Period 6: 1865-1898. A. Explain the historical context for the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States. • Completion of Manifest Destiny in 1840s PRE 1865 • Breakdown of politics/society in 1850s PRE 1865 • Civil War 1861-1865

For other potential questions in this era, it depends when the question starts. The major events in order are: • Expansion West (1865-1900): Period 5 (Manifest Destiny/Civil War) is context • New South (1877-1960s): Period 5 (Reconstruction 1865-1877) is context • Gilded Age Business Expansion (1865-1900): Period 5 (Market Revolution) is context • Labor Conflict (1880s/1890s): Rise of Big Business 1865-1900 is context • Urbanization & Immigration (1870s-1920s): Period 5 (Market Revolution) is context

B. Explain the causes and effects of the settlement of the West from 1877-1898. • Causes: improvements in farming made farming easier (mechanization, plows, reapers), railroad network, government policy (Telegraph Act 1860, Homestead Act 1862, Pacific Railway Act 1862, Indian Wars 1870s-80s, Dawes Act 1887), urbanization (cities need food), American idea of new beginnings (Exodusters), immigration (Chinese, Irish, other groups) desire for wealth (farming/homesteaders, miners – gold, silver, coal, iron ore, oil, ranchers) • Effects: conflict w/ Native Americans for land and cultural control (bison destruction, Wars: Battle of Wounded Knee 1890, reservations, Dawes Act 1887, Carlisle School 1879), removal of Mexican Americans from land (Californios), boomtowns (Denver, Omaha), nativism (Chinese Exclusion Act 1882) farmers struggle and organize (overproduction of crops causes prices to go down, power of RRs & big business, Granger Movement 1870s/80s, Wabash v. Illinois 1886, Interstate Commerce Act 1887, Populist movement 1890s), economic expansion (RRs, farming, ranching, mining), urbanization (enough food for cities)

C. Explain how various factors contributed to continuity and change in the “New South” from 1877- 1898. • Continuities: agriculture (sharecropping, tenant farming, & cotton), racism (KKK, violence) o Middle: new ways the South was racist 1870s/80s/90s – segregation/Jim Crow & Plessy v. Ferguson 1896, voting restrictions: literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses • Changes: emerging civil rights movement: Wells (anti-lynching writer 1892), Washington (gradual changes, Tuskegee Institute 1882, Atlanta Compromise Speech 1895), DuBois (immediate changes, NAACP 1909); ideas of the New South (industrialization – was limited)

D. Explain the effects of technological advances in the development of the United States over time. • New Tech 1860 - 1905: Bessemer Steel 1855, refrigerated train car 1850s, internal combustion engine 1876, typewriter 1874, dynamite 1867, electric motor 1870, telephone 1876, phonograph 1887, light bulb 1880s, radio 1890s, X-ray 1895, motion picture 1880s, airplane 1903) • Access to new resources: iron ore (steel), lumber (building), oil (kerosene, gasoline), gold, silver, coal, more food (ranching, farming) • Continuities: market revolution & regionalization, mass production methods, growing transportation network (RRs), demand for cheap labor • Changes: industrialization (goods for other business – i.e. steel), new business organizations: trusts & monopolies, better communication

E. Explain the socioeconomic continuities and changes associated with the growth of industrial capitalism from 1865-1898. • Continuities: pro-growth government policies (high tariffs, open immigration, RR subsidies, anti- labor, low to no taxes, limited regulation); labor problems (wages, hours, safety, child labor); power of management (lockout, yellow dog contract, government assistance); improved standard of living for many Americans • Changes: new tech (see above); business consolidation (Carnegie & steel – vertical monopoly/integration, Morgan & banks – interlocking directorate, Rockefeller & oil – trust); marketing & advertising, greater foreign trade; unionization and labor conflict (Knights of Labor 1880s, American Federation of Labor/AFL 1886, big strikes – Haymarket Riot 1886, Homestead Strike 1892, Pullman Strike 1894– all fail)

F. Explain how cultural and economic factors affected migration patterns over time. • Internal migrations: westward movement (farming, ranching, mining); urbanization (jobs, new tech, new culture, problems) • International migration: New Immigration (S & E Europe 1880-1920 – Poles, Slavs, Italians, Russians; push factors – getting away from political & religious persecution, pull factors – jobs & freedoms), Asian Immigration (Chinese, nativism, Chinese Exclusion Act 1882), immigrants shape cities (neighborhoods, political machines, labor)

G. Explain the various responses to immigration in the period over time. • Debates over assimilation/Americanization – immigrants balance between their native culture (neighborhoods, language, foods, religion) & American culture (children) • Social Darwinism • Political Machines (Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed – NYC) • Jane Addams & Hull House 1889

H. Explain the causes of increased economic opportunity and its effects over society. • Small growing middle class (educated professionals, factory managers, clerical workers); might own their own homes and have time for leisure activities • Gospel of Wealth – philanthropy (Carnegie & libraries)

I. Explain how different reform movements responded to rise of industrial capitalism in the Gilded Age. • Critics of Gilded Age: agrarians (Grangers 1880s, Populists 1890s), utopians, socialists (Debs), Social Gospel (Protestant churches) • Role of educated women: Anthony, Stanton (NAWSA 1890), Willard (WCTU 1883), Addams & Hull House 1889

J. Explain continuities and change in the role of the government in the economy. • Laissez faire policy high tariffs, open immigration, RR subsidies, low to no taxes, no social welfare) • Emergence of regulation (Granger Laws by states to regulate RRs 1870s, Wabash v. Illinois 1886, Interstate Commerce Act 1887, Sherman Antitrust Act 1890, EC Knight v. US 1895) • Involvement in labor strikes (Homestead 1894, Pullman 1894, In Re Debs 1895)

K. Explain the similarities and differences between the political parties in the Gilded Age. • Both parties generally favored big business with some minor disagreements over tariff levels and currency policy; big business was able to influence/control? government, political machines dominated state & local governments • Grangers form Populist Party in 1890s; 1892 Omaha Platform (free & unlimited coinage of silver to ease debt, government regulation of RRs, political reforms, 8 hour day), lose in 1892 but do OK; 1896 Democrats adopt Populists & run William Jennings Bryan (“Cross of Gold”), loses to McKinley (R); many Populist ideas are later adopted

L. Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1865 to 1898. • Changes: industrialization & type of work, business organization, labor conflict, urbanization, New Immigration, government regulation?, new technology • Continuities: racial discrimination & conflict, South farms, immigration in general, nativism, regionalization, transportation networks, destruction of Native Americans, changes due to technology