Vol. 26, No. 29 July 18,'1983 BEIJIN

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF EVIEW NEWS AND VIEWS

II~ ~ ~. ._-~--~---~

Yunnan: A Multinational Province

Wrong Tendency In Art Opposed

Women Win Volleyball Tournament tures on China, so the series is resentative of the hopes and LETTERS useful to me. When people ask aspirations of the Chinese people me "What does the modernization as well as a vehicle of friendship process mean in China?" it's much for those abroad who are interest- easier to answer these questions. ed in the path the Chinese people have embarked upon. Articles on Chinese-Type. Pertti Laine Modernization Helsinki, Finland Philip T. Johnson Arlington, VA, USA Your series of articles on Chi- The series "Chinese-Type Mod- ernization" has been excellent. nese-type modernization deeply I think it safe to say that your Your articles on Chinese-type analysed the nature and charac- readers and all friends of the Chi- modernization are very interest- teristics of socialist China's mod- nese people are vitally interested ing. After reading them, I under- ernization, its emphases in con- in the modernization of Chinese stood why the leaders and the struction and plans for the future. industry, agriculture, science and masses should unite in your The articles also gave reasons why technology. Your series devoted modernization drive. However, in the gross annual value of indus- to this topic has been the most my humble opinion, if you are not trial and agricultural output can complete and cogent explanation. patient in your work, many be quadrupled towards the end defects and social problems will of the century. They explained I find the articles appearing in arise. the necessity of reforms, offered your magazine pertaining to the straight-forward answers to ques- economic and social life of the I hope you will go on publishing tions raised by foreigners and Chinese people to 'be of great in- articles on other related questions. talked about the past neglect and terest. Such information is in- errors in your work. Supported valuable in contrasting the differ- Again, there is no economic by convincing facts and figures ent goals of socialist and capitalist development to speak of without the development of econometrics, and written in an easily under- societies. Examples of such arti- no matter what kind of economy standable style, they built up my cles would include the interesting you are trying to develop--either confidence in China's moderniza- report appearing in the January planned economy or free economy. tion. 17, 1983 issue (No. 3) concerning a reformatory in the Qinhuangdao Therefore, I hope you will develop These articles and others, like region and the several articles your statistical work. Hu Yaobang's report to the 12th devoted to the introduction of the Shinpei Uehara National Party Congress (issue contract system and other eco- Gunma, Japan No. 37, 1982) and report on the nomic reforms. While I cannot work of the government, have say that I dislike any particular deepened my understanding to section of your magazine, there I think your Chinese-type Chinese-type modernization and appears occasionally an over- modernization series marks a provided me a correct approach abundance of statistics. Statistical transitional stage for your weekly towards false reports about China. information should augment ar- from that of journalistic report- ing to that of educational offer- Nirashi Sakaguchi ticles and not become their focus. ings. These articles are them- Tokyo, Japan I had occasion to read your selves a textbook on the com- magazfne during the latter part of plicated field of China's modern- The series on Chinese-type the period of the "cultural revolu- ization. modernization is very interesting tion" and can state unequivocally and informative. I have written that it has improved immensely. Yury Abdon Cahuata Pilares some articles and given some lec- Your magazine is a worthy rep- Cusco, Pecu

Child Welfare

It is now about one year since Announcement I wrote to commend the articles carried in your magazine. I must Beginning in our next issue, we will carry some now comment on Beijing Review articles from the newly published "Selected Works issue No. 22. This issue was of of Deng Xiaoping." particular interest to me. Firstly in that it carried an excellent In our next issue, we will publish excerpts from article on child welfare ("All are Deng Xiaoping's talks on the drafting and revision concerned for children") which was the subject of my last letter of the Resolution on Certain Questions in the to you. Secondly, the extensive History of Our Party Since the Founding of the coverage of various aspects of People's Republic of Chino between March 1980 Confucius. Admittedly this is not and the Sixth Plenary Session of the 11th Party a su'bject about which I know a Central Committee of June 1981. In these talks great deal, and so it was very he dealt mainly with the merits and demerits of good to be able to learn much from just one issue of Beijing Re- Mao Zedong and expressed his views on some other d,Jew. major questions. Jonathan Gordon-Till West Yorkshire, UK HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK BEIII REVIEW WrOng Tendency in Art and Literature Opposed Cultural departments are taking measures to check Published even/ Monday by BEIJINO REVIEW the unhealthy tendency among some artists and writers 24 Boiwonzhuang Road, Beijing of appealing to vulgar and socially harmful tastes (p. 4). The People's Republic of China

Vol. 26, No. 29 July 18, 1983 China Defeat US and Japan in Volleyball CONTENTS An analytical report on the victory of China's women's LETTERS volleyball team at the Super-Three Women's Volleyball NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Tournament held in Xianggang (Hongkong) from July 6 to An unhealthy tendency in arl . and literature 8 (p. 28). EVENTS & TRENDS 5-9 Huang Zhicheng on the main* land A China-run firm in Xiang- Yunnan Province in Progress, gang New styles become popular Major scientific research pro- Yunnan Province, a centre for national minorities and jects Central African President in economic .resources, is the subject of this week's special Chino feature by our correspondent. It shows the success of Sino-Koreon amity further government policies on the unity of nationalities and theiI enhanced Note on Taiwan's issuance of common prosperity (p. 19). visas INTERNATIONAL 10-14 Afghanistan: First six months of fighting in '83 "Five Goods" Families ASEAN: Conference with dia- logue countries Italy: Political situation under- Four Shanghai families who have won "five goods" goes change West. Germany: Chancellor titles indicates new ethics for family relationships in Kohl's visit to Moscow present-day China (p. 15). Bulgaria : Improving foreign trade structure SHANGHAI FAMILIES CITED 15-18 FEATURE Afghanistan's Fighting China's Administrative Re- gions: Yunnon: A multina- tional frontier province Afghan guerrillas NotionoFities policy: fruitful results 19 smashed the Soviet spring Developing economy 23 offensive, causing heavy Farewell. god of plague 26 losses to the Soviet Union CULTURE & SCIENCE 28-30 (p. 10). ART PAGE 31

Distributed by China Publkafions Centre (GUOJI SHUDIAN), P.O. Box 399, Belling, China Subscription prkes ~I year): Australia ..... A.SI2.00 USA...USS13.00 New Zuknd.. NZ.$14.00 UK...... f. 6.80 Youth of Lisu nationality in their ~ ...... Cu.$15.00 holiday best for traditional festival. Photo by Zhu Yuhu NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

screenplay Unrequited Love i An unhealthy tendenoy in art and his later creative works. These criticisms were not cen- ~ and literature sorship of the writer himself. In fact the criticisms have helped ~ him to write more and better ~ Writers, artists and the should not be allowed to in- works since then. His new his- ~ public are critical of an emerg- filtrate our literature and art. torical play, The Story of King ~ ing tendency to commercialize Goufi~r~ recently staged in Bei- .~ literature and art. The art and FundamentallY , commercial- ized literature and art arise be- jing, has been widely acclaimed. ~ •literature departments are tak- This is only one example. ing measures to check this cause s6me writers and artists tendency. seek personal gains, and have Other people worry that when ~ deviated from the orientation literary and art works em- ~ '"Commercialization" specifi- that their works should serve phasize the principles of patriot- ~ cally refers to the works or the people and socialism. They ism, collectivism, socialism and ~ performances that appeal to forget that in New China their communism, they will be re- ~ vulgar or socially harmful tastes duty is to accelerate the con- duced to formulas and generali- e0 for the sake of monetary or struction of socialist spiritual ties. I think there are no inevi- ~ other rhaterial profits in civilization by educating the table links between the former ~ disregard of social effects. The people in the spirit of patriot- and the latter. A work that is I. influence of such works is ism, collectivism, socialism and characterized by formulas and ~ palpably negative, particularly communism. They lose sight of generalities signifies its depar- ~ upon th.e youth. Unchecked, their responsibility to steer peo- ture from life and violation of ~ this tendency could undermine ple away from vulgar and back- the laws of art. socialist spiritual civilization ward sentiments. campaign and the moderniza- While arming themsel~,'es with ! tion drive. Some people worry that crit- patriotism, collectivism, social- ~ icism of commercialization ism and communism, artists and ~. 0 IrL socialist society, commodi- may affect the implementation writers should actively partic- i ties cannot yet be abolished. In of "two hundreds" policy (let- ipate in. the real life of the t~ fact commodity production and ting a hundred flowers blossom masses. Their works should ~ exchange will continue to and a hundred schools of reflect, in various forms and I' develop over a fairly long his- thought contend). I think such styles, the great struggles of the ~ torical period. Their funda- worries are superfluous. As I millions who are involved in~ mental aim is to meet the needs have written in other articles • modernization and the new peo- ~i of people's material and cul- in this column, this policy en- pie and events reflecting com- ~t tural lives. This is essentially courages free discussion of munist ideas. Only when artists i' different from commodity pro- diverse views. When works that and writers are familiar with i duction under capitalist private express wrong tendencies or life and have sound practi.cal i' ownership, which seeks profits errors emerge, they can be experiences can they create ~ only. corrected through criticism and good works. self-criticism, and be guided Socialist cultural and literary --Literary Editor ~ along a correct path. This products are circulated in the Xin Xiangrong ~ policy will encourage the form of commodities, but are flourishing of literature and different from ordinary com- t art. modities. Their purpose is to encourage and reinforce social- It is a common practice for ist morality, to offer incentives the news media to express for people to forge ahead and to diverse views on fiction and bring up people with commu- films. Belting Review readers nist ideas. The decadent con- may remember that we covered' I I cept of "everything for money" both the criticisms of Bai Hua's

4 Beijing Review, No. 29 CHINA EVENTS AND TRENDS i

Huang Zhicheng on and people on both sides of the theoretical study. "t myself have Taiwan Straits have thd same. much to learn," he said. "At the mainland sense of national dignity and the present, I'm learning the art of same desire for national reuni- command. And I wish to study fication. Both have merits worth some philosophy and to brush learning from each other,!' he up my English. I hope I can do "I believe!'ve made the cor- something to help improve the rect choice," said Huang Zhi- said. quality of training in our acade- cheng, the air force pilot who "For instance," he continued, my." flew to the mainland from Tai- "Taiwan has gained some ex- wan in August 1981. perience in developing educa- He said he missed relatives tion and in economic manage- and friends in Taiwan. His remarks were made to ment. However, it must rely on some Beijing-based foreign cor- "I hope they will have an op- others economically and milita- respondents in his capacity as a portunity to meet people from rily and is isolated diplomatical- member of the Sixth National the mainland and Chinese living ly. As a Chinese, one can hard- Committee of the Chinese Peo- abroad who are familiar with ly hold up his head there?' ple's Political Consultative Con- the situation l~ere," he said. ference during its first session. "On the mainland," he said, "Through such contacts they "we enjoy a healthy social en- may come to know that many "During the current session," vironment and a stable political he said, ,'I've said everything I things are entirely different situation. We also have an in- from what they 'have been told wish to say." dependent economy and an in- in Taiwan." "As a military man," he add- dependent foreign policy. Life "For instance," he said, "the ed, "I've put forward a proposal here is rich and colourful and 'cultural revolution' is what peo- for strengthening the army's the people are united." ple heard about most in Taiwan, legal system and improving its Since his return to the main- which gave them the .impression rules and regulations." land, he said, "I've held up my China is in total chaos. Any Huang then talked about his head and felt very proud that talk of the achievements of the life and work since he left Tai- I'm now living truly as a Chi- mainland is taboo there." wan as well as his impression of nese." "There was indeed chaos dur- the mainland. Huang is now dept~ty com- ing the 'cultural revolution,"' he "The Chinese nation is mark- mandant of an air academy in said, "but that's a thing of the ed by its tremendous coherence charge of regular training and past. Now everything here is thriving." On freedom, he said, "when I was in Taiwan, I was told that there was no freedom here and people were restricted in every way. So I spoke with caution when I first came back.

"But soon I found we do have freedom of speech. I can say whatever I like. In my academy, I always point out what I feel to be wrong." Huang Zhicheng said that through the press he wishes to tell his relatives and friends in Taiwan that he has been leading Huang Zhicheng (fourth from right) with other former Kuomintang air force pilots Xu Tingze (third fr(}m left), Huang Tianming (first from left), a happy life. He got married Li Dawei (fourth from left) and others. last year. His wife used to work

July 18, 1983 5 with the CAAC and is now corporation is to expand eco- The exhibition received an studying English in the Beijing nomic and technical exchanges average of 20,000 customers a No. 2 Foreign Languages Insti- with foreign countries. day and sold 60,000 garments, tute. His monthly salary is 166 for 400,000 yuan daily. Its present tasks include seek- yuan which is more than ing foreign capital and intro- During her visit to the exhibi- enough to cover his family's ex- tion,. Hao Jianxiu, a former pense as the cost of living is ducing advanced technology and equipment to Chinese enter- textile worker and now Alter- low here, he said. prises. It also plans to make in- nate Member of the Secretariat vestments in foreign countries at of the CPC Central Committee, a later stage. told the sponsors: "The minds A China-run firm of the staff of our garment trade It is authorized to co-operate should be more emancipated. with foreign businesses in joint in Xianggang We should encourage the men ventures both in China and to wear Western style su~ts and abroad. It is expected to con- The newly established Ever- sports jackets" and Women, qipao tribute to the prosperity of bright Industrial Corporation (a sheath with a 'Mandarin', col- Xianggang. will soon begin operations in lar and a slit skirt), Western Xianggang (Hongkong), said the The corporation has state sup- style suits and skirts. Our cloth- corporation's chairman Wang port and abundant funds and its ing styles should be tasteful, Guangying at a press briefing directors are all experienced with a national flavour and attended by Chinese and foreign economists. "Premier Zhao Zi- suited our people's customs, and correspondents in late June. yang agreed to my plan to set the prices should be low." up the corporation in Xiang- "The corporation is a non- Young people were the main gang," Wang Guangying said. "I governmental firm engaged in customers at the exhibition and have powerful backing." a wide range of businesses. 55 per cent of the total retail Wang Guangying was recent- The corporation plans to em- sales were of clothing for young ly elected a Vice-Chairman at ploy some 40 Xianggang res- people. Children's garments the First Session of the Sixth idents, who will become two- came second, accounting for National Committee of the Chi- thirds of the corporation's 34.5 per cent. The exhibition nese People's Political Consul- staff there. When its affiliated displayed more than 200 varie- tative Conference. companies and offices are set up ties of children's garments and in other parts of the world, it sold a total of 875,000 pieces. The The Everbright Industrial Cor- will also employ local personnel. designers tried to lower the cost poration was inaugurated last of production so that the April in Beijing. Wang Guang- average cost per garment was ying and nine others immediate- 2.8 yuan. ly began preparing the corpora- New styles become tion's Xianggang operations. However, the exhibition They bought an office building popular showed little progress in pro- anddormitory and explored 30 viding new styles for older and feasible projects in consultation With rising living standards, middle-aged people. with foreign businesses. the Chinese people are begin- A 29-day sales exhibition of ning to show interest in stylish Known as "a man of action," spring and summer clothes was clothes made of better fabrics. Wang Guangying, 64, graduated held in Beijing earlier. It served from the chemistry department This desire was evident at the 500,000 customers and sold 1.2 of Furen (Foo Jen) lJniversity in May sales exhibition of gar- million pieces of garments with 1942 and became head of a fac- ments, hats and shoes from three a total value of 10 million yuan, tory the following year. After municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin an unprecedented event. the founding of the People's Re- and Shanghai) and two prov- Another garment exhibition public in 1949, he was manager inces (Jian'gsu and Liaoning). held in spring this year was the of the Tianjin Knitwear Corn-" The exhibition offered China's school uniform design exhibi- pany.. In 1980, he was elected first fashion show, staged by 14 t-ion ir~ Beijing. On Children's Deputy Mayor of Tianjirt and performers from Shanghai with Day (June 1), one million child- was instrumental in the eco- a total of 185 garments in tradi- ren in 10 cities put on their new nomic prosperity of that city. tional Chinese and Western sky blue and white young He said that the aim of the styles. pioneer summer uniforms.

6 Beijing Review, No. 29 CHINA EVENTS AND TRENDS

and finishing; intensive chemi- cal processing and comprehen- sive utilization of petroleum; development of urgently• needed new materials; manufacturing of a 2,050-millimetre continuous hot rolling mill and 600,000- kilowatt thermal power generat- ing units; equipment for extra- high voltage A.C. transmission and transformation; and ~0ff- shore oil drilling.

Wu said that at present, China uses about 1 per cent of its total industrial and agricultural out- put value for scientific research. The Beijing sales exhibition of spring and summer clothes. To accomplish these projects, China will concentrate the nec- Stylish uniforms will soon be will be conducive to promoting essary financial and material available for 200 million college production and improving eco- resources and wil~ organize and middle and primary school nomic results in various indus- scientists to conduct domestic students. trial departments. research, investigate interna- Clothing now accounts for Of the 38 projects, Wu said, tional findings and use foreign one-fourth of the Chinese peo- seven are related to agricultural capital and technology. Scien- ple's total expenditures. After production; four to food, textiles tific and technical co-operation a 20-30 per cent price cut on and light industrial products; with any country will be based synthetic fabrics in January this eight to energy development and on the principle of equality and year, people became more in- conservation; eight to geology mutual benefit. terested in high and medium- and raw materials; four to cost clothing made of these machine-building and electro- By 1985, the 38 projects in- fabrics. nics equipment two to trans- clude 114 topics, 75 of which portation; one to development will be completed, Wu Xing said of new technology; and four to in conclusion. Major scientific social development. Among these are a number of research projects top priority projects which will Central African have a significant bearing on China's overall economic devel- Feasibility studies for ~8 ma- President in China opment, including selection and jor scientific research projects breeding of new strains and designated for the Sixth Five- General Andre Kolingba, Pres- species of rice, wheat, soybeans, Year Plan (1981-85) were finish- ident of the Military Commit- maize, cotton, sugar-bearing ed at the end of 1982, according tee for National Redressment of crops, rapeseed, livestock and to Wu Xing, a spokesman for Central Africa and head of state, poultry; industrial production the State Science and Tech- arrived in Beijing on July 4 for processes and technology and nology Commission. an official and friendly visit to equipment for large-scale inte- China at the invitation of the At a press briefing at the end grated circuits, and development Chinese Government. He was of June, he said that the tech- of computer technology; tech- accorded a warm welcome. nology used in these 10rojects nology for energy development will help solve some of the tech- and conservation; processes for President Li Xiannian gave a nical problems in China's pres- spinning chemical fibres and banquet in honour of President ent economic construction and equipment for textile dyeing Kolingba and met with him. It

July 18, 1983 7 tween the Governments of Chi- na and Central Africa was signed on July 6.

Sino-Korean amity further enhanced

Hu Yaobang, General Secre- tary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Par- ty, on July 7 said that Comrade Kim Jong I1, one of the prin- cipal leaders, of the Korean Workers' Party, had made an invited but unannour~ced visit to China last month.

President Li Xiannian welcomes President Kolingba. Hu said that the principal leaders of the Chinese Com- munist Party had had very was the first time Li Xiannian and the development of friendly cordial and friendly conversa- received a foreign head of state relations between their coun- tions with Comrade Kim Jong since he became President of tries. I1, whose visit has further en- the People's Republic of China. hanced the amity between the Premier Zhao stressed that two Parties, two countries and At the banquet, President Li strengthening the unity of third two peoples of China and praised the Central African world countries is the focus of Korea. Government's efforts for nation- China's foreign policy. He said al unity, social stability and a that China regards the safe- Hu Yaobang said this when prosperous ecOnomy. He also guarding of the rights and in- he met with a delegation from praised its peaceful, neutral and terests of third world people as the Supreme People's Assemb- non-aligned policy in interna- its important internationalist ly of the Democratic People's tional affairs, and its stand on duty. Republic of Korea led by its maintaining African unity. He chairman, Yang Hong Sop. The expressed China's willingness to Premier Zhao also said that delegation arrived in Beijing on develop its friendship and co- China is concerned about Afri- July 5 for a nine-day friendly operation with Central Africa. can unity and regards the Or- visit at the invitation of the ganization of African Unity President Kolingba said that •Standing Committee of the Na- (OAU) as a symbol of African the People's Republic of China tional People's Congress. unity. "We are pleased to see with an ancient civilization the successful convocation of Yang Hyong Sop told Hu and culture and the young Yaobang that Comrade Kim Central African Republic share the 19th assembly of heads of Jong I1 expressed great satis- the common ideals of peace, jus- state and government of OAU," faction with his visit to China tice and solidarity. he said. and had briefed a plenary ses- He assured his hosts that his On July 5, the Red Cross So- sion of the Korean Workers' country is willing to expand ciety of China donated Party Central Committee 'on it. and develol~ its relations with US$50,000 to the Central Afri- Referring to the present world China. can Republic Government for situation, Hu Yaobang said that the people of drought-affected Premier Zhao Ziyang held areas. the Chinese Communist Party • talks with President Kolingba and Government have always and the two exchanged views on An agreement on economic supported the Korean people's the world and African situation and technical co-oper'ation be- strong aspiration for the inde-

Beijing Review, NO. 29 CHINA EVENTS AND TRENDS

relations between China and these countries. "As is known to all, the is- suance of visas is a govern- mental function of a state, an official act which is performed by consular offices or diplomatic missions ~,broad. Clear provi- sions concerning this are found in Articles 2, 3 and 5 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. The Government of the People's Republic of China is the Sole legal government of China, and Taiwan is an in- alienable part of China's terri- tory. "The Chinese Government is Hu Yaobang meets with Yang Hyong Sop and other Korean comrades. always firmly opposed to any activities that might lead to the pendent and peaceful reunifica- 5 that the ministry recently creation of 'two Chinas' or 'one tion of their country. made representations to .the US China, one Taiwan' or that and treat Taiwan as a separate polit- Reunification of the whole of other embassies in Beijing Korea, he said, would be a on the question of visas issued ical entity. In view of this, the by Offices of the Taiwan au- great event in promoting the Chinese Government is firmly thorities in those countries. solidarity of the Korean nation opposed .not only to any country permitting Taiwan to establish, and the peace and stability of On June 29, Qi said, the Chi- or exchanging with it, represen- Asia and the rest of the world. nese Foreign Ministry notified tative offices of an official na- all foreign diplomatic missions But, he said, this reunifica- ture for official contacts, but in Beijing on the same issue. tion can be realized only on the also to any country permitting premise that all foreign troops At his weekly news l~riefing any organs of the Taiwan au- withdraw from south Korea. on July 5, Qi Huaiyuan read out thorities to perform 'consular President Li Xiannian and excerpts from the note as fol- functions' or esta~blishingany NPC Standing Committee lows: "In recent years, the Tai' organ in Taiwan to perform Chairman, Peng Zhen separate- wan authorities have set up, in such functions." ly met and had a very cordial some countries which have dip- and friendly conversation with lomatic ties with China, offices Chairman Yang Hyong Sop of various descriptions for di- and his delegation. rectly handling and issuing visas for travel to the 'Republic of China.' They have also in- duced these countries to set ' up Note on Taiwan's reciprocal offices in Taiwan to be in direct charge of handling issuance of visas and issuing visas.- By so doing, the Taiwan authorities are attempting to establish 'official Qi Huaiyuan, Director of the relations', or de facto official Information Department of the relations with these countries so Foreign Ministry, said on July as to undermine the normal

July 18, 1983 9 INTERNATIONAL REPORTS AND COMMENTS

Afghanistan bat Forces. Although the Afghan guerrillas suffered some losses during the latest cam- First six months of fighting in '83 paign, they have gained exper- ience and raised both their HE continuing frequent and In late April, large numbers fighting capability and morale. T fierce fighting between the of Soviet planes began terror- The number of Afghan resist- Afghan guerrillas and the So- bombing the important city of ance forces has now reached viet troops during the first half Herat, the most savage bombing 100,000 and they still control of this year have reached a since Soviet bombardment of over 80 per cent of the villages stalemate. the Panjshir Valley last year, and most of the country's moun- destroying part of the city and tainous areas. The Fourth "Spring Offensive." about 35 villages around the As winter ended, the Soviets During the first half of this city, and killing or wounding concentrated a superior force to year, Afghan guerrillas have 3,000 innocent civilians. launch a large-scale "mopping- shown their military strength up" campaign against the guer- The fourth "Spring Offen- by ambushing and frequently rillas in east Paktia, south Kan- sive" since Soviet troops invad- attacking enemy military facil- dahar and west Herat Provinces, ed Afghanistan in 1979, how- ities, army supplies and gov- trying to destroy guerrilla ever, failed to achieve its goal ernment organizations. In Nan- strength. The Soviet authori- of wiping out the guerrillas, garhar Province, the guerrillas ties sent an extra 12,000 troops even though the Soviet Union mounted four attacks on the to Afghanistan, reinforcing suffered heavy losses. Reported airport in Jalalabad, (about 120 its 100,000 armed forces already Soviet casualties are mounting km from Kabul), killing and wounding some 100 enemy stationed there. Soviet war- with the escalating in the fight- troops and destroying large planes raided surrounding areas ing. The total number of So- numbers of helicopters, armour- of important strategic points viet wounded and the dead has ed cars and oil tankers at the and along main communication increased to 15,000. The Soviets lines, wounding and killing airport. also are losing an increasing large numbers of Afghan civil- Furthermore, the unity of the number of airplanes, tanks, ians in an attempt to dis- Afghan resistance groups has vehicles and other we.apons. courage local support for the been greatly strengthened. The guerrillas. Guerrillas Strengthening Corn- Islamic 'Alliance of Afghan Mu- jahideen has been fully unified following the announcement on May 25 of the establishment of a central leadership and disso- lution of the seven membei" parties. The formation of the alliance was announced in Ra- walpindi, Pakistan, last year. It had previously been a loose seven-party alliance with each party retaining its own organs. Kabul Regime in a Predica- ment. In contrast, the struggle among the factions of the Kabul regime has sharpened, and the contradictions between the So- viet troops and the Kabul pup- pet regime have come to the surface. The defence minister of the Kabul regime was report- Afghan guerrillas in training. edly shot and wounded by a

10 Beijing Review, No. 29 member of the "People's Party" 22, the Afghan resistance criticized the soft stand ofi the last May because of the sharp organization said: "We as a na- Kampuchean issue taken by factional strife. Not long ago tion have no other alternative some countries. Some believe several Soviet army officers but to continue our armed that Shultz's stand is related to were killed or wounded during struggle." President Reagan's plan to visit an armed clash between Soviet Japan, south Korea and In- "We are fully prepared to and Karmal officers in Kanda- donesia in November. endure any kind of sacrifices to har. As a result some of the ensure our goals andwill re- Furthermore, some of the Karmal officers were arrested ject any compromises demand- propositions presented by Aus- by the Soviet troops. Karmal ed of us. We declare once again tralian Foreign Minister Bill went to Kandahar to seek a that we prefer an honourable Hayden were criticized by the peaceful settlement of the clash, death to a miserable life," it foreign ministers of the Phi- but the conflict has not yet been said. lippines, Singapore, Indonesia resolved. and the United States. This All this indicates that the was seldom done in the i~ast. Despite the predicament re- Soviet Union cannot win it~ Hayden said on June 27 that, as suiting from its failures, Mos- war in Afghanistan. Neither the regards the Kampuchean prob- cow has not altered its strategic military attacks nor the Soviet lem, "time may be working in goal of controlling Afghanistan peace offensive can change the favour of the Vietnamese." The and opening a southern passage predicament the Soviet authori- foreign ministers of Singapore, to the Indian Ocean. ties have got themselves into. Indonesia and Malaysia did not In a "Declaration on the Ge- -- Shi Zhongxin, share Hayden's view. Philippine neva Talks" distributed on June Zhang Zhinian Foreign Minister Carlos P. Romulo said that the Austra- lian wish to woo Viet Nam ASEAN away from the Soviet Union was doomed to failure, because Conference with. dialogue countries Viet Nam relied too much on Moscow. Shultz said, "Time is on our side. We need not OLLOWING the 16th the first, year only Japan attend- worry about it." F ASEAN ministerial meet- ed the conference. Since then Although all the foreign min- ing in Bangkok, the ASEAN the number of countries attend- isters present at the dialogue countries and Australia, Cana- ing has steadily increased. In meeting supported Hayden's da, Japan, New Zealand, the 1982 an EEC representative was visit to Ha.noi to seek a new United States and the Federal present at the dialogue meeting channel to solve the Kampu- Republic of Germany, which in addition to the former five also represented the European dialogue countries. cheanquestion, they did not be- Economic Community, held a lieve that Hayden's visit would foreign ministers' dialogue Active Role on Kampuchean be successful. Question meeting in Bangkok on June After his visit to Viet Nam 27-28. The dialogue meeting this and Laos, Hayden went io year strongly addressed the The fact that the ASEAN Thailand and held talks with Kampuchean question. The countries could attract so many the Thai foreign minister on United States took a strong developed countries to join the July 4. Their talks indicated position towards Viet Nam and economic dialogue with them that Viet Nam did not really the Soviet Union on this issue. and could convince them to wish tosettle the Kampuchean US Secretary of State George support their stand on the Kam: question. Hayden noted that his Shultz attended the dialogue puchean question shows that trip only got a guarantee from meeting and paid an official the ASEAN countries are play- Hanoi that it was willing to visit to Thailand. Shultz's re- ing a greater role in the inter- open the door to the negotia- marks showed that the "United national arena. tions. States was very concerned Since 1979 the ASEAN coun- about the Soviet military bases Both the ASEAN foreign min- tries have held dialogue con- in Viet Nam and Kampuchea isters' meeting and the dia- ferences after their annual for- and Soviet expansion into the logue conference defended the eign ministerial meetings. In Asian and Pacific region. He UN resolutions and the declara-

July 18, I983 11 INTERNATIONAL REPORTS AND COMMENTS tion adopted by the Interna- differences about internal forces. Italy's Constitution, tional Conference on the Kam- policies, economic policy in adopted in 1947, makes the pres- puchean Question, strengthened particular, will cause, difficul- ident and prime minister sub- ASEAN unity and helped co- ties for the" new government. servient to the parliament. The ordinate the present steps of parIiamentary seats are allocat- Political Secretary of the the dialogue countries regard- ed proportionately to each Christian Democratic Party, ing the Kampuchean issue. party, large or small, according Ciriaco De Mita said, "we hold Thus these meetings added fur- to the percentage of votes it re- that the elections have made ther weight to the international ceives. This has prevented the government more difficult." condemnation of the Vietna- revival of a dictatorial system mese and Soviet" intransigence "It will be more difficult to but also has legitimatized a and expansionism. govern the state now, than un~ plethora of parties and factions. der the last parliament," said As a result, some major issues The continuing struggle be- Pietro Longo, General Secretary are never resolved because of tween the ASEAN countries of the Social Democratic Party. factional disputes. Thus, the and Viet Nam and between the • government is weak and easily international proponents of It is widely believed in Rome changed. compromise and those who that the political situation will opl~ose compromise will be remain unstable and the coun- Unresolved economic difficul- long and difficult. try will see frequent changes in ties have contributed to sharp government. political contradictions. Italy Yang Mu lacks natural resources and its Reasons for Changes economic base is weak. Its Italy economy largely relies on im- Italy's frequent changes in ports and exports. With both government can be attributed to lOng-term inflation and a high Political situation political, economic and social rate of .unemployment Italy factors. owes many official and private undergoes change debts and has ~large financial Italy's political system gives deficits. Because ,no economic HE Italian general election its par!iamen~ a great deal of solution has been found, in the T in June, the country's ninth power. After World War II, latter part of the 70s the aver- since World War II, caused a the Italian people demanded the age life of each government great stir in political circles as formation of a free democratic was less than nine months. the dominant ruling Christian republic and legal measures to Democratic Party suffered prevent the revival of fascist -- Ren Yah heavy losses in both houses. The Christian Democrats lost West Germany 18 seats in the Senate, 5.9 per cent fewer than in 1979 and 37 Chancellor Kohl's visit to Moscow in the Chamber of Deputies, 5.4 per cent fewer than in 1979. EST German Chancellor the question of the dePloyment This was the party's largest W Helmut Ko.hl ended his of new US missiles in West election setback since 1953. four-day visit to the Soviet Germany. Union on July 7 with little pro- The Christian Democratic gress being made in his talks Kohl had made it plain in a Party, with only a slight major- with the Soviet leaders on the series of statements that "only ity in both houses, has not Euromissile issue which was a strong and unified Europe, agreed to form a coalition, gov- high on the agenda. ernment with the second larg- together with its friends and est party, the Italian Com- This lack of progress was not North American allies, can munist Party. Instead, it has at all surprising as prior to carry on the necessary dialogue sought unity with the Social Kohl's Moscow visit the two with the countries of the East, Democratic Party and other sides had repeatedly declared a dialogue necessary for main-• smaller parties. These parties' their intransigent positions on raining world peace," and that

12 Beijing Review, No. 29 "Europe should be a solid pil- Continuation of "Detente" tively to its efforts to pro- lar of Atlantic alliance." Kohl's trip to Moscow, at a mote East-West German rela- tions and do nothing to impair In Moscow, after his two day~ time when bilateral relations its efforts. of talks with the Soviet leaders, between Bonn and Moscow and Kohl, the first NATO head of East-West relations as a whole On the other hand, :the government to meet Yuri An- have become strained, was re- Soviet Union, proceeding from dropov since the latter was elect- garded by many in Bonn to be its European and global strat- ed Soviet President last month, the most important West Ger- egy, regards West Germany as said that he had made it clear man-Soviet contact since 1955 an important link ia its "peace to the Soviet leaders that his when Chancellor Konrad Aden- offensive" against the West. government was committed to auer opened up relations with This has resulted in a cansider- the policy of peace and renun- the Soviet Union. able amount of trade, economic ciation of force and he had In the nine months after he and scientific exchanges be- stressed West Germany's role as took office on October 1 last tween the two countries even a member of NATO. • year, Kohl had devoted most of though East-West military con- fronjtatlon and the danger of If the Soviet-US Geneva his attention to strengthening walz have increased. talks fail, Kohl told a news con- West Germany's ties with the ference on July 6, the Federal United States and its West Kohi's ~ visit to the Soviet Republic of Germany will have European allies. However, this Union has underlined the fact US medium-range missiles did not mean that he had that though the two countries deployed on its territory on thrown overboard the 1970s differ sharply on the problem schedule. However, he said that policy of the then ruling Social of European security and other it was his hope that the Soviet Democratic Party of "Ostpol- international issues, they both Union and the United States itik" which emphasized "de- agree that their economic and will reach some interim agree- tente" with the Soviet Union trade relations should continue ment on missile deployment by and sought to alleviate the So- to develop. the end of the year. viet military threat through Duan Ping agreements and economic co- German Reunification operation with Moscow. Kohl also said that he had Although the Kohl admin- Bulgaria gone to Moscow not to negotiate istration's stress on foreign pol- for others or to act as anyone's icy differed from that of its Improving foreign interpreter but to defend the predecessor, the Schmidt ad- interests of his country. He • ministration, West Germany's trade structure disclosed that the question of position and interests make it the reunification of Germany imperative that Kohl, too, must ULGARIA is actively devel- was a major point in his two- continue to pursue a policy of B oping its trade relations day meeting with Andropov •"detente" and co-opera~ion in and economic co-operation with and other Soviet leaders. its relations with the Soviet other countries, thus steadily Union. improving its domestic economy Kohl, thus, became the first and foreign trade. West German leader to public- Bonn hopes that good rela- ly talk about German reunifica- tions with Moscow will enable In 1981, Bulgaria ,basically tion during a visit to Moscow. it to have a bigger voice in completed all targets of its na- world affairs and more room to tional economic programme. Despite his differences with manoeuvre between the United The national income increasei:l the Soviet leaders on the States and the Soviet Union; by 5 per cent, the gross value Euromissile issue and the ques- ensure it of the Soviet and East of industrial output by 4.3 per tion of the reunification of European markets and supplies cent, the gross value of agri- Germany, Kohl said he was of energy and raw materials cultural output by 4.7 per cent, satisfied with his talks in from them and, through eco- the combined total of imports Moscow. He described them as nomic and technological co- and exports by 11.5 per cent, being "serious, open and direct,"- operation, to exert some in- and its international payments and said they were of signifi- fluence on the Soviet Union were roughly balanced. In 1982, cance to the development of re- and the East European coun- its foreign trade reached lations between West Germany tries. Bonn also hopes that the US$23,000 million, a 9 per cent and the Soviet Union. Soviet Union will respond posi- increase over 1981.

July I8, 1983 13 INTERNATIONAL REPORTS AND COMMENTS

One important reason for izations and the producer en- members through examinations. these achievements is that Bul- terprises. The foreign trade or- Staff members must master the garia has carried out a series of ganizations, which in the past language of the countries to reforms in its foreign trade acted as independent middle- which they are a~signed and structure. External trade has an men, now act as agents for the must be specialists in some important place in the country's producers. In the past, the two field. Specialization is directly economy because 75 per .cent of parties signed contracts under related to economic efficiency the national income is related to which foreign trade firms pur- in foreign trade. chased products from produc- foreign trade. In order to meet the needs of tion units. The .producers simply While insisting that the state its national economic tralisfor- fulfilled planned targets assign- monopolize external trade, the mation and expand foreign ed to them, produced the types, Bulgarian Government has trade, Bulgaria will make fur- number and quality of products adopted the following major ther efforts to restructure and specified by the contract, and measures to improve the man- perfect its system of foreign then delivered these products agement of foreign trade. trade. to the foreign trade companies. The producer had no say in the Wang Dadao I. Economic Means sale of its products on the in- Wage System. The wages of ternational markets and did not foreign trade personnel are bas- have to be bothered about the JOURNAL OF ed on annual performance pro- final sales. As a result, they took INTERNATIONAL STUDIES jections. At the end of the year, no interest in wheVher and how (A quarteily in Chinese) wages are adjusted according to their products earned foreign economic results. Wages are exchange, nor did they take any Contents ol the Issue No. 3, 1983 thus determined by work ef- initiative to raise export effi- Fluctuation of Oil Price and Its Prospect-- Yang Wei ficiency, especially in the field ciency. Nixon and US Foreign Relations of exports. Those doing the Foreig n trade divisions now -- Qian Dayong same work, draw different pay Problems in Brazil's Economic Devel- deal with foreign merchants on qpment--Zhong Lion according to their different abil- behalf of the producer enter- Latin American Economic Develop- ities and contributions. prises, and are paid by the lat- ment: Present State and Problems ~Wong Yoozeng Export Bonuses. Bonuses are ter. When the producer needs Western Europe and North-South distributed among production a quick sale or there are unusu- Dialogue ~ Hu Jie al market conditions, the pro- Delicate Position of Western Europe units and foreign trade depart- as Reflected in the Recent West ments, in proportions stipulated ducer will pay the agent a high- German Election -- Zhu Yiqing by the Ministry of Foreign er commission. On the other Report From Overseas Trade. Bonuses are designed to hand, when the agent fails to Problems in ASEAN EconomieslA perform its duty, it wgl suffer Report on the Second US-ASEAN reward those who make out- Conference --Xue Mouhong standing achievements. the economic consequences. South Asia Seeking a Regional Se- curity Strategy -- Ye Zhengjia Foreign Exchange Fund. This LSince 1979, production units Third World Indebtedness and Its fund has been established to have been given greater rights Implications--You Zhongwen and Zhen Bingxi help enterprises boost produc- to participate, directly or in- tion, upgrade products for ex- directly, in foreign trade activi- Book Review ties. They have to keep them- A Valuable Book on International port and pay for the introduc- Law ~ Comments on "International tion of advanced technology selves informed on world mar- Law," a Text Book for Higher from abroad. ket quotations and on the sales Educatlon-- Li Zerui of their products. Thus produc- A Survey of Zaire's Rural Area- Tian Yimin and Yang Rongjia 2. Improving Ties Between tion for export is directly link- Order directly from China Publica- Production and Foreign ed to international markets. tions Centre (Guoji Shudian) Trade Subscription rates: RMB 0.80 yuan 3. Training Specialists per copy, RMB 3.20 yuana year. An important structural reform Postage: Ordinary RMB 2.20 yuan in Bulgaria's foreign trad~ sys- The reformed foreign trade a year, airmail RMB 8.20 yuan o tem concerns the ,relationship system requires that foreign year. between its foreign trade organ- trade facilities employ staff ......

14 Beijing Review, No. 29 Shanghai Families Cited

by Our Correspondent Wu Naitao

N China the family remains the most funda- her parents-in-law. After her husband died I mental unit of society. No longer encum- when she was 38, leaving her with a 10-year-old bered by the pre-liberation feudal requirements daughter and a three-year-old son, her position for blood relationships, tt~e Chinese society has became even worse. established new ethical standards embodied in Her son, Yu Chunlin, now 32, said that one the concept of a "five goods" family. of his earliest memories was that his mother The "five goods" required of a family are: suffered constant abffse as a daughter-in-law. diligent work and study; consideration for As New China began painstakingly to dis- the family members as well as neighbours; cai~d those destructive feudal practices, Mrs. Yu careful family planning and attention to became determined that she would never treat children's education; observance of law and a daughter-in-law as she had been treated. discipline; and courteous public behaviour. Today at the age of 67, living with her son For a closer look at "five goods" families, and his wife, Sun Lingdi, 28, an inspector at the I visited a neighbourhood called Chenjiaqiao in Shanghai Radio Factory, her determination re- the Nanshi District of Shanghai, China's largest mains strong. Although she is aging, she does city with a population of 11,850,000. the bulk of the housework.

"Five goods" families there are elected by Sun Lingdi, who is still recovering from a local residents. Usually there are few disagree- bout with hepatitis several years ago, recognizes ments about which families deserve the title, the-invaluable role her mother-in-law has since families share a courtyard or an apartment played. As a result of Mrs. Yu's help~ last year building entryway with others and thus tend to Sun did not miss a day of work at her factory. know each other quite well. Shanghai has 41,000 "five goods" families and the whole na- Sun lost her own mother in childhoodand tion has 3.8 million. has always envied women who were close to their mothers. "Now I have the mother's love Many of those interviewed agreed that the I lost," she said. election of "five goods" families is an incentive Aside from cooking, cleaning and tailoring for practising socialist ethics and has had an overall positive effect on families and neigh- some of the family's clothing, Mrs. Yu's main duty is caring for her two-and-a-half-year-old bourhoods. grandson. At one time Sun Lingdi was worried Following are several examples of Chen- that the responsibilities were too great for her jiaqiao families who have been elected. mother-in-law and tried to send the child to a nursery. But a week later, Mrs. Yu asked Sun Lingdi- to bring the child home, saying he was The Respected Mother-in-Law like a pearl on her palm that she never tired of watching. Mrs. Yu was expected to be an obedient servant first to her own father, then to her hus- Sun Lingdi quoted an old Chinese saying, band's parents, her husband .and ultimately her "Only after a couple brings up a child can they son, according to the rules of filial piety in understand how much they Owe to their feudal society. parents." The wife of an eldest son, she was the first "Although we have only one child and he daughter-in-law in a large extended family and is still young, we already realize what a big job suffered frequent humiliation at the hands of it is to be parents. I really want to make my

July 18, 1983 I5 mother-in-law's life happy, to repay her for all she has done," Sun Lingdi said. In total, Sun's radio factory salary and the wages of her husband who works at the railway freight station, the young couple earns more than 130 yuan a month. As a meas- ure of respect, Sun and Yu have put Mrs. Yu in charge of the money and the household accounts. They also make efforts to provide her with special food. She is from the north of China, where the staple foods are steamed bread and other ~vheat products. Although the young The Yu family. couple has adopted the south China dietary habits and pre- fer rice, Bun and Yu always make northern style But he always put aside some money for his wheat flour dumplings on holidays, as well as wife's medicine. cakes. Their child has picked up the habit of His wife, Fang Hongling, was a victim of offering his grandmother bites of his own treats. the poverty of the old society. Her parents died They also buy her gifts of clothing and when she was just 11 years old. The only way special medicines whenever they can. But they she could earn enough to eat was by doing are well aware that these are not what Mrs. Yu laundry. Day after day she scrt/bbed other likes best. people's clothing, her hands and bare feet con- "She doesn't really care much about nice stantly immersed in icy water, even on the bit- food and clothing," said Sun Lingdi, who dresses terest winter days. quite simply herself, despite Shanghai's reputa- Eventually the physical abuse took its toll tion for high fashion. "She really wants com- and she developed chronic rheumatoid arthritis. pany more than anything." Often her swollen joints caused ~her such pain Sun Lingdi sets aside some time every day that she could not get out of bed. to talk with her mother-in-law and frequently She grew progressively worse, especially accompanies her to the cinema. after the birth of her second child, and although "My daughter-in-law treats me even better the medicine she took relieved the pain, its side than my own daughter," said Mrs. Yu. effect was a softening of her bones that will eventually lead to paralysis. In fact, quite re- cently her doctor told her that it was a The Model Husband medical miracle that she is not yet paralyzed. She credits her husband for her relatively Dai Bugao has two full-time jobs m one as good health. He massages her to prevent mus- a printer and one as a nurse to his bed-ridden wife. cular atrophy, feeds her when she is too weak to eat and pays constant attention to her. His life is a little easier than it used to be now that his two sons are married and living in In momemts of despair, she has begged him their own homes and his daughter, a shop as- to give he r sleeping pills so he would be rid of sistant, contributes to the household income and her. He has always responded, "Don't be ridic- helps with the housework. ulous. We will grow old and white-hair together." When the children were small he did it all himself. Despite government aid, in those early At other times, the frustration ot her dis- years he found it difficult to make ends meet. ease has made her irritable. She has snapped

16 Beijing Review, No. 29 athim, picking quarrels and accusing him of Because Dai was able to Continue working wishing her dead. despite his wife's illness, he was cited as an advanced worker. When he arrived home with His response has been silence, self control the certificate, he ceremoniously hung it above and a sustained effort to understand his wife's his wife's bed. "It is yours as well as mine," plight. he said. "Of course sometimes I have wanted to Last March, Fang Hongling wrote several leave. I experienced fierce mental struggle. But letters to the Firsf Shanghai Medical College, in the end I knew I could not live with an easy offering her body to science. "If society had mind if I attained happiness at my wife's ex- not shown such concern," she wrote, "I would pense," he said. have died long ago. I haven't done much for Most of the time Fang Hongling is. very society, so if my body can help you find ways grateful to her husband and fondly recalls their to treat those suffering from similar diseases, life together--their first meeting, their court- I will consider it my contribution to the mod- ship, her husband's tireless efforts to assist her. ernization drive."

"Although I am temperamental, we have never had a really serious quarrel," she said. Model Teacher's Family Life "We always forgive each other." Yang Yuhuan, 38, is an overseas Chinese Dai Bugao will not take full credit for his wife's successful battle with her disease, point- from Indonesia who has taught physical educa- ing out that their neighbours have been tremen- tion at the Shanghai No. 8 Girls' Middle School dously supportive. for more than a decade. She has devised her own teaching method that conforms to the phys- In addition to arthritis, Fang Hongling suf- ical and psychological development of her stu- fers from high blood pressure and heart disease. dents. Her story was carried by several national Seven times in the past two years, she has had newspapers and her teaching method drew at- simultaneous attacks of all three diseases and tention from education circles. As a result she suddenly lost consciousness. was cited a national "Excellent Physical Educa- The neighbours found her, rushed her to the tion Teacher," "Advanced Overseas Chinese hospital and summoned her husband. Worker," as well as a municipal model worker Dai also credits the hospital and local clinic staff who visit Fang regularly and provide low-cost medical care. Fang's illness has placed burdens on her children, as well. Their daughter, 28, has had a particularly difficult time finding a husband because many young men do not want to share the care for her sick mother. But Dai Changying has insisted on waiting" until she found a man who would not force her to choose between himself and her mother. Today she is Yang Yuhuan discusses physical cultural education engaged to a man who with her husband. admires her devotion.

July18, 1983 17 of Shanghai. Yet few people know that behind rulous. They often quarrelled and their rela- her success is her husband's work at home. tionship gradually became strained.

Chert Fuchang, three years older than Yang Finally the two generations began to cook Yuhuan, is an overseas Chinese from Laos. and eat their meals separately. When the older They met when they both were studying at the couple fell ill, the younger couple did not care Wuhan Institute of Physical Education. After for them. graduation they were assigned to Shanghai to engage in physical education in middle schools. At the beginning of the "five-goods" family campaign, the residents' committee, a self- They live in one 18-square-metre room in administering grass-roots organization, publiciz- an apartment building in Chenjiaqiao with their ed the significance of the campaign and the two teenaged sons. As China's housework is far "five goods" criteria at meetings and on public from being socialized or electrified, it remains a blackboards. Then, the residents elected the heavy burden'to most families. For young and first group of "five goods" families. This served middle-aged intellectuals, these duties are even as an incentive for the other 10,000 Chenjiaqiao more problematic. Usually, one partner has the households to emulate these examples ~. main responsibility for the housework so that Under these circumstances, the inharmo- the other can concentrate his or her efforts on nious Luo family became eye-offending. Their work. Such is the situation of Yang Yuhuan neighbours as well as cadres at the residents' and her husband. Chen Fuchang does all the committee often visited them, trying to persuade housework chores such as shopping, cooking, them to mend their ways. The Luo family washing and caring for the children. members were moved by their neighbours' con- Chert Fuchang is delighted with and proud cern. They began to forgive and help each other of his wife's achievements. Referring to the and the tensions relaxed. The daughter-in-law, "division of labour," he said, "We were both who used to address her parents-in-law with determined to dedicate ourselves to improving "hey," began calling them "father" and middle school physical education and the young- "mother." sters' health. But during the 'cultural revolu- Today the family has changed. When the tion' the schools were in turmoil and I was af- elders fall ill, their daughter-in-law accompanies fected psychologically. Thereafter I suffered them to the hospital and prepares medicinal from kidney stone. After the operation, I began herbs and food for them. She also asks her to teach geography because of continued pain. children to help with their grandparents' house- Then, with the births of the kids, our house- work and invites them to watch TV in her room. work i,ncreased. I decided to do more at home There are ,no longer quarrels in the Luo family, so that my wife could pursue her career." according to their neighbours. Several times the couple has declined in- Not long ago the Luo family was selected a vitation from relatives to go abroad. "'five goods" family. But the daughter-in-law said they did not deserve it. "We have made some progress," she noted, "but ours is not yet Between the Older and Younger as harmonious as other 'fivegoods' families." Generations The experiences of the Chenjiaqiao neigh- bourhood shows that it is not easy to obtain the Retired worker Luo Jiuzhang and his wife live with their 40-year-old only son and daugh- campaign's main goals: Let all people love one ter-in-law because housing shortages prevented another; let all families be harmonious. How- ever, the "five goods" family campaign has the younger couple from moving to their own home after their marriage. already achieved good results and it has promot- ed social morality. In Huayuangang, a section Luo's daughter-in-law, the eldest girl of a of the Chenjiaqiao neighbourhood, the monthly well-to-do family, was not good at doing house- average of civil disputes have decreased from work. Her mother-in-law was .not satisfied with seven to one and in 1982 its larceny cases were her and she thought the old lady was too gar- cut by half, compared with the previous year.[~

18 Beijing Review, No. 29 FEATURE/YUNNAN

China's Administrative Regions Yunnan: A multinational frontier province

by Our Correspondent Zhou Zheng

On an early spring day, Zhou Zheng, a senior "Bei- ties. Some of the ethnic groups #ng Review" reporter, boarded an airplane in Beijing inhabit both sides of the bor- with a team of her journalist colleagues from the capital. ders. Three hours later she arrived in Kunmir~g, the capital of Yunnan Province, thus commencing an exciting 38- A Land of Charm day fact-finding tour in this remote southwest Chinese province. Her Journey of 4,500 kilometres along the Located in a low-latitude Hengduan Mountain paths in western Yunnan brought zone, Yunnan is unique in its her into frequent contact with the local minority peo- complex topography and cli- ples as well as officials at the provincial, prefectural mate. In some •areas it is al- and county levels. On her recent return to Beijing, ways as hot as summer, cool- she filed the following reports. ~ Ed. Lug a little only after rain falls, while in most areas perennial spring is the rule. The capital city of Kunming, known as the Nationalities policy: fruitful .results "City of Spring," is carpeted all year round with colourful y UNNAN is a southwest Chi- belong to 24 of the nation's 55 flowers and lush green trees. nese frontier provinc# minority nationalities. which borders on Burma in the .Natural resources abound, Fifteen of these minority west and Laos and Viet Nam in In fact, Yunnan is a "King- the south. Slightly bigger than peoples m the Bais: Hanis, Dais, dom of Plants," the home for Japan, it is 4 per cent of the Lisus, Lahus, Vas, Jingpos, Bu- half of the nation's nearly 30,000 national territory at 394,000 langs, Pumis, Nus, Naxis, high-grade plants and almost square kilometres and has a Achangs, Benglongs, Drungs all of the wild plants in the population of 32.55 million, one- and Jinuos- mostly live in this world. Large tracts of virgin third (10.31 million) of whom province in compact communi- forests are overgrown with

July 18, 1983 19 FEATURE/YUNNAN blooming mountain flowers, but tigers, leopards, muntjacs, black retarded the advance of history. regrettably, some of the golden monkeys and peacocks In virgin forests, not a few luxuriant wooded areas have roam freely. minority people subsisted upon been wantonly denuded. slash-and-burn farming and It is a land of non-ferrous kept records by tying knots. Both state farms and rural metals as well. Of the 140 use- With barely enough food and communes are expanding the ful mineral resources in the clothing, they often fell prey to cultivation of cash crops such world, Yunnan boasts 110. diseases. There were no doc- as rubber trees, shellac-yielding Gejiu, one of its cities, is inter- tors and little medicine. Once Chinese tallow trees, sugarcane nationally known for its tin a pernicious contagious disease and tea. Rare trees and flowers resources. Abundants, too, are erupted, an entire hamlet could are grown in tropical botanical reserves of copper, lead and perish within a matter of days. gardens. Trees of the palm zinc in this southwest Chinese family are t~biquitous. A banyan province. A '"Living History Book" tree is a forest in itself, capable But above all, Yunnan is a of shielding 1,000 people from By the time of liberation in land of enduring, surpassing the scorching sun. 1949, only some of the Yis, Bais charm, its landscape studded and Huis in Yunnan enjoyed The dragon dracaena provide with famous scenic spots and more or less the same social and the raw material for making places of historical interest-- economic development as the "dragon's blood" (Daemonorops sites like the monumental stone Hans, while the Dais, Hanis, draco), a precious medicine: forest 100 kilometres from Achangs and Tibetans inhabit- while devilpeppers (Rauwolfia Kunming and the breathtakingly ing the border areas remained verticillata) are efficacious for beautiful Erhai Lake nestled in under feudal serfdoms and slave curing high blood pressure. the snow-clad mountai.rm in systems, and the Lisus, Vas, Mayten trees (Mayte~us Dali County. Benglongs and Jingpos retained hookeri) has certain curative ef- For all its natural beauty and vestiges of primitive society to fects on cancer. The towering rich resources, this remote varying degrees. This earned upas-trees (Antiaris toxicaria) frontier province remained a Yunnan the name "Living His- provide hunters with a poison- destitute and isolated place in tory Book." These miscel- ous agent to make their arrows old society, a dream-land to laneous social formations are into deadly weapons. many in the rest of the world. still influential today, and have Yunnan is also known as a It was torn apart by warring caused an imbalance in eco- natural zoo. In the primitive feudal warlords and tribal nomic development. forests of Xishuangbanna, for chiefs. This, coupled with prim- In the Dali Bai Autonomous example, elephants, wild oxen, itive transportation, seriously Prefecture, com.fortable peasant houses dot the rice paddies promising a bumper harvest. Decorated with wooden carvings and imbedded with marble, they are of an architectural style that outshone that of the Hans. In river basins in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, spacious well-ven- tilated bamboo and wood houses are secluded in the coolness of large bamboo groves, coconut and banana trees and in their gardens, medicinal herbs such as Fructus Amomi grow luxuriantly. Each house is a villa in its own right, whose comfort city people can only envy. But there is another side to The Santa (Tri-4~agoda) Temple in Dali. this life. In the mountain 20 Beijing Review, No. 29 FEATURE YUNNAN

hamlets inhabited by the Beng- Social Progress followed by farm collectivization longs and Jingpos, history seems a few years later. to have stood still. There, How can so many nationali- society has just developed to the ties with such diversity in In Yunnan, the government point where primitive com- social development achieve com- used flexible methods geared to munes are teetering on the mon progress and contribute to the specific conditions of each brink of disintegration to be the cause of socialism? This minority people to effect these replaced by modern social or- was one of the major issues changes, thus gaining the sup- ganizations. The villagers still Yunnan had to come to grips port of the local people. live in primitive mud-and- with in the early 1950s: Bao Tongkong (48, of Jingpo bambooabodes thatched with Before liberation, the ruling grass. There are no windows. nationality), who is chief pro- class of Han nationality, apart curator of Dehong Prefecture, Every room is barely furnished from exploiting and oppressing explained how the government and blackened with grime from the labouring Hans who made policies worked: the fireplace right in its centre. up 94 per cent of China's A nearby hydropower station population, also was notorious '!Before liberation," he said, which provides electricity to for its cruel treatment of the "we had a very bad impression each family is the only sign of minority peoples, who were of the Hans. We didn't know it the modern times. economically and culturally was Kuomintang bandits who lagging behind. killed our people, burnt our The life style of the Jinuos on houses and plundered our the Youle Mountain, who were As some of the minority peo- property. It was only greedy identified as an independent ple had no idea about what merchants who came to bleed ethnic group only a few years class contradiction was, they us. So, when word came that ago, evokes the memory of a blamed the Hans for their own the Liberation Army was on its primitive clan society. The 22 miserable plight. Hence the way to our hamlet, everybody members of a clan headed by a profound animosity between peasant named Bai Mula, for was horrified. Our tribal heads them and the Han people. and [upper-class example, live under the same shanguans roof of a big 'house. It has in order to terminate the Jingpos] were the first to flee. several partitions for the seven feudal landlord economy, rural "However, when a work team families- of Bai Mula's broth- land reform was conducted na- organized by the PLA and the ers, cousins and mother-in- tionwide in the early 1950s, Communist Party entered the law. A string of braziers --one during which the land was re- village, they were not what we for each family- are located in turned to the tiller. This was thought them to be. Their mem- the centre of the house. Anthro- pologists agree that this is typical of a primitive gregarious living style.

A change, nevertheless, is tak- ing place. One of Bai Mula's "neighbours" is a tea-processing workshop equipped with power-driven machihe.

The majority of the inhabi- tants on the Youle Mountain have shed the primitive large group living style but instead live in groups Of threes and fours- mostly nuclear families (couples with young children). One Of Bai Mula's sons is a middle school graduate and today, as a bank clerk, he lives away from his father's uncom- fortable house. At a rural fair in a Bai-inhabited area. July 18, 1983 21 FEATURE YUNNAN

much needed salt. Before long termingling with each other, the work team developed a rap- often live in compact communi- port with the villagers. ties. Organizations of self-gov- ernment are set up within the In 1956, when the socialist co- framework of the Constitution operative movement swept in counties andprefectures across the country, many mi- where one nationality (or two) nority peoples joined the makes up the majority of the movement. population. The Communist Party re- For instance, Dali is a Bai spected the customs and habits autonomous prefecture with one of the minority peoples and city and 12 counties under its never pushed them to change jurisdiction, but two of the too rapidly. Instead, it patiently counties are governed by other persuaded them to discard out- nationalities: the Weishan Yi moded customs. and Hui Autonomous County For exampe, in the Ava and the Nanjian Yi Autonomous Mountains, human heads were County. offered as sacrifices every year The famous Xishuangbanna to celestial beings for a good Prefecture is self-governed by rice harvest, a custom which the Dais. Diqing Prefecture is A Va woman. was still current among a few run by Tibetans. hamlets at the time of libera- bers were mostly Hans, yet they tion. If the heads offered had All told, Yunnan has eight were very friendly to us.'" big beards, the Va people be- autonomous prefectures (encom- lieved, a good crop would be passing 57 counties and five au- Before liberation, a consider- ensured. So when harvest sea-" tonomous counties) and 19 au- able part of a Jingpo village's son approached, raids were tonomous counties (five of them farmland, forests and pastures mounted here and there in the in autonomous .prefectures). Of was publicly owned. Individuals mountains against men of other the province's 130 cities and could till paddy fields for pri- nationalities. counties, 59 per cent are self- vate use as long as they wished, When work teams' composed governed by minority peoples. but were not allowed to sell Leaders of a minority-dominated them. The headmen and shan- of Hans and local minority people entered this area in the prefecture or county are mostly guans had some land at their elected from among the minori- own disposal, but they did not early 1950s, they decided to up- root this custom by convincing ty nationality that makes up the live off the labour of fellow -majority of the local population. Jingpos. the Vas that only scientific farming, rather than any super- The Constitution stipulates: Thus they were not consider- human beings, could be counted "The people of all nationalities ed the same as Han landlords, upon for good harvest~. have the freedom to use and who got their comeuppance for At first the Vas Were scepti- develop their own spoken and cruelly oppressing and exploit- cal about this new idea. So written languages, and to pre- ing the peasants. Instead, the when they began to do as they serve or re[orm their own ways work team befriended them and were told--applying fertilizer and customs." treated all the Jingpos equally to the land and improving field well. Therefore, local languages are management -- they substituted used in publications and the By uniting with the upper- pig or chicken heads for human mass media. In the Dehong Dai class people, Bao said, the heads as sacrifices to the divini- and Jingpo Autonomous Prefec- work team rallied all the Jing- ty. Only when they saw bumper ture (population: 600,000), the pos. harvests were really in sight did local journal Tuan Jie Bao The government sent in doc- they completely abandon this (Unity) is published in four lan- tors and medical supplies to barbarous practice. guages--Han, Dai, Jingpo and cure and prevent diseases, ex- Lisu; Kongque (Peacock), a lit- tended loans so that the poor Self-Government and Equality erary jol~rnal, has three lan- peasants could buy draught ani- The people of different na- guage editions;.and the Yunnan mals and seeds and shipped in tionalities in Yunnan, while in- Provincial People's Broadcasting

22 Beijing Review, No. 2.9 FEATURE VUNNAN

Station operates in standard gious ceremony of Bai nation- Chinese and six minority ality, but now has become a tongues. large-scale fair. People of va- In April this year, the peo- rious nationalities from other ple's congress of Dehong Pre- parts of the country participate fecture decided to restore and in it, selling draught animals, designate holidays for the local medicinal herbs, tea, articles inhabitants of different nation- for daily use and so on. The alities. Thus, the ~Dais and festival offers horse races, Benglongs get two days off the dances and flower displays. Water Splashing Festival, the For young people it is the Jingpos celebrate the Monao ideal dating time. The Sanyue- Carnival, the Achangs take off jie Festival this year was the days for the Woluo and Huijie biggest in recent years. Festivals and the Lizus celebrate " Like elsewhere in China, the New Year's Dancing and Yunnan suffered a great deal Singing Festival. at the hands of "Leftists" dur- The Dali Sanyuejie Festival ing the "cultural revolution" ~ late April was once a ,'eli- (1966-76). The time-honoured traditions of the local minority peoples were ignored, and in- justices were done to some of the local officials. Fortunately ]:he Water-Splashing Festival of the Dai people, that is now history. For in- stance, 14,000 of the people who who was the leader of the fled to foreign countries as a Banlao Tribe, led the local result of the erroneous policies people in defeating a group of have already returned to their British colonialists who at- home villages. tempted to plunder the rich ,Many minority people are silver and lead ores of Yunnan. extremely patriotic. In the Like the Vas, the other 23 Cangyuan Va Autonomous minority peoples in Yunnan County, Bao Hongzhong, 53, a have elected their deputies to deputy to the Sixth National the people's congresses at the People's Congress, explained national, provincial and local that in the 1930s, his father, levels.

Developing economy

QUALITY, unity and mutual Yunnan, was destitute. Its 1. Dcqcn Tibetan Autonomous Pre- E assistance characterize the members-- Benglongs, Jingpos fecture 2. Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Pre- relationships between the peo- and a few Hans--had sought fecture ple of different nationalities in to shake off poverty by de- 3. Dali Bai "Autonomous Prefecture Yunnan. The government pro- molishing the forests so that 4. Weishan Yi and Hui Autono- mous County motes these relationships and they could obtain more farm- 5. Nanjian Yi Autonomous County helps develop the economy. land and sell the felled trees as 6. Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Pre- firewood. The result was that fecture 7. Dehong Dai and Jingpo Auton- the vegetation cover was omous Prefecture Diverse Economic damaged, with no substantial 8. Lincang Prefecture Undertakings 9. Simao Prefecture improvement in their livelihood. 10. Honghe Hani and Yi Autono- mou~ Prefecture A few years ago, the Bangwai In 1982, Zhao Junxian, a 51- 1I. Wenshan Zhuang and Miao production brigade of the year-old Han cadre, was sent to Autonomous Prefecture Santaishan commune in' the 12. Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous help the Bangwai brigade devel- Prefecture mountainous Luxi County, west op production. The first thing

July 18., 1983 23 FEATURE/YUNNAN

joyous atmosphere filled the In the past, only 18 per cent home of the Yangs. of Dehong's farm produce was sold as commodities;in 1982, it For Zhang San, a Jingpo reached 50 per cent. Sugar ac- peasant living midway on the counted for 60 per cent of the mountain slope, sugarcane prefecture's total industrial out- growing is a lucrative business. put value. Small wonder the Last year, he earned 3,000 yuan local people nicknamed sugar- from growing grain and sugar- cane cultivation a "sweet cane. With the money he built undertaking." a new brick-and-tile house, which in the past only a While sugarcane grows well in shanguan could afford to build. Dehong Prefecture, large num- bers of tea plantations and tea- Both the Yangs and Zhangs processing plants havesprung are in the well-to-do bracket in up in Lincang and Simao Pre- the Santaishan Commune. But fectures. In Xishuangbanna, they still maintain their simple major efforts have been devot- life styles. It seems that it ed to expanding the acreage of hasn't occurred to them that rubber plantations. they could add some new fix- tures to their bare rooms. This is what the local people However, the young people learnt from their experiences: grow tea if you want to get rich; who work on the commune sugarcane and tea plantations grow sugarcane if you want to have already got their first taste get rich quick; go plant trees in a big way if you want perma- The family of Zhang San, a Jingpo of modern life. About half of peasant. them wear wristwatches. Most nent prosperity. of them are well attired. When night falls, they gather before Well-Fed, Well-Clad he did was to organize a team of TV sets for entertainment. 40 middle and primary school The expanded sugarcane cul- Another boost to the prov- graduates to plant sugarcane ince's economy has been the in- on a hectare of land on the tivation has brought in its wake a thriving sugar-refining in- stitution of the production re- arid, barren mountain slope. sponsibility system and with it, But due to poor field manage- dustry. In the peak season this year, cane sugar output in De- the popularization of scientific ment, the crop was damaged by farming. cattle and ants and very little hong Prefecture topped 73,000 was harvested. tons; in contrast, the 1976 In 1981 and 1982 the prov- figure was a meagre 13,000 tons. ince's annual grain output Undaunted by the failure, the second year they grew 4 hec- tares of sugarcane and through The Xier River hydropower station. careful field work harvested 430 tons. They then began to plant tea. Soon, some Benglongs and Jingpos contracted to raise cash crops, and vastly augmented their incomes.

The family of Yang Er, a Benglong, lives on the top of a mountain. This year the family earned 1,000 yuan from growing sugarcane alone. Out- side his comfortable bamboo house, his granary was packed to overflowing while more grain was sunning on the balcony. A

24 reached 9.45 million tons and averaged 290 kilogrammes per capita, thus writing a finale to the 1O-year stagnation at the 7.5-million-ton level. Although Yunnan's per-capita income is still below that of the nation's more affluent provinces, it has basically solved the prob- lem of feeding and clothing its 30 million people. In four years, 26 counties in Yunnan doubled, and nine near- ly doubled, their total agricul- tural incomes. Of these 35 coun- ties, 23 were inhabited by mi- A cable suspension bridge across the Luosuo River. nority people in compact corn- munities. The Dali Bai Auton- Natural Barrier Turned Into of salt was worth five kilo- omous Prefecture has develop- Thoroughfare grammes of tea. ed a famous paddy rice strain, ,In 1924, a Han writer publish- The poor transportation was the "Dianyu No. 1," whose per- ed a book entitled Travel to due mainly to the fact that 94 hectare output runs as high as Yunnan. The author, a Shang- per cent of Yunnan's territory is 11,250 kilogrammes. hai citizen, first went to the rugged highlands. Deep ravines Before liberation, Yunnan had French Consulate for a visa to and high mountains crisscrossed very little industry. But it has Viet Nam, where there was the by such rolhng rivers as the come a long way in the last shortest railway route into Jinsha, the Lancang and the Nu- three decades. In 1982, its elec- Kunming, the provincial capital. jiang made it all the more dif- tricity output reached 6,131 mil- It is said that a century ago it ficult for transport and com- lion kwh, a 120-fold increase took Yunnan scholars a whole munications. over the 51 million kwh in 1949; year to arrive at the capital in and its output of rolled steel time for the imperial examina- So it became a cherished grew from 248 tons to 387,100 tions. dream) for the local people to tons, ,a 1,560-fold rise. The pho- The exchange of commodities travel on smooth, wide roads. But old China did very little to toelectric graduating machines, relied mainly on horse caravans length graduating machines with trudging along the rugged fulfil such a dream. There was photoelectric follow-up devices, mountain paths. Merchants only one railway to Viet Nam photoelectric light wave com- found their way into out-of-the- and 2,783 kilometres of high- ways in those old days. parators and double-column jig way areas inhabited by minority boring machines produced by peoples at the risk of their .lives After liberation, the arduous the Kunming Machine Tools just to make money: In these task of building roads for the Plant enjoy brisk sales at home areas, a needle was worth a local people fell upon the Peo- and abroad. chicken and half a kilogramme ple's Liberation Army. The army built nearly all the high- Development of Medical Service in Yunnan ways in this province in the 1950s and almost all the rail- ways in the 1960s. Many of the Item 1950 1982 soldiers and officers have since been demobilized and now work Hospitals and medical centres 96 6,293 with the various transport de- Medical colleges and schools 2 (one college, 20 (3 colleges, partments. one school) 17 schools) Doctors and nurses 991 89,795 However, not all the roads Barefoot doctors and midwives 0 109,000 were paved with government funds. In many cases the local Sickbeds 615 62,631 people pooled money to build

July 18, 1983 25 FEATURE: YUN NAN their own roads with govern- Eleven trunk and I major fused, as she was deep in love ment assistance. This vastly ac- branch raiiway serve the prov- with Kang Langer, a young celerated the pace of construc- ince. The Chengdu-Kunming peasant. Piqued, the village head tion. In the early years of the Railway, open to traffic in 1970, dubbed Kang as a "'pipa demon" People's Republic, the level of runs 1,100 kilometres through and prepared to drive him out mechanization was fairly low. extremely complex topography; of the village. The young couple Although explosives were used it is one of the most spectacular fled to Manlie Village, the des' extensively in levelling moun- engineering accomplishments in tination for all the condemned. tain tops and carving the cliffs, the world. Today, travel by There they bore one daughter building materials were mostly train from Kunming to Beijing and two sons. But before long transported by sheer muscle. takes only three days. the husband, the daughter and one son died of malaria. Bulldozers and tunnelling The province has 18 trunk highways with a total length machinery have been 'introduc- The wife remarried, this time ed in recent years. Many new of 6,600 kilometres. In 1972, every county in Yunnan to Ai Yuan, also a condemned roads have been paved while was linked with highways; and "evil spirit," and bore a son who old ones were either resurfaced by 1982, highways had radiated later perished. Four years after with asphalt or straightened the boy's death, Dao Suzhen and widened. The 691-kilo- out to 97 per cent of the rural communes. was born. According to her, her metre Kunming-Baoshan High- two brothers probably died of Yunnan offers 13 air routes. way, for example, was cut by 98 pneumonia induced by measles. One of them links Yunnan with kilometres after being straight- Rangoon in Burma and another ened. Two more sisters were born, reaches Xianggang directly. and the fa.mily ran deep into Today, an impressive trans- Such an extensfve transport debt. To repay the debts, Dao port network has turned the network has paved-the way for Suzhen was sent to a wealthy once forbidden natural barrier large-scale economic construc- family as a servant. Only when into a thoroughfare. tion. liberation came did she gain freedom. She went to primary school in 1953. Three years la- ter, she entered a medical train- ing class where she studied for Farewell, god of plague six months before becoming a guide and interpreter fop Han

ALARIA was one of the able, the patient would mutter a Mscourges of Yunnan in old certain name. This spelled the society. In Xishuangbanna and doom for the person bearing that Dehong Prefectures, for exam- name: He was either robbed of ple, its incidence could run as his property and driven out of high as 50 per cent, according to the village or, in extreme cases , a survey conducted shortly after burnt alive. Taking advantage liberation. of this habit, some village heads At the time, production and would stigmatize people they culture were backward and disliked as "pipa demons" so as medicines scanty. The local to get rid of them. people ascribed sickness to evil spirits from which there was lit- The Daughter of a tle hope of escape. This spawn- "'Pipa' Demon" ed many grotesque practices. Dao Suzhen, 41, who is deputy When a patient went into a head of the prefectural hospital coma, tribal heads and religious of Xishuangbanna, gives an eye- practitioners would stab his side witness account of l~re-libera- with sharpened tiger teeth while tion society. demanding: "Who is the 'pipa When her mother was young, demon' that has crept into you?" a village head wanted to take When the pain became unbear- her as his concubine. She re- Dao Suzhen at work.

26 Beijing Review, No. 29 members of a malaria treating were mobilized, too, to take an and preventing team. active part in patriotic health campaigns, eliminating mosqui- Three years later she was en- tos and rats, protecting drinking rolled in a medical school in the water sources, properly dispos- provincial capital for a five-year ing of night soil, and cleaning study programme. In 1973 she toilets, kitchens, animal barns studied paediatrics for over a and the environment. In this year in the Beijing Medical way they reduced the incidence College. of malaria and other diseases. Her husband, also a Dai, is a writer. For tb.~ir two children Ou Zhenkang, a provincial u a son and a daughter who are medical department head, reeled both attending middle school off a string of statistics to show "pipa demons" are nothing but the achievements his province characters that appear in tales has achieved: spun by their elders. Cholera, which ran rampant in the past, has never erupted Times Changed since 1953. In dense rain forests in sub- tropical Yunnan, the weather is In the 183 years between 1772 always hot and humid, provid- and 1955, bubonic plague occur- ing the breeding ground for red in 88 counties, taking the germs. In the old days, malaria, live~ of one million people. In smallpox, cholera, and the pla- 1956, the province cured the gue often stalked the land, tak- last case of plague among hu- man beings. The patient, now ing the lives of many minority peoples there. in her eighties, is st~ll alive. Last year, plague was found among There were few hospitals' to rats in two frontier counties. cope with this. Worse still, Climbing a pole upside down, a The local people were mobilized favourite sports event of the Miao medicines were exorbitantly to kill fleas and rats, free inocu- people. expensive. An injection of at- lations were provided for the abrine cost 15-20 bankai (a kind lected, malaria would occur 50,000 inhabitants, and trans- of silver coin once current in again: port hubs and roadcrosses were Yunn~n) and an injection of sterilized. In this way, plague In 1950, the incidence of ma- penicillin required more than was checked before it affected laria stood at 3,603 per 10,000, i00 More often than not, bankai. human beings. In 1972, it shot up to 527 per the medicines were sold after 10,000 ; their efficacy had expired. In 1960 the last case of small- In 1980, it was reduced to 8.5 pox was cured. A local saying goes, while per 10,000; there is a price for gold in Yun- In the early liberation days, In 1982, only 28,004 cases were nan, medicines are priceless. 400,000 people fell victim to discovered throughout Yunnan, The people had few alternatives. malaria. The disease was basi- and the incidence was brought Often they appealed to the evil cally brought under control in below 5 per 10,000 in 86 of the spirits for mercy. In Nongbing the late 1950s thanks to many province's 130 counties and Village, Luxi County, 47 cat- effective measures taken. cities. In other words, malaria tle and 500 pigs were slaughter- has been basically eliminated in During the "cultural revolu- ed every year as sacrifices. these places. tion" (1966-76), however, the After liberation, the People's disease prevention work was "We should continue to imple- Government dispatched large suspended and malaria ran ram- ment the principle of 'preven- numbers of medical teams to tion first,'" Ou said. "On no ac'- pant again. Yunnan to prevent and cure count should we slacken our ef- sickness for the local people al- The following figures provided forts." The threat of killer epi- though the rest of the nation by the Luxi County epidemic demics keeps him conscious of also badly needed doctors and prevention station show that the vital importance of preven- medicines. The Yunnan people when prevention work is neg- tion work, he said. []

July 18, 1983 27 CULTURE AND SCIENCE

remaining veteran players, such performance in attacking, net SPORTS as Lang Ping, Zhang Rongfang blocking and defence. and Zhou Xiaolian, were as What is more important, the C ina wins super- valuable as before in the new team inherited the daunt- tournament. They set a good less spirit of the old team. For tAree women's example for the new players. instance, in the match against olley al] tourney Lang P"mgl a 22-year-old the US team, keen competitions from Beijing, has the nickname were seen in the fourth set the "iron hammer" because of when the American dominated China's new women's volley- her unmatched ability to spike. the field 15-13, 7-15, 15-9 in bal~ team captured the .title Her performance at the crucial the first three sets and lead- after two hard matches at the moments earned her the "best ing 14-10 in the fourth. Only Super-Three Women's Volley- player" title at the tournament. one point would enable the US ball Tournament i.n Xianggang team to win the cliffhanger The new comers also played (Hongkong) July 6 to 8. match of the tournament. At fairly well in the matches. Yang this crucial moment, the Chi- After it won the title of the Xilan, who replaced Sun Ji.n~ nese players put up a stiff but 9th World Women's Volleyball fang as the setter of the Chinese steady fight to cruise home, Championship last year, the team a.nd took part in an im- 16-14. Chinese women's volleyball portant international match 'for team was reorganized. Some the first time, organized the Of course, the matches ~vith veteran And experienced players Chinese attacks fairly well. retired, irmluding Sun Jinfang, Jiang ¥ing," another new re- Cao Huiying and Chen Yaqiong, and some new hands were add- ed. Before the tournament, the new Chinese team had ,not test- ed itself against the strong US or Japanese teams. Also, the US team defeated the Chinese team 3:0 in group matches at the 9th World Women's Volleyball Champion- ship. Since then, American team has made new progress. With the powerful spikes of Flo Hyman and Rita Crockett remaining as murderous as ever, its defence has been greatly strengthened. The Japanese team has also changed considerably. It has a new coach and has added some younger and 'taller players. Its quick attacks were very menacing and its net blocking was greatly enhanced. The Chinese team's title was clearly challenged. On the, whole, the combina- tion of veteran players with Top right: Lang Ping at the awards ceremony. Bottom: Lang Ping (first from right) in the match against new comers was a success. The the Japanese team.

28 Beijing Review, Nc.. 29 the US and Japanese teams ex- we place the basin on a folded ¢owel, the vibrating walls of posed many problems of the towel and fill it with clean the basin produce incident and new Chinese team too: Little water. Then when we rub its reflecting waves, that join to variation ".an attacking; ineffec- two handles with our hands form stationary' waves. Thus tive net blocking, especially in back and forth regularly, small symmetrical, equally spaced the match aginst the American waves appear on the surface of wave crests and wave nodes team; and many errors in the water accompanied by a come into being. Water then defence and attack. These prob- buzzing sound. As we continue sprays from the mouths of the lems show that the new team rubbing, four spray of water fish at the wave crests, but not is still ,not technically mature will soon, shoot out of the sides at the wave nodes. and needs greater co-ordination. of the basi.n where the mouths of the four carps are located. The resona,nt vibration pat- Not much time is left before It looks as if the fish are spurt- tern of this fish basin can be the Olympic Games next year. ing water from their mouths. clearly seen in a laser hologra- We hope the young chinese team Thus this is called a "water- phical photo. The two crossed will make rapid progress spurting fish basin.". bright lines in the middle are through hard training. the "node lines" Which corres- Why does this basin spurt pond to the wave nodes and water? In fact, the basin itself divide the bas'm imto four seg- CULTURAL RELICS is a vibrating body. Rubbing ments. The centre of each seg- the handles transmits vibra- ment corresponds to the wave tional energy to the basin. crests and the carps' mouths llrater-spurt ing When the frequency of vibra- are exactly in line with these tion resulting from the rubbing four crests. ancient asin matches the resonant frequency How cleaver the Chinese crafts- o.f the walls of the basin, the men of ancient times were at In early May, the Asian Art amplitude of the vibration rises designing this water-spurting Museum of San Francisco held sharply. Isolated from other fish basin utilizing natural an exhibition of cultural relics hard surfaces by the folded laws ! which represented 6,000 years of Chi- nese art sponsored by Shanghai Mu- seum. It includes 'Magic mirror' 232 pieces of Chinese cultural relics, such Among the many treasures of as bronze vessels, the Shanghai Museum that are ceramics, paintings included in its San Francisco and applied art ob- tour is the famous Western Han jects. "magic mirror."

One of the exhibits It is a circular disc of cast is a brass wash basin bronze, 7.4 cm in diameter and (xi) made in the Ming weighing 50 grams. The front Dynasty 400-500 is a smooth, burnished reflect- years ago. It is called ing surface and the back is cov- a fish basin for the ered with intricate designs in four carps cast in relief including an eight-charac- bas-relief in the bot- ter inscription that reads, "The tom. In ancient radiance of the sun lights up the China, the fish, a earth." symbol of wealth and love, decorated many China began to use bronze basins. mirrors four thousand years ago in the late Neolithic Age before This fish basin can glass mirror was invented. They put on quite fascinat- When the two handles of the basin remained popular and were de- are rubbed, water spurts from the ing show. First, walls of the basin. celoped by each successive

July 18, 1983 29 seum and the Shang- to the West written by Wu hai Nonferrous Metals Chenen in the mid-16th century, Foundry. was successfully completed re- cently by the Qingtian Stone By casting a replica Carving Factory in Zhejiang of the mirror they Province, east China. found that during the cooling process the The 200-kg piece carved from front surface of the a 500-kg stone is 1.5 metres mirror develops tiny long, 0.4 metres wide and 0.7 variations in thickness metres high. imperceptible to the human eye that corres- Journey to the West is an ponded to the designs epic tale of the Tang Dynasty and characters on the (618-907) monk Tripitaka, who back. went to India in search of Buddhist scripture with the Intricate designs on the back of the bronze In fact light does not help of the magical Monkey mirror. penetrate the mirror at King. all. Metallographic and X-ray fluorescence Using the different colours on analyses and optical the different parts of the stone tests showed that the to their advantage and through thinner areas of the careful designing and ingenious metal disc cool more layout, the craftsmen re-present quickly than the thick- the following six episodes from er areas. They then the novel; "Monkey King Bor- constrict, causing them rows a Treasure From the to become slightly con- Dragon Palace," "Monkey King vex and thus, the thick- Wreaks Havoc in Heaven," er parts to become re- "Flower-and-Fruit Mountain," latively concave. In the "Monkey King Subdues the process of reflecting Demon," "Monkey King Bor- light, the concave areas concentrate the rays rows a Palm-Leaf Fan Three "Reflection" of the back designs and charac- and the convex areas Times" and "False West ters on a wall when the sun shines on its Heaven." smooth side. diffuse them. Thus the thicker areas reflect The piece presents the monk light more brightly than the dynasty right through the Tang Tripitaka, his disciples a.nd Dynasty (618-907 A.D.). thinner ones. birds and animals, as well as This mirror's unusual feature The real mystery of the mir- ghosts and monsters, all in their is that in a strong ligh~ the ror is how the Western Haa unique expression. A piece of smooth side will cast an image artisans developed such a precious wood inlaid with de- on the wall that is apparently sophisticated casting technique corative copper flower designs a reflection of the design on the in the conditions of their times. serves as a bottom frame for the back side of the disc. stone. The secret of making mirrors ART iike the "'transluscent" Western Qingtian is the home of stone Han (206 B.C.-24 A.D.) one had carving because it abounds in been lost since the Tang Dynasty &one car~ing from jade-like stone. Five craftsmen and remained a mystery for from the Qingtia.n Stone Carv- more 'than two thousand years. Oingtian ing Factory, including Zhou It was finally solved by re- Boqi and Zhang Aiting, took 16 searchers at the Fudan Universi- A large stone carving depiet~ months to complete the carving. ty's Department of Optics in ing characters and episodes from It will be shown in Xianggang 1975, with the help'of the mu- the Ming Dynasty novel Journey (Hongkong) this coming August.

30 Beijing Review, No. 29 ART PAGE

Statue of engineer Zhan Tlanyou near the Qinglongqiao Railway Station. Woodcuts by Zhang A corner of Beijing. Zuoming

Born in Tangshan. He- bei Province, in 1937. Zhang Zuoming now teaches at the Central Academy of Fine Arts in BeiJing. His works usu- ally portray, life ' and nature in north China and Beijlng.

The Great Wall. f For export SHANGHAISTATIONERY AND SPORTING GOODS

• Stationery • Paper Products

• Office Supplies • Printed Material

• Student Supplies • Musical Instruments

• Artists' Materiels • Sports Goods

• Typewriters, Drawing • Travelling Goods Instruments. • Suitmses & Bags • Pens, Pencils & Brushes • Shins • Paper & Paperbourds • Plastic Articles t

OHINA NATIONAL LIOHT INDUSTRIAL PRODOOTS IMPORT AND EXPORT OORPORATIOII, SHANUHAI STATIONERY AND SPORTINO O00DS BUANOH

128 Huqiu Road. Shanghai, China Cable Address:"STASPORT" Shanghai Telex: 33132 STASP CN j