DOCSLIB.ORG

Indirect Disoourse

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indirect Disoourse DISSERTATION 0N INDIRECT DISOOURSE AN'I'II’H'UN, 1\N,I)()(J’II)I*JS, AND IJYSIAS. I’rcscnlml la l/Ic Furl/NJ] and 19mm! of I'szilors of ”/0 l'nircl'sil‘z/ of Viryim'w for Nu: degree of Doctor of [’l/ilwaj;/2_1/, BY n" .. J'.’ . '\‘ LL” Moss. \l \VASIIINGTON, I). (J. Jlmh «k lh-z'l‘va-nmclc, [’mx'mcns. 1.901. U Va U. Va. Doctoral Dissertation \9‘ k../ can 73:: 7:.;".'_fl;.:_. PREFACE. This work was begun as a treatise on Indirect Discourse in Antiphon and Andocides ; Lysias and . Xenophon’s Anabasis were added for comparison. The lists of verbs and the statistics for (77: and (be clauses and Indirect Questions are exhaustive. The remaining treatment is so nearly complete in the orators that we trust the few omissions will not vitiatc any of the con- clusions (1 mm. It has not been deemed necessary to note facts that present no peculiarity, such as the usual phenomena after primary tenses, and the retention of the Optativc and Indicative with fiu after secondary tenses. The Historical Present is treated as primary or secondary, at the option of the writer. ‘44.: Covallin’s work on O. O. in Xenophon and other books ordered were not procured in time for consultation. Goodwin’s Moods “rm—V4. and Tenses, Madvig’s Syntax, and Schanz’s Beitriige have given xvi...“ valuable aid. Since the completion of this treatise an article has appeared in the Classical Review, Vol. XIV., Nos. 5 and 7, by II. Darnley Naylor, Ormund College, Melbourne University, entitled “On I. the Optative and Graphic Constructions in Greek Subordinate Clauses.” The interesting statement is made that interrogative sentences dependent on a verb of knowing or perceiving are not introduced by the simple interrogative pronoun n’s‘. INTRODUCTION. The parallel use of the Infinitive, the Participle, {In and «’29 with a finite verb in O. 0., and the freedom with which the Greek mind construed subordinate clauses from the time of speaker or narraior gave vivacity to Greek style and a wide range of phenomena to O. O. O. 0. may be divided aceordingto the cha actor of the leading verb into three classes: 1) Pure; 2) Partial; 3) Subjective. 1) PURE O. O.—The governing verb is one expressing thought or utterance." ‘ 2) PARTIAL O. O.———The governing verb states a fact involving or implying thought or utterance. 3) SUBJEcrIvn O. O.—Tbe governing verb does not imply or state thought or utte mice. The O. O. is shown by the contests, or by the mood of the dependent verb. Again, 0. 0. may be divided without serious cross'division upon the principle of vividness into a) vivid; 2)) less vivid; 0) remote. ' a) VIVID O. O.—Mood and tense are unchanged except where the Infinitive is required. The exact words of the speah'e' are quoted with slight variation. 7)) Less VIVID O. O.—Tense is unchanged. The mood, is changed to Op tative or Infinitive when required, accord- ing to well-known rules. The 0. 0. is modeled after a possible direct form. 0) REMOTE O. O.—-—The mood is unchanged. The 0. O. is stated from the time of the nar aim, or without reference to a direct form. The imperfect and I’luperfect sometimes represent the Present and Perfect of a possible direct form. This occurs both in leading and subordinate O. O. verbs. It is quite common in leading clause after verbs of knowing and perceiving; rare after verbs of saying. Ar. Vesp. 283. .:._:.:;.. 5 :-;..-..;;;..;L.-=‘.‘-. .__; An Aorist Indicative may be retained according to the prin- ciple of vividness or remoteness, since the view of the speaker and A.,ny-;_...:. of the narrator coincide with reference to the indefinite past. _ The frequent failure to note the following fundamental prin- ciple of Greek syntax has caused some error in the treatment of O. 0. As in Latin an ideal condition in a past connection takes the ,... Imperfect, so in Greek an anticipatory condition becomes Opta- .. ; tive. The principle may be stated generally thus: A future temporal or conditional relation dependent on and letting its time from a past situation is written in the Optative. This includes the well-known phenomenon of past gene'al conditions; but past situations may be particular as well as general. This principle and that of O. 0. often coincide. In fact it seems to be the more general, the genus to which 0. 0. maybe referred as a species. To attempt to read 0. 0. into sentences where it prevails is often successful, though frequently unneces- sary, and, sometimes, f 'aught with calamity. Sec Lys. ‘[3, 7], Dem. [18, 32; 18, 1-5.5]. Dem. [18, 145] is treated by Goodwin, Moods and Tenses, §696. “ 068’ in (Mullen/7‘7 59:25:74}; 52 [1.57 Qty/hi ous‘ . €20,003); mmy’rrecs 75 7:62“; Philip saw that he could neither end nor escape the war unless, etc.” ‘ Ilnzrjasza is the mood and tense required by the nar 'ative and is absolutely independent of what Philip saw. This distinction between 0. O. and the more gene 'al principle will be useful in discussing partial O. 0. where the Imperfect and Plupcrfect occur side by side with the Optative in what seems a perfectly normal construction. See Time., 6, 29. “‘Eref/iog in, 54' [Air rou’rwv rt sip-felon), 65ng 6059115, 55 (3’ turn— luflaz’g, fipzaw.” . -—Moods and Tenses, § 701. This form of O. O. is not quotation, but representation. It allows the subordinate clauses to be retained in the same mood and tense, or to be stated in the past by the narrator. There is no need to treat one conditional clause differently from another in the example quoted ; both are objective. .v 0 w: l \ A Present or Perfect Indicative in such a connection is regu- larly retained or changed to Imperfect or I’lu perfect respectively. It may be questioned whether we ever have the Indicative changed to Optative in such a connection. We find that rela— tive sentences, because of their declarative nature, readily adapt themselves to the nar'ator’s view and change the Present and Perfect Indicative to Imperfect and Plupcrfect, instead of changing to Optative. This occurs not infrequently after verbs of saying in pure 0. 0., and seems to be the rule in partial O. 0. There is quite a difference between a relative clause in the Imperfect representing part of what was said and a simple explanatory relative clause introduced by the nar-ator. Sub- ordinate clanses in O. O. changed to Imperfect or I’lupcrfect, other than relative clauses, are comparatively 'are. We find one in continued 0. 0., Ken. Anab., 5, 7, 34-; one after the ob- jective verb euuszoémz, Xen. Anab., 1, 5, 9; and Goodwin quotes two, M. and T., §09 1, with pure verbs of saying. The two examples from the Anabasis need no explanation. The shift from speaker to narrator is natural and easy to feel. The examples quoted by Goodwin are seemingly quite irregular, and it seems scarcely sufficient to say that they are thrown out of 0. O. Customary action in Greek has a strong tendency to remain in the Indicative, and it is doubtless due to this fact that the clauses'quoted by Goodwin are represented by the nar 'ator instead of following the rule of O. 0. It is our opinion that clauses so represented still form a part of O. 0. They are not quotations, but statements by the narrator of the substance of what was said. This is the regular construction in English. There is a striking diiferenee between representing a clause from the time of the narrator, and treating it as entirely independent of O. 0. Thus in Xenophon’s Anabasis, 1,5, 9, 22’ no me. st'aw rev mils/luv 57.":sz is represented by the nar'atO' as a sort of afterthought. If it be thrown out of O. 0. it becomes a protasis to r7v and makes nonsense. “It was possible,” says Xenophon, “ for the man who paid attention to observe that the king’s empire was weak, if anyone made war quickly.” The statement of Xenophon is unconditional. The condition forms partof the observation. So much for the general subject. .i.~_~—~u-nxmu=-W6Wnd “l If . I.——'/0rn and (3S Clauses. §1. Antiphon. 1. Verbs with 6’72. dlifilou slur/.1 :‘vtlunairrdru moi-505w dvrzlnrtfieflm énarréllsw apolz’rsw ataflrivarrtlaz ém’rrrurrtlru amigawsw ‘ ' lsyszv l monsw - ’— yer/airway heath/Cysts rszmjpuw slum shite/u (Lemonade: ‘ queue/uh sum. ‘Y 2. Verbs with (7)9. «inelistzvbvac villi/tezsw 13/)st alruZa‘flac émtlszzvdwu zarelaaprupefu 81)}.06'1 Zéfsw 3. 8n Clauses after Secondary Tenses. 13 Cases: Optative, 9 ; Indicative, 4. a. Optative.— Present, 3: 1, 11; 1, 15; 6, 38. Fat-are, 2: ['19, 4; 5, 50. Aorist, 4: 5, 33; 5, 39 bis; 6, 21. b." Indicative Unchanged—172: 5, 54. e. Indicative Changed from Pres. to Int/L, 3 : l, 8 ; 1, 15 ; 6, 32. Examples 1, S ; 1, 15, will be noted under the full treatment of verbs of AhtO’lUliNfl, etc. 6, 32—,u1/fprppag éflvovru (71': Utility Ilz'zamv . 7;?“3‘270—— demands some notice. find-nu may be regarded as an. original Imperfect, but this seems a somewhat forced explanation. The (i. O. is only partial. The (in clause is stated. as a fact. [Mi/)TU/Es‘ éréuuyru implies §,ILIL‘I)?I'J/I”qfl'mv but is not equi ralent to it.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Internal Structure of Nouns, Nominals, and Gerunds: an Analysis of Their Relationship and Representation1
    The Internal Structure of Nouns, Nominals, and Gerunds: An Analysis of Their Relationship and Representation1 MARCUS BERGER University of Georgia [email protected] Abstract: Spectrums of lexical categories in languages are well-documented phenomena. Some constructions are “nounier” or “verbier” than others, though they might not fit purely into the cat- egories of nouns or verbs. While these middle-ground constructions are recognized in the literature (see Ross 1973, e.g.), their representation is less studied in modern frameworks. I build on Ab- ney’s (1987) dissertation concerning the DP in English, and place it into a Minimalist framework. In doing so, I propose the insertion of nominal and verbal projections at varying points in the syn- tactic hierarchy to represent selected nominal constructions, based on parallelisms in the hierar- chical structures of nominal and verbal structures. Though the parallelism is not exact, I propose a dP projection to aid in the symmetry, presenting evidence to complete the spectrum on the nomi- nal end. My investigation maintains the universality of nouns and verbs while providing an analy- sis of nominal forms using preexisting categories. 0. Introduction With regard to the grammar of language, it is important to consider every type of construction with a mindset of “everything in its place, and a place for every thing.” That is to say, it is not enough to analyze only constructions that fit neatly into a pre-existing framework. It is necessary to account for the entire grammar of a language. In this paper, I analyze different types of deverbative nominal structures alongside purely nominal structures.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to the Knowledge of Greek Grammar
    AN * INTRODUCTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE or GREEK GRAMMAR. By SAMUEL B. WYLIE, D. D. IN THE WICE PROVOST AND PROFESSOR of ANCIENT LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. *NWTIET 16). <e) - \ 3} f) iſ a t t I pi} f a, J. whet HAM, 144 CHES NUT STREET. 1838. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1838, by SAMUEL B. Wylie, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. ANDov ER, MAss. Gould & Newman, Printers. **'. … Tº Co PR E FA C E. CoNSIDERING the number of Greek Grammars, already in market, some apology may appear necessary for the introduction of a new one. Without formally making a defence, it may be remarked, that subjects of deep interest, need to be viewed in as many different bearings as can readily be obtained. Grammar, whether considered as a branch of philological science, or a system of rules subservient to accuracy in speaking or writing any language, embraces a most interesting field of research, as wide and unlimited, as the progres sive development of the human mind. A work of such magnitude, requires a great variety of laborers, and even the humblest may be of some service. Even erroneous positions may be turned to good account, should they, by their refutation, contribute to the elucida tion of principle. A desire of obtaining a more compendious and systematic view of grammatical principles, and more adapted to his own taste in order and arrangement, induced the author to undertake, and gov erned him in the compilation of this manual.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to the Greek of the New Testament by George L. Cary
    P A 817 C3 1881 MAIN AN IMODJJCTION TO THE NEW TESTAMENT GREEK C AH Y. cc. \ / -J z&tfsrt^***- LI BRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA GIKT Accessions No, &_*&#: Shelf No. t* C332, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK OF THE NEW TESTAMENT, BY GEO. L. GARY, OF THE MEADVILLE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL. SECOND EDITION. ANDOVER: WARREN F. DRAPER, MAIN STREET. 1881. COPYRIGHT, 1878. BY GEO. L. CART ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE. 63 PREFACE. IT is believed that there are many persons (some of them students in theology) unacquainted with the Greek language, and with neither time nor inclination for the study of classical to read the Greek literature, who would nevertheless be glad aid of New Testament in its original tongue. For the such, is abso- this little work has been prepared. It contains what lutely necessary for the understanding of New Testament Greek, in what is omitting (or occasionally introducing brackets) appli- cable only to classical authors. Not that a familiarity with this book alone will enable one to read offhand the Greek New faith- Testament without further assistance ; but he who has " " fully studied this Introduction will then be in a situation to make use of more elaborate works. Perhaps the most helpful book to the beginner is "Bagster's Analytical Greek Lexicon," too helpful if mental discipline is sought, but not if one's only aim is to economize time and labor. To the advanced student (supposed to be already in possession of some good New Testa- " ment Lexicon), Buttmann's Grammar of the New Testament " " Greek (or Winer's Grammar of the Idiom of the New Tes- tament ") is almost indispensable.
    [Show full text]
  • Unity and Diversity in Grammaticalization Scenarios
    Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios Edited by Walter Bisang Andrej Malchukov language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 16 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Chief Editor: Martin Haspelmath In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. 11. Kluge, Angela. A grammar of Papuan Malay. 12. Kieviet, Paulus. A grammar of Rapa Nui. 13. Michaud, Alexis. Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. 14. Enfield, N. J (ed.). Dependencies in language: On the causal ontology of linguistic systems. 15. Gutman, Ariel. Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic. 16. Bisang, Walter & Andrej Malchukov (eds.). Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios. ISSN: 2363-5568 Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios Edited by Walter Bisang Andrej Malchukov language science press Walter Bisang & Andrej Malchukov (eds.). 2017. Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios (Studies in Diversity Linguistics
    [Show full text]
  • On Future 'Finite' Participles in Azerbaijani
    Asian and African Languages and Linguistics, No.14, 2020 On Future ‘Finite’ Participles in Azerbaijani* YOSHIMURA, Taiki ILCAA Joint Researcher In this article, I will investigate the morpho-syntactic characteristics of the future-tensed participle, the verbal form that includes the future tense suffix in Azerbaijani. It is not clear whether the future participle in the language originally had finiteness; neither is it clear whether it is an inflected word or an independent word, i.e., a word derived from the verb. I argue that a descriptive framework that allows cross-categorial classification between nouns, adjectives, and verbs, and which applies the so-called ‘null’ copula proposed by Kornfilt (1996) for Turkish to Azerbaijani, accounts for both finite and non-finite participles as a single lexeme. Although there are three types of tense in Azerbaijani, i.e., past, present, and future, this article concludes that the future tense is not an inflectional category: the definite past and present tense in the language are obviously inflectional categories, but the future tense happens to be realized as a participle derived from the verbal lexeme. Keywords: participles, derivation, lexeme class, Azerbaijani 1. Problems related to the Azerbaijani future ‘finite’ participle 2. Several assumptions for explaining the Azerbaijani participles 3. Analysis of the future finite tensed form in Azerbaijani 4. Conclusion 1. Problems related to the Azerbaijani future ‘finite’ participle Azerbaijani belongs to the southwest Turkic language group, and in many aspects the grammatical structure of the language is similar to Turkish, belongs to the same language group. As in other Turkic languages, Azerbaijani has agglutinative morphology in which two or more suffixes can be attached to the stem of a word, and typical head-final syntactic YOSHIMURA, Taiki.
    [Show full text]
  • Parameterising Germanic Ditransitive Variation: a Historical-Comparative Study Hezekiah Akiva Bacovcin University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 Parameterising Germanic Ditransitive Variation: A Historical-Comparative Study Hezekiah Akiva Bacovcin University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Bacovcin, Hezekiah Akiva, "Parameterising Germanic Ditransitive Variation: A Historical-Comparative Study" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2176. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2176 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2176 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Parameterising Germanic Ditransitive Variation: A Historical- Comparative Study Abstract This dissertation investigates the interplay of morphology and syntax in generating surface complexity and the universality of argument structure by analysing recipient ditransitives in Germanic. The ainm claim of the dissertation is that all recipients in Germanic are introduced as dative PPs in the specifier of an applicative phrase. This conclusion supports a strong version of Baker’s UTAH hypothesis, namely that there is no variation between natural languages in argument structure and that all surface variation is derived from transformations on a uniform underlying structure. In addition to arguing for the base generated structure of recipient ditransitives, this dissertation also explores transformations that apply to the base structure and show how these transformations are able to account for the surface variation seen both synchronically and diachronically in Germanic. Morphological variation in the form of allomorphy in the realisation of the dative P head is argued to cause the variation seen in Dative Shift (e.g. “John gave Mary the book” vs “John gave the book to Mary”).
    [Show full text]
  • Neg-Raising and Long-Distance Licensing of Negative Polarity Items
    Neg‐Raising and Long‐distance licensing of Negative Polarity Items Jack Hoeksema, University of Groningen 1. Introduction1 NEG‐Raising, or Negative Transportation, as it was originally called by Fillmore (1963), is one of the transformations familiar from early work in generative grammar. It was proposed to account for the fact that sentences such as (1) may be interpreted in the same way as (2) by lifting the negation out of the embedded clause into the main clause. (1) I don’t think it’s going to rain. (2) I think it’s not going to rain. Of course, there is also another reading, the matrix‐negation reading, which simply denies that the speaker thinks it is going to rain. For this reading, the negation need not be moved, but is generated and interpreted in the matrix clause. It was recognized early on that the rule of NEG‐raising only seemed to apply with a limited number of matrix verbs, such as think, believe, suppose. Verbs of saying, factive verbs and most other matrix verbs do not have a NEG‐Raising reading when negated: (3) Abe didn’t say he would come <> Abe said he wouldn’t come (4) Barbara doesn’t know class is cancelled <> Barbara knows class is not cancelled. (5) Chris did not hear that the bell was tolling <> Chris heard that the bell wasn’t tolling. The class of NEG‐Raising verbs does not seem to be random. To the contrary, in many languages the set of verbs that show the ambiguity illustrated in (1) are by and large the same as in English (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • New Test Aj\1Ent Greek
    A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO NEW TEST AJ\1ENT GREEK WITH VOCABULARIES AND EXERCISES BY THE LATE SAMUEL G .. GREEN, B.A., D.D. AMIMYo./' Handbook to the Grammarefthe Greek Tesft<mlllt,' 'Handbook to Old Testament Hebrew,' ,t~. FOURTH IMPRES810N, 1on'!Jon THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY 4 BOUVBRIE STREET AND 65 ST, PAUL'S CHURCHYARD PREFACE THE request has frequently been made by teachers and students who have used the author's Handbook to tke Grammar of the Greek Testament for a Primer or Sum­ mary which might serve as an introduction to the larger work, and as an easy help to beginners in the language. The following pages are designed to meet the demand. The Primer contains an outline of the Grammar, both in Etymology and Syntax, sufficient for the earlier stages of the study, with graduated Exercises from the begm­ ning, and the needful Vocabularies. The rules of Syntax are given, for the most part, as they are wanted for the Exercises ; and the most important of them are sum­ marised in order at the close of the book. It is recommended that, as each section is mastered, the Exercises should be carefully written, and the accom­ panying Vocabulary committed to memory. For the most part, a Greek word once given is omitted in the succeeding Vocabularies; while at the end a general Vocabulary to all the Exercises, Greek-English and Eng­ lish-Greek, is given. References, where it seemed neces­ sary, are made throughout to the further explanations of the Handbook, the study of which, especially in the Syntax, should follow the use of this Primer.
    [Show full text]
  • 13 on Lexical Structure and Syntactic Projection
    13 On Lexical Structure and Syntactic Projection 1 INTRODUCTION A central assumption in generative grammar research on the relationship between syntax and the lexicon is that syntax is a projection of the lexicon. The structure of sentences is a refl ection of the lexical properties of the individual lexical items they contain. In the standard view, each lexical item is associated with a lexical entry that contains three kinds of informa- tion, as indicated in (1): (1) The contents of a lexical entry: a. Morpho-phonological information b. Semantic information c. Morpho-syntactic information: –syntactic category –subcategorization –theta grid (argument array, theta-roles, linkings) In classical theories of lexical structure, the morpho-syntactic component of a lexical entry consisted of a specifi cation of c-selection (or subcatego- rization) and a theta grid, specifying a given lexical item’s argument array, the thematic roles of its arguments, and the way these theta-roles are linked to the arguments. The lexical entries of fang ‘put’ and zhidao ‘know’ looked like (2) and (3): (2) fang ‘put’: a. [+V, -N] b. [+ NP PP] c. (x, y, z) d. (Agent, Theme, Location) (3) zhidao ‘know’: a. [+V, -N] b. [+ NP/CP] c. (x, y) d. (Perceiver, Theme) T&F Proofs: Not For Distribution HHuanguang 55thth ppages.inddages.indd 334747 88/20/2009/20/2009 11:29:26:29:26 PPMM 348 Between Syntax and Semantics In recent years, it has been shown that a lexical entry of this kind suf- fers from a problem of overspecifi cation, as there is considerable redun- dancy among the kinds of information provided.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Middle of Passive: Middle Voice in Modern Greek Vs
    MIT Spring 2014 1st Generals paper In the Middle of Passive: Middle Voice in Modern Greek vs. Passive Voice in English* Despina Oikonomou 1. Introduction The Passive Construction has been the focus of many studies in Generative Grammar that gave rise to great discoveries (Chomsky 1957, Bach 1980, Roberts 1987), and yet there is no decisive analysis of the syntax and semantics of the Passive construction (cf. Baker, Johnson & Roberts 1989, Collins 2005, Legate 2009, Bruening 2013). A further complication is that in many languages, the same morphology used for a prototypical passive construction is also used in structures that lack a passive meaning like verbal reflexives and reciprocals as well as anticausatives which have been analyzed as lacking an implicit agent. An example of such a language is Modern Greek (henceforth Greek). As it is illustrated below, the same morphology is used for a prototypical passive (1), for a verbal reflexive (2) and for an anticausative (3) (see Alexiadou & Anagnostopoulou (2004) and references therein)1: (1) O Nikos eksetaz-ete (apo ton giatro) The Nick-Nom examine-MM.Pres.3sg (by the doctor) ‘Nick is being examined (by the doctor).’ (2) O Nikos plen-ete. The Nick wash-MM.Pres.3sg ‘Nick is washing (himself).’ (3) I supa keg-ete. The soup-Nom burn-MM.Pres.3sg ‘The soup is getting burnt.’ If we define passive meaning as the presence of an implicit agent, then reflexives and reciprocals are not passives because the agent is explicit (the subject of the predicate is interpreted as both the agent and the theme) and anticausatives are not passive because they have no implicit agent.
    [Show full text]
  • TESIS DOCTORAL Verbs of Pure Chande of State in English Beatriz
    TESIS DOCTORAL Verbs of pure chande of state in English projection, constructions and event structure Beatriz Martínez Fernández TESIS DOCTORAL Verbs of pure chande of state in English projection, constructions and event structure Beatriz Martínez Fernández Universidad de La Rioja Servicio de Publicaciones 2004 Esta tesis doctoral, dirigida por el doctor D. Javier Martín Arista, fue leída el 25 de julio de 2007, y obtuvo la calificación de Sobresaliente Cum Laude Unanimidad © Beatriz Martínez Fernández Edita: Universidad de La Rioja Servicio de Publicaciones ISBN 978-84-691-1311-0 Verbs of pure change of state in English: projection, constructions and event structure Beatriz Martínez Fernández Doctoral thesis supervised by Dr Javier Martín Arista Department of Modern Languages University of La Rioja CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Research aims 1 1.2 Rationale 3 1.3 Working hypotheses 4 1.4 Chapter outline 5 Chapter 2. Literature Review 2.0 Introduction 11 2.1 Different approaches to lexical representation 12 2.1.1 Levin and Rappaport Hovav (2005) 13 2.1.2 Alsina (1999) 18 2.1.3 Lieber (2004) 20 2.1.4 Faber and Mairal (1999), Van Valin and Mairal (2001), Mairal and Ruiz de Mendoza (forthcoming 2007), Ruiz de Mendoza and Mairal (forthcoming 2007) 23 2.1.5 Pustejovsky’s generative lexicon 27 2.1.5.a Introduction: aims of the GL 27 2.1.5.b The generative lexicon: structure 28 2.1.5.c Event structure 29 2.1.6 Role and reference grammar 34 2.1.6.a The RRG’s system of lexical representation 34 2.1.6.b RRG’s event structure in comparison to GL’s event structure 40 2.2 Conclusions 43 iii Chapter 3.
    [Show full text]
  • A Greek Grammar for Beginners
    GIFT OF John H. Mee >$yit>& / A GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. BY WILLIAM HENRY WADDELL, // PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA. NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 1873. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by HARPER & BROTHERS, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. PRE FAC E. Tins book is an attempt to be precisely what its name imports nothing more, and nothing less. It is &"Gree7c Grammar for Beginners" The author has studiously avoided the insertion of a solitary word not absolutely essential. Such a book has been, for many years, a great desideratum a book which shall contain no notes, remarks, observations, "fine print" in short, to be marked by a teacher for omission, but only essential and elementary principles and paradigms, which are to be thoroughly memorized by the pupil, without any ex- ception whatever. The Grammar is designed to be committed to memory, from cover to cover, the first time the pupil goes over it. It is not, therefore, a Grammar of reference the world is full of such. It is a schoolboy's book, and intended for a schoolboy's use. Whether the author has succeeded in perfecting his wishes, and in giving expression to his many years' experience in teaching Greek, he leaves the public to decide, 796411 CONTENTS. PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY Page 9 The Greek Alphabet 9 Euphonic Changes * 11 Accents Punctuation ,. 15 PART IT. ETYMOLOGY 1C Some general Rules of Declension 16 First Declension 17
    [Show full text]