International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature Version 4C
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Brief Guide to the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
1 Brief Guide to the Nomenclature of Table 1: Components of the substitutive name Organic Chemistry (4S,5E)-4,6-dichlorohept-5-en-2-one for K.-H. Hellwich (Germany), R. M. Hartshorn (New Zealand), CH3 Cl O A. Yerin (Russia), T. Damhus (Denmark), A. T. Hutton (South 4 2 Africa). E-mail: [email protected] Sponsoring body: Cl 6 CH 5 3 IUPAC Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure suffix for principal hept(a) parent (heptane) one Representation. characteristic group en(e) unsaturation ending chloro substituent prefix 1 INTRODUCTION di multiplicative prefix S E stereodescriptors CHEMISTRY The universal adoption of an agreed nomenclature is a key tool for 2 4 5 6 locants ( ) enclosing marks efficient communication in the chemical sciences, in industry and Multiplicative prefixes (Table 2) are used when more than one for regulations associated with import/export or health and safety. fragment of a particular kind is present in a structure. Which kind of REPRESENTATION The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) multiplicative prefix is used depends on the complexity of the provides recommendations on many aspects of nomenclature.1 The APPLIED corresponding fragment – e.g. trichloro, but tris(chloromethyl). basics of organic nomenclature are summarized here, and there are companion documents on the nomenclature of inorganic2 and Table 2: Multiplicative prefixes for simple/complicated entities polymer3 chemistry, with hyperlinks to original documents. An No. Simple Complicated No. Simple Complicated AND overall -
Dinosaur Wars Program Transcript
Page 1 Dinosaur Wars Program Transcript Narrator: For more than a century, Americans have had a love affair with dinosaurs. Extinct for millions of years, they were barely known until giant, fossil bones were discovered in the mid-nineteenth century. Two American scientists, Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, led the way to many of these discoveries, at the forefront of the young field of paleontology. Jacques Gauthier, Paleontologist: Every iconic dinosaur every kid grows up with, apatosaurus, triceratops, stegosaurus, allosaurus, these guys went out into the American West and they found that stuff. Narrator: Cope and Marsh shed light on the deep past in a way no one had ever been able to do before. They unearthed more than 130 dinosaur species and some of the first fossil evidence supporting Darwin’s new theory of evolution. Mark Jaffe, Writer: Unfortunately there was a more sordid element, too, which was their insatiable hatred for each other, which often just baffled and exasperated everyone around them. Peter Dodson, Paleontologist: They began life as friends. Then things unraveled… and unraveled in quite a spectacular way. Narrator: Cope and Marsh locked horns for decades, in one of the most bitter scientific rivalries in American history. Constantly vying for leadership in their young field, they competed ruthlessly to secure gigantic bones in the American West. They put American science on the world stage and nearly destroyed one another in the process. Page 2 In the summer of 1868, a small group of scientists boarded a Union Pacific train for a sightseeing excursion through the heart of the newly-opened American West. -
Minutes of the IUPAC Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (VIII) Committee Meeting Boston, MA, USA, August 18, 2002
Minutes of the IUPAC Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (VIII) Committee Meeting Boston, MA, USA, August 18, 2002 Members Present: Dr Stephen Heller, Prof Herbert Kaesz, Prof Dr Alexander Lawson, Prof G. Jeffrey Leigh, Dr Alan McNaught (President), Dr. Gerard Moss, Prof Bruce Novak, Dr Warren Powell (Secretary), Dr William Town, Dr Antony Williams Members Absent: Dr. Michael Dennis, Prof Michael Hess National representatives Present: Prof Roberto de Barros Faria (Brazil) The second meeting of the Division Committee of the IUPAC Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation held in the Great Republic Room of the Westin Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts, USA was convened by President Alan McNaught at 9:00 a.m. on Sunday, August 18, 2002. 1.0 President McNaught welcomed the members to this meeting in Boston and offered a special welcome to the National Representative from Brazil, Prof Roberto de Barros Faria. He also noted that Dr Michael Dennis and Prof Michael Hess were unable to be with us. Each of the attendees introduced himself and provided a brief bit of background information. Housekeeping details regarding breaks and lunch were announced and an invitation to a reception from the U. S. National Committee for IUPAC on Tuesday, August 20 was noted. 2.0 The agenda as circulated was approved with the addition of a report from Dr Moss on the activity on his website. 3.0 The minutes of the Division Committee Meeting in Cambridge, UK, January 25, 2002 as posted on the Webboard (http://www.rsc.org/IUPAC8/attachments/MinutesDivCommJan2002.rtf and http://www.rsc.org/IUPAC8/attachments/MinutesDivCommJan2002.pdf) were approved with the following corrections: 3.1 The name Dr Gerard Moss should be added to the members present listing. -
H17 the Descent of Birds < Neornithines, Archaeopteryx
LIFE OF THE MESOZOIC ERA 465 h17 The descent of birds < neornithines, Archaeopteryx, Solnhofen Lms > Alfred, Lord Tennyson / once solved an enigma: When is an / eider [a seaduck] most like a merganser [a lake and river duck]? / He lived long enough to forget the answer. —an anonymous clerihew.1 All eighteen species of penguin live in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The descendants of a common ancestor, sharing common ground. ... ‘This bond, on my [Darwin’s] theory, is simple inheritance.’2 Bird evolution during the Cenozoic has been varied and rapid in the beak but not in the body. For example, Hawaiian Island bird arrivals beginning 5 Ma (million years ago) have evolved to new species with beaks specialized to feed on various flowers and seeds but their bodies have changed so little that the various pioneer-bird stocks are easy to identify. With that perspective, bird varieties distinctive in the beak as owls, hawks, penguins, ducks, flamingos, and parrots, are likely to have diverged in very ancient times. Ducks, albeit primitive ones such as web footed Presbyornis, which could wade but not paddle, already existed in the bird diversity of the Eocene when giant “terror birds,” such as Diatrema, patrolled the ground. Feathers are made mostly of beta keratin, a strong light-weight material. Bird feathers are modified scales which extrude from cells that line skin follicles. The shape and color of the feather so formed can change during the birds growth (say, a downy feather in youth and a stiff feather in adulthood) and by seasonal molts (say, a white feather in the winter and a colored feather for times of courting).3 All birds of the Cenozoic (30 orders) are characterized by toothless jaws and have a pair of elongated foot bones that are partially fused from the bottom up. -
New Records of Biuve Fulvipunctata (Baba, 1938) (Gastropoda
Biodiversity Journal, 2020, 11 (2): 587–591 https://doi.org/10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2020.11.2.587.591 New records of Biuve fulvipunctata (Baba, 1938) (Gastropoda Cephalaspidea) and Taringa tritorquis Ortea, Perez et Llera, 1982 (Gastropoda Nudibranchia) in the Ionian coasts of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea Andrea Lombardo* & Giuliana Marletta Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy *corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. ABSTRACT In the present paper, two sea slug species, Biuve fulvipunctata (Baba, 1938) (Gastropoda Cepha- laspidea) and Taringa tritorquis Ortea, Perez & Llera, 1982 (Gastropoda Nudibranchia), are re- ported for the second time in the Ionian coasts of Sicily (Italy). Biuve fulvipunctata is an Indo-West Pacific cefalaspidean, previously reported for Italian territorial waters only in Faro Lake (Messina, Sicily). Taringa tritorquis is a species originally described for Canary Islands and hitherto found in Sicily and probably in Madeira. Both species are easily identifiable for their characteristic external morphology. Indeed, B. fulvipunctata shows a W-shaped pattern of white pigment on the head, while T. tritorquis presents rhinophore and gill sheaths with spiculous tubercles crown-shaped and an orange-yellowish body coloring. Since B. fulvipuctata has been previously reported in Faro Lake, probably, the specimen reported in this note could have been taken in veliger stage through the Strait of Messina currents. Otherwise, the veliger has been carried attached to the keel of boats. Instead, it is still unclear if T. tritorquis could be a native or non-indigenous species of the Mediterranean Sea. -
Diversity of Norwegian Sea Slugs (Nudibranchia): New Species to Norwegian Coastal Waters and New Data on Distribution of Rare Species
Fauna norvegica 2013 Vol. 32: 45-52. ISSN: 1502-4873 Diversity of Norwegian sea slugs (Nudibranchia): new species to Norwegian coastal waters and new data on distribution of rare species Jussi Evertsen1 and Torkild Bakken1 Evertsen J, Bakken T. 2013. Diversity of Norwegian sea slugs (Nudibranchia): new species to Norwegian coastal waters and new data on distribution of rare species. Fauna norvegica 32: 45-52. A total of 5 nudibranch species are reported from the Norwegian coast for the first time (Doridoxa ingolfiana, Goniodoris castanea, Onchidoris sparsa, Eubranchus rupium and Proctonotus mucro- niferus). In addition 10 species that can be considered rare in Norwegian waters are presented with new information (Lophodoris danielsseni, Onchidoris depressa, Palio nothus, Tritonia griegi, Tritonia lineata, Hero formosa, Janolus cristatus, Cumanotus beaumonti, Berghia norvegica and Calma glau- coides), in some cases with considerable changes to their distribution. These new results present an update to our previous extensive investigation of the nudibranch fauna of the Norwegian coast from 2005, which now totals 87 species. An increase in several new species to the Norwegian fauna and new records of rare species, some with considerable updates, in relatively few years results mainly from sampling effort and contributions by specialists on samples from poorly sampled areas. doi: 10.5324/fn.v31i0.1576. Received: 2012-12-02. Accepted: 2012-12-20. Published on paper and online: 2013-02-13. Keywords: Nudibranchia, Gastropoda, taxonomy, biogeography 1. Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway Corresponding author: Jussi Evertsen E-mail: [email protected] IntRODUCTION the main aims. -
Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor How They Arise, Modify and Vanish
Fascinating Life Sciences Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthusiasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Editor Dieter Thomas Tietze Natural History Museum Basel Basel, Switzerland ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-91688-0 ISBN 978-3-319-91689-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91689-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948152 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. -
Species Names in Phylogenetic Nomenclature
Syst. Biol. 48(4):790–807, 1999 Species Names in Phylogenetic Nomenclature PHILIP D. CANTINO,1* HAROLD N. BRYANT,2 KEVIN DE QUEIROZ,3 MICHAEL J. DONOGHUE,4 TORSTEN ERIKSSON,5 DAVID M. HILLIS,6 AND MICHAEL S. Y. LEE7 1Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA; E-mail: [email protected] 2Royal Saskatchewan Museum, 2340 Albert Street, Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 3V7, Canada; E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA; E-mail: [email protected] 4Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; E-mail: [email protected] 5Bergius Foundation, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50017, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden; E-mail: [email protected] 6Section of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA; E-mail: [email protected] 7Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—Linnaean binomial nomenclature is logically incompatible with the phylogenetic nomenclature of de Queiroz and Gauthier (1992, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23:449–480): The former is based on the concept of genus, thus making this rank mandatory, while the latter is based on phylo- genetic definitions and requires the abandonment of mandatory ranks. Thus, if species are to re- ceive names under phylogenetic nomenclature, a different method must be devised to name them. Here, 13 methods for naming species in the context of phylogenetic nomenclature are contrasted with each other and with Linnaean binomials. -
Insight Into the Evolution of Avian Flight from a New Clade of Early
J. Anat. (2006) 208, pp287–308 IBlackwnell Publishing sLtd ight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui Julia A. Clarke,1 Zhonghe Zhou2 and Fucheng Zhang2 1Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA 2Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Abstract In studies of the evolution of avian flight there has been a singular preoccupation with unravelling its origin. By con- trast, the complex changes in morphology that occurred between the earliest form of avian flapping flight and the emergence of the flight capabilities of extant birds remain comparatively little explored. Any such work has been limited by a comparative paucity of fossils illuminating bird evolution near the origin of the clade of extant (i.e. ‘modern’) birds (Aves). Here we recognize three species from the Early Cretaceous of China as comprising a new lineage of basal ornithurine birds. Ornithurae is a clade that includes, approximately, comparatively close relatives of crown clade Aves (extant birds) and that crown clade. The morphology of the best-preserved specimen from this newly recognized Asian diversity, the holotype specimen of Yixianornis grabaui Zhou and Zhang 2001, complete with finely preserved wing and tail feather impressions, is used to illustrate the new insights offered by recognition of this lineage. Hypotheses of avian morphological evolution and specifically proposed patterns of change in different avian locomotor modules after the origin of flight are impacted by recognition of the new lineage. -
Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Discodorididae) - a New Record for India from the Andaman Islands
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2016 | 8(3): 8626–8628 Note Discodorididae is one of the Halgerda dalanghita Fahey & Gosliner, most diverse families under 1999 (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Nudibranchia with a total of 305 Discodorididae) - a new record for India ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) species distributed among 32 from the Andaman Islands ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) genera from around the world (Bouchet 2015). Discodorids are Titus Immanuel 1, M.P. Goutham-Bharathi 2 & OPEN ACCESS generally distributed in the coastal R. Kiruba-Sankar 3 waters of the tropical regions particularly in reef environments. 1,2,3 Marine Research Laboratory, Division of Fisheries Science, ICAR- Halgerda Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Post Box No. 181, The genus is represented Garacharma (Post), Port Blair, 744 101, by 35 species from around the world (Bouchet & Gofas Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India 2015) of which, India accounts for only five species 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] (14.2%) viz.: H. bacalusia Fahey & Gosliner, 1999, H. stricklandi Fahey & Gosliner, 1999, H. tessellata (Bergh, 1880), H. formosa Bergh, 1880 and H. punctata Farran, 1902 (Prasade et al. 2012). Among these, the former the distinguishing characters described of the holotype three are known from the Andaman and Nicobar in Fahey & Gosliner (1999). The specimen has been Islands (Ramakrishna et al. 2010; Sreeraj et al. 2010) deposited in the National Zoological Collection of while the latter two have been reported from the Tamil Andaman & Nicobar Regional Centre, Zoological Survey Nadu coast (O’donoghue 1932). H. -
Dialogue on the Nomenclature and Classification of Prokaryotes
G Model SYAPM-25929; No. of Pages 10 ARTICLE IN PRESS Systematic and Applied Microbiology xxx (2018) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Systematic and Applied Microbiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/syapm Dialogue on the nomenclature and classification of prokaryotes a,∗ b Ramon Rosselló-Móra , William B. Whitman a Marine Microbiology Group, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Spain b Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Keywords: The application of next generation sequencing and molecular ecology to the systematics and taxonomy Bacteriological code of prokaryotes offers enormous insights into prokaryotic biology. This discussion explores some major Taxonomy disagreements but also considers the opportunities associated with the nomenclature of the uncultured Nomenclature taxa, the use of genome sequences as type material, the plurality of the nomenclatural code, and the roles Candidatus of an official or computer-assisted taxonomy. Type material © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Is naming important when defined here as providing labels Prior to the 1980s, one of the major functions of Bergey’s Manual for biological entities? was to associate the multiple names in current usage with the cor- rect organism. For instance, in the 1948 edition of the Manual, 21 Whitman and 33 names were associated with the common bacterial species now named Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively [5]. When discussing the nomenclature of prokaryotes, we must first This experience illustrates that without a naming system gener- establish the role and importance of naming. -
Phylocode: a Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature
PhyloCode: A Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature Philip D. Cantino and Kevin de Queiroz (equal contributors; names listed alphabetically) Advisory Group: William S. Alverson, David A. Baum, Harold N. Bryant, David C. Cannatella, Peter R. Crane, Michael J. Donoghue, Torsten Eriksson*, Jacques Gauthier, Kenneth Halanych, David S. Hibbett, David M. Hillis, Kathleen A. Kron, Michael S. Y. Lee, Alessandro Minelli, Richard G. Olmstead, Fredrik Pleijel*, J. Mark Porter, Heidi E. Robeck, Greg W. Rouse, Timothy Rowe*, Christoffer Schander, Per Sundberg, Mikael Thollesson, and Andre R. Wyss. *Chaired a committee that authored a portion of the current draft. Most recent revision: April 8, 2000 1 Table of Contents Preface Preamble Division I. Principles Division II. Rules Chapter I. Taxa Article 1. The Nature of Taxa Article 2. Clades Article 3. Hierarchy and Rank Chapter II. Publication Article 4. Publication Requirements Article 5. Publication Date Chapter III. Names Section 1. Status Article 6 Section 2. Establishment Article 7. General Requirements Article 8. Registration Chapter IV. Clade Names Article 9. General Requirements for Establishment of Clade Names Article 10. Selection of Clade Names for Establishment Article 11. Specifiers and Qualifying Clauses Chapter V. Selection of Accepted Names Article 12. Precedence Article 13. Homonymy Article 14. Synonymy Article 15. Conservation Chapter VI. Provisions for Hybrids Article 16. Chapter VII. Orthography Article 17. Orthographic Requirements for Establishment Article 18. Subsequent Use and Correction of Established Names Chapter VIII. Authorship of Names Article 19. Chapter IX. Citation of Authors and Registration Numbers Article 20. Chapter X. Governance Article 21. Glossary Table 1. Equivalence of Nomenclatural Terms Appendix A.