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2D Hydrodynamic Modelling for Erhai Lake Applying TELEMAC Modelling System1

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2D Hydrodynamic Modelling for Erhai Lake Applying TELEMAC Modelling System1 http://www.paper.edu.cn 2D Hydrodynamic Modelling for Erhai Lake Applying TELEMAC Modelling 1 System ZHANG Cheng* Claude GUILBAUD School of Ocean LHF Hohai University Sogreah Consultants Nanjing, P. R. China 210098 Echirolles, France 38130 [email protected] [email protected] TONG Chaofeng State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydaulic Engineering Hohai University Nanjing, P.R.China 210098 [email protected] Abstract Numerical modelling is being used extensively to assist decision making in hydraulic and environmental field. TELEMAC System is a numerical modelling system for free surface hydrodynamics, water quality and sedimentology etc, popular in Europe but not introduced in China. The construction of 2D hydrodynamic model for Erhai Lake applies TELEMAC System for an interesting and important study. From the modeled results, lake hydrodynamics are well reproduced, the tracer’s behavior can also be seen. For the modelling itself, TELEMAC shows a good convenience and capability of reproducing reality. Keywords: numerical modelling, FEM model, TELEMAC System, Erhai Lake 1 Introduction Erhai Lake lies in the middle of Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, southwest China. The position is 25°16'~25°25'N, 99°32'~100°27'E. In terms of hydrology it is in the upriver part of the Lancang-Mekong River Basin which extends across 6 countries in the Southeast Asia. The Erhai Lake Basin extends across over 16 towns of Dali City and Eryuan County with a total area of 2565 square km, which accounts for 8.7% of the area of whole Prefecture. While the whole Erhai Lake surface lies in Dali city, which is the capital and political, economic and cultural centre of the Dali Prefecture. Erhai Lake is the core area of the Erhai National Nature Reserve and national touristy area. Also it supplies the prefecture with its volume for industrial and domestic usage, the diversity of aquatic animals and plants. [1]- [2] Erhai Lake is the 7th biggest freshwater lake in China. It has a surface area around 250 square km. The length of the lake from south to north is about 42.5 km, while the distance from the west to east is much shorter, about 6 km in average (min. 3 km; max. 9 km). The shape of the lake surface looks like an ear, and this was how it got its name “Erhai” (in Chinese, “Er” means “ear” and “hai” means “sea”). 1 Supported by FASEP and Erasmus Mundus -1- http://www.paper.edu.cn As a component of the Yunnan Urban Environment Project, water environment assessment of the Erhai Lake plays a key issue in the REA of Erhai Lake Basin since all the influences caused by the new projects will show their final impact on the Erhai Lake water body. Thus the numerical model should enable reproducing lake hydrodynamics and then the water quality. As it is the first time that numerical modelling is applied in Erhai Lake and an initial application of TELEMAC System in China, it is clear that much effort would be made on the establishment of the model. 2 Data reorganization and analysis To the west of Erhai lies the mountain Cangshan, which has a width from west to east about 10 km and length from south to north about 55 km. The Peak Malong is the summit which reaches at 4112 m in elevation. To the east of Erhai, it is the Yungui Plateau whose elevation is around 2000 m. Three islands lie in the lake: Jinsuo Island in the southeast, Nanzhao Island in the northeast and Little Putuo Island in the middle of the east coast. They are recently developed into popular touristy sites. The total area of the islands is about 0.75 square km, which counts 0.308% of the area of Erhai. Figure 1: River systems in Erhai Lake Basin Figure 2: Erhai Lake satellite image in 2002 There are 117 identified river reaches in the lake basin, including the famous “Cangshan 18 streams”. The average annual inflow volume is about 825 Million cubic meters. Miju River, Yong'an River, Luoshi River and Boluo River are the four main inflows, accounting for over 70% of the total water received by Lake Erhai. Among them, Miju River, which is the genuine source of the Erhai Lake, has an average annual inflow volume of 510 Million cubic meters, which takes about 60% of the total annual inflow volume of the lake. The only natural river outflow of Erhai Lake is Xier River, which lies in the southwest of Erhai Lake. It then flows 22km to join Yangbi River in the downstream, and finally inpour into the Lancang-Mekong River. Since 1973, a dam with control gates has been built mostly for electricity generation and water -2- http://www.paper.edu.cn volume control on the Xier River, which later on has taken the key impact on controlling the whole lake area. On the east coast near Jinsuo Island, a pumping station was built in 1994 to for water diversion to Binchuan County, which lies out of the Mekong River Basin, but within Dali Prefecture. The project is called “Erhai-Binchuan Water Diversion”. The designed discharge is 10m3/s, and designed annual average outflow volume is 50 million cubic meters. The whole surface water outflow is now controlled by Dali Erhai Management Bureau. Before 2003, the main purpose of the control of Erhai is electricity generation, but then it had been changed into environmental protection and sustainable development. The mechanism on controlling the gate had changed a lot. Thus we consider the discharge in recent years more important. The volume of ground water resource in Erhai Lake area amounts to 380 million m3. But the impact of ground water movement is not clear enough to be taken into account. When the surface elevation is 1965.35m (Chinese national elevation system-1985), the average depth of Erhai Lake is about 10.12m, while maximum depth is 20.7m, and the volume of the lake is about 2560 Million cubic meters which also varies with the water level of the lake. The average bottom slope angle is 23 degree. Since the dam had been built, the water level in Erhai Lake has been somewhat under a great influence of human activities as well as the natural phenomenon such as rainfall-runoff, evaporation and transpiration. Several standards had been established since 1984 concerning the management of the lake water level. From year 1984 to May 31st 2004, the minimum water level has been set to 1962.69m, and maximum set to 1965.69m, a variation of 3m water level change was allowed. Since June 1st 2004, new standard has been set, the minimum required level rose to 1964.3m, maximum level rose to 1966m, but the extend of water level variation has been reduced to 1.7m mainly for the habitat protection. Notably the elevation is in Haiphong elevation coordination system, which has been widely used in Yunnan Province. The datum plane of Haiphong system is 8.31m lower than the one of the Chinese National elevation coordination system. Due to the valley of the Xier River in the southwest of Erhai Lake, the wind direction in Xiaguan Town (southwest part) appears SW with frequency 32%. Annual average wind speed is 2.4 m/s in Dali Town (east coast) and 4.1m/s in Xiaguan (southwest). Maximum wind speed in Dali Town is 40 m/s W, 20 m/s WSW in Xiaguan. The windiest month is February. 3 Introduction of the TELEMAC Modelling System The TELEMAC system is a set of programs based on numerical resolution of finite element method (FEM) and designed for the open channel flows using a string of common processes (digitization and graphics). It is developed by LNHE (Laboratoire National d’Hydraulique et Environnement) - Research department of EDF. It was decided to use finite elements technique for numerical modelling in the 1980s, and the first version TELEMAC-2D was born in 1987. New versions have been developed and released continuously since then. Now it is an integrated modelling system which contains two and three dimension modules for the study of hydrodynamic currents, waves, sedimentation, groundwater flows and water quality. [3] The TELEMAC-2D code solves depth-averaged free surface flow equations as derived first by Barré de Saint-Venant in 1871. The main results at each node of the computational mesh are the depth of water and the depth-averaged velocity components. The software has many fields of application. In the maritime sphere, particular mention may be made of the sizing of port structures, the study of the effects of building submersible dikes or dredging, the impact of waste discharged from a coastal outfall or the study of thermal plumes. In river applications, mention may also be made of studies relating to the impact of construction works (bridges, weirs and groynes), dam breaks, flooding or the transport of decaying or non-decaying tracers. TELEMAC-2D has also been used for a number of special applications, such as the bursting of industrial reservoirs, avalanches falling into a reservoir, etc. -3- http://www.paper.edu.cn The simulation modules of the TELEMAC modelling system are based on the resolution of partial derivative equation systems through the finite element method. Finite element method was first used for structure applications in UK in 1950s. The method is based on the concept of minimizing the numerical error in an “average” or an integral approach. In majority of cases it deals with unstructured meshes which give FEM the flexibility to represent natural topography precisely. Figure 3: Structure of Telemac system modules Telemac2D computation is based on Saint-Venant equations, which are derived from Navier-Stokes equations by taking the vertical average in which, however, the non linear terms necessitate certain assumptions and approximations.
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