERATITE MOOD. Present. Strike thyself. S. TV7TTOV D. T P. Perfect. Have been struck. S. T6TV$$ Aorist 1. S. Tinfsai D. TvifjaaSrov P. TvipaoSre Aorist 2. Strike. S. TVTTOV TVTTBffSijj D. TfTTfVS'WV P. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present. , #o strike one's se//*. Perfect. to have struck one's self. Future 1. ai, to 6e a&owZ Aorist 1. t, to strike one's se^. to Aorist 2. , strike one's self. ETYMOLOGY. 53 PARTICIPLE. Present. TVTTTO^VO^ r\, ov, striking himself. struck Perfect. TtrvfijJievoQ, rj, ov, having himself. about to strike Future 1. rv^6/ifi>o, rj, ov, himself. Future 2. rvireo^tvoQ, contr. TVTroviJ.(vog,rj, ov, about to strike one's self.^ or struck Aorist 1 . Tv^dfievo^j rj, ov, striking having himself. Aorist 2. rvTrofjievoc,, TJ, ov, striking or having struck himself. [NOTE. Grammarians have assumed a second future in the Active as well as in the Passive and Middle Voices. We have given these in the paradigms, marking them with an obelisk (t). But no such forms actually exist in this voice.] 37. FORMATION OF THE TENSES. I. AUGMENT. The Imperfect and Aorists of the Indicative Mood, and the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Third Future of all of the Moods, receive an increase at the beginning, whichfris called Augment. Of this Augment there are two species, known as the Syllabic Augment and as the Temporal Augment. The Syballic Augment consists of a syllable or syllables pre- fixed to the Verb. The Temporal Augment is formed by lengthening the first syllable of the Verb. In most Verbs which begin with a Consonant, the Syllabic Augment is used in the Imperfect and Aorist Tenses, and it is formed e to the Root TVTTTW ITVKTOV. by prefixing ; as, Imperfect, In Verbs which begin with a Vowel, the Temporal Aug- ment is used in all of the Past Tenses, and it is formed by lengthening the initial Vowel if it be short, or by leaving it unchanged if it be long. The Temporal Augment a and e into and o into w lengthens 77, ; as, $w Imperfect, rjcW. REDUPLICATION. In the Perfect, the Pluperfect, and the Third Future, Verbs which begin with a Consonant repeat this Conso- nant before the Syllabic Augment, and such repetition is 54 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. called Reduplication. In the Pluperfect the Syllabic Aug- ment is before the repeated Reduplication ; as, TUTTTW Perfect, T-e-rvtya Pluperfect, COMPOUND VERBS. Verbs compounded with a Preposition take their Aug- ment the and the Verb between Preposition ; as, t) Imperfect, II. THE ROOT. The Root of a Verb is composed of those letters which undergo no change in inflection throughout every part of the Verb. The Characteristic of a Verb is the last letter of the Root. In regular Verbs, the Characteristic is the letter which immediately precedes the termination of the Present Indicative Active Voice in In Tense, Mood, ; as, y Ae'yoj. many instances, however, the Root is modified by the in- of a letter or letters before the termination terposition ; is TVTT. as, r in Tirnrit)) where the Root Commonly the Root may be found by striking off from the Present Indicative Active the letters which follow the Characteristic. The remainder will be the Root, either unchanged or as modified by the rules of Euphony; as, Xe'yw Characteristic, y Root, Xey. TVTTTW Characteristic, TT Root, TVTT. Verbs are Pure, Mute, or Liquid, according as the Char- is a a or a acteristic Vowel, Mute, Liquid ; as, t is a Pure Verb rtw Characteristic, ; TT is a XC/TTW Characteristic, Mute Verb ; is (nrelpu Characteristic, p a Liquid Verb. ETYMOLOGY. 55 SECONDARY ROOT. In the Perfect, Pluperfect, Aorist, and Future Tenses, the Root is found to be, in some Verbs, a shortened form. These Tenses, when formed from this shortened Root, are called the Second Perfect, Second Pluperfect, Second Aorist, Second Future. These are not distinct Tenses, but merely different forms of the same Tense. The shortened root is found in the Lexicon, and the Tenses are formed by adding their re- spective terminations to it, as exhibited in the Second Aorist Active and in the /Second Perfect Active. III. SPECIAL RULES FOR FORMATION OF THE TENSES. ACTIVE VOICE. Present. Add -w to the strengthened Root if it be X'TT-W. strengthened ; as, and add -or to the Root Xtnr- Imperfect. Augment ; as, 1st Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -a to the Root if the Characteristic is a Labial or a Palatal ; add -ra in all other cases XaV-w \e-\eur-a R. ; as, ; =\Xei(j)a (6, 16). 2d Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -a to the modified as found in the Lexicon XEITT-CJ XOITT Root, ; as, ; ; \ XOITT a. 1st Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug- ment, and -iw to the Root, if the Characteristic is a Labial or a Palatal add -KEIV in all other cases ; ; as, XaV (6,R, 16). 56 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 2d Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug- ment, and add -v to the modified Root as found in the 2d Perfect; as, Xenr-w; Xot?r; eXeXotVeu/. o-w to XftTr XetTr-o-w^ 1st future. Add the Root ; as, w; XV/ (6, R. 5). 2 d Future. Add -tw, contracted w, to the shortened Root Xenr-w XITT as found in the Second Aorist ; as, ; ; Xnrw.f IstAorist. and add -o-a to the Root XC/TT- Augment ; as, w eXetTT era ; = eXen^/a (6, R. 5). 2d Aorist. Augment and add -ov to the shortened Root as found in XITT t\urov. the Lexicon ; as, XaV-w ; ; PASSIVE VOICE. Present. Add -o/itu to the strengthened Root, if it be XW'TT-W strengthened ; as, ; \eiir-op.cu. Imperfect. Augment and add -o^v to the Root; as, XCITT it) I XetTT ; ofirjv. Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -/zcu to the Root Xenr w Ac XCITT ; as, ; fj.aiz=:\\eip,fjiai (6, R. 2). Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Augment, and add -p.rjv to the Root; as, XetV-w; c-Xe-Xc/Tr-^y^cXe- \EiHfiriv (6, R. 2). ls Future. Add to the Root XV-w XetTr- -drjcrofiai ; as, ; Oti(Top,a.L = \i(t)dfiffop,at (6, R. l). 2(7 Future. Add -qo-o/mi to the shortened Root as found in the 2 d Aorist Active ; as, XEITT-W; XITT; \urfi ffop,ai. 3d Future. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -o-o/zcu to the Root ; as, XC/TT-W; XfXe/7r-o-o/iatrr:XeX/i^o/zai (6, R. 5). 1st Aorist. Augment and add -617 v to the Root; as, X'TT-W; eXetyOriv (6, R. 1). 2c7 Aorist. Augment and add -rjv to the shortened Root as found in XC/TT-W XCTT the 2d Aorist Active ; as, ; ; ETYMOLOGY. 57 MIDDLE VOICE. if Present. Add -o/zai to the strengthened Root, it be Xenr w strengthened ; as, ; XctTro^icu. Imperfect. Augment and add -ofirjv to the Root; as, Xe/7r u) ; iXftTrofjiriv. Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -/zcu to the Xfnr-w R. Root ; as, ; XcXet/x/xcu (6, 2). Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug- and add to the Root XaV w ment, pjr ; as, ; eXfXaWrp'. 1st Future. Add -tro/icu to the Root; as, XetV-w; XeA//o- /i XITT; XtTToi/^cu.f 1st Aorist. Augment and add -o-a/iijv to the Root; as, Xcnr-w; fXei^afJLYiv (6, R. 5). 2d Aorist. Augment and add -o/z??j> to the shortened Root as found in the 2d Aorist XCITT-W Xt?r Active ; as, ; ; XtTT OfJUJV. EXAMPLES. 38. Let the pupil form each Tense in the following Verbs, giving Rules for all of the Euphonic Changes as laid down in 6. 1. T/oi, I honor. 58 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. \Aw, Ifold. ACTIVE VOICE. Parts divided. Parts combined. Present. Imperfect. t-irXiK-ov tTrXeicov Future. Aorist 1. t-TrXtK-a-a Aorist 2. t-7rXaic-ov tir\a.Kov Perfect. Pluperfect. Perfect 2. 7T-7rXo/c-a Pluperfect 2. MIDDLE VOICE. Present. irXtK-ojjia.1 Imperfect. i-TrXtK-Ofirjv Future 1. Future 2.f TrXa Aorist 1. i-7T\6K-(T-dfJiT]V Aorist 2. Perfect. Pluperfect. PASSIVE VOICE. Present. TrXsKOfiat Imperfect. Future 1. Future 2. Aorist 1. Aorist 2. Perfect. iriTrXeyfiat Pluperfect. Future 3. w, Ipersuade. Active. Middle. Passive. Present. Imperfect. Future 1. 7T-<7-U) Future 2. Aorist 1. t-TTEl-ff-d t-TTfl-ff-dfJUJV ETYMOLOGY. 59 Aorist 2. t-iri3r-ov iff- Perfect. irk-Trti-K-a Trk-TTtia~iiai ire-ire \LOLI Pluperfect. i-Trt-irri-K-tiv s-Tre-Trtiff-fjujv i-TTt-Trdff-iJLfjv Perfect 2. Tri~Troi$-a Pluperfect 2. i-ire-noiSr-iiv Future 3. Tre-nti-a-opai SPECIAL RULES FOR PURE VERBS. I. 39. Pure Verbs, whose characteristic is a or e or o, are contracted in the Present and Imperfect Tenses. II. The Tenses are formed according to the Rules given above ; but, (a) when a short vowel occurs before a con- it is into its own sonant, changed long ; as, 0tXcw ; 0tXc ; e a QiXriffu) ; (b) when or short doubtful vowel occurs before a Consonant in the Active and Middle Voice, the Verb in- serts ctXecj ciXiffit) 5 y 60 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. til ETYMOLOGY. 61 Ss.2 5 ^^SL .. IT! r? " " T rTrTrO O O %u S> s 5 " -f ? T i 'T 8 C 1-1 v A Z to ^ o > X 3-3-3-3- n t- ^ K K 33 - a =J. G ft?- I till! 62 wGREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 144- |r ? ?? Tff g I JJ-S-e. *^ s^ 1^ i. i- -i-.t ? J" ci s- ; fc I ^.3-1 tl * o o |i .2 2 11 ll s H Iff trllt \ P to 6 -a E b 3 l <2 ETYMOLOGY. 63 tl| fti! |lt T.TT! c> .j 64 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. ETY^IOLOGY. 65 ft S ^ a, S r, I 41 III C '3 -S '3 *S f 3 ^* Hi K * I- ** o ^ ,b o b s s v Itlili1 I'Jilili-'3-2=-= = 11-4.14 .1 S '3 ^ '3 G o o ~ 66 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. e e e e g i 11 -0 1'3 -2IIo -o o fifiii iittfi <<< g M gl P H S g 3 g a! A S P g|| || Jlllil ^ .. ^ ^ A a e- R- S" NMHR. B- i 4 ETYMOLOGY. 67 to " ST ST- Q 3- u o o o iH4HM 2. * R 1 R" a c" |. |. t> Oi t> ^> to ^> li ii v *S t> s to *s to ^3-2*3 i^S -Itl'l-l-l C N 3 * o o o e _. \ w p H S o * 1| l I C w CD * ^3, vu ^_ "*> 3_ ** * % ^3 . * a V 3|A|- V 3^3o V 3 4 .5 la 68 GKEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. LIQUID VERBS. 42. Liquid Verbs are those whose characteristic is a Liq- uid. In the formation of their Tenses, they differ from the Mute Verbs in the following particulars, viz. : I. If the strengthened Root of the Present is long, all of the Tenses excepting the Present and Imperfect are form- ed from the modified Root as found in the 2d Aorist and 2d Perfect. II. III. The First Aorist Active and Middle lengthen the short- ened and instead of aa and a Root, o-ayuqr, add and apriv ; Root TEW shortened Root rev as, TSIVU ; ; ; re-lengthened Root reiv'y 1st A. Active iretra ; 1st A. Middle IV. Verbs of two syllables in eivw, u'w and wu drop v before a Consonant; as, ravw; Root TW, modified Root rav; Perfect reraica. 43. EXAMPLES OF LIQUID VERBS. Srf'XXw, I send. Active. Middle. Passive. Present. crreXX-w errt'XX-o/zat (TTtXX-ofjLai Imperfect. f-errtXX-ov Future 1. Perfect. t-araX-K-a 70 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. VERBS IN fu. in 44. Verbs fit are formed from Pure Verbs in aw, w, ow, and vw, and are consequently of four forms, ending respectively in and rjpty T/JUI, w/a, vfjit. The following steps are taken in the formation of a reg- ular Verb in /a : I. w into Change /a ; as, /3aw; /3a/a. II. the Penultima Lengthen ; as, flaw 5 /3a/a 5 /3rjfj.i. III. Prefix the Reduplication. This consists of i with the initial Consonant when the Verb with a Consonant begins ; as, or of simply an aspirated t when the Verb begins with a Vowel or with the letters or or TTT -, as, fw; If/a ; ^f/a; tiy/a. oraoi 5 trrapt ', ffrrj/Jii 5 itmifju. / / / Trraw 5 7rra/a 5 TTT^IJLI ; t7rr7/a. 45. Verbs in /a have but three Tenses of this peculiar form, viz. : the Present, Imperfect, and 2d Aorist. The remaining Tenses are formed regularly from the Pure Verbs upon which they are built. The Present is formed above. The other two Tenses are formed as follows ; viz. : ETYMOLOGY. 71 IMPERFECT ACTIVE. Present into and the Change p of the v, prefix Aug- which remains un- ment, unless the Verb begins with t, changed ; as, L efi& y Imp. t ; Imp. SECOND AORIST ACTIVE. Drop the reduplication of the Imperfect unless the Verb or the i is begins with a Vowel, TTT-, or, when aspirated into the changed Augment ; as, c; Imp. i$i$w, 2d A. cwy. i; Imp. icmiv} 2d A. PRESENT, PASSIVE AND MIDDLE. Change pi of the Present Active into pai and shorten the Penultima ; as, t Sft ; Pres. Pass. IMPERFECT, PASSIVE AND MIDDLE. of the Present into and the Change pat /xiyi/, prefix Aug- unless the Verb ment, begins with t, which remains un- changed; as, Sidopcu ; Imp. i$i$6/jir)v. v. Icrrapai ; Imp. tVra/zry SECOND AORIST MIDDLE. Drop the reduplication of the Imperfect unless the Verb with a with or begins Vowel, TIT, with or, when the aspi- rated t is into the changed Augment ; as, t y e$i()6fj,r]v 5 72 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. P ^ ^ -I P ^ b I- b t- 3 < Bi 11 $ 3 ^ fe s? ? ^ sJ b t- b b .3- ^ S E * t it <^a3'- ECO^ 0,'C III III 111 ill ETYMOLOGY. 73 47. TABLE OF INFLECTIONS. ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Iplace Iput I give I show ti8 IffTCLTOV T&iTOV Ci^GTOV Ci'lKVVTQV IffTOTOV T&tTOV dlOOTOV StlKVVTOV ri&ffitv cido[Jin> dtiicwfltv T&tTt didoTe dtiKwre Ti^icun^v) c?t^oacr/(j') deiKvv(i0i(i>) Imperfect. S. tTi&ijv idiSwv tdtiKvvv tdtlKVV D. idtlKVVTIJV P. GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. SU15JUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. S. iffrys IGTIJ D. lGTt]TOV T&i]TOV IGT^TOV T&tJTOV P. VtlKVVWJJLtV Aorist 2. OTW inflect- && inflect- da> inflect- dun) inflect- ed like the ed like the ed like the ed like the Present. Present. Present. Present. OPTATIVE MOOD. Present. tffraiijc term?/ citiotrj D. didoirjTov tlKVVOlTOV larairjTt CtlKVVOlTE larairjaav Ti$rfii](Tav ^ StlKVVOltV Or thus : D. iffTalrov iffraiTfjv Aorist 2. GTair]v inflect- Sttrjv inflect- coirjp inflect- ed like the ed like the ed like the Present. Present. Present. ETYMOLOGY. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present. S'.'toTu.ji_~ci., or i oTty or St'iKvv ioToroo T&'tTU dlCUTU) StlKVVTd) T&fTOV difioTOV StlKVVTOV Aorist 2. 3-ari or 3-6 c^o3( or < GT)]TUJV P. OT^7 CVTt durcoaav or crravrwv or Sivnov or < or SUVTWV INTFIXITIVE MOOD. Pres. forayac Aor. 2. (7rm/ai Stivai covvai duvai PARTICIPLE. Pres. i(rrc Aor. 2. orf 3-it't; dove dug PASSIVE! AND MIDDLE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. or riSy 'iGrarai ri&Tat StdoTftt otiKWrai 'izTClVTCU T&tVTCU FiCOVTCU Ct'lKVVVTa 70 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. Imperfect. S. iGru/uHiv 'iGTUGO idiooao or 'IGTCO or ir& or ididov 'iGraro 1 7/3*6 TO tcidoTO tdt'lKVVTO D. P. iriSevro tllKWVTO Aorist 2 Middle. iffranqv t^rsfjirjv tdopjv i^L Imperfect. Imperfect. Imperfect, t SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. t(TT: IffTtJTCtl TlStJTCtl D. Ti3riJG&ov P. TiSruvTCii cidisJVTai Aorist 2 Middle. like the like the like the like Present. Present. Present. OPTATIVE MOOD. Present. S. (TTCllfJlT]V dtdolo SeiKvvoto T&tLTO ETYMOLOGY. D. Iffraiu&o lilKVVOLG^OV T&llVTO Cld( dKl'VClVTO Aorist 2 Middle. like the like the like the Present. Present. Present. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present, S. \GTCKJQ or Y0TW or riSov or ciccv P. VcTTrtl or i or T&wSuv or &, Or ()tlKVVG$WV Aorist 2 Middle. GTUGO ^t'cTO or 3oi; dcffo or ov like the like the like the like Present. Present. Present. CL(KVVGO. INFINITIVE MOOD. Pres. ; A. 2 M. PARTICIPLE. Pres. 'iGTUfuvoQ A. 2M. GTClUtVOZ EXERCISES IN FORMATION. Let the pupil form all of the Tenses of the following Verbs according to the foregoing Rules. Verb. Root. Aorist 2 Root. Perfect 2 Root. cepK capK 78 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. Verb. Root. Aorist 2 Root. Perfect 2 Root. Xey Xey Xoy (TTJ7T ffaTT (T)J7C Oa\ Oa\ OrjX a yap ay(> ayop /3a 48. TABLES OF THE SYNOPSES AND INFLECTIONS OF CER- TAIN IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE VERBS. Efp, to be. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Singular. Dual. Plural. f t iffTi //.', or a, terror, earov tcr/^6^, tare, dai Imperfect. Singular. Dual. Plural. Imperfect Middle. Singular. Dual. Plural. F/lifl') 1l IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present. Singular, Dual. Plural. i or tdo, torw tcrrov, tGTiov tTrf, torajcr OPTATIVE MOOD. Present. Singular. Dual. Plural. t'irjroi', tifinjv Future. Singular. Dual. Plural. ETYMOLOGY. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. Singular. Dual. Plural. <^> yc, y IjTGV, fjTCV INFINITIVE MOOD. Present. Future. Present Participle. WV, OlHJCl, VV E7^it, to go. ACTIVE VOICE. Present Tense. Singular. Dual. Plural. ti tro^ 'irov Indie, efyii tit; or HGI 'ITS lei or lam Suly. i'w o?c n; \r\rov trjrov 'h]TE 'ihJffl i'ot 'ioirov Opt. foijui rote; ioirrfv wire 'ioitv Imper. i'S't irw 'irov "iTWV ITS 'iTwaav Infin. livat Part, iwi/ lovaa iov Gen. iuv-oq iovcrjc, etc. INDICATIVE MOOD. Imperfect. or Sing, foiv or ya ytig r/ffffS-a ?jti Dual foiTov or ?JTOV ytiTrjv or IJTTJV Plur. fietufv or y yiT or ?JTE r^eaar, Ion. yicav to "lEfjiai, hasten. MIDDLE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. -TCll Present t'-fjut j etc. -(TO etc. Imperfect L-E^V , ;t, to send. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Singular. Dual. Plural. v, t-f, hlt Imperfect. irjv, "irjc, Future 1. tTOV. (TOV 0/jKV, (T(, OVfTL 80 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. Aorist 1. Perfect. Pluperfect. TJKCl HKrt tlKtLV Aorist 2. Singular. Dual. Plural. or tijJLtV) art, tiaav IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present. Singular. Dual. Plural. 'i&ij Uraj 'itTOV, ikruv 'itrs, ikrwcav Aorist 1. Perfect. Aorist 2. OPTATIVE MOOD. Present. Singular. Dual. Plural. T iti-ijv, rjc, r\ r\TOVy rjrTjv "n^Wi ?1 t) tfffav Future 1. Perfect. fycroi/y.i f'/K:otjUi Aorist 2. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. Singular. Dual. Plural. iw, ly, \y itjrov, I^TOV iwptv, irjre, iwcrs Perfect. tlK-UJ) %C, y 1JTOV, r\TOV (il/MV, 7}TE, COffl Aorist 2. , wat , y, y ijrov, i]rov w//fi>, ?)rf, INFINITIVE MOOD. Present. Future 1. Perfect. Aorist 2. PARTICIPLES. Present. Future 1. itic, iuGa, ikv ?;(T(0 ETYMOLOGY. 81 Perfect. Aorist 2. 'iv tiQ 9 dea, PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Singular. Dual. Plural. t'f-jUrtt, GCtl, TCIL Imperfect. ie-f,i?]v, (TO, TO H&ov, Perfect. c$ov v, a$ov, H&a, (7.9-f, VTO.I Pluperfect. tl-p]V, (TO, TO Future 3. Aorist 1. Future 1. tVfTOjltat and t&nv MIDDLE VOICE. Present and Imperfect like the Passive. Aorist 1. , . Plural. Singular. t .Dnal. Future ]. f.Tai fjo--o/irtt, y, op&ov, ecSrov, taSov 6/u$a, fo-3'c, ovTai Aorist 2. tro tij.ii]v, zero, tfji&or, ea&ov, tad)]!' t/j.&a, taSe, 'ivro IMPERATIVE MOOD. Aorist 2. Singular. Dual. Plural. OPTATIVE MOOD. Future 1. Singular. Dual. Plural. Ol-pllV, 0, TO &ov, G$OV, oSrrjv Aorist 2. &ov, crSov, aSrrjv D2 82 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Aorist 2. Singular. Dual. Plural. INFINITIVE MOOD. Future 1. Aorist 2. PARTICIPLES. Future 1. Aorist 2. Tr'jGufjitv-o(;, rj, ov tfitv-og, rj, ov a^at, to lie down. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Singular. Dual. Plural. Imperfect. j/ro i-fjLrjv, (TO, ro iu2rov, c$ov, v$r,v f.i&a, (73-6, Future 1 . o/uSrov, taSov, taSov c/if3a, fa^f, ovrai IMPERATIVE MOOD, Present. Singular. Dual. Plural. KH(TO, KtiaSrio Kcladov, KeiaSwv KuaSe, KtivSua OPTATIVE MOOD. Present. Singular. Dual. rinral. toi-fjiijv, o, TO fji&ov, (ToS-oi/, a$r,v ji&a, (r3-f, vro SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. Aorist 1. INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Present. Present. KU.O'ZCU Kcifiiv-oCi ^7) ov ETYMOLOGY. 83 84 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE. IMPERATIVE. Perfect Trkfyarai TritydaSu INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. v-oc, ?;. cv MIDDLE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Aorist 2. Singular. Dual. Plural. VTO ^d-fjirji'y (TO, TO n&ov, c$ov, (jdrjv p&a, (7.3-f, IMPERATIVE MOOD. Aorist 2. Singular. Dual. Pliirr.!. (pdcr-o, 3"w S'o)^, &d)v 3", S'uxrav INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Aorist 2. Aorist 2. ic:ilv-Q, ?/, cv Ol^a, I know. ACTIVE VOICE. Present. Singular. Dual. Plural. Ind. olSa oiaSa oZ^f (^) 'IGTOV 'iarov \G^V 'ivrt 'ia eidw *'( e^' Subj. tidys ti\h - Opt. etde'irjv tidtirjQ eiddrj, etc. - ia$ri ifffu "KJTOV 'ivrcov - ('ors 'LG Imp. Inf. eidtvai Part. iow^ -tia -o^- Imperfect. Att. Sing, ydctv ydtiQ (jfaur&a, ydtya&a) ?/^6i, Att. ^y Dual - ydeirov y&ftnjv Plur. -; !- ! ydeire (or ^ort) ijdeiaav (or yvavj DEPONENT VERBS. 49. A Deponent Verb is that which under a Middle or Passive form has an Active or Middle meaning. ETYMOLOGY. 85 SYNOPSIS OF THE DEPONENT VERB I receive. ) Indicative. lufiu. I Part. | | | Subjunctive. Optative. Imper. Present -OlfJLfJV Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Future M. wanting wanting or. 1 M. -w/itti -at -ctcr3*at -OLfJitVOQ Fut. 1 P. wanting wanting -ofjit Aor. 1 P. x&'M -erjv -J]TL -lie Future 3 wanting wanting ADVERBS. 50. Adverbs are words joined to Verbs, Adjectives, and sometimes to other Adverbs, for the sake of modifying or : their meaning;. PREPOSITIONS. 51. Prepositions are words 'used to express the relations between Nouns and other words which precede them. Properly speaking, the Greek language has eighteen Prep- ositions. They are : ajjityl, around. Kara, down. am, on. /if-a, after. avr'i, instead of. Trapa, along. air6,from. Trep/, around. 2ia, through. Trpo, before. as, to. Trpoe, towards, ex or e, out of. GUV, with. ev, in. i/TTtp, over. sir/3 upon. VTTO, under. 80 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. PAET III. SYNTAX. 52. Syntax teaches the way in which words are ar- ranged in Sentences, and in which Sentences are com- bined together. Sentences are either Simple or Com- pound. A Simple Sentence is one which contains only one Subject and one Predicate. A Compound Sentence is a combination of two 01 more Simple Sentences. Every Sentence contains a Subject and a Predicate. The Subject is that of which something is affirmed. The Predicate is that is affirmed of the which Subject ; as, 'ASravcLTOQ ianv ij ^v%ir}, The soul is immortal. is ka- In this Sentence, // i/w^) the Subject and aQavaros TIV is the Predicate. The Subject of a Sentence is always either a Noun in the Nominative Case, or some word or words represent- ing a Noun in the Nominative Case. The Predicate is cither a Verb alone, or a Verb in con- nection with other words which are dependent upon it. The relations of the words in a Sentence to each other are regulated by the following Rules, viz. : RULE I. 53. A Noun modifying the meaning of another Noun, and the same is in the same case denoting thing, put ; as, 'S.wKpdrrjQ o ^i\o'(7o0oc, Socrates the Philosopher. Ill the example given, (ptXcvofog modifies the meaning of Sw.vpun;?, denoting the same person, and is therefore put by Apposition in the same case. When the modifying Noun denotes a different person or thing, it is put in a different case. RULE II. 54. Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, Participles, and the Article agree with their Nouns in gender, number, and case ; as, Avijp (7o0oc, or 2o0o ctvt'ip, A wise man. '\\ To tfjLtij Trarpi, my father. TLapwv o KvpoCj Cyrus being present. Eyu> aroXjiioe f'A"? I am timid. (a) If the Adjective refers to two or more Nouns, it is put in the plural number, and in gender prefers the Mas- culine before the Feminine, and the Feminine before lac Neuter. in (b) A Collective Noun the singular commonly has its Adjective in the plural. Article TO is a Demonstrative (o) (l) The 6, //, originally Pronoun, and in Homer occurs only as such. In later Greek it generally corresponds to the English definite " article the" and is used either to specify a single object or a class. (2) When employed to designate a single object above others of the same kind, it is called the Individualizing Article. When employed to designate a v/hole class of objects, it is called the Generic Article. (3) The Article is not used when a substantive express- es an idea in general; e. g., Oeug. the divinity; o Oec'c, a particular god. The Predicate has no Article e. (4) generally ; g., Kf>po tyiveTO [3aai\tvQ rwv Tlepcwv, Cyrus became king of the Per- sians. KCLE III. 55. The Relative Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in and the case is determined gender, number, person ; by the construction of the clause to which it belongs:O 7 as,"7 Ot (T-pciTL(u-ai MV iif>x*i The soldiers whom he commanded. In this example, the Relative wi> agrees with its ante- 88 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. cedent orpartiDrai in gender, number, and person, but its case is determined by ?lp^e, which is construed with the Genitive. (a) Very often the Relative agrees with its antecedent in case also; it is then said to be attracted into the case of the antecedent ; as, ^Ivv rcuQ vavalv CIIQ %, With the ships which, lie had. Here UIQ would regularly be in the Accusative Case as the object of el^E, but is attracted into the Dative by its antecedent vavv\v. (b) On the other hand, the antecedent is often attracted into the case the of Relative ; as, OVK olaSa Knowcst thou not the fjioipaQ ?;c rvxiiv avrijv xpaOj/ ; fate which she must meet? KULE IV. 56. A Verb agrees with its subject nominative in num- ber and person ; as, Eyw Ae'ycu, I say. , (a) Two or more nominatives singular take the Verb in the plural, the First Person being preferred to the Sec- ond, and the Second to the Third. (b) Sometimes a Verb, with two or more nominatives of different numbers and persons, agrees with one of them, and is understood with the rest. (c) The nominative of the neuter plural takes a Verb in the singular number. (d) A Collective Noun in the singular may take a Verb in the plural. (e) A dual nominative may take a Verb in the plural. RULE V. 57. Any Verb may have the same case after it as before it, ivhen both words refer to the same thiny ; as, 'Eyw cr'/u didd(7Ka\oc, / am a teacher. SYNTAX. 80 SYNTAX OF THE CASES. THE GENITIVE. 58. The Greek Genitive performs some of the functions of the Latin Ablative as well as those of the Latin Geni- tive. It properly, therefore, has two general significations, viz., (1) Possession, wherein it corresponds to the English Possessive Case and Latin Genitive and ; (2) Separation, wherein it corresponds to the Latin Ablative. RULE VI. 59. A Noun limiting the meaning of another Noun, and denoting a different person or thing, is put in the Geni- tive ; as, To T&ntvoQ TCV Seov, The temple of the god. In the example given, Qzov limits the meaning of rfpevoc, " and confines its application to this word. It is the tem- ple" not of man nor of any other creature, but specifical- ly of God. 60. A Noun, limiting the meaning of an Adjective for the purpose of farther specifying its meaning, is put in Genitive the ; as, Tpificuv \~TTIK~IQ, Skilled in horsemanship. RULE VIII. 01. Nouns, Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, and Ad- verbs denoting a part, are followed by a Genitive deno- the ting whole ; as, 'Efcaor?; TUV TroXewr, Each of the states. Oufittg r&v ndpaiciwv, No one of the young men. Ilov on earth f y// ; Where The words thus limited are usually Partitives and words used Partitively, Comparatives, Superlatives, In- terrogatives, and some Numerals. 90 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. RULE IX. 62. Adjectives of plenty or want arc followed by the Genitive ; as, MfOTt> GopujSov, Full of confusion. RULE X. G3. The Comparative Degree, without a conjunction, is followed the Genitive by ; as, KpaVrwv TOVTOV, Superior to this man. RULE XI. 64. Verbs signifying an operation of the senses, except- that of are followed the Genitive ing sight, by ; as, K\v8i uov, Hear me. Verbs of hearing govern the Accusative of the tliirg heard, but the Genitive of the person or thing making the sound. RULE XII. 65. Verbs denoting an operation of the mind are fol- lowed the Genitive by ; as, KoMpov avvin[jn, I understand the dumb man. RULE XIII. 66. All Verbs denoting origin or possession are follow- ed the Genitive by ; as, "E RULE XIV. 67. All Verbs are followed by the Genitive when their action does refer not to the whole object, but to a part only ; as, " T Memx nQ *jO/, They shared in the festival. RULE xv. GS. Verbs signifying to abound and to be dentitnto, to SYNTAX. 91 to fill, deprive, tc separate, to cease, and to depart from, are followed the Genitive by ; as, dXAr/X(uv, They separated from each other. RULE XVI. CO. Verbs of Ruling, and the contrary, are followed by the Genitive ; as, Ap%tiv rfJQ orpartttC) To rule the army. Verbs fall under this rule which signify to rule, to reign, to lead, to preside over, to survive, to surpass, to begin, and their contraries. RULE XVII. 70. The price of a thing, the crime and the punishment, arc the Genitive expressed by ; as, 'Qvijffaprjv Trivre dpaxfji&v, I bought it fo? five drachmcc. RULE XVIII. 71. Certain Adverbs denoting time, place, and quantity, aro followed the Genitive by ; as, IToi) yTiQ fifii ; Where on earth cm I? RULE XIX. 72. The Genitive is used to denote the material of which is made any thing ; as, Xa\/coD TTotlorrat, They are made of brass. RULE xx. 73. Time when and the place where are sometimes ex- the Genitive pressed by ; as, he not at ? Oi>x "ApytoQ ?iev ; Was Arrjos Ttjs VVKTOQ v'ifjiovTai, They feed at night. RULE XXI. 74. A Noun and a Participle, whose case depends upon no other word in a Sentence, is said to bo in the Genitive Absolute; as, Trrf'r' ivfMX&Ti, Koj/fe*f>o uTfjar^yoii rcc, These things were done when Conon was general. 92 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. THE DATIVE. 75. The Greek Dative, like the Genitive, discharges some of the functions of the Latin Ablative. It is the case of the Indirect Object, being thus distin- guished from the Accusative, which is the case of the Di- rect Object. It is used to denote the end towards which any thing tends, or the thing for which any thing is done. RULE XXII. 76. Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verbs are follow- ed by the Dative denoting the object or end to or for a or is done which thing is, ; as, 'Boifitiv ry Trdrpa, To aid the country. HoSreivbc; TOIQ tAci, Dear to his friends. RULE XXIII. 77. Adjectives of likeness and unlikeness, friendliness, fitness, equality, and nearness, are followed by the Da- tive; as, "\Kt\oQ An, Resembling Jvpiter. RULE XXIV. 78. Verbals in roc and rlog are followed by the Dative; as, ov tcri This is not to le Touro pr]rov JJLOI, spoken by me. RULE XXV. f are 79. 'Etp, IVy vo/zcu, and Y7rapxw followed by the Da- tive denoting the possessor, the thing possessed being the of the Verb subject ; as, ds tial TptiQ juot SvyarptCj I have three daughters. RULE XXVI. 80. Verbs signifying to favor, to please, to trust, and their contraries also to ; assist, command, obey, servo, re- SYNTAX. 93 and bo are followed tlio Dative sist, threaten, angry, by ; as, 'E(3ofj&t)ff roi "EXX?;<7i, lie assisted the Greeks. RULE XXVII. 81. Impersonal Verbs are followed by the Dative; as, "Edo&v avnfy It seemed best to Id in. RULE XXVIII. 82. A Noun denoting the cause, manner, means, and in- is in the Dative strument, put ; as, JLuvoia TOVT tTTOirjfft, He did this from good will. in this Tourip r< rpoTTtf) fi\$ov, They came manner. T< his sword. ('0ti t7raraf, He struck with RULE XXIX. 83. The Dative is sometimes used to denote the place where and the time when occurs any thing ; as, 'AtyiKovro nj 7T.c:?rry I'l^spa, They arrived the fifth day. > RULE XXX. 84. The Interjections ot, w, fw, and oval arc followed by the Dative ; as, O? juoz, Woe is me! THE ACCUSATIVE. 85. The Greek Accusative is the English Objective. ]jt is the case of the Direct Object. It designates the per- son or thing actually reached and affected by the action of the Verb. RULE XXXI. 83. The Direct Object of an Active Verb is put in tho Accusative Case ; as, Tbv 'Ax/XXsa r//4J? RULE XXXII. 8 7. An Intransitive Verb may be followed by an Ac- cusative of kindred to its signification own ; as, MdxtvOat fJLaxnv, To fight a battle. 94 GllEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. RULE XXXIII. 88. The particular part or circumstance referred to aft- er a general affirmation is put in the Accusative for t!u sake of specifying or more fully explaining the word which it follows ; as, To (Tw/^a iikyciQ iiv,IIe was large in person. Tbv daKTvXov a\yu,He is distressed in hisjinycr. QovKvdldrjQ rovvoua, Thucydides by name. 2<;po ri]v Trarplcja, A Syrian as to his country. Haiei ue TO VOJTOV, He strikes me on the back. AlaQtQovai TI dXAgXara', They differ somewhat from each other This is called the Synecdochical Accusative. It is of frequent occurrence in the Latin Poets, and is there de- nominated the Greek Accusative ; as, Nudus membra, with bare limbs. The same principle sometimes applies to the Genitive and to the Dative. RULE XXXIV. 89. Tha Particles and are the Accu- pa vi'j followed by sative; as, N/} rev IIo(7ac)w i\w <7, Ey Poseidon, I love thee! RULE XXXV. 90. After Verbs expressing or implying motion, the name of a town or other place in which the motion ter- minates is in the Accusative put ; as, earnest to *E/3acr 6/;/3af , Thou Thebes. RULE XXXVI. 91. Nouns denoting duration of time or extent of space are in the Accusative put ; as, Af/ca trrj Koi^vrai, They sleep tc years. RULE XXXVII. 92. Any Transitive Verb, together with the Accusative, may take a Genitive, or a Dative, or another Accusative for the of further its purpose explaining meaning ; as, ' Yfuv ijyfftovcq; c^wtrw, I will give you guides. SYNTAX. 05 () Verbs of accusing and the like take the Accusative of the person and the Genitive of the crime. (Rule XVII.) (b) Verbs of hearing and the like take the Accusative of the thing heard and the Genitive of the person making the sound. (Rule XL) (c) Verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking away, take the Accusative of the Direct with the Dative of the Indirect Object. (Rule XXII.) (d) Verbs signifying to ask, teach, take away, clothe, conceal, and some others, take two Accusatives, the first of a and the last of a as person thing ; (illustrating the last four rules), *E/it dfft(3tiag kypctyaro, He accused me of impiety. 'HKOVCTS TOV ayykXov ravra^ lie heard these things from the messenger. 'T7ri(T%vOjUot ffoi dtica TaXavTa, Ipromise you ten talents. Qt](3aioug xpriftctTa ?jTrjcrav, They sought money from the Thebans. their AifidffKOVGi TOVQ TTouSaQ <7(n>(f)oo(jvvr]v, They teach youths probity. Tt Troifjvoj avrov; What shall I do to him? RULE XXXVIII. 93. When a Verb in the Active Voice is followed by two cases, the Passive Voice takes after it the latter of the two ; as, jMrti i:\G7Ti], I am accused of theft. RULE XXXIX, 04. Some Derivative Adverbs arc followed by the same case as their primitives ; as, 'A%io)g iavrov t*prjKe,He has spoken worthily of himself. RULE XL. 05. Conjunctions commonly connect similar Moods and Cases; as, 'Av&ff-ri Kcd tlTTcv MO,He rose up and spoke as follows. 96. Prepositions in Greek are followed by the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative Cases. 90 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. The Accusative, in connection with the Prepositions preceding it, designates the Object upon which, over which, towards which an action extends, as well as the termination of the action itself. The Genitive, with its Prepositions, designates the source of an action as regards place, time, and cause. The Dative designates a connection of a more exter- nal character, generally answering the questions where ? when ? RULE XLI. (a) The following Prepositions can have only one case after them, viz. : ac and we, the Accusative. EK avri, a?, (e), and Trpo, the Genitive. tv and GVV (fuj'), the Dative. (b) The following Prepositions can have two cases after them, viz. : &a. the icara, and {/Tre'p, Genitive and Accusative, dm, the Dative and Accusative. (c) The following Prepositions have all three of the ob- lique cases after them, viz. : aild tllC Cl/Z^t, 7T/, fJLETU, TTttpCf, TTEp/, TT^OC, V7TO, Genitive, tllC Dative, and the Accusative. (d) A Preposition in composition is often followed by the case as it same when stands by itself. E. g., 'YTTEptveyKovrtQ rag VCIVQ rbv 'ivS/nov, Carrying the ships across the Isthmus. SYNTAX OF THE VERB. THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 97. The Indicative is used to affirm or to deny in both dependent and independent Sentences. It is the Mood employed to represent realities or facts; as, }J.yW)I say ; ol Xeyw, I do not say. SYNTAX. 97 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 98. The Subjunctive Mood expresses a conception of the mind, and is used, therefore, to denote that which may or can take place always referring to the present. It is employed : As a in the first (1) challenge person ; as, "lajfjievj Let us go. the in (2) With negative ^n prohibitions ; as, MJ) TOVTO TrotrjarjG, You ought not to do this. In doubt (3) questions implying ; as, i Ti 0w, What am I to say ? (4) In dependent Sentences, to denote that which may or can take place, when the preceding Verb is in the Present Tense ; as, Ayo> 'iv tidy G, I speak in order that you may know it. THE OPTATIVE MOOD. 99. The Optative Mood alone (i.e., without the Parti- cle av) is employed to express a wish that something may take place ; as, T O Tral yivoio 7rarpo evrvxtarepoQ, O boy, may you be happier than your father ! (1) With cu', the Optative is used to express that which occur might ; as, TOJJTO ykvoir dv, That might be. (2) In dependent Sentences, the Optative is used to de- note that which might, could, would, or should take place, when the preceding Verb is in a Past Tense. It is the Subjunctive of the Past Tenses. (3) In indirect discourse, the Optative (without av) is used to express something not as the opinion of the speak- but of another er, person ; as, 'Ot 'AQqvalot IIspiKXea iKciiciZov, on ffrpartiyog &v OVK t7rtdyoi tTTt TOVQ 7ro\/ztovc, 2 'he Athenians reproached Pericles because, being a gen- eral, he did not lead them out against the enemy. E 98 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. is to (4) The Optative used denote what happened oft- en^ when the time spoken of is past ; as, 'TTTEO^OV lixiv OTTOT tv dffTSt diaroi(3oij He had an upper chamber when- ever he staid in town. THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 100. The Imperative Mood is used to give utterance to a or a write command prohibition ; as, ypa^e, ; prj. Trparre, do it not. When a prohibition is to be expressed in the Second Person, either the Present Imperative or the Aorist Sub- junctive may be employed the former to express con- tinued'and general action, the latter to express momentary action steal forbids steal- and specific ; as, p/ n-XeVrt, not, like a command in the /cXe- ing generally, Decalogue: /JLTJ forbids some 1//77C, do not steal, stealing, specifically, desig- nated object. THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 101. The Infinitive is used merely to state the meaning of the Verb, without limitation of person or number. It is regulated by the following Rules, viz. : RULE XLII. 102. The Subject of the Infinitive Mood is put in the Accusative; as, is that should AH e/i \kytiVj It necessary I speak. RULE XLIII. 103. The Infinitive, either with or without the Neuter Article, may be used as a Verbal Noun, and hence become or the of another Verb the subject object ; as, <&tvytiv avToiQ aaQaXtartpov t' PARTICIPLES. 104. A Participle is a part of the Verb which expresses its meaning considered as a quality. It differs frohi an Adjective in conveying the additional idea of time. RULE XLIV. the case of their own Verbs 105. Participles govern ; as, the oracle. Ot TroXsfjiioL TO \oyiov eidortc;. The enemies knowing these TOVTWV ifiov dfOfjLivov, I being in want of things, NEGATIVES. in Greek are ov and 106. The Negative Particles /-t^, with their various compounds ovre^ ovdeig, ov^apwQ pyre, is to to decline. is nrfeis, pjc)ajuw. Ov used deny, p; Ov used in all direct statements, and in all direct questions when the answer expected is yes. M>) is used when the answer expected is no. Two Negatives in Greek generally strengthen the ne- gation. ACCENTS. 107. (1) The word accent has very different meanings in English and m Greek. In the former, accent means emphasis / in the latter, tone. In English, the accented syllable is pronounced with more force and stress ; in Greek, the sound of the same is uttered in a higher or a lower In the accented is in key. English, syllable long ; Greek, either long or short. English accent has reference to strength or feebleness / Greek accent, to the rising or falling of the voice. (2) The purpose of the accents was to fix the pronunci- ation of the language, and to -assist foreigners in the ac- quisition of the same. Hence the ancient Greeks, though, of course, regarding them in oral intercourse, made no use of them in writing, as is shown in the works of Aristotle,, in ancient inscriptions, and in antique medals. It is. not 100 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. precisely known when they were first employed in writ- ten Greek. Some authorities attribute the introduction of the present mode of accentuation to Aristophanes of Byzantium, about two hundred years before Christ. (3) Besides their importance in aiding us to pronounce Greek with euphony and rhythmical propriety, a knowl- edge of the accents is practically useful in enabling us to distinguish between words which are spelled alike, but have different significations. Of these, four hundred be named e. : might ; g. Noyuoc, a pasture, and No/ioc, a law. Tie, any one, and Tig, who ? which ? what ? "Opoe, a mountain; 'Opoe, whey ; and"Opoc, a boundary\ (4) The Accents are threes in number, viz. : The Acute (de7a 7rpoe The Grave (/3ape7a Trpoo-wS/a) Q, as, Tu/ee. The Circumflex (Trepto-TrwyueV?? 7rpo The Acute Accent (') shows that the syllable thus marked must be pronounced with a sharp or raised tone, i. e., one slightly elevated above that used upon the other syllables. The Grave Accent Q shows that the syllable thus marked must be pronounced with a low tone. It, how- ever, simply denotes a negation of accent, and is not writ- ten at all unless it stands in place of an acute, which oc- curs in every Oxy tone not immediately followed by a * pause. The Circumflex Accent (~), from Trepi-crTrwpevog, twisted around, alluding to its form, shows that the syllable thus marked must be pronounced with a tone commencing upon a higher key, but terminating upon a lower. This accent is made up by a combination of the other two, thus (6o)r=w, and denotes a winding ana. prolonged tone. (5) Every Greek word must have one, and can n ever SYNTAX. ' 101 , have more than one principal accent. Itfdne but one of the last three syllables admit any accent at all. Of these three, the Acute may stand oh any one of the three, the Circumflex only.on one of the last two, the Grave on the last only. (6) A word having the Acute Accent upon the last syl- lable is called Oxytone ; as, Trapd, dni, fiafftXevs. A word having the Acute Accent upon the Penult is called Paroxytone ; as, Xe'yw, Qaivw. A word having the Acute Accent upon the Antepe- nult is called Proparoxytone ; as, \eyerat, eiirere. (7) A word having the Grave Accent over the last syl- lable is called Barytone. This being unwritten, the term is applied to all words which have no accent on the final syllable. (8) A word which has the Circumflex Accent upon the last syllable is called Perispomenon / as, a-yaSov^ GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING THE ACCENTS. 108. (1) The Acute stands on long and short syllables alike, the Circumflex only on such syllables as are long by nature ; i. &, upon such syllables as have either a long or a vowel, a, I, v, ?/, w, Diphthong. (2) If the last syllable is long by nature, the Acute Ac- cent can not stand on the Antepenult nor the Circumfh x on the Penult. 102 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. (3) A word ending with a short syllable has : The Acute on the (a) Antepenult ; as, Xvwpeda. The Acute on a short Penult (b) ; as, \E\VKOTOQ. The Acute on the last (c) syllable ; a^, \e\vKog. The Circumflex on a Penult (d) long ; as, \e\vKv~tav. (4) A word ending with a long syllable has : The Acute on the (a) Penult ; as, XeXvKorwr. (b) Either the Acute or the Circumflex upon the last \e\vKviwv. syllable ; as, \e\vKujg ; The last if (5) syllable is, accented at all, generally ac- cented with the Acute, except : Contracted (a) syllables ; (b) the Genitive Plural of the First Declension ; (c) the Genitive and Dative of the Ar- ticle, and of all Nouns of the First and Second Declensions which are in the Nominative the Oxytone ; (d) Vocative of in Nouns cue; (e) and many naturally long monosylla- bles all of which take the Circumflex Accent upon the last syllable. (6) Compound words have the Accent on the Penult, as far as is consistent with preceding rules. (7) The Accent is variously modified by changes in the word itself, as well as by its connection with the other words in the sentence e. becomes Bar- ; g., every Oxytone ytone when followed by another word, so that the Grave takes the place of the Acute. (8) In Contracted words : (a) if the contraction occurs in the middle of the word, the syllable formed by con- traction takes no accent if none of the contracting sylla- bles had it. If either of the syllables contracted had an accent, the contracted syllable in the Penult and Antepe- nult is accented by (3) and (4). The contract ultima if it takes the Acute the ultima had before contraction ; it Circumflex, Ox- otherwise take^the (b) With Elision, ytone Prepositions and Conjunctions entirely lose the ac- cent; all other kinds of words throw it upon the previous SYNTAX. 103 syllable as Acutes. (c) With Crasis, the accent of the first word is lost ra but Parox- ; as, ayaQa=TayaQa ; when ytones change the first syllable by Crasis into one long by nature, this takes the Circumflex; as, kirra ^aavtitT flaw, there were seven. (9) Prepositions consisting of two syllables, excepting ap^i, fJLOV pol fJLE (70V (TGI ff OV O ffwiv and (c) The Indicative Present of e/p, I am, and of Second Person el and say, excepting Singular y^g. TTOV (d) The Indefinite Adverbs or iroQi, TH/, trot TTOTt, 7TWQ, and 7TOJ. Particles vv KE (e) The ye, re, rot, or vvv, or KEV,^CL or apa, $1 a Qi]v, KEp and (as demonstrative appendage, meaning towards). (11) In these words the accent is thrown back accord- ing to the following principles, viz. : (a) A preceding Oxytone before an Enclitic retains the which serves also for the Enclitic Acute, ; as, ayafloV n, lie something good ; O.VTOQ $K\ if of one loses its accent if of syllable, ; two syllables, re- tains that upon the last; as, rjoi iron, If any ever says to me. Enclitics retain their (13) accent: (a) when standing first in the sentence when made after ; (b) emphatic ; (c) Elision. (14) Atonies, sometimes called Prolitics, are words without accent, their own having combined with the fol- lowing word. The following are Atonies, viz. : (a) 6, ^f, 01, cu, cases of the Article. (b) eV, eg or etc, K or t, w, Prepositions. (c) co, we. Conjunctions. ov (d) The Negative or GI/X. (15) Atonies are accented: (a) when ending the sen- tence when followed an which ; (b) by Enclitic, throws back its accent. (1 6) The place of the Accent in the Nominative Case of Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives can only be ascertain- ed from practice and use of the Grammar and Lexicon. The accent as varied in the Oblique Cases may be deter- mined by the preceding rules. back their ac- (1 7) As a general principle, Verbs throw cent as far as possible, with exception of dpi and ^pi It is hence termed recessive, because it is placed as far from the ultimate syllable as the quantity of that syllable will allow. FINIS. w// ' . THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. QEC 20 LD 21-95m-7,'37 T b UU I 796411 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY