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These De Doctorat Genie Chimique UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE SUPERIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE DEPARTEMENT GENIE CHIMIQUE THESE DE DOCTORAT GENIE CHIMIQUE CONTRIBUTION A L’ETUDE CHIMIQUE ET BIOLOGIQUE DE Millettia richardiana Baill. (FABACEAE) Présenté par : Manitriniaina RAJEMIARIMIRAHO Soutenue le 29 Juin 2011 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE SUPERIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE DEPARTEMENT GENIE CHIMIQUE THESE DE DOCTORAT GENIE CHIMIQUE CONTRIBUTION A L’ETUDE CHIMIQUE ET BIOLOGIQUE DE Millettia richardiana Baill. (FABACEAE) Présenté par : Manitriniaina RAJEMIARIMIRAHO Soutenue le 29 Juin 2011 Membres du Jury Président : Philippe ANDRIANARY Professeur Titulaire Co-Directeur de thèse : Roger RANDRIANJA Professeur Titulaire Co-Directeur de thèse et Rapporteur externe : Amélie RAHARISOLOLALAO Professeur Emérite Rapporteur interne : Gabriel RANAIVONIARIVO Professeur Examinateurs : Etienne RAKOTOMARIA Professeur Emérite Benjamin RANDRIANOELINA Professeur titulaire REMERCIEMENTS Nous avons eu la chance et le plaisir d’effectuer une partie de ce travail de recherche dans le Laboratoire de Chimie des Hétérocycles et des Glucides de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Clermont Ferrand sous la direction de professeur Yves TROIN. Tout d’abord, nous tenons particulièrement à remercier Monsieur le Professeur Yves TROIN pour nous avoir accueillis au sein du Laboratoire de CHG, pour nous avoir fait confiance tout en nous laissant une grande liberté. Pour son soutien et sa grande générosité, qu’il soit assuré de notre profonde gratitude. Nous aimerons remercier Monsieur le Professeur Titulaire Philippe Antoine ANDRIANARY, Directeur de l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo, pour la confiance qu’il nous a faite en soutenant notre projet de thèse et de formation à l’étranger, et d’avoir bien vouloir accepter de présider le Jury de notre soutenance de thèse. Nous adressons également nos remerciements à Monsieur le Professeur Titulaire Roger RANDRIANJA, Enseignant-Chercheur à l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo, pour avoir accepté d’être directeur de thèse. Ainsi que pour nous avoir accordé sa confiance, pour nous avoir guidé dans notre travail tout au long de ces années. Nous souhaitons remercier Madame le Professeur Emérite Amélie RAHARISOLOLALAO, Enseignant- Chercheur au Faculté des Sciences d’Antananarivo, une grande spécialiste des substances naturelles, pour avoir accepté d’être co-directeur de thèse et rapporteur externe ainsi que pour son soutien et sa confiance. Nous aimerons remercier Monsieur le Professeur Emérite Etienne RAKOTOMARIA de l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo pour nous avoir fait l’honneur de juger notre travail de thèse. Nous aimerons aussi remercier Monsieur le Professeur Gabriel RANAIVONIARIVO de l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo pour avoir accepté de faire partie de notre jury de thèse en tant que rapporteur interne. Nous adressons nos remerciements à Monsieur le Professeur titulaire Benjamin RANDRIANOELINA de l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo pour avoir bien voulu accepter de juger notre travail. Nous remercions l’équipe du projet MADES qui nous a sélectionnés pour être parmi les bénéficières des bourses de recherche par alternance du gouvernement Français. Nous remercions aussi l’ambassade de France, à travers le service de coopération et d’association culturel, pour le financement de ce projet et la facilitation des démarches administratives afférentes à la préparation de nos séjours en France. Je voudrais exprimer ma reconnaissance au Docteur Jean Théophile BANZOUZI, directeur de recherche de l'organisation Médecins d'Afrique, pour m’avoir proposé ce sujet de thèse très original qui fait partie d’un projet interinstitutionnel en vue de "valoriser les Millettia de Madagascar ", ainsi que pour son soutien et ses conseils au long de ces années. Nous tenons à remercier à l’équipe du Centre National d’Application des Recherches Pharmaceutiques, dirigé par le Docteur Michèle RATSIMBASON, pour la confiance qu’ils nous ont fait en soutenant notre projet de formation à l’étranger. Nous remercions sincèrement Monsieur le Docteur Pierre CHALARD, responsable de la filière Chimie Organique à l’ENSCCF, qu’il trouve ici l’expression de notre profonde reconnaissance tant pour nous avoir accordé sa confiance que pour nous avoir guidé dans notre travail tout au long de nos stages. Ses conseils et ses commentaires mais aussi sa bienveillance auront été fort utiles. Nos remerciements vont également à l’équipe du Laboratoire de Chimie des Hétérocycles et des Glucides pour nous avoir chaleureusement accueillis au sein de l’équipe de recherche. Nous remercions toutes les personnes qui ont contribué d’une façon ou d’une autre à l’aboutissement de ce travail : Monsieur Stéphane RAKOTONANDRASANA, chercheur-enseignant au Département Ethnobotanique et Botanique du Centre National d'Application des Recherches Pharmaceutiques, pour l’accomplissement de la récolte et l’identification de la plante, Monsieur Régis EGROT, technicien RMN à l’ENSCCF, pour la réalisation des nombreuses expériences en RMN 1H, Docteur Gilles FIGUEREDO, responsable du laboratoire LEXVA Analytique à l’ENSCCF, pour la réalisation de quelques spectres de masse en mode EI, Monsieur Bertrand LEGERET, Ingénieur d'Etudes CNRS, laboratoire SEESIB, UMR6504, pour la réalisation des spectres de masse en mode ESI, Docteur Léa Herilala RASOANAIVO, enseignant-chercheur à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, pour nous avoir aidés à l’interprétation des spectres RMN. Enfin, pour leur soutien sans faille et permanent, je tiens à remercier de tout cœur: mes parents, ma femme, mes deux enfants, mes frères et mes soeurs. A toute ma famille qui ont soutenu durant nos études. TABLES DE MATIERE INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………... 1 CHAPITREI : GENERALITES…………………………………………… 4 I.1 Généralités sur la plante………………………………………………… 5 I.1.1 Famille des Fabaceae………………………………………………………... 5 I.1.2 Tribu des Millettieae. ………………………………………………………. 5 I.1.3 Genre Millettia……………………………………………………................. 6 I.1.4 Espèce Millettia richardiana………………………………………………… 6 I.2 Travaux chimiques antérieurs………………………………………… 10 I.3 Travaux biologiques antérieurs………………………………………... 13 I.4 Familles chimiques....................................................................................... 15 I.4.1 Les lipides…………………………………………………………………… 15 I.4.1.1 Définition…………………………………………………………………… 15 I.4.1.2 Biogénèse des acides gras………………………………………………….. 16 I.4.1.3 Biogénèse des triglycérides………………………………………………… 18 I.4.2 Les coumarines……………………………………………………………… 19 I.4.2.1 Définition…………………………………………………………………… 19 I.4.2.2 Biosynthèse des pyranocoumarines linéaires……………………………… 20 I.4.3 Les Triterpènes……………………………………………………………… 21 I.4.3.1 Définition…………………………………………………………………… 21 I.4.3.2 Biogénèse de Triterpènes…………………………………………………… 22 I.5 Détermination de structure…………………………………………….. 23 I.5.1 La Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN)……………………………... 23 I.5.1.1 RMN à 1-D…………………………………………………………………. 24 I.5.1.2 RMN à 2-D…………………………………………………………………. 24 1.5.1.3 Applications………………………………………………………………... 25 I.5.2 Spectrométrie de Masse…………………………………………………….. 33 I.6 Activités biologiques……………………………………………………… 34 I.6.1 Activité antiparasitaire……………………………………………………… 34 I.6.1.1 Activité antipaludique………………………………………………………. 34 I.6.1.2 Activité antitrypanosomiase………………………………………………… 34 I.6.1.3 Activités antileishmanioses…………………………………………………. 35 I.6.2 Activités antifongique……………………………………………………….. 36 I.6.3 Cytotoxicités…………………………………………………………………. 36 CHAPITRE II : MATERIELS ET METHODES…………................... 37 II.1 Matériels……………………………………………………………………. 38 II.1.1 Matériel végétal…………………………………………………………….. 38 II.1.2 Matériel technique…………………………………………………………. 38 II.2 Méthodes…………………………………………………………………… 40 II.2.1 Extraction…………………………………………………………………… 40 II.2.1.1 La macération……………………………………………………………… 41 II.2.1.2 L’extraction par partage liquide-liquide………………………………….. 41 II.2.1.3 L’extraction à reflux………………………………………………………. 43 II.2.2 Criblage phytochimique…………………………………………………… 44 II.2.2.1 Criblage des alcaloïdes……………………………………………………. 44 II.2.2.2 Criblage des coumarines…………………………………………………… 44 II.2.2.3 Criblage des flavonoïdes…………………………………………………... 44 II.2.2.4 Criblage des triterpènoïdes………………………………………………… 44 II.2.2.5 Criblage des saponines…………………………………………………….. 44 II.2.3 Activités biologiques……………………………………………………….. 45 II.2.3.1 Activité antiparasitaire…………………………………………………….. 45 II.2.3.2 Activité antifongique……………………………………………………… 46 II.2.3.3 Activité cytotoxique……………………………………………………….. 46 II.2.4 Fractionnement et isolement………………………………………………. 47 II.2.4.1 Chromatographie sur couche mince (CCM)………………………………. 47 II.2.4.2 Chromatographie sur colonne……………………………………………… 47 II.2.5 Enregistrement des spectres……………………………………………….. 49 CHAPITRE III : RESULTATS ET DISCUSSION…………………… 52 III.1 Résultats…………………………………………………………………... 53 III.1.1 Extractions………………………………………………………………… 53 III.1.2 Criblage phytochimique………………………………………………….. 54 III.1.3 Tests biologiques………………………………………………………….. 55 III.1.3.1 Activité antiparasitaire…………………………………………………… 55 III.1.3.2 Activité antifongique……………………………………………………… 56 III.1.3.3 Activité cytotoxicité………………………………………………………. 56 III.1.4 Fractionnement et isolement. …………………………………………….. 57 III.1.4.1 Fractionnement de l’extrait dichlorométhanique E2…………………….. 57 III.1.4.2.2 Purification de la fraction E2A…………………………………………. 57 III.1.4.3 Purification de la fraction E2B……………………………………………. 58 III.1.4.4 Fractionnement de la fraction E2C……………………………………….. 59
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