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Studies on Pacific Ferns, Part IV the Pteridophyte Flora of Pitcairn Island

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Studies on Pacific Ferns, Part IV The Pteridophyte Flora of Pitcairn Island G. BROWNLIE! ALTHOUGH THE FERNS of southeastern Poly­ PSILOTACEAE nesia have been described in several papers, no separate list has previously been provided for Psilotum nudum (1. ) Grisebach Pitcairn Island. The present paper outlines the Pendant on trees and shady rocks; not com­ details of a collection made there by Mr. W . H. mon . Widely distributed throughout Polynesia. Lintott of the Botany Department of the Uni­ Linrott 167a and 167b (C), Williams 3068 versity of Canterbury, and includes mention of (W), Twyford S.P. 129 (S) . other collections where these were available. When the changes which have occurred in the MARATTIACEAE indigenous vegetation are considered, it is re­ Angiopteris chauliodonta Copeland markable that, as well as finding all the other On damp hillsides in dense shade -" .I doubt­ species noted earlier, one species not previously fully retain this as a distinct species, and it may recorded from Pitcairn is included in the most be only a local form in which the sterile apices recent collection. of the pinnules are more toothed than is usual Of the 20 species listed, 15 are widespread in A . evecta. throughout Polynesia, and 2 others are prob­ Lintott 150 (C), Twyford S.P. 130 (S) . ably local derivatives of similarly widespread species. This large group represents the dom­ GLEICH ENIACEAE inant Malay-Papuan element found in decreas­ ing numbers of species from west to east in the Dicranopteris linearis ( Burm.) Undo tropical Pacific. Of the remaining 3, 1 species Gleicbenia linearis (Burm.) Clark. Brown, of Asplenium and 1 of Trichomanes are found B.P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 89, 97, 1931. in S.E. Polynesia and New Zealand, and are Copeland, D ec. Pap. B.P. Bi shop Mus. the only ones to which Copeland's ( 1938 ) ideas 14 (5 ): 52,1938. of an Austral group can be applied. The single Forming tangled masses on dry hillsides. species of Cyathea is related to ferns found in Widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics Rapa and the Society Islands. There are only 2 of the Old W orld with many recognized vari­ species recognised as endemics, and each of eties in S.E. Asia. It is probable that there are these may in fact be better regarded as varieties. also several varieties in the Pacific area, but Viewed as a whole, the pteridophyte flora of these have not been worked out. this region, Pitcairn , Rapa, and the Australs, Linrorr 163, 164 (C), Twyford S.P. 135 (S), appears to be merely an extension of that of the Williams 3038, 308 1 (W ) , Fosberg 11221 Society Islands. (K), Quayle N o. X (K) . Abbreviations: C, Departm ent of Botany , Uni versity of Canterbury; W, Dominion Mu­ HYMENOPHYLLACEAE seum, W ellington; S, Departm ent of Agricul­ ture, Suva, Fiji; K, The Herbarium, Royal Bo­ Tr ichomanes endlicherianum Pro tanic Gardens, Kew. Damp rocky faces in shady stream bed. This is the only record of a member of this family from Pitcairn , and as it appears to be fairly un­ 1 Department of Botany, Uni versity of Canterbu ry, Chri stchurch, New Zealand. Manuscript received Ap ril commo n, it has presumably been overlooked by 25, 1960. previ ous collectors. The specimens are some- 297 298 PAOFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XV, April 1961 what smaller than those from the Austral Is­ PandamtS. Christensen ( 1943) regards the Poly­ lands and New Zealand, but they have the char­ nesian-Asiatic forms as probably distinct from acteristic single row of elongated marginal cells. genuine African N. biserrata, but until a com­ The species is found in New Zealand, the Ker­ plete revision of the genus has been carri ed out madecs, Samoa, Fiji, Tahiti, the Australs, and it is preferable to retain the well-kn own name. Rapa. The distribution of the species in its widest lintott155 (C). sense is pantropic. Linrott 158 (C), Williams 3074, 3079 (W), PTERIDACEAE Twyford S.P. 59 (S ) , Quayle N o.1 (K) . Adiantum hispidulum Sw. N ephrolepis hirsutula ( Forst.) Pro In isolated clumps on dry slopes and in rocky Fairly common, particularly around clearings . crevices. All examples are considerably smaller Very variable in all its characters, often ap­ than those seen from the larger Pacific islands. proaching close to N . biserrata, although it is The species is widely distributed in the tropics usually smaller than that species. Distributed and subtropics from Africa to Polynesia and from tropical Asia to Pitcairn. south to New Zealand. Linton 169 ( C), Williams 305 1, 3078 (W), Lintott 152, 152b ( C), Tw yford S.P. 51 (S), Twyford S.P. 136 (S). St. John 15031 (K) . ASPIDIACEAE CYATHEACEAE T helypt eris uliginosa (Kze.) Ching Cyathea cttmingii Bak. Tree fern up to 10 ft. high, occurring in sev­ Dryopteris setigera (Bl.) Kze. Brown, B.P. eral places on the island. Elsewhere known only Bishop Mus. Bull. 89, 30, 1931. from the Australs, but C. rapensis and C. so­ On cleared banks along shady tracks. I have cietarum are very similar, if not identical. seen no fertile specimens of this fern from Pit­ Lintott 165 (C), Williams 3010, 3011 (W), cairn, and it appears to be relatively uncommon. Twyford S.P. 132 (S ), Quayle No.1 (K) , The species is widespread in the tropics and Cuming 1393 (K), Matthews No.7 (K), Fos­ subtropi cs from Asia through the Pacific to berg 11241 (K) , St. John 14978 (K). Pitcairn. Lintott 168 (C), Twyford S.P. 131 (S). DA VAlLIACEAE Rum ohra aristata ( Forst.) Ching Davallia solida ( Forst.) Sw. Polystichum aristatum ( Forsr.) Pro Brown, Common everywhere, creeping on the ground B.P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 89, 38, 1931. and as an epiphyte on old trees. Four local Copeland, Occ. Pap. B.P. Bishop Mus. 14 (5) : forms have been recognized in S.E. Polynesia 57, 1938. by Brown ( 1931), but the species is every­ Forming small patches under trees on hill­ where somewhat variable in degree of division side ridge of Adamstown. Brown was in error of the fronds and in shape of the indusia. It is in comparing specimens of this fern from Rapa distributed from Burma to Pitcairn. with New Zealand form s, for, although found Linrott 162 ( C) , Williams 3013, 3052 (W), in the Kermadecs, it does not occur on the Twyford S.P. 133,134 (S) , Quayle N o. X (K) , mainland of New Zealand. Distribution is St. John 15048 (K). throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Old World. Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Linrort 154 ( C), Quayle No. X (K), St. Common throughout the island underneath John 14969 ( K) . Ferns of Pitcairn Island-BRowNLIE 299 Cyclosorus parasiticus (1.) Farwell Lintott 159a and 159b (C) , Williams 3044 (W), Twyford S.P. 133, 134 (S), St. John Dryopteris parasitica (1.) Kze. Brown, B.P. 14976 (K) . Bishop Mus. Bull. 89, 22, 1931. Dryopieris dentata (Forst.) C. Chr. Cope­ ASPLENIACEAE land, Occ, Pap . B.P. Bishop Mus. 14 (5) : 56,1938. Asplenium nidus 1. Common everywhere in shady positions. The Common in one or two valleys and cultivated habit of these specimens is almost intermediate in local gardens. Widely spread throughout the between typical C. parasiticus and C. nymphalis, tropics of the Old World. but since the leaves are not fascicled it is better Linrotr 153 (C). to place it in the forme r species. I feel that Brown's recognition of a local variety based Asplenium obtusatum Forst. chiefly on characte rs of size is, however, un­ On rocks on the south coast, and in small sound . Widely distributed from tropical Asia caves. Always within or close to the spray zone. through the Pacific. The specimens are similar to those found on Lintort 156 (C), Williams 3049, 3076 (W), Rapa , the Australs, and other Pacific islands, Twyford S.P. 100 (S) . but are somewhat smaller than the typical state represented in New Zealand. Elsewhere the spe­ cies is found in Juan Fernandez and southern Athyrium polyanthes (Sol. ex Bak.) Copel. Chile, with closely related, if not identical, spe­ Diplazium polyanthos (Sol.) C. Chr. Brown, cies on Tristan da Cunha and Tasmania. B.P. Bishop Mus. Bull, 89, 55, 1931. Lintotr 170 (C), Williams 3083 (W), Twy­ Athyrium pitcairnense Copel., Occ, Pap . B.P. ford S.P. 71, 73 (S), Fosberg 11343 (K). Bishop Mus. 14 (5): 60, 1938 . Diplazittm harpeodes Moore. C. Chr., B.P. Loxoscaphe gibberosum (Forst.) Moore Bishop Mus. Bull. 177,76, 1943. Loxoscaphe gibberosttm var. pitcairnense Brown, B.P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 89, 67, Not common; found in isolated clumps in 1931. shady valleys. Much of the confusion concern­ ing the nomenclature of this species was cleared Common everywhere in deep shade. This spe­ up by Christensen (1943), but I prefer to fol­ cies shows so much variation in the degree to low Copeland in uniting Diplazium and Athyr­ which the leaf segmems extend beyond the ium. Copeland's local species falls within the sorus that I feel that Brown's varieties are dif­ range of the species as outlined by Christensen. ficult to maintain. It is found in the Pacific re­ Distribution is throughout the Pacific islands gion from Fiji to Pitcairn, but is absent from from Fiji to Pitcairn. Samoa. Limon 157 (C), Williams 3012,3053 (W), Lintott 166 (C), Cuming 1389 (K) , Mat­ Twyford S.P. 43 (S), Matthews unnumbered thews unnumbered (K). (K) , Cuming 1373 (K), Fosberg 11297 (K). BLECHNACEAE POLYPGDIACEAE Doodia media R. Br. Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) Ching Cyclopbores angustatus (Sw.) Desv. Brown, Fairly common on open ground and under­ B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 89, 93,1931. neath Pandanus. Distributed from Australia and New Zealand to Pitcairn, but absent from Sa­ Common on rocks in inland situations, and moa and Tahiti.
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  • Atoll Research Bulletin No. 298 Biology of Cook Islands

    Atoll Research Bulletin No. 298 Biology of Cook Islands

    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 298 BIOLOGY OF COOK ISLANDS' BIVALVES, PART I. HETERODONT FAMILIES BY GUSTAV PAULAY ISSUED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. AUGUST 1987 BIOLOGY OF COOK ISLANDS' BIVALVES, PART I. HE'I'ERODONT FAMILIES BY GUSTAV PAULAY INTRODUCTION The marine invertebrates of the Cook Islands are rather poorly known. Most of our knowledge of them comes from the following sources: the Manihiki Atoll Survey in 1960 (Bullivant & McCann, 1974), the Eclipse Expedition in 1965 (McKnight, 1972), the Cook Bicentennary Expedition in 1969 (Gibbs, 1972; Gibbs et al., 1971; Stoddart & Gibbs, 1975; Stoddart & Pillai, 1972), the Westward Expedition in 1971 (Devaney, 1972,1974; Devaney & Randall, 1973; Marsh, 1974; Randall, 1978), the NZOI - Royal Society Cook Islands Expedition (Grange & Singleton, 1985, but no studies on invertebrates yet), and a few additional studies (Banner & Banner, 1967; Paulay, 1984, 1985; Scoffin et al., 1985). Significant contributions to knowledge on the Cook Islands bivalve fauna were made by the Manihiki Atoll Survey (McCann, 1974), the Cook Bicentennary Expedition (Gibbs et al., 1975), and the Morgan shell collection of the Rarotonga Museum, a collection consisting primarily of Cook Islands specimens (uncritically listed by Stoddart & Gibbs, 1975). General scientific studies in the Cook Islands have been summarized by Stoddart (1975A). Since 1982 I have been studying selected marine invertebrates of the Cook Islands in an attempt to understand some of the effects of Pleistocene sea level fluctuations on the marine fauna of Pacific Islands. Among those studied were heterodont bivalves. I selected the Cook Islands and Niue'for my studies because they include several tectonically uplifted islands that in many ways mimic conditions presumed to have existed on most Central Pacific Islands during Pleistocene low sea stands.