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Jenis-Jenis Jamur Makroskopis Yang Terdapat Di Kawasan Hutan Simapetri Desa Sioban Kecamatan Sipora Selatan Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai

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Jenis-Jenis Jamur Makroskopis Yang Terdapat Di Kawasan Hutan Simapetri Desa Sioban Kecamatan Sipora Selatan Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai JENIS-JENIS JAMUR MAKROSKOPIS YANG TERDAPAT DI KAWASAN HUTAN SIMAPETRI DESA SIOBAN KECAMATAN SIPORA SELATAN KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI Herry Setia Putra, Abizar, Yosmed Hidayat Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan (STKIP) PGRI SUMBAR [email protected] ABSTRACT Macroscopic fungi is life organism that have not chlorophyll, same with plant because have wall cell and non-motile. Research on the types of macroscopic fungi have been done in forest areas Simapetri Sioban Village District of South Sipora Mentawai Islands. Simapetri forest areas have a fairly high humidity and low temperatures. This is because the forest area Simapetri have dense trees, saplings and shrubs. In addition, based on the results of the survey are found rotted wood so that the area is suitable as habitat macroscopic fungi. The research was conducted in May until Juny 2016, using descriptive survey with purposive sampling method. Sampling in the field using tracking in a radius of 20 meters to the left and to the right along the lines of research that have been determined. Identification of samples carried out in the Laboratory of Botany (Biology) STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat, Padang. The results of research that has been done in the forest area Simapetri found 30 species of macroscopic fungi belonging to the two classes, 5 orders, 15 families and 24 genera. Polyporaceae family is the most common families are 6 types of macroscopic fungi. Keyword: Macroscopic Fungi, Tracking Method, Simapetri PENDAHULUAN obat-obatan seperti jamur merang Jamur merupakan organisme (Volvariella volvacea), jamur kuping eukariotik yang tidak mempunyai zat hijau (Auricularia sp.), jamur payung atau shiitake daun (klorofil), memiliki berbagai bentuk dan (Lentinus edodes), jamur tiram putih ukuran, bersifat uniseluler dan multiseluler. (Pleurotus ostreatus) dan jamur kancing atau Jamur juga memiliki kemiripan dengan champignon (Agaricus bisporus) tumbuhan karena memiliki dinding sel yang (Hendritomo, 2010). Selain itu, beberapa mengandung zat khitin, namun jamur tidak jenis jamur memiliki peranan yang memiliki akar, batang dan daun. Jamur merugikan, bahkan bersifat racun yang memiliki sel reproduktif yang berkembang mematikan seperti Amanita sp. dan Coprinus biak dengan menggunakan spora cinereus (Gandjar, 2006). Beberapa manfaat (Tjitrosoepomo, 2005). dan kerugian jamur makroskopis yang Jamur makroskopis merupakan jamur berpengaruh dalam kehidupan makhluk yang bersifat eukariotik dan hidup sebagai hidup lainnya maka penting untuk dilakukan parasit dan saprofit. Jamur ini biasanya penelitian atau pengkajian mengenai jenis- ditemukan pada kayu tumbang yang telah jenis jamur makroskopis. lapuk, pada tumpukan sampah, sisa-sisa Kepulauan Mentawai juga memiliki organisme, tempat-tempat yang basah, suhu udara yang cukup rendah dimana suhu lembab dan tertutup dari cahaya matahari. berkisar antara 220C-310C dengan kelembaban Jamur makroskopis banyak udara berkisar antara 82% hingga 85%. Selain dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pangan dan itu daerah Kepulauan Mentawai bertopografi datar hingga berbukit dengan ketinggian sampling. Pengambilan sampel jamur kurang dari 400 m dpl (di atas permukaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metoda laut). Kepulauan Mentawai dikelilingi oleh penelusuran langsung di lapangan (tracking). lautan dimana sebelah barat berbatasan Alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian dengan laut lepas (Samudera Indonesia). Hal ini adalah stoples plastik, kamera digital, ini tentunya akan berpengaruh pada kondisi penggaris, kotak sampel, tali raffia, pisau suhu di daerah tersebut (BAPPEDA cutter, kertas label, soil tester, termometer, Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai, 2004). higrometer, baki plastik dan jangka sorong. Pulau Sipora adalah salah satu pulau di Bahan yang digunakan untuk pembuatan Mentawai yang memiliki kekayaan alam awetan basah adalah alkohol 70%. yang masih terjaga. Pulau Sipora dengan luas Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan 594,70 km2 memiliki ibukota kecamatan peninjauan dan penelusuran langsung di Sipora Selatan yaitu desa Sioban. lapangan. Jamur makroskopis yang ditemukan (Anonimous, 2010). di lokasi penelitian diamati, difoto dan Desa Sioban memiliki salah satu mencatat habitat atau tempat hidup dan ciri- kawasan hutan yaitu hutan Simapetri dengan ciri yang mungkin hilang setelah dilakukan luas ± 9.000 hektar dengan kelembaban yang pengawetan. Kemudian jamur yang memiliki cukup tinggi yaitu berkisar antara 82% struktur tubuh lunak kemudian direndam sampai 85% karena kawasan hutan ini dengan alkohol 70 % dan untuk jenis jamur memiliki pohon yang lebat, anakan pohon kering dimasukkan ke dalam kotak sampel dan semak-semak. Kawasan hutan ini masih yang telah disediakan. Di laboratorium, terjaga dari aktivitas manusia, karena dilakukan tahap pengidentifikasian dengan kawasan hutan ini dimanfaatkan sebagai menggunakan lembar identifikasi jenis yaitu kawasan berburu, mencari rotan dan sebuah gambar suatu species tumbuhan yang beberapa masyarakat telah membuka lahan disertai dengan nama tumbuhan tersebut pertanian. Selain itu, berdasarkan hasil survei (Tjitrosoepomo, 2005). Setelah dilakukan pada kawasan hutan ini juga banyak pengidentifikasian, jamur disimpan pada botol ditemukan kayu-kayu yang telah lapuk plastik dan ditambahkan alkohol 70 % dan sehingga kawasan ini cocok sebagai habitat ditutup dengan rapat. Setiap botol sampel jamur dan pada kawasan ini belum pernah kemudian diberi label yang berisi nama dilakukan penelitian mengenai jamur kolektor, nomor koleksi, lokasi pengambilan makroskopis. sampel dan nama jenis. Buku pedoman yang Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, digunakan dalam pengidentifikasian adalah maka penulis melakukan penelitian mengenai Alexopoulus (1996), Muzayyinah (2009), Jenis-Jenis Jamur Makroskopis yang terdapat Gembong Tjitrosoepomo (2009). Gandjar di Kawasan Hutan Simapetri Desa Sioban (2006), Hendritomo (2010). Kecamatan Sipora Selatan Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN dilakukan di Kawasan Hutan Simapetri Penelitian telah dilakukan pada bulan ditemukan 30 jenis jamur makroskopis yang Mei 2016. Sampel jamur makroskopis terdiri dari 2 kelas, 5 ordo, 15 famili dan 24 dikoleksi di Kawasan Hutan Simapetri di genus. Faktor lingkungan jamur makroskopis Desa Sioban Kecamatan Sipora Selatan, yang ditemukan di Kawasan Hutan Simapetri sedangkan identifikasi jamur makroskopis diketahui suhu udara berkisar antara 27oC – dilakukan di Laboratorium Botani Program 28oC, kelembaban udara berkisar 93% – 99% Studi Pendidikan Biologi STKIP PGRI dan pH tanah berkisar 6. Sumatera Barat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei deskriptif dengan metoda purposive Tabel Klasifikasi jamur makroskopis yang ditemukan di Kawasan Hutan Simapetri Desa Sioban Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai KELAS ORDO FAMILI GENUS SPECIES Hymenomycetes Agaricales Marasmiaceae Campanella 1. Campanella caesi Romagn Lentinula 2. Lentinula raphanica L. Marasmius 3. Marasmius suthepensis Wannathes 4. Marasmius haematocephalus (Scop.) Fr. Mycenaceae Mycena 5. Mycena galericulata S. Gray 6. Mycena overholtsii Solheim Agaricaceae Agaricus 7. Agaricus sp. Hygroporus 8. Hygroporus niveus (Scop.) Fr. Crepidotaceae Crepidotus 9. Crepidotus uber Fr. (Staude) Nidulariaceae Cythus 10. Cythus striatus (Huds.) Willd Physalacriaceae Flammulina 11. Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer Schyzophyllaceae Schyzophyllum 12. Schyzophyllum commune Fries Polyporales Polyporaceae Earliella 13. Earliella scabrosa (Pers.) Gilb. Hexagonia 14. Hexagonia tenuis (Hook) Fr. Polyporus 15. Polyporus arcularis (Batsch) Fr. Pycnoporus 16. Pycnoporus sanguines (L.) Murrill Trametes 17. Trametes sp. 18. Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd Ganodermataceae Amaroderma 19. Amaroderma longipes (Lev.) Torrend 20. Amaroderma sp. Ganoderma 21. Ganoderma applanatum (Curtis) Karst 22. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst Maripilaceae Hydnopolyporus 23. Hydnopolyporus sp. Meruliaceae Phlebia 24. Phlebia radiata Miller 25. Phlebia tremellosa Miller Stereopsis 26. Stereopsis sp. Lentinaceae Panus 27. Panus velutinus Fr. Phallales Phallaceae Phallus 28. Phallus indusiatus Vent. Lycoperdales Lycoperdaceae Calvatia 29. Calvatia cythiformis (Bosc.) Morgan Discomycetes Pezizales Sarcoscyphaceae Cookeina 30. Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) Kurtze PEMBAHASAN Kawasan ini banyak ditemukan scabrosa. Menurut Tjitrosoepomo (2009), jamur makroskopis dari famili jamur-jamur ini memiliki ciri-ciri pada Polyporaceae, yaitu sebanyak 6 jenis jamur umumnya berbentuk kipas atau setengah dari 5 genus yaitu Earliella, Hexagonia, lingkaran, tidak memiliki tangkai sehingga Polyporus, Pycnoporus dan Trametes. jamur ini melekat pada pohon atau kayu Adapun jenis jamur tersebut yaitu lapuk. Memiliki warna yang mencolok dan Pycnoporus sanguines, Trametes memiliki tekstur garis melingkar pada versicolor, Polyporus arcularis, Trametes tubuh buah. sp., Hexagonia tenuis dan Earliella Ditemukan 2 famili masing-masing dan famili Sarcoscyphaceae yaitu Cookeina memiliki 4 jenis jamur yaitu famili tricholoma. Menurut Tjitrosoepomo (2009), Marasmiaceae dan Ganodermataceae. famili dari jenis jamur ini memiliki ciri-ciri Menurut Muzayyinah (2005), jamur ini yaitu biasanya hidup pada daerah yang tergolong jamur perusak kayu, sebagian beriklim tropis, memiliki cara hidup sebagai besar menempel pada pohon yang masih saprobik, tumbuh pada kayu lapuk dan hidup, menyerang holoselulosa kayu dan sebagian hidup tanah yang mengandung meninggalkan residu-residu yang kaya akan humus
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