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ASF Study Materials for

Sherlock Holmes adapted from 's play by Geoffrey Sherman

Director Geoffrey Sherman Study materials written by Set Design James Wolk Susan Willis, ASF Dramaturg Costume Design Pamela Scofield [email protected] Lighting Design Travis McCale Contact ASF at: www.asf.net

1.800.841-4273 1 Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman Welcome to

We know Sherlock Holmes. He looks like Benedick Cumberbatch. Well, we know the latest in a long line of Sherlock Holmes incarnations, including here on the ASF stage an adaptation of the 1899 stage version penned and performed for 33 years Characters by William Gillette. But the original Sherlock at Edelweiss Lodge: Holmes—and he was an original—flowed Madge Larrabee criminals, the from the pen of Sir James Larrabee } "Chetwoods" and famously into the monthly magazine Alice Faulkner, their captive The Strand in between 1891 and John Forman, alias Judson, the 1893, captivating England, America, and butler, working with Holmes the world with his observational acumen Térèse, a maid and deductive reasoning. He once told his Sidney Prince, a safecracker friend, sidekick, and recorder of his cases, Sherlock Holmes, the detective Dr. Watson: "I am a brain, Watson, … The rest of me is a mere appendix." Not entirely Watson and Holmes in a in Moriarty's office or the gas true, but at times not much of an exaggeration illustration for the original Strand series of stories chamber: either as we watch Holmes solve case after case , a villainous with thrilling perception and logic. The series mastermind encored in 1903, continuing to 1925. John, Moriarty's subordinate Holmes's stories had their own life in late Alfred Bassick, Moriarty's Victorian England—Holmes walked the streets lieutenant/organizer of his readers, wearing clothes like theirs, and Jim Craigin the culprits he pursued succumbed to the same Thomas Leary hitmen pressures others felt in Victorian life—money, "Lightfoot" McTague } power, and propriety. Some were weak, some were ruthless, but all were identified and almost Sherlock Holmes in Holmes's flat all apprehended due to the ministrations of one revived for and in or Dr. Watson's consulting very clever man, Sherlock Holmes. And now the modern world room: he's on stage at ASF. Billy, Holmes's messenger boy Dr. Watson, Holmes's friend Mrs. Smeedley, Watson's client Reading Stories for the Play If you want to teach some Sherlock Parsons, Watson's servant Holmes stories before seeing the play, The William Gillette play that is the basis Count Von Stalburg realize that none directly give the plot of Geoffrey Sherman's adaptation was Sir Edward Leighton of this play, which Gillette invented. His written in 1898, when all the world premise uses pieces of two stories: thought its favorite detective was dead Setting: London • "" is the only early story in Time: early 1890s and gone, hurled over the along with the criminal mastermind which Moriarty appears Moriarty. • "" gives a bit of the Holmes first appeared in two (1887 play's ambience (the royalty) but not the and 1890) and then a series of 24 short female lead's nature or the plot stories for the Strand monthly magazine Reading these gives a glimpse of sources. from 1891-93. Good stories to watch Holmes detecting: In the last of these stories, "The Final • "The Adventure of " Problem," Conan Doyle apparently killed • "Silver Blaze" off Holmes because he wanted to pursue • "The Red-Headed League" other novels and characters. • "The Boscombe Valley Mystery" (includes Gillette crafted his play from bits of the then Lestrade, the police detective) available stories but mostly from his sense of melodrama, the popular late Available online @ http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/ Victorian theatre form. authors/170/sir-arthur-conan-doyle/ in Adventures and Memoirs (Silver Blaze) 2 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman Meet the Creator of Sherlock Holmes: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Today we know only about 10% of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's literary canon—the 56 short stories and 4 novels featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, the first of which he began writing by 1886 and finally got accepted and published by late 1887. During his lifetime, A Conan Doyle Chronology Doyle considered the Holmes tales among the (ACD=Arthur Conan Doyle) the least of his artistic efforts, preferring his works • 1859: ACD born in , of historical fiction and his historical studies on Scotland to Catholic parents the Boer War and World War I. But Fame makes • 1876: after 8 years in Jesuit schools, ACD becomes a up its own mind, and Sherlock Holmes is now a medical student at Edinburgh permanent part of our cultural heritage. University Doyle was a late Victorian who trained as a • 1877: becomes surgeon's clerk physician but became a writer. Born in 1859, he to Prof. Joseph Bell, a major was too old to serve in the Boer War or World Sir Arthur Conan Doyle inspiration for Sherlock Holmes's War I, but used his medical expertise to purvey reasoning process • 1879: his first story published himself into a knowledge of each conflict. "I intend to make an end of him. If I • 1880-82: gets medical degree, He believed in the promise and power of science, don't he'll make an end of me." serves as surgeon on steamers saw the urban consequences of the Industrial to the Arctic and West Africa Revolution with its slums, crime, and poverty, —Arthur Conan Doyle in 1893, coast believed in propriety and the gentlemanly code speaking about Sherlock Holmes • 1882: moves medical practice in of conduct but acknowledged the beast within Southsea, Portsmouth, England (as did many late Victorian authors; consider Dr. Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes • 1885: marries Louisa Hawkins Jekyll and Mr. Hyde or The Heart of Darkness), The Holmes saga began with two novels, A • 1886: begins first Sherlock Holmes and praised the British Empire. Study in Scarlet (1887) and The Sign of (SH) , , Four (1889). Yet only when Conan Doyle published in 1887. Also becomes Raised in a Catholic family and educated began writing Holmes short stories for the interested in psychic studies in Catholic schools, Doyle later rejected new monthly magazine, The Strand, in • 1890: , organized religion and embraced the popular, 1891 did the character rocket to fame. second SH novel, published supposedly scientific spiritualist movements/ • : ACD an eye specialist in Doyle quickly tired of both the premise 1891 psychic studies of the 1890s and beyond, writing London. Begins to publish first and character, wanting more time for his six SH stories in The Strand 20 books substantiating claims of after-death historical fiction, but the publishers kept magazine; six more in 1892, communication and the validity of seances. raising his pay per story. He felt himself collected in The Adventures of Critics today have trouble joining the creator of sinking into the slough so many of Holmes' SH. the hyper-rational Holmes with the crusader for clients and culprits had succumbed to • 1893: ACD finishes a second set , but as Sherlock Holmes observed, of SH stories by killing off SH so in the tales—the lure of money. Finally, "life is infinitely stranger than anything which the in 1893 he took a ruthless and sudden he can do "more serious literary mind of man could invent" (""). work." course: he killed Holmes off, in fact • 1900: Unsuccessful run for Doyle was also active in public affairs— pitched him and his newly invented Parliament (also in 1906) twice running for Parliament—and championed arch-nemesis Prof. Moriarty off the • 1901: new SH novel, The Hound of public causes. He spoke widely, led committees, Reichenbach Falls to their deaths. the Baskervilles (set before SH's and backed organizations across London and When readers in 1893 began reading "The "death") published England. He debated whether to accept an Final Problem," they realized Dr. Watson • 1902: ACD accepts a knighthood offered knighthood in 1902 before complying. was mourning the death of his friend. The • 1903-4: more SH stories in The But he could never escape that one detective he Strand magazine, compiled as story includes Holmes's farewell note, The Return of SH in 1905 created; Sherlock Holmes proved indefatigable. and Watson pays tribute to "him whom • 1906: wife dies of TB; he then Not even Arthur Conan Doyle could do him in. I shall ever regard as the best and the re-marries wisest man whom I have ever known." All • 1908-25: sporadic SH stories London mourned; young clerks wore black • 1914: (last SH arm bands. A woman opened her protest novel) starts serialization letter to Doyle, "You brute!" The • 1925: The Case-Book of SH collection published Times wrote an obituary. But Doyle was unrelenting—until 1901, when he began writing two more novels and more stories after play's success. 3 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman Meet the Original Sherlock Holmes

According to the present incarnations a crime scene. He is CSI long before of Mr. Holmes—the BBC/WGBH's Sherlock CSI was invented and, in fact, forensic Holmes and CBS's Elementary—he's a moody, investigation is sometimes credited to crime-solving genius who lives in modern Holmes's approach. He studies minutiae London or New York. Actually the original and knows what they mean because his Sherlock Holmes of the stories walked the global background knowledge is vast. streets of a fictional London in the late 1870s • As Watson , Holmes has two basic and 1880s, solving cases that Dr. Watson then states of being. One is intense activity wrote up for the public between 1887 and 1893. when involved in a case, thinking, So Holmes was a part of the Victorian world interviewing, traveling to examine details, of his readers; he's "there," hence the modern checking records, making chemical adaptations that move that trait of "walking analyses, doing undercover work in known streets" and wearing familiar clothes disguise, yet thinking is the key activity. into our world (the same approach often used The other is boredom between cases, for Shakespeare today—make him ours). which he abhors; during these periods Since the play itself is Victorian, as is its he studies chemistry, plays the violin famous protagonist, we need to know Holmes's and attends concerts, or more usually original—and he is an original. takes cocaine as a stimulus for his mind, Doyle and Holmes Tidbits a habit which concerns Dr. Watson • The "London" of the early (Doyle, a medical man himself, does not The Basics: What He Does, What He Holmes novels is very advocate drug use in the era before its Says, What Others Say about Him fictional, since his author, full effects were known). Holmes cannot • Since all the early stories are narrated Conan Doyle, did not move abide mundane, everyday existence; by Dr. Watson, we have a documentary to London until after writing he has to live, that is, think, at his own account of Holmes—we watch him in them; as scholars note, lightning pace. action, we know what he tells Watson, the early city descriptions • His use of disguise from all walks of life but his thoughts and motivations are partake more of his home and all social levels demonstrates his his own, unknown to the reader until he town, Edinburgh, Scotland. deep understanding of his society and its chooses to reveal them. As with anyone • Doyle invented Holmes's individual roles. we get to know, Watson's and our view now famous Baker Street • He is terse and does not often explain his of the man change with time and more address; the street number ideas or actions, except occasionally acquaintance. Early impressions are 221B did not exist in the to Watson (as readers appreciate). He strong but limited. 1890s or earlier, though can appear rude when he is problem- • Watson initially calls Holmes brilliant but later it had to be invented solving and keeps moving without always emotionless, machine-like in his thought to satisfy fans (like having engaging the social niceties. process. Holmes plays into this view, to build a Hogwarts theme • Because he works to solve and understand for he emphasizes these traits about park after the Harry Potter the case and its perpetrator(s), and himself and does not hide his ego. Yet as novels appeared). because he does not formally work for the initial run of 2 novels and 24 stories • Holmes is prone to playing the police, he enacts his own view of practical jokes while in progresses, Watson's view changes as justice in dealing with people (embodying disguise by not immediately does ours. We see the vivid imagination the essential distinction between justice revealing his identity to that engages with his reasoning; we see and the law made the first day at every associates the humane good sense that tempers law school) and explains his view to • Holmes is strong, a skilled stern facts; we meet a complete man, Watson. fencer, boxer, shooter and bright, brash, brave. • As much as he can, he helps and protects practitioner of ( a • The police query his methods but all his clients, though he may not always Japanese art of defense). grudgingly admire his success, opining respect nobles who have self-indulgently • His housekeeping is unique; that he has the makings of a decent compromised themselves. He holds he keeps tobacco in the toe detective (even as he solves their cases himself strictly accountable if his "slow" of a Persian slipper, cigars and gives them the credit). solution harms anyone (most of his early in the coat scuttle, and pins • Holmes has arcane areas of expertise— cases in the stories are solved within two pending correspondence to history of European crime and criminals, to three days); his expectations of himself the mantelpiece with a knife. tobacco ash, footprints, poisons— are the highest and he judges anything areas that help him analyze details at less than perfection as unacceptable. 4 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman How Doyle Introduces Sherlock Holmes

He's not a policeman, not the "law." He's not a private investigator either. He often refers to his "unofficial" status and calls himself a consulting detective. He also calls himself Sherlock Holmes. When Doyle first introduces his new character in A Study in Scarlet, he gives him the star entrance. The story opens with Dr. Watson, here a young Army doctor invalided out "My life is spent in in Afghanistan, who hears about this prospective one long effort to escape flat-mate and is cautioned, "You don't know from the commonplaces Sherlock Holmes yet." There's the name and of existence." the challenge; he's a man with strange ideas, Watson is told, but "a decent fellow enough," —Sherlock Holmes "too scientific … a passion for definite and exact knowledge." When Watson meets Holmes, fittingly in a laboratory, the two men are introduced by name only and Holmes's greeting is iconic: "You have been in Afghanistan, I perceive," which astonishes Watson. It becomes the classic opening gambit for Holmes in meeting any new The Sherlock Holmes statue in Edinburgh character or client—the telling observation, the I manage to put them on the right scent.… I initial mustering of facts; he knows without being have a kind of intuition that way." Sometimes told, a useful skill for an investigator. he only needs to hear the facts, sometimes to At this first meeting, Holmes inquires if see for himself using his special knowledge. his tobacco, his chemical experiments, or his "Observation with me is second nature," Holmes occasionally getting "in the dumps" will bother explains, and in story after story we are eager to Watson. No? Then Doyle sets the hook again; watch him practice his reason, art, and intuition. Watson asks his friend how Holmes knew about Another hook: Holmes laments, "No man Afghanistan and is told: "A good many people lives or has ever lived who has brought the have wanted to know how he finds things out." same amount of study and of natural talent to (That "many" will soon include the reader.) the detection of crime which I have done. And Watson replies, "Oh, a mystery is it?" (indeed what is the result? There is no crime to detect,…" there is and will be every time, in every story, just before someone walks into the room with always in Holmes himself) and "The proper study an interesting problem. of mankind is man," to which the friend replies, "You must study him, then." And study is just In the first , "A Study in Bohemia," what we and Watson do, slowly and carefully Watson proclaims of Holmes, "All emotions, through 56 short stories and 4 novels, studying but [love] in particular, were abhorrent to his Holmes as he leads us in a study of clients and cold, precise, but admirably balanced mind. He criminals. Watson needs explanations (and so was, I take it, the most perfect reasoning and The short novel, A Study in do we), so Holmes reveals his logic and myriad observing machine that the world has seen.…" Scarlet (1887) first introduced areas of expertise. As Watson later comments, many who first Sherlock Holmes. Doyle sold the meet Holmes think him a machine. But Watson Holmes's primary asset is his mind and story rights for £25. and we learn better over time. We see Holmes his "science of deduction" (fitting title of the work for justice—an unofficial justice he himself first novel's second chapter). Watson comes defines—so that at times he grants mercy where across an article on the power of observation. the law would administer none: “I suppose that I He calls it "twaddle" and tells Holmes about it. am commuting a felony, but it is just possible that Holmes claims authorship, "The theories which I am saving a soul. This fellow will not go wrong I have expressed there … are really extremely again. … Send him to jail now, and you make practical.… I have a trade of my own. I suppose him a jaillbird for life. Besides, it is the season I am the only one in the world. I'm a consulting of forgiveness." Sherlock Holmes—complex, detective" and when the police or private fair, fascinating. detectives get snarled, "they come to me, and 5 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman Sherlock Holmes's Methods

Observation Sherlock Holmes once described the three Example: A Holmes Observation qualities necessary for the ideal detective Here Watson narrates the entrance of a as the power of observation, deduction, and caller and follows with Holmes's response: “It is an old maxim of mine knowledge. His fictional career is a testimony I did not gain very much, however, by that when you have to the skilled use of all three. my inspection. Our visitor bore every excluded the impossible, In an essay, Holmes writes of "how much mark of being an average commonplace whatever remains, an observant man might learn by an accurate British tradesman, obese, pompous, and slow.… however improbable, and systematic examination of all that came “Beyond the obvious facts that he has must be the truth.” in his way." The difference, he tells Watson, is between seeing and observing: Holmes knows at some time done manual labour, that —Sherlock Holmes because "I see it, I deduce it … You see, but he takes snuff, that he is a Freemason, you do not observe. The distinction is clear." that he has been in China, and that he has done a considerable amount of One must "begin by mastering more writing lately, I can deduce nothing else.” elementary problems," Holmes advises. Let ("The Red-Headed League") him: "at a glance … distinguish the history of Once Holmes mentions that the man's right the man, and the trade or profession to which hand is larger than his left, his Masonic he belongs." Admittedly such observation might breastpin, his smooth right cuff, and small be more telling in Victorian England , which was fish tattoo with its distinctively Chinese more social stratified in terms of dress, dialect, coloring on his right wrist, Doyle comically and manner than our world of casual Fridays. undercuts the display with the client's Nonetheless, Holmes insists, response: “Well, I never! … I thought at By a man's finger-nails, by his coat-sleeve, by first you had done something clever, but his boot, by his trouser-knees, by the callosities I see that there was nothing in it after of his forefinger and thumb, by his expression, all.” [Of course not, if one can do it—to by his shirt-cuffs—by each of these things observe and know what one is seeing. a man's calling is plainly revealed. That all united should fail to enlighten the competent London historical marker inquirer in any case is almost inconceivable Example: Holmes's Deductions (or at least inconceivable to Holmes, not to After the capture of the tunneling thieves Watson, who never fully masters the task). in "The Red-Headed League," Holmes explains his reasoning to Watson: … and Deduction—Plus Imagination! "It was perfectly obvious from the first that Skill at deduction and analysis "can the only possible object to this rather only be acquired by long and patient study," fantastic business of the advertisement and for Holmes it is the process of solving of the League … must be to get this not the crime, working back from effect to over-bright pawnbroker out of the way for cause. While Holmes may present Watson a number of hours every day.… From the with intermediate deductions, the grand time that I heard of the assistant having elucidation of "how he solved it" occurs at come for half-wages, it was obvious to the end, showing the causes of the effect, me that he had some strong motive for not just whodunit but why. securing the situation." At times Holmes's process of deducing [It was only a small business with nothing and analyzing is severe, scientific indeed. of value and no women in the house, so] At other times he describes part of what "it must be something out of the house. he does as imagination: "See the value of I thought of the assistant's fondness for imagination…. We imagined what might photography, and his trick of vanishing into have happened, acted upon the supposition, the cellar. The cellar! There was the end No need for a magnifying glass and find ourselves justified" ("Silver Blaze"), of this tangled clue." So on to the nearby this time ( ) though such "imagination" in this case is also bank, the holdings in its basement vault, grounded in a detailed knowledge of equine and presto. One master crook captured. behavior and local geography. Holmes is not a machine; he just uses all aspects of his mind skillfully to solve the problems posed him. 6 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman How Illustrators and Actors Present Holmes

(left) Frank Wiles's Holmes at work

(above) Robert Fawcett's Sherlock Holmes at work; (left) Arthur Keller's moody Holmes

Frederic Dorr Steele's Holmes, based on Gillette; (right) wax and live Holmes by Sidney Paget

(Far left) A modern-day, ex-drug addict Sherlock lives in New York with a female Dr. Watson (Jonny Lee Miller and Lucy Liu) on CBS's Elementary; (center) Robert Downey Jr. as Sherlock in the recent films; (above) in a modern-day Sherlock, living in London with flatmate Dr. Watson ( in a BBC/ WGBH Boston co-production). 7 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman The Lore of Sherlock Holmes

The Inspiration for Holmes Holmes-isms Holmes has an ideal skill set for a • [Policeman] “Is there any crime investigator. Or for a physician, since other point to which you Conan Doyle credited his inspiration for would wish to draw my Holmes's technique to one of his medical attention?” school professors, Dr. Joseph Bell, a brilliant [Holmes] “To the curious diagnostician and surgeon who showed his incident of the dog in the students how much you could quickly see and night-time.” know about people's lives, occupations, health, “The dog did nothing in the origin, and address by looking and listening. night-time.” Wanting to add a new element to the detective genre, Doyle said he: Creating the Iconic Holmes “That was the curious • Doyle said, "I imagined him [with] a thin incident.” thought of my old teacher, Joe Bell, of his razor-like face, with a great hawk's bill — — — — — eagle face, of his curious way, of his eerie of a nose, and two small eyes, set close • [Watson] "How do you know trick of spotting details. If he were a detective, together on either side of it." However, that?" he would surely reduce this fascinating, but Sidney Paget, the artist illustrating the [Holmes] "I followed you." unorganized, business into something nearer Strand magazine stories, based his "I saw no one." to an exact science. It was surely possible in Holmes sketches on his own handsome "That is what you may expect real life, so why should I not make it plausible younger brother, Walter. to see when I follow you." in fiction.… [using] such examples as Bell • Sidney Paget also gave Holmes the gave us every day in the wards. hat (Doyle never specifies Attention to detail and the process of such a hat) and later included a straight analytical deduction—"elementary" to Holmes, pipe. A deerstalker hat and Inverness cape who in the first novel was taking some medical are Victorian country wear, not for the city. courses. Through the novels and stories we see City wear would be a top hat or bowler. Holmes amaze and unnerve many a man and • The actor William Gillette felt holding a Holmes in woman he meets, both client and culprit, with his straight pipe would block his mouth, Disguise immediate insights—and solve many a crime. affecting projection from stage when The Master of Disguise playing Holmes, so he used a curved pipe, One of many examples, a common jest he a meerschaum, which itself became iconic. pulls on Watson—in "The Final Problem" Watson • Holmes often uses a magnfying glass in is to meet Holmes at the train station to escape the stories: "Holmes fell upon his knees Moriarty's pursuit: upon the floor, and, with the lantern and My only source of anxiety now was the a magifiying lens, began to examine non-appearance of Holmes. The station minutely the cracks between the stones." clock marked only seven minutes from the • "Elementary, my dear Watson" is a phrase time when we were due to start.… There Holmes never uses anywhere in the print was no sign of him. I spend a few minutes in canon. He uses each half, but never assisting a venerable Italian priest, who was together. In the play, Gillette's "elementary, endeavouring to make a porter understand, in my dear fellow," almost gets there. his broken English, that his luggage was to be booked through to Paris. Then, having taken "My dear Watson," said a voice, "you another look round, I returned to my carriage, have not even condescended to say good- where I found that the porter, in spite of the morning." ["private"] ticket, had given me my decrepit I turned in uncontrollable astonishment. Italian friend as a travelling companion.… A The aged ecclesiastic had turned his face chill of fear had come over me, as I thought towards me. For an instant the wrinkles were that [Holmes's] absence might mean that smoothed away, the nose drew away from some blow had fallen during the night. Already the chin, the lower lip ceased to protrude and the doors had all been shut and the whistle the mouth to mumble, the dull eyes regained blown, when— their fire, the drooping figure expanded. The Holmes disguised as a drunken groom next the whole frame collapsed again, and and a guileless priest (Sidney Paget) Holmes had gone as quickly as he had come. 8 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman Assessing Sherlock Holmes in Our World

When the BBC premiered its new, Benedick Cumberbatch-led series Sherlock, the BBC online magazine asked philosopher John Gray to consider Holmes's methods in the modern context. His 17 August 2012 essay One of makes penetrating observations about Holmes, Britian's five “What is the meaning of his techniques, and ourselves. Sherlock Holmes it, Watson? … What object Consider the validity and implications of stamps is served by this circle of these observations about the character and misery and violence and our world: fear? It must tend to some • "Yet it's not the methods used by the Questions for Analysis or Discussion

end, or else our universe is v ruled by chance, which is fictional detective that fascinate us. Does the play present a contradictory unthinkable. But what end? It's the contradictory figure of Holmes Holmes? What are the contradictions? Are There is the great standing himself." they disturbing? • [Since Holmes's time] "we've witnessed

perennial problem to which v human reason is as far from a succession of failed experiments in What examples would you give of an answer as ever.” using reason," for which Gray cites the planning based solely on reason that failure of communism and upheaval in worked or went awry. Are Gray's examples —Sherlock Holmes, free market capitalism, both supposedly good ones? Is humaneness always "The Cardboard Box" rational systems; glitches in security excluded from the exercise of reason? software; stock market formulas that are less than reliable; efficiency plans for health care, prisons, and other institutions that prove insensitive and/or inhumane. v • Thus, "the idea that the intellect alone Do we not believe in the value of reason can be our guide in life is weaker than any more? Is our faith in its virtue less than it has been for many years." Yet we are it has been culturally or historically since fascinated by Sherlock Holmes, emblem the 17th century? of rationality. v "It's not the science of deduction that Check the defintions of deduction and gives Holmes his power over us, since induction. Does either describe Holmes's he doesn't in fact use it." His method reasoning processes (especially in the is neither philosophical deduction stories)? What is "abductive reasoning"? nor induction; it is instead "abductive Does it better describe Holmes's reasoning," which is more conjectural, approach? What approach do you take to based more in probability than certainty, problem-solve? Why? and cannot be practiced by following rules. Sidney Paget's illustration of • Holmes works by observing "trifles," using v Holmes smoking and thinking, his creative imagination, and testing Do details matter? Are they crucial? Does conjoined activities. As Holmes the imagination benefit from testing—and hypotheses. The details and asking the once told Watson, "This is quite testing benefit from imagination? a three-pipe problem." right questions are the key. His method, like a physician's, is evidence plus judgment.

• "He wants justice to prevail, and where v See John Gray, "A Point The romantic hero is sometimes called necessary he's willing to flout the law in of View: The enduring appeal the Byronic hero, a self-exile, someone order to ensure that it does. The servant of Sherlock Holmes," BBC of extreme ability or insight yet outside of of reason, Holmes is also a romantic hero Magazine (online), 17 August and challenging social boundaries and ready to defy authority in order to stand 2012 @ http://www.bbc.com/ established morality. Does that describe news/magazine-19268563 by his sense of morality." Holmes? Is his appeal for us both rational and romantic? 9 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman Dr. John Watson: Sidekick and the Tales's Essential Narrator

Watson as "Boswell" But Doyle layers the narration even Sherlock Holmes always calls Dr. John more complexly—each client has a tale to tell Watson his "Boswell," so we should understand and tells it; many suspects and neighbors, what information that allusion provides: servants, cabmen, and locals are interviewed • James Boswell wrote the famous Life and tell tales, and culprits, when apprehended, of Samuel Johnson; Johnson was the sometimes confess with their own accounts of eminent 18th-century literary lion their malefactions. Many voices telling many • Boswell had a vast amount of material tales comprise one Sherlock Holmes story, but to work with, organize, and present always the overriding perspective is Watson's appropriately (plus Johnson himself had supposedly unobtrusive recounting. "I had heard what been a skilled biographer of others) Watson as Character [Holmes] had heard, I • Boswell "wrote with his eye on the [main] Yet Dr. Watson is not just the stage dummy had seen what he had object," his central figure for Holmes's explanations and talents (though seen, and yet from his • "individual episodes are designed to reveal at times he may seem such). Watson plays his words it was evident that the great protagonist in a variety of own balancing role in the overall narrative, with he saw clearly not only aspects" his own values, questions, and perspectives. He what had happened, • "the world that Boswell created and may never solve a case, but he wields a pistol populated is sustained by the vitality of in the chase, and for the reader he provides the but what was about to his hero,…" and since he did not know zest, the thrill, the suspense, the emotion that a happen, while to me the Johnson as a young man, it is "the portrait narration by Holmes himself would never yield. whole business was still of a sage." Watson is the storyteller, at times the confused and grotesque." [quotations from The Norton Anthology of voice for Doyle himself, and it is a metafictional —Dr. Watson English Literature, 9th ed., Boswell headnote] pleasure every time Holmes assails Watson What is true of Boswell is also true of Dr. for his methods of storytelling. Holmes, who Watson, a fictional character who narrates much privileges only facts, complains to Watson that of the novels and all but four of the Sherlock "You have erred, perhaps, in attempting to put Holmes stories. colour and life into each of your statements, The Narration instead of confining yourself to the task of placing Sherlock Holmes upon record that severe reasoning from cause solves the crimes, writes to effect which is really the only notable feature up his notes, orders his about the thing." Yet Holmes understands the card file, and waits lure of the tales for Watson: "You have shown languidly for the next your relish … by the enthusiasm which has case. It is Watson who prompted you to chronicle, and, if you will excuse begins to recount these my saying so, somewhat to embellish so many cases in retrospect, of my own little adventures." For the readers, starting either from however, the "colour" and "life" of these tales the moment he was of reasoning lure us back for more, as Doyle invited to join or when knows all too well. the client walked in on Dr. Watson is more the everyman (or his visit with Holmes EveryVictorian) to Holmes's exceptional man at his Baker Street or übermensch. They share many values, but flat (once their shared Holmes is a one-off—the lone wolf, the bachelor flat). In each case, the expert and aesthete, the expert whose practice action itself is already we scrutinize, while we rarely share much of completed; the verbs Watson's medical practice or scenes of his and are always past tense. domestic life. The tales are Holmes's via Watson. played Holmes and Watson Watson is remembering, recording, sharing as But this lone wolf actually has a sidekick much in14 films between 1939 and accurately as he can—and with recourse to of the time, and if he does work alone or in 1946, the first two set in the Holmes's records—from his own point of view. Victorian era, the rest (for disguise, he returns to his friend to report his another production company) That narrative choice gives us two points of view findings and deductions to him and thus to us. contemporary, with Holmes in each tale—Watson's and Holmes's within it, battling Nazis and others. for Holmes is the dynamic force Watson follows in his account. 10 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman The Arch-Villain: Professor Moriarty

"You hope to place me in the . I tell you I will never stand in the dock. You hope to beat me. I tell you that you will never beat me. If you are clever enough to bring destruction Illustrations of the Unobserved Critical Moment at upon me, rest assured that I shall do Reichenbach Falls as much to you." —Professor Moriarty to Holmes

Popular culture presents Professor Moriarty as Sherlock Holmes's perpetual nemesis, the great criminal mastermind who plotted evildoing invisibly and sought to foil the greatest detective mind in the world. Actually, between 1887, when Sherlock Holmes first appears in literature, and 1893, when Conan Doyle tosses him into the torrent of Reichenbach Falls, Moriarty appears in one and only one story, that last one, "The Final Problem." He appears as the excuse for Moriarty as Holmes's presumed self-sacrifice—to be sure illustrated by Sidney Paget of finishing off Moriarty, Holmes takes him down himself, all the way down. No one sees the actual event in the story; the rivals are alone, but Dr. Watson shortly thereafter interprets the unmistakable physical evidence of fracas and Harry C. Edwards's American fall on the edge of the precipice. illustration for McClure's, 1893 Of his new arch-villain, Doyle says he was nearly all that is undetected in this great city. "endowed by nature with a phenomenal He is a genius, a philosopher, an abstract mathematical faculty.” Having won a thinker. He has a brain of the first order. He chair at a smaller University, he “had, to sits motionless, like a spider in the centre of its all appearances, a most brilliant career web, but that web has a thousand radiations, before him. But the man had hereditary and he knows well every quiver of each of tendencies of the most diabolical kind. them. He does little himself. He only plans. A criminal strain ran in his blood, which, But his gents are numerous and splendidly instead of being modified, was increased organized. … But the central power which uses and rendered infinitely more dangerous by the agent is never caught—never so much as his extraordinary mental powers." suspected. This was the organization which Holmes himself describes his nemesis: I deduced, Watson, and which I devoted my "…there is no one who knows the higher whole energy to exposing and breaking up. criminal world of London so well as I The two men's conflict in the story do. For years past I have continually is an exquisite chess match of plotting, been conscious of some power behind counterplotting, deception, and gall. They chase the malefactor, some deep organizing each other from England to Switzerland and power which for ever stands in the way on a narrow mountain ledge have their final of the law, and throws its shield over the confrontation. wrongdoer. Again and again … I have felt the presence of this force.… For years I “Your memoirs will draw to an end, have endeavoured to break through the veil Watson, upon the day that I crown which shrouded it, and at last the time came my career by the capture or extinction when I seized my thread and followed it, of the most dangerous and capable until it led me … to ex-Professor Moriarty…. criminal in Europe.” Sidney Paget's English illustration He is the Napoleon of crime, Watson. —Sherlock Holmes for The Strand, 1893; He is the organizer of half that is evil and of compare the effect of the pictures 11 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman Crime Fiction

Good crime stories are nothing new—after England's The Strand, which published Doyle's all, Genesis tells us the story of the Fall of Man Sherlock Holmes stories, and America's "Of all forms of 'light and then of Cain and Abel, and some of our McClure's and Harper's led this movement. literature,' the detective earliest Greek plays are the Oresteia, a thrilling, While Doyle's mysteries occasionally three-part, multi-generational crime tale, ending story is the most inescapably overlap with the later country house/stately in a trial. While the flashiest crime is murder, many concerned with moral home/locked room mysteries, he moves other crimes and deceits abound in literature, beyond murder to cover many kinds of crime. issues. A crime has been such as theft or robbery, fraud, blackmail, treason The details of the crime interest Doyle, but his committed; the criminal and vengeance. Lawbreaking gets our attention, focus is the particular method of the solution, must be discovered and and so do the crime solvers who address it. Holmes's exquisite reasoning, his exceptional judged." The foundation of crime fiction is a belief in observational skills, his deductions, his array of —Chrisopher Clausen order and law as the basis of a civilized society, expertise and arcane knowledge—the kinds of so restoring that order whenever it is threatened cigarette and cigar ash, the particular soil on by outrage or violence is essential. And the boots, as well as the vast history of English the stories believe order can and will be and European crime and criminals. restored (as said, "That is The individuals who pursue criminals in what Fiction means"). modern crime fiction are usually police or some traditionally descends other version of the Law—the FBI, the CIA, MI5, from Edgar Allan Poe's Monsieur Dupin, Secret Services and even "black ops" since the an investigator who outdoes the police in sub-forms of thrillers, procedurals and forensics, "The Mystery of the Rue Morgue" (1841) and espionage are all loosely part of the crime and two other Poe stories, and later from genre. On television CSI shows now dot the map the six cases of French author Émile with a combination of stalwart crimestoppers and Gaboriau's Monsieur Lecoq, who started high-tech support. Holmes was a do-it-yourself Holmes examining footprints with L'Affaire Lerouge [The Red Affair, investigator. (Sidney Paget) 1866—compare Holmes's first appearance inA The golden age of murder mysteries is Study in Scarlet—how aware is Doyle of taking widely considered to be the 1920s and '30s, How Scientific Is Holmes? on tradition?], so an English sleuth was obviously when , Dorothy L. Sayers, As it turns out, not so overdue. Police had ordered London and beyond and others sent Hercule Poirot, Miss Marple, scientific after all. Once the since 1829, and detectives joined the force in Lord Peter Wimsey, and many more to solve tales were published, questions 1842. Dickens and Wilkie Collins then created mysterious crimes in polite society. Their golden emerged about errors or flaws fictional detectives. Note that Holmes leaves the age is a particular kind of whodunit effort, a game in Holmes's deductions or police to it and solves crime his own way, often of red herrings and extra suspects. The authors "knowledge." Moreover, the late for them and letting them take credit. usually start drafting with the ending and then 19th century had developed Crime fiction became popular during the set up the necessary complications. American fingerprint analysis, the basic 19th century when serialization in cheap, mass- crime fiction at this time went noir, grittier and absorption spectroscope, the produced, illustrated magazines brought stories sleazier. Holmes worked in all worlds, opulent colorimeter, and good analytical to a wide reading public. Such magazines as estates and opium dens—and succeeded. laboratories, none of which the early Holmes ever seems to use. Holmes's science is limited The Cases of Sherlock Holmes by his author's knowledge, and critics comment that while We think of Conan Doyle as writing murder family head, often greed from far-flung areas Doyle did deep research for mysteries which Sherlock Holmes solves. Yet of the Empire. Betrayal of trust leads to harm. his historical novels, he "simply murder is but one of the challenges Holmes When the upper class is concerned, past love didn't care enough about Holmes pursues in his cases. affairs and the propriety of marriages emerge to spend the time needed for In the early stories, critics observe, along with the clients' nobless oblige attitude authenticating his scientific murder is actually rare. Greed drives most that Holmes seems to disdain. data." A pity. Even the science of the incidents—and not so much criminal Selfishness drives these tales; greed and is sometimes fiction. greed, though that occurs, as "disorders in revenge haunt them. Murder occurs, but not the respectable bourgeois family." Stepfathers always; Holmes faces a Victorian smorgasbord Source: Critical Essays on Sir want to keep their stepdaughters' inheritances; of issues, and as critics observe, his cases Arthur Conan Doyle, ed. Harold Orel rascals lure young women with false love to take the pulse of his era's anxieties. (New York: G. K. Hall, 1992) aid theft; past greed or crime now haunts a 12 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman The Structure of a Holmes Story

In 1911, Monsignor Ronald A. Knox (then 1) the prologue in the Baker Street flat, with an Oxford undergraduate) presented a satiric personal details and often a display of paper, "Studies in the Literature of Sherlock Holmes's observational skills Holmes," to the Gryphon Club at Trinity College. 2) the first explanation—the client's In it, he brilliantly satirizes literary criticism, filling statement of the case the essay with Greek terms and comparisons 3) the personal investigation of facts to ancient Greek drama and Biblical criticism, 4) refutation of the Scotland Yard theory of invents Holmes critics with hilarious names the case (such as Monsieur Piff-Pouff, the French critic), 5) hints to the police criticizes their (non-existent) "theories," and uses 6) discussion of investigation's progress as subject a piece of popular culture, Doyle's with Watson Sherlock Holmes stories—the satiric idea of 7) follow-up, including cross-questioning of hunting a fly with a high-power rifle. But because relatives and employees, visits to Record Holmes is a fine author, not a hack, and Knox an Office, investigations in disguise astute reader, he makes a number of insightful 8) the capture or exposure of the criminal comments about the fiction. Good satire often 9) the criminal's confession speaks truths. 10) Holmes's description of the clues and Knox lists 11 parts of a Sherlock Holmes his process of deduction/solution story, and any reader of the tales will attest to his 11) the epilogue, sometimes quite short accuracy. He notes that 1-3 are almost always Rarely does a story have all the traits; some present, while 4-6 vary: have as few as four, but all are familiar. The Game of "Sherlockian" Criticism The preface of an impressive multi-volume wrote the stories about Sherlock Holmes." Ronald Searle's sketch of Holmes's edition of Holmes fiction edited by Leslie S. Fiction is fact, Holmes and Watson are historical, Baker Street flat, when a replica Klinger (2005), The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes's London is the real universe or at least was built for the 1951 Festival Holmes, explains the idea of "Sherlockian a virtual reality one inhabits, and Doyle is an of Britain scholarship": "in the ‘game’ of treating the stories editor or a figment of the imagination. Got it? Russell Stutler has a bird's-eye as biography, not fiction.… I perpetuate the This "game"—or "tedious pseudo- view of the Baker Street flat @ gentle fiction that Holmes and Watson really lived www.stutler.cc/other/misc/ scholarship," as scholars it—is perpetuated baker_street.html and that (except as noted) Dr. John H. Watson by the , a by-invitation- only London fan club for Sherlock Holmes, which like many other of the worldwide Holmes fan clubs (each taking its name from the stories) has a journal and publishes papers using this assumption. One wonders if fandom and fan fiction—the glories of Comic-Con, Star Trek conventions, and fan fiction/spin-off novels—actually began with Sherlock Holmes. Certainly the credit for inspiring this critical "game" goes to Monsignor Ronald A. Knox's 1911 satire, "the cornerstone of Sherlockian literature" (the "game"). Amid the fun of his essay, Knox asserts that Dr. Watson is at times an unreliable narrator and may have authored stories as pure fiction after the purported death of Holmes—an idea Sherlockians, as they call themselves, have pursued exponentially. In fact, so pervasive is the game that there is now a plaque at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London commemorating the first meeting of Holmes and Watson there. So watch the assumptions if your students do online research. 13 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman Sherlock Holmes Takes the Stage

The Genesis of the Play When Conan Doyle killed off Sherlock Holmes, his immensely popular fictional character, in 1893, a vacuum emerged that could not long remain unfilled. Doyle himself apparently wrote a play about Cable to Doyle from William Holmes which was never performed. Accounts of Gillette: "May I marry events at this point differ—either that manuscript Sherlock Holmes?" or the idea made its way to New York and to Doyle's reply: "You may enterprising American actor William Gillette, who marry him, murder him, likewise abhorred potentially profitable vacuums. or do anything else you He probably wrote his own play, asking Doyle if like with him." he could so far alter the detective's character as to have him marry (a large alteration indeed). —during Gillette's Doyle gave him carte blanche (see left), and writing of the play a rip-snorting melodrama starring Sherlock Holmes was born—and graced the boards for 33 years with Gillette in the lead, a savvy and profitable career move indeed. In the course of the play's development, Doyle and Gillette became life-long friends, and Doyle much approved of Gillette's portrayal of Gillette as Holmes his detective, who by the play's premiere was six years "dead." At their first meeting, Gillette had proven his mettle, emerging from the train Holmes on the Page/ Holmes on the Stage dressed as Holmes and examining Doyle with • In the novels and stories written through a magnifying glass in his carriage, concluding, 1893, Sherlock Holmes only rarely dealt "Clearly an author," to Doyle's amusement. with organized crime. His cases were In fact, after seeing the play, Doyle said usually one-off, individual crimes or by lone con men/thieves. The play takes he almost missed the detective, so that Gillette the daring new character Doyle invented may have had a major hand in inspiring the for Holmes's demise, Prof. Moriarty, and last half of the Holmes's canon. Shortly after back-writes a meeting for them. Thus the the play's premiere, Doyle had begun writing audience's sympathies are clearly defined a thriller based on a local Dartmoor legend he in the play, with no sympathy for any had been told and realized he already knew the criminal involved, whereas in many stories character who should solve it, his own Sherlock the reader understands and sympathizes Holmes. He dated the events prior to Holmes's with an avenger or someone with a "past" "death," but The Hound of the Baskervilles was who has stepped beyond it and reformed. enough to revive public clamor for more, and • Because the stories begin either when he soon obliged by having a very-much-alive the crime has already occurred or when Holmes re-appear. something ominous is about to happen Of course, during its span as a popular and help is sought, we learn the scheme culture icon, the Sherlock Holmes canon as backstory at the end, as the "why." In has partaken of many genres—drama, the play, however, we meet the criminals television, film, cartoons, comics, and myriad immediately and like a sports match watch advertisements selling safety razors, Arrow each side's moves and countermoves in shirts, Crawford cream crackers, Mann's Brown the present—"you are there." Ale, and Grand Cut tobacco, among others, and • In the play, Holmes works for an aristocratic given name to dozens of pubs across the British client and must thwart not only criminals Isles and the world. But as the first crossing of but the vengeful, virtuous sister of the genres, we must examine the play more closely. "other woman." Where is justice here? Does Holmes serve it, as he does in the fiction? 14 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman Sherlock Holmes Shifts Genres: Fiction into Drama

Fiction • Fiction narrates a story, establishing background and context, describing setting, clothing, even the scent and sound in the air, and zeroing in on scene, dialogue, and thoughts. The narrator can be a part of the action, an How Melodrama Works observer, or an omniscient presence. • characters are two- In his novels, which are short by 19th- dimensional: good or evil century standards, Doyle develops at least (no gray areas) two stories at length—Holmes's solution • the threat is often to of the case and the reason for the crime unprotected women, itself. The first two novels involve revenge especially a young woman, stories from afar (, the Far East) that who usually stand to lose culminate in London. their homes and/or savings The short stories of necessity tell the story of • the villain is implacable and the solution, but manage to include a brief may want the money and tale of the motives by the end, so we have the girl; the action is villain- the thrill of the chase and the reason for it. driven and Drama • the hero enters or returns; he • While drama can incorporate narration may be stymied for a time individually or collectively, usually plays by the villain's treachery present the action in the moment­—and • just when all seems lost, the that creates an immediate contrast with hero or another powerful the Holmes stories, all but two of which are force saves the day in the reports of past cases, not in-the-moment No barrier keeps Holmes from solving a nick of time action. case, and he and Watson break down their share • melodrama appeals to On stage the setting and clothing need not of doors in the tales (Sidney Paget illustration) emotion, not to thought be described; we can see them, and we • melodrama likes stirring can hear the sounds in the air. Like fiction, action (like the classic Little drama moves from scene to scene, but Nell tied to the train tracks) whereas in fiction there may be narrative and uses spectacle and connections with a variety of information, local color (song, ) in drama a blackout, turntable move, or • the form emerged from curtain rise may be all we get between the late 18th-century scenes. At times, in fact, the scenes may sentimental values of virtue, overlap with continuous action. innocence and poetic justice • The Sherlock Holmes story is told two • melodrama was the quite different ways in these genres—the dominant form of 19th- Holmes stories as fiction are more than century drama with popular usually thoughtful and full of speeches, appeal to a large audience since "tell your story" or "give me the information" is vital to the plot, and thought is Holmes's trademark. On stage, the entire structure of the familiar Values in Action tale changes. Instead of being told of a • Often played for comedy dilemma, we drop directly into the dilemma today, melodrama still uses itself. We are with the bad guys, not with methods it shares with Holmes in Baker Street. The sense of advertising and political threat increases, whereas having Holmes discourse. Compare the sit in his chair listening to the problem puts way the play works with the us in safer territory at the start of a story. In values and appeals of these the play, Holmes heroically arrives amid the A still from the newly discovered print (2014) of other modes. first scene, already actively on the case. Gillette's lost silent film of Sherlock Holmes based on his stage play and performance. 15 Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman Activities for Working with Sherlock Holmes

Working with Plot and Character, Story The Stories as Background for the Play and Stage • Doyle's "A Scandal in Bohemia" (first • Consider whether the plot of the play story in the first collection, The Adventures follows or uses the 11 elements described of Sherlock Holmes) and compare it to the as characteristic of the fictional Holmes play's story. How many aspects of the play stories/novels, and if so, how closely: come from this tale? 1) the prologue in the Baker Street flat, with Compare to Alice Faulkner. personal details and often a display of Holmes's observational skills • Gillette takes Moriarty from "The Final 2) the first explanation—the client's statement of Solution" (last story in the second the case collection, The Memoirs of Sherlock 3) the personal investigation of facts Holmes), which of necessity has quite a 4) refutation of the Scotland Yard theory of the different plot, since the goal is that both case men must die. How does Gillette take the 5) hints to the police hints in that story and use them to create a 6) discussion of investigation's progress with sense of Moriarty's active crime empire in Everyone wants to be Watson the play? Does the play's portrayal live up Sherlock, even Daffy Duck (In a 7) follow-up, including cross-questioning of to the story's description of Moriarty and cartoon called "Deduce, You Say" relatives and employees, visits to Record his operations and to your expectations with Porky Pig in the Watson role) Office, investigations in disguise based on them? 8) the capture or exposure of the criminal 9) the criminal's confession Problem-Solving in Your Locale 10) Holmes's description of the clues and his • If you could channel Sherlock Holmes into Victorian Science process of deduction/solution your world, what problems (not necessarily • Check Holmes's science in 11) the epilogue, sometimes quite short crimes) would you want him to consider? the stories and/or the play. If elements are not there, why not? Are the What issues might a combination of What was cutting edge needs of drama different than fiction's? reasoning and imagination address? science (especially forensic How? Are any of the 11 elements adapted How about imitating his methods and science if it existed) in the to the dramatic medium in any way? outlining a solution for one of the those 1890s vs. today? Do they occur in another order? Which problems yourself. are not as relevant or useful on stage? Victorian Social History (Remember, not all occur in all the stories Compare Modern Versions of Sleuthing • What causes crime in the either.) • Compare the methods of Sherlock Holmes Holmes stories? Do social in the play with any of the CSI or other problems, especially • On stage we see Holmes in action and procedural television shows. Do the issues of poverty and must deduce his thoughts and methods by protagonists deduce and imagine? Do they Victorian views of the poor watching. How does that compare to the use "abductive" reasoning? Do they use a (as underclass, brutes) stories' explanations from Holmes along computer for what Holmes carries around vs. lack of education the way and at the end? in his head? and opportunity, low pay, and poor housing affect • What role does Dr. Watson have in the • Compare Doyle's Sherlock Holmes with motives? How does that play? Is it as strong as his narration and the Sherlock Holmes in either the modern compare to organized participation in the stories? Does the television series Sherlock or Elementary. crime? change to drama take care of his role of How similar are they? What do they keep adding "colour" and "life" to the process? of the original Holmes? What becomes Justice vs. Law different by transporting Holmes into our • A major element of Doyle's • Most of Holmes's cases are individual world? How does the modern Holmes stories is Holmes's crimes, whereas the play eventually work? dedication to justice whether involves organized crime and a major inside or outside the law. crime boss. What is the difference • Check out film history and the various Define the difference and between the two levels of crime? Are there antagonists Sherlock Holmes has decide whether or not you any differences in addressing or solving it? confronted through time—Victorian and can justify Holmes's stance/ contemporary. How does this iconic figure behavior and why. change with setting? Sherlock Holmes adapted from William Gillette by Geoffrey Sherman 2016-2017 SchoolFest Sponsors

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