“Steel True, Blade Straight”*: Arthur Conan Doyle, Joseph Bell and Ophthalmology

FEATURE “Steel True, Blade Straight”*: Arthur Conan Doyle, Joseph Bell and ophthalmology BY STEVEN KERR Steven Kerr of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh explores the medical career of Arthur Conan Doyle, his relationship with his mentor Joseph Bell and his fascination with ophthalmology. rthur Ignatius Conan Doyle was born modestly claimed to be little more than in Edinburgh on the 22 May 1859. By average academically, describing himself as the time of his death 71 years later “always one of the ruck, neither lingering nor Ahis name (minus the Ignatius) was gaining.” Nonetheless, he graduated MB and to become associated with some of the most CM August 1881 [2] and four years later added significant crime and adventure fiction the the advanced Doctor of Medicine degree world had ever seen. Today, almost 90 years [3]. More significantly though, it was during after his passing, Doyle remains among the his university years that the student doctor most admired novelists, and is celebrated took his first serious steps into the writing of around the globe as the creator of arguably fiction. In October 1879 he earned £3 from the the most famous fictional sleuth of all time, weekly Edinburgh magazine Chambers’ Journal Sherlock Holmes. for his short adventure story The Mystery of It is of course well-known that Doyle Sasassa Valley. This was followed that same trained and worked in medicine before turning year by The American’s Tale, Doyle’s first to his hand to writing professionally, although be published in the monthly London Society whether as a child Doyle himself had intended journal. to take either career path is debatable. Indeed, There is something pleasingly analogous in his 1924 autobiography Memories and about Doyle’s handwritten draft of The Adventures he recalls telling a schoolmaster of American’s Story (as Doyle’s initial title had his ambition to become a civil engineer, only it) and his gradual conversion from man of to receive the reply, “Well Doyle, you may be medicine to man of words, in that the story is Figure 1: Page 1 of handwritten draft The American’s Story. From the collections of The Royal College of Surgeons of an engineer, but I don’t think you will ever be written in a medical notebook. Entitled ‘Notes Edinburgh. a civil one.[1]” Later in the same book, Doyle on Medicine Session 1879-80. Compiled writes that (having returned to Scotland from from the Clinical Class from the infirmary schooling in Stoneyhurst, Lancashire) “It had wards, and from epitomes of the Systematic been determined that I should be a doctor class’, the notebook – acquired by the – chiefly, I think, because Edinburgh was so Library of The Royal College of Surgeons of famous a centre for medical learning [1].” Edinburgh in 2004 – includes revision notes While the description of Scotland’s capital is on the constitutional complications of gout, undoubtedly accurate, Doyle’s phrasing hardly treatments of rheumatism, and clinical details suggests a person in sole control of his destiny of named patients and their symptoms. at the time, although he would be acutely But it also has 30 pages dedicated to the aware of the sacrifices made by his mother, aforementioned short story (about the death Mary, to provide for her family despite the of Joe Hawkins in Montana (“Alabama Joe as alcoholism and increasing mental illness of he was called thereabouts. A regular out and her husband, Charles Altamont Doyle. outer he was, ‘bout the darndest skunk as ever Arthur commenced studies at the man clapt eyes on”) and a humorous poem University Medical School in 1876. He celebrating the Royal College of Surgeons of “It could be argued that almost as valuable to the degrees Doyle earned was his meeting certain lecturers, whose Figure 2: ‘The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh’ – handwritten poem by Arthur Conan Doyle. characters he found lent themselves very well to his literary From the collections of The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. creations” Eye News | OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2019 | VOL 26 NO 3 | www.eyenews.uk.com FEATURE Figure 3: Arthur Conan Doyle. Photographed by Herbert Rose Barraud, 1893. Figure 4: Joseph Bell in deerstalker. From the collections of The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Edinburgh itself, the second verse of which Edinburgh surgical family dynasty spanning to the new Department of Surgery in the reads: over a century-and-a-half [4]. Born in Royal Hospital for Sick Children in 1887. His ‘For there’s many a pickle in jar and in Edinburgh in 1837, he was schooled at the care of young patients was renowned, and pot; Edinburgh Academy and qualified MD from often to the disregard of his own well-being, The Examining fogies there have got; the University in 1859. Probably destined to illustrated by the time when – as a young And they want you to know the devil be a surgeon given his family history, Joseph practitioner – he contracted diphtheria from knows what; immersed himself in a life of medicine, a child patient [6]. In a diary entry from June At the Royal College of Surgeons.’ starting during his academic years when he 1864 Bell wrote: “Since Monday I have been served as President of The Royal Medical confined to bed with pretty bad diptheric A third short story, The Gully of Bluemansdyke Society of Edinburgh, one of the oldest sore throat...which I probably acquired by was published by London Society in 1881, the students’ societies in the world [5]. Like his direct contact from sucking child Brittain’s year of Doyle’s graduation. great-grandfather, grandfather and father throat.” before him, he was to become a Fellow of He had inserted a pipette into the child’s Joseph Bell The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, windpipe and sucked out harmful mucus Of his academic years, Doyle was to admitted in February 1863. He also served from the child’s throat, but in the process write in his autobiography that “There separate terms as Secretary and Treasurer of (and perhaps unsurprisingly) caught was no attempt at friendship, or even the same institution, eventually becoming diphtheria himself. The illness was to leave acquaintance, between professors and RCSEd President in 1887. In addition he Bell with a slight limp, noted by Doyle students at Edinburgh. It was a strictly edited the Edinburgh Medical Journal for over who was to describe his teacher as having business arrangement [1].” However, it 20 years. “a jerky way of walking.” That said, in the could be argued that almost as valuable In the operating theatre, Bell was an same description of Bell there is also the to the degrees he earned was his meeting outstanding paediatric surgeon, and was an suggestion of the classic image of Sherlock certain lecturers, whose characters he obvious choice to become the first surgeon Holmes, perhaps reminiscent of the screen found lent themselves very well to his literary creations. For example, there was William Rutherford, Professor of Physiology “Specific diagnoses based on deduction also came readily & Anatomy, and who partly inspired (both in physique and personality) the to Bell, who regularly used real patients with which to bearded, domineering zoologist Professor Challenger in The Lost World. But even more test his students, challenging them to identify ailments significantly, there was Joseph Bell. through simple observation and logic” Joseph Bell was the last of a great Eye News | OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2019 | VOL 26 NO 3 | www.eyenews.uk.com FEATURE Figure 5: Joseph Figure 6: Letter from Arthur Bell in FRCSEd Conan Doyle to Joseph gown. From the Bell, 4 May 1892. From the collections of The collections of The Royal Royal College College of Surgeons of of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Edinburgh. depictions by Basil Rathbone or Peter real patients with which to test his students, his specialty, Eugene claimed to have found Cushing. “He was thin, wiry…with a high- challenging them to identify ailments his wife in bed overcome by a gas leak. nosed acute face, penetrating grey eyes and through simple observation and logic. On However, Littlejohn and Bell discovered that angular shoulders [1].” one occasion he demanded a diagnosis of a in the preceding months Chantrelle had Joseph Bell’s early surgical career man with a peculiar limp, to which a nervous purchased large quantities of opium from had involved working as assistant to the student suggested hip-joint disease. Bell’s city pharmacists. They also traced a gasfitter legendary James Syme, and he also served response is truly Sherlockian. who had worked on the Chantrelle home two years as demonstrator in anatomy to “Hip-nothing! The man’s limp is not from his and who noted that the linguistics teacher John Goodsir, the distinguished anatomist hip, but from his feet. Were you to observe had expressed a curious interest in the credited as the first to introduce the closely, you would see that there are slits, workings of the house’s gas supply. Nor did compound microscope to Edinburgh. Both cut by a knife, in those parts of the shoes it go unnoticed that a large insurance policy Syme and Goodsir helped instil in Bell the where the pressure of the shoe is greatest was in place against Mrs Chantrelle’s life. importance of observation and attention against the foot. The man is a sufferer from Duly found guilty and sentenced to hang, to detail, and by the time he was appointed corns, gentlemen. But he has not come Chantrelle is said to have turned to the lecturer in surgery at the Extra Mural School here to be treated for corns.

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