DOCSLIB.ORG

WG 228'Inf'07 TDA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WG 228'Inf'07 TDA UNEP(DEC)/MED WG.228/Inf.7 31 July 2003 ENGLISH MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN ASSESSMENT OF TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION ISSUES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA UNEP Athens, 2003 Table of Contents MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN ....................................................................................1 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................1 2 Executive Summary......................................................................................................2 3 The Mediterranean region...........................................................................................6 3.1 Environmental characteristics..................................................................................... 6 3.2 Socio-economic aspects ........................................................................................... 11 3.3 Management and regulatory mechanisms ............................................................... 14 3.4 References ................................................................................................................ 17 4 The nature and sources of transboundary problems and issues..................18 4.1 Airborne deposition ................................................................................................... 18 4.2 Rivers ........................................................................................................................ 38 4.3 Agriculture runoff ....................................................................................................... 63 4.4 Fishery and mariculture............................................................................................. 78 4.5 Urban centres .......................................................................................................... 103 4.6 Industrial activity ...................................................................................................... 120 4.7 Ports and maritime transport................................................................................... 138 4.8 Exploitation of sea bed and subsoil ........................................................................ 160 4.9 References .............................................................................................................. 166 5 Assessment of the impacts of transboundary elements................................179 5.1 Living marine resources .......................................................................................... 179 5.2 Biodiversity and ecosystem changes...................................................................... 188 5.3 Critical habitats ........................................................................................................ 195 5.4 Land use and tourism.............................................................................................. 201 5.5 Human health risks ................................................................................................. 208 5.6 Coastal zone management (CZM) .......................................................................... 221 5.7 References .............................................................................................................. 225 6 Future perspectives of development in the region and potential impacts on the transboundary issues...............................................................................................229 6.1 Demography and urban settlements....................................................................... 229 6.2 Agriculture ............................................................................................................... 234 6.3 Industrial activity ...................................................................................................... 236 6.4 Free Trade............................................................................................................... 240 6.5 References .............................................................................................................. 245 7 Overview of the applicability of burden sharing principles for land-based pollution reduction in the Mediterranean ...................................................................247 7.1 Fairness and equity in multilateral environmental agreements (MEA) .................. 248 7.2 Burden sharing within the Barcelona Convention .................................................. 260 7.3 Conclusions and prospects for future research...................................................... 278 7.4 References .............................................................................................................. 278 8 Conclusions and recommendations....................................................................281 8.1 Gaps of knowledge ................................................................................................. 281 8.2 Reduction of pressures ........................................................................................... 285 8.3 Management and regulatory mechanisms ............................................................. 289 8.4 Identification of needs, in particular for regional co-operation ............................... 290 8.5. Needs and future interventions for CZM................................................................. 291 List of tables Table 1 Major polluted sources................................................................................................2 Table 2 Perceived major problems..........................................................................................3 Table 3 Root causes................................................................................................................4 Table 4 Proposed actions........................................................................................................5 Table 3.1 Major sub-basins of the Mediterranean Sea............................................................7 Table 3.2 Variation of species according to depth zones.......................................................10 Table 3.3 Population density and development in the Mediterranean countries....................11 Table 4.1 Country based emissions of NOx and NH3 in the Mediterranean region.................20 Table 4.2 Sector based emissions of NOx in the Mediterranean region......................................................................................................................................21 Table 4.3 Summary of nitrogen deposition fluxes in the Mediterranean basin.......................................................................................................................................21 Table 4.4 Average deposition fluxes of nitrogen species to Mediterranean sub- regions...................................................................................................................................23 Table 4.5 Nitrogen deposition load to Mediterranean............................................................23 Table 4.6 Deposition of N species to Med sub-regions calculated by modelling...................23 Table 4.7 Comparison of inputs of nitrogen to the Mediterranean Sea sub-bassins through riverine contributions and by atmospheric deposition .............................................25 Table 4.8 Median values of metal concentrations measured in the Mediterranean region and Europe............................................................................................................................26 Table 4.9 1999 Emissions of Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu and Zn in the Mediterranean countries..........28 Table 4.10 Measured and calculated median total, wet and dry deposition fluxes in the Mediterranean region............................................................................................................30 Table 4.11 Deposition fluxes of Cd, Pb and Zn to Mediterranean sub-regions calculated by Modelling..........................................................................................................................31 Table 4.12 Total deposition load of metals to the Mediterranean Sea..................................32 Table 4.13 Atmospheric and riverine inputs of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn to North-western Mediterranean Sea................................................................................................................32 Table 4.14 Different estimates of POP emissions in the Mediterranean region....................34 Table 4.15 Deposition fluxes of selected POPs in the Mediterranean region........................36 Table 4.16 Deposition loads of select POPs in to the Mediterranean Sea............................36 Table 4.17 Discharge trends since 1960 in some Mediterranean rivers................................39 Table 4.18 Tentative budgets for the natural sediment delivery to the Mediterranean..........42 Table 4.19 The impact of reservoir construction on the sediment fluxes in some Mediterranean rivers...............................................................................................................43 Table 4.20 Average BOD, COD, DOC, POC and TOC values in some Mediterranean rivers ..............................................................................................................44 Table 4.21 Bacteriological water quality in some Mediterranean rivers.................................48 Table 4.22 Relative importance of the different nitrogen and phosphorus species
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CONTENTS August 2021
    CONTENTS August 2021 I. EXECUTIVE ORDERS JBE 21-12 Bond Allocation 2021 Ceiling ..................................................................................................................... 1078 II. EMERGENCY RULES Children and Family Services Economic Stability Section—TANF NRST Benefits and Post-FITAP Transitional Assistance (LAC 67:III.1229, 5329, 5551, and 5729) ................................................................................................... 1079 Licensing Section—Sanctions and Child Placing Supervisory Visits—Residential Homes (Type IV), and Child Placing Agencies (LAC 67:V.7109, 7111, 7311, 7313, and 7321) ..................................................... 1081 Governor Division of Administration, Office of Broadband Development and Connectivity—Granting Unserved Municipalities Broadband Opportunities (GUMBO) (LAC 4:XXI.Chapters 1-7) .......................................... 1082 Health Bureau of Health Services Financing—Programs and Services Amendments due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency—Home and Community-Based Services Waivers and Long-Term Personal Care Services....................................................................................... 1095 Office of Aging and Adult Services—Programs and Services Amendments due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency—Home and Community-Based Services Waivers and Long-Term Personal Care Services....................................................................................... 1095 Office
    [Show full text]
  • DACIN SARA Repartitie Aferenta Trimestrului III 2019 Straini TITLU
    DACIN SARA Repartitie aferenta trimestrului III 2019 Straini TITLU TITLU ORIGINAL AN TARA R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 Greg Pruss - Gregory 13 13 2010 US Gela Babluani Gela Babluani Pruss 1000 post Terra After Earth 2013 US M. Night Shyamalan Gary Whitta M. Night Shyamalan 30 de nopti 30 Days of Night: Dark Days 2010 US Ben Ketai Ben Ketai Steve Niles 300-Eroii de la Termopile 300 2006 US Zack Snyder Kurt Johnstad Zack Snyder Michael B. Gordon 6 moduri de a muri 6 Ways to Die 2015 US Nadeem Soumah Nadeem Soumah 7 prichindei cuceresc Broadway-ul / Sapte The Seven Little Foys 1955 US Melville Shavelson Jack Rose Melville Shavelson prichindei cuceresc Broadway-ul A 25-a ora 25th Hour 2002 US Spike Lee David Benioff Elaine Goldsmith- A doua sansa Second Act 2018 US Peter Segal Justin Zackham Thomas A fost o data in Mexic-Desperado 2 Once Upon a Time in Mexico 2003 US Robert Rodriguez Robert Rodriguez A fost odata Curly Once Upon a Time 1944 US Alexander Hall Lewis Meltzer Oscar Saul Irving Fineman A naibii dragoste Crazy, Stupid, Love. 2011 US Glenn Ficarra John Requa Dan Fogelman Abandon - Puzzle psihologic Abandon 2002 US Stephen Gaghan Stephen Gaghan Acasa la coana mare 2 Big Momma's House 2 2006 US John Whitesell Don Rhymer Actiune de recuperare Extraction 2013 US Tony Giglio Tony Giglio Acum sunt 13 Ocean's Thirteen 2007 US Steven Soderbergh Brian Koppelman David Levien Acvila Legiunii a IX-a The Eagle 2011 GB/US Kevin Macdonald Jeremy Brock - ALCS Les aventures extraordinaires d'Adele Blanc- Adele Blanc Sec - Aventurile extraordinare Luc Besson - Sec - The Extraordinary Adventures of Adele 2010 FR/US Luc Besson - SACD/ALCS ale Adelei SACD/ALCS Blanc - Sec Adevarul despre criza Inside Job 2010 US Charles Ferguson Charles Ferguson Chad Beck Adam Bolt Adevarul gol-golut The Ugly Truth 2009 US Robert Luketic Karen McCullah Kirsten Smith Nicole Eastman Lebt wohl, Genossen - Kollaps (1990-1991) - CZ/DE/FR/HU Andrei Nekrasov - Gyoergy Dalos - VG.
    [Show full text]
  • The TV Player Report a Beta Report Into Online TV Viewing
    The TV Player Report A beta report into online TV viewing Week ending 6th March 2016 Table of contents Page 3 Introduction 4 Frequently asked questions 5 Aggregate viewing by TV player (on-demand and live streaming) 6 Top live streaming channels 7 Top 50 on-demand programmes – last week 8 Top 50 on-demand programmes – last 4 weeks 9 Top 10 on-demand programmes by TV player 12 Top 50 on-demand programmes by operating system – last week 15 Top 50 on-demand programmes by operating system – last 4 weeks 18 Reference section Introduction In an era of constant change, BARB continues to develop its services in response to fragmenting behaviour patterns. Since our launch in 1981, there has been proliferation of platforms, channels and catch-up services. In recent years, more people have started to watch television and video content distributed through the internet. Project Dovetail is at the heart of our development strategy. Its premise is that BARB’s services need to harness the strengths of two complementary data sources. - BARB’s panel of 5,100 homes provides representative viewing information that delivers programme reach, demographic viewing profiles and measurement of viewers per screen. - Device-based data from web servers provides granular evidence of how online TV is being watched. The TV Player Report is the first stage of Project Dovetail. It is a beta report that is based on the first outputs from BARB working with UK television broadcasters to generate data about all content delivered through the internet. This on-going development delivers a census-level dataset that details how different devices are being used to view online TV.
    [Show full text]
  • State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. V. Tully
    ****************************************************** The ``officially released'' date that appears near the beginning of each opinion is the date the opinion will be published in the Connecticut Law Journal or the date it was released as a slip opinion. The operative date for the beginning of all time periods for filing postopinion motions and petitions for certification is the ``officially released'' date appearing in the opinion. In no event will any such motions be accepted before the ``officially released'' date. All opinions are subject to modification and technical correction prior to official publication in the Connecti- cut Reports and Connecticut Appellate Reports. In the event of discrepancies between the electronic version of an opinion and the print version appearing in the Connecticut Law Journal and subsequently in the Con- necticut Reports or Connecticut Appellate Reports, the latest print version is to be considered authoritative. The syllabus and procedural history accompanying the opinion as it appears on the Commission on Official Legal Publications Electronic Bulletin Board Service and in the Connecticut Law Journal and bound volumes of official reports are copyrighted by the Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut, and may not be repro- duced and distributed without the express written per- mission of the Commission on Official Legal Publications, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut. ****************************************************** STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY COMPANY v. MARK TULLY ET AL. (SC 19600) Rogers, C. J., and Palmer, Zarella, Eveleigh, McDonald, Espinosa and Robinson, Js.* Argued March 28Ðofficially released August 23, 2016 Kirk D. Tavtigian, Jr., for the appellant-appellee (defendant Child Doe). Ron Murphy, for the appellee-appellant (named defendant).
    [Show full text]
  • Norms, Diplomatic Alternatives, and the Social Psychology of War Support Aaron M
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Department of Psychological Sciences Publications 8-7-2013 Norms, Diplomatic Alternatives, and the Social Psychology of War Support Aaron M. Hoffman Purdue University, [email protected] Christopher R. Agnew Purdue University, [email protected] Laura E. VanderDrift Syracuse University, [email protected] Robert Kulzick [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/psychpubs Recommended Citation Hoffman, Aaron M.; Agnew, Christopher R.; VanderDrift, Laura E.; and Kulzick, Robert, "Norms, Diplomatic Alternatives, and the Social Psychology of War Support" (2013). Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications. Paper 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002713498706 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Norms, diplomatic alternatives and the social psychology of war support Aaron M. Hoffman1 Christopher R. Agnew2 Laura Vanderdrift3 Robert Kulzick1 Abstract: Using experiments, we show that subjects who are asked about their support for war without being told about diplomatic strategies to deal with crises back military operations at levels consistent with people who are told that the alternatives to war are of low quality. In contrast, subjects who are told that diplomacy could work to resolve conflicts express less support for military operations. These results suggest that, in the absence of conflicting evidence, people premise their support for war on the assumption that leaders use force as a last resort. Implications for the study of success as an influence on public attitudes about U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • "Magic City" Class, Community, and Reform in Roanoke, Virginia, 1882-1912 Paul R
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 "Magic City" class, community, and reform in Roanoke, Virginia, 1882-1912 Paul R. Dotson, Jr. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Dotson, Jr., Paul R., ""Magic City" class, community, and reform in Roanoke, Virginia, 1882-1912" (2003). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 68. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/68 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. “MAGIC CITY” CLASS, COMMUNITY, AND REFORM IN ROANOKE, VIRGINIA, 1882-1912 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Paul R. Dotson, Jr. B. A. Roanoke College, 1990 M. A. Virginia Tech, 1997 December 2003 For Herman, Kathleen, Jack, and Florence ii Between the idea And the reality Between the motion And the act Falls the Shadow T. S. Eliot, “The Hollow Men” (1925) iii Acknowledgements Gaines Foster shepherded this dissertation from the idea to the reality with the sort of patience, encouragement, and guidance that every graduate student should be so lucky to receive. A thanks here cannot do justice to his efforts, but I offer it anyway with the hope that one day I will find a better method of acknowledging my appreciation.
    [Show full text]
  • Arent Fox LLP Survey of Damage Laws of the 50 States Including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico
    Arent Fox LLP Survey of Damage Laws of the 50 States including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico Insurance & Reinsurance Elliott M. Kroll Practice Group James M. Westerlind Arent Fox LLP Survey of Damage Laws of the 50 States including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico by Elliott M. Kroll and James M. Westerlind Copyright © 2012 Arent Fox LLP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of Arent Fox LLP. Published by Arent Fox LLP 1050 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 Designed by Arent Fox LLP. Printed in the United States of America. ARENT FOX LLP washington, dc / new york / los angeles / arentfox.com Introduction Arent Fox LLP Survey of Damage Laws of the 50 States including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico October 2011 We are pleased to share with you the Arent Fox LLP Survey of Damage Laws of the 50 States including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Tort and business-related litigation is a fact of life for companies in the United States. Companies are under assault from employment-related suits, intellectual property suits, product liability suits, environmental claims and a host of tort and contract litigation. Tort reform is a frequent topic of legislative discussion, but it does little to limit the creativity of the plaintiffs’ bar. Businesses need to be able to operate with reasonable certainty concerning the nature and magnitude of the risks that they face.
    [Show full text]
  • National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017
    PUBLIC LAW 114–328—DEC. 23, 2016 NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2017 VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:30 Mar 27, 2017 Jkt 069139 PO 00328 Frm 00001 Fmt 6579 Sfmt 6579 E:\PUBLAW\PUBL328.114 PUBL328 dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with PUBLAWS 130 STAT. 2000 PUBLIC LAW 114–328—DEC. 23, 2016 Public Law 114–328 114th Congress An Act To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2017 for military activities of the Depart- Dec. 23, 2016 ment of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Depart- [S. 2943] ment of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of National Defense the United States of America in Congress assembled, Authorization Act for Fiscal SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. Year 2017. This Act may be cited as the ‘‘National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017’’. SEC. 2. ORGANIZATION OF ACT INTO DIVISIONS; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) DIVISIONS.—This Act is organized into five divisions as follows: (1) Division A—Department of Defense Authorizations. (2) Division B—Military Construction Authorizations. (3) Division C—Department of Energy National Security Authorizations and Other Authorizations. (4) Division D—Funding Tables. (5) Division E—Uniform Code of Military Justice Reform. (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title. Sec. 2. Organization of Act into divisions; table of contents. Sec. 3. Congressional defense committees. Sec. 4. Budgetary effects of this Act. DIVISION A—DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AUTHORIZATIONS TITLE I—PROCUREMENT Subtitle A—Authorization of Appropriations Sec.
    [Show full text]
  • Television Fiction in Europe
    Television Fiction in Europe Eurofiction 2002 Sixth edition Please note: The following report is a comprehensive analysis of fiction programmes scheduled in European TVs in 2001. The European Audiovisual Observatory could not publish anymore such a report for the following years. However, in the framework of its Yearbook, Film, Television and Video in Europe, Chapter “Programming”, the Observatory published for all the following years a statistical analysis of fiction programming in most of the European television markets. Milly Buonanno (editor) October 2002 Edited by Milly BUONANNO, EUROFICTION, Television Fiction in Europe, Report 2002 Sixth edition, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, October 2002 ISBN 92-871-5028-1 The Eurofiction project team is coordinated by the Hypercampo Foundation, partner organisation of the European Audiovisual Observatory and comprises of: Italy University of Firenze Fondazione Hypercampo Osservatorio sulla Fiction Italiana (OFI) France Institut National de l’Audiovisuel (INA) Conseil Supérieur de l’Audiovisuel (CSA) Germany Universität Siegen Spain Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB) Corporación Multimedia y TVC United Kingdom British Film Institute (BFI) Director of Publication Wolfgang Closs, Executive Director of the European Audiovisual Observatory [email protected] Liaison Officer with Partner Organisation André Lange, Expert – Information on Markets and Funding andré[email protected] Marketing Markus Booms, Marketing Officer [email protected] Translators/Revisers France Courrèges, Paul Green, Erwin Rohwer, Ann Stedman and Colin Swift Print Production C.A.R. - Centre Alsacien de Reprographie Publisher European Audiovisual Observatory 76 allée de la Robertsau 67000 Strasbourg France Tel.: 0033 (0)388 14 44 00 Fax: 0033 (0)388 14 44 19 Email: [email protected] URL: www.obs.coe.int The analyses expressed in these articles are the authors’ own opinions and cannot in any way be considered as representing the point of view of the European Audiovisual Observatory, its members and the Council of Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Work of the Louisiana Supreme Court for the 1940-1941 Term: a Symposium, 4 La
    Louisiana Law Review Volume 4 | Number 2 January 1942 The orW k of the Louisiana Supreme Court for the 1940-1941 Term: A Symposium Harriet S. Daggett J. Denson Smith Joseph Dainow Wex S. Malone Jefferson B. Fordham See next page for additional authors Repository Citation Harriet S. Daggett, J. Denson Smith, Joseph Dainow, Wex S. Malone, Jefferson B. Fordham, Dale E. Bennett, Albert S. Lutz, and Henry G. McMahon, The Work of the Louisiana Supreme Court for the 1940-1941 Term: A Symposium, 4 La. L. Rev. (1942) Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol4/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at LSU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Louisiana Law Review by an authorized editor of LSU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The orW k of the Louisiana Supreme Court for the 1940-1941 Term: A Symposium Authors Harriet S. Daggett, J. Denson Smith, Joseph Dainow, Wex S. Malone, Jefferson B. Fordham, Dale E. Bennett, Albert S. Lutz, and Henry G. McMahon This article is available in Louisiana Law Review: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol4/iss2/2 The Work of the Louisiana Supreme Court for the.1940-1941 Term* This symposium covers the last judicial term, from October 1940 to September 1941, and follows the pattern of previous sur- veys1 in examining the main work of our highest appellate court and in noting the more important developments in our juris- prudence.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 81, No. 156/Friday, August 12, 2016
    53688 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 156 / Friday, August 12, 2016 / Proposed Rules DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE recommendation that the HHS submitted to Preliminary Note Regarding Treaty the DEA is enclosed with this letter. Considerations Drug Enforcement Administration Based on the HHS evaluation and all other Cover Letter from HHS to DEA relevant data, the DEA has concluded that Summarizing the Scientific and Medical 21 CFR Chapter II there is no substantial evidence that Evaluation and Scheduling Recommendation marijuana should be removed from Schedule for Marijuana. [Docket No. DEA–426] I. A document prepared by the DEA U.S. Department of Health and Human addressing these materials in detail also is Services (HHS)—Basis for the Denial of Petition To Initiate enclosed. In short, marijuana continues to Recommendation for Maintaining Marijuana Proceedings To Reschedule Marijuana meet the criteria for Schedule I control under in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances the CSA because: Act AGENCY: Drug Enforcement (1) Marijuana has a high potential for U.S. Department of Justice—Drug Administration, Department of Justice. abuse. The HHS evaluation and the Enforcement Administration (DEA), ACTION: Denial of petition to initiate additional data gathered by the DEA show Schedule of Controlled Substances: Maintaining Marijuana in Schedule I of the proceedings to reschedule marijuana. that marijuana has a high potential for abuse. Controlled Substances Act, Background, (2) Marijuana has no currently accepted Data, and Analysis: Eight Factors SUMMARY: By letter dated July 19, 2016 medical use in treatment in the United Determinative of Control and Findings the Drug Enforcement Administration States. Based on the established five-part test Pursuant to 21 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Standardizing Prehospital Triage Decision-Making Systems in Mass
    Khorram‑Manesh et al. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med (2021) 29:119 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049‑021‑00932‑z ORIGINAL RESEARCH Open Access A translational triage research development tool: standardizing prehospital triage decision‑making systems in mass casualty incidents Amir Khorram‑Manesh1,2,3* , Johan Nordling1, Eric Carlström2,4,5, Krzysztof Goniewicz6, Roberto Faccincani7 and Frederick M. Burkle8 Abstract Background: There is no global consensus on the use of prehospital triage system in mass casualty incidents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the most commonly used pre‑existing prehospital triage systems for the pos‑ sibility of creating one universal translational triage tool. Methods: The Rapid Evidence Review consisted of (1) a systematic literature review (2) merging and content analysis of the studies focusing on similarities and diferences between systems and (3) development of a universal system. Results: There were 17 triage systems described in 31 eligible articles out of 797 identifed initially. Seven of the systems met the predesignated criteria and were selected for further analysis. The criteria from the fnal seven systems were compiled, translated and counted for in means of 1/7’s. As a product, a universal system was created of the majority criteria. Conclusions: This study does not create a new triage system itself but rather identifes the possibility to convert vari‑ ous prehospital triage systems into one by using a triage translational tool. Future research should examine the tool and its diferent decision‑making steps either by using simulations or by experts’ evaluation to ensure its feasibility in terms of speed, continuity, simplicity, sensitivity and specifcity, before fnal evaluation at prehospital level.
    [Show full text]