8-Day Yunnan Classic Tour to Kunming, Dali, Lijiang and Shangri-La
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Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: the Emergence of the Yunnanese
Between Winds and Clouds Bin Yang Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese Introduction As the state began sending soldiers and their families, predominantly Han Chinese, to Yunnan, 1 the Ming military presence there became part of a project of colonization. Soldiers were joined by land-hungry farmers, exiled officials, and profit-driven merchants so that, by the end of the Ming period, the Han Chinese had become the largest ethnic population in Yunnan. Dramatically changing local demography, and consequently economic and cultural patterns, this massive and diverse influx laid the foundations for the social makeup of contemporary Yunnan. The interaction of the large numbers of Han immigrants with the indigenous peoples created a 2 new hybrid society, some members of which began to identify themselves as Yunnanese (yunnanren) for the first time. Previously, there had been no such concept of unity, since the indigenous peoples differentiated themselves by ethnicity or clan and tribal affiliations. This chapter will explore the process that led to this new identity and its reciprocal impact on the concept of Chineseness. Using primary sources, I will first introduce the indigenous peoples and their social customs 3 during the Yuan and early Ming period before the massive influx of Chinese immigrants. Second, I will review the migration waves during the Ming Dynasty and examine interactions between Han Chinese and the indigenous population. The giant and far-reaching impact of Han migrations on local society, or the process of sinicization, that has drawn a lot of scholarly attention, will be further examined here; the influence of the indigenous culture on Chinese migrants—a process that has won little attention—will also be scrutinized. -
Ecological Risk Assessment of Typical Plateau Lakes
E3S Web of Conferences 267, 01028 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701028 ICESCE 2021 Ecological Risk Assessment of Typical Plateau Lakes Yuyadong1.2*, Yankun2 1.School of Ecology and Environmental Science Yunnan University, China 2.The Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Station of DEEY in Kunming, China Abstract. Plateau lakes have significant ecological value. With economic development, lake pollution and ecological degradation have become increasingly prominent. There are many ecological risk assessment methods. This article combines four different ecological risk assessment methods including single-factor pollution index, geological accumulation index method, potential risk index method, and pollution load index method to analyze the heavy metal pollution in Yangzong seabed mud as comprehensively as possible. It shows that the results obtained by different ecological risk assessment methods are slightly different. The overall trends of the geological pollution index and the single-factor pollution index are similar. In terms of time, except for the two elements of mercury and cadmium, the contents of other heavy metals in 2019 are lower than in 2018, indicating that heavy metal pollution has decreased in 2019; from the perspective of spatial distribution, In 2018, the overall pollution level on the south side of Yangzonghai was higher than that in the central and northern regions of Yangzonghai . On the whole, whether it is the potential risk index or the appropriate pollution load index, the pollution level on the south side of Yangzonghai is higher than that in the central and northern areas of Yangzonghai, and the northern area has the least pollution. ecosystems is relatively reduced, which makes the economic development of plateau lake basins face severe 1 Introduction challenges. -
Studies on the Relationships of the Curie Surface with Heat Flow And
Wen et al. Earth, Planets and Space (2019) 71:85 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-019-1063-1 FULL PAPER Open Access Studies on the relationships of the Curie surface with heat fow and crustal structures in Yunnan Province, China, and its adjacent areas Limin Wen, Guofa Kang, Chunhua Bai and Guoming Gao* Abstract A Curie surface indicates the distribution of the thermal felds underground, providing a clear marker for the thermo- dynamic efect in the crust and mantle. In this paper, based on a geomagnetic feld model (NGDC-720) and aeromag- netic data, we use power spectrum analysis of magnetic anomalies to estimate the Curie surface in Yunnan Province, China, and its adjacent areas. By combining the distribution of the Curie surface with regional heat fow, the geo- thermal gradient, crustal wave velocity ratio anomalies, high-conductivity layer anomalies, and the Moho surface, we reveal the connection between the undulation of the magnetic basement and the crustal structures. The results indi- cate that the uplift and depression of the Curie surface in the research area are distinct. The Curie surface is approxi- mately inversely correlated to the surface heat fow. The Lijiang-Jianchuan-Baoshan-Tengchong and Jianchuan- Chux- iong- Kunming-Yuxi zones are two Curie surface uplift zones, and their crust-mantle heat fows are relatively high. The Curie surface uplift zone along the Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault and Red River fault is consistent with the heading direction of the fault zone and is partially in agreement with the eastward mass fow of the Tibetan Plateau. The Curie surface uplift zone is consistent with the high wave velocity ratio and high-conductivity layer anomaly region of the crust. -
DAY 1: May 23Rd Arrival and Transfer to Rock Lijiang
A YUNNAN YOGA RETREAT May 23-28th 2021 www.bespoketravelcompany.com 1 [email protected] ABOUT THIS TRIP We may not know you personally, but we’re going to go out on a limb and say that you need a break. A proper one. If your past year has been anything like ours then we know a couple of things are probably true. 1) it’s time you treated yourself; and 2) stepping onto the yoga mat was probably the best thing you did last year to stay sane and happy. Here at Bespoke we feel the same, which is why this six-day trip in Lijiang and Dali has been created by our frazzled founder and the fabulous folks at Taozi Tree Yoga studio to be a dream retreat of sorts; a complete getaway for those looking for something special. The focus of this trip will be on restoring balance, aligning ying and yang, identifying problem areas and returning a new person: calmer, healthier, more rested and with greater mental clarity to cope with whatever comes next. What’s more, the surroundings couldn’t be more inspiring: Yunnan’s majestic mountains, lush valleys, rare flowers and rich Tibetan heritage will lift your spirits daily. We’ll visit practicing temples, take a yoga class on a raised platform overlooking Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, be serenaded by local musicians and even try our hand at tie dying with the locals. Oh, and let’s not forget all those delicious family-style Yunnan meals – it’s one of the main reasons to go right? TRIP LENGTH: 6 days, 5 nights (Sunday May 23–Friday May 28, 2021) COST: Early bird until April 10th: 10,900RMB/person; 12,000RMB/person thereafter, based on double occupancy; add 2,800RMB for single occupancy. -
Changes of Water Clarity in Large Lakes and Reservoirs Across China
Remote Sensing of Environment 247 (2020) 111949 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Remote Sensing of Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rse Changes of water clarity in large lakes and reservoirs across China observed T from long-term MODIS ⁎ Shenglei Wanga,b, Junsheng Lib,c, Bing Zhangb,c, , Zhongping Leed, Evangelos Spyrakose, Lian Fengf, Chong Liug, Hongli Zhaoh, Yanhong Wub, Liping Zhug, Liming Jiai, Wei Wana, Fangfang Zhangb, Qian Shenb, Andrew N. Tylere, Xianfeng Zhanga a School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China d School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA e Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK f State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China g Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China h China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China i Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Water clarity is a well-established first-order indicator of water quality and has been used globally bywater Secchi disk depth regulators in their monitoring and management programs. Assessments of water clarity in lakes over large Lakes and reservoirs temporal and spatial scales, however, are rare, limiting our understanding of its variability and the driven forces. -
The Tea Horse Road Guide Part 2
THE TEA HORSE ROAD GUIDE PART 2 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN WRITTEN BY MICHAEL FREEMAN COURTESY OF LUX* 2 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN INTRODUCTION 3 INTRODUCTION Between the 7th century and the middle of the 20th, one of the longest trade route, because in return for tea, which Tibetans came quickly to trade routes in the Ancient World, more than 3,000 kilometres, carried crave, the Tang dynasty wanted horses for the Imperial Army. The route tea from its homeland in the deep south of Yunnan to Tibet. It was added came under strict control, as the trading of tea for war horses became to by a route from a second source, the tea mountains of Sichuan, and the an arm of Tang foreign policy in its dealing with a neighbour that had combined network of stone roads and mountain trails became known as risen from a loose collection of tribal societies to a military power on the the Tea Horse Road, Cha Ma Dao. This was much more than a simple empire’s northwestern border. The Tea Horse Road, marked in red, began in the tea mountains of Caravan on Xishuangbanna and worked its way north through Yunnan to the Tibetan a cliff-cut trail Plateau, later joined by a second route from Sichuan Lead horse in a tea caravan 4 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN THE TEA HORSE ROAD the tea west to join the Yunnan route As the trade developed, it became a and continue to Lhasa. saga of epic proportions, combining These are the broad strokes, but a true odyssey of a journey, long and the Tea Horse Road was a network, difficult, with exchanges between in some stretches coalescing into one, very different cultures. -
Supplement of a Systematic Examination of the Relationships Between CDOM and DOC in Inland Waters in China
Supplement of Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5127–5141, 2017 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5127-2017-supplement © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of A systematic examination of the relationships between CDOM and DOC in inland waters in China Kaishan Song et al. Correspondence to: Kaishan Song ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC BY 3.0 License. Figure S1. Sampling location at three rivers for tracing the temporal variation of CDOM and DOC. The average widths at sampling stations are about 1020 m, 206m and 152 m for the Songhua River, Hunjiang River and Yalu River, respectively. Table S1 the sampling information for fresh and saline water lakes, the location information shows the central positions of the lakes. Res. is the abbreviation for reservoir; N, numbers of samples collected; Lat., latitude; Long., longitude; A, area; L, maximum length in kilometer; W, maximum width in kilometer. Water body type Sampling date N Lat. Long. A(km2) L (km) W (km) Fresh water lake Shitoukou Res. 2009.08.28 10 43.9319 125.7472 59 17 6 Songhua Lake 2015.04.29 8 43.6146 126.9492 185 55 6 Erlong Lake 2011.06.24 6 43.1785 124.8264 98 29 8 Xinlicheng Res. 2011.06.13 7 43.6300 125.3400 43 22 6 Yueliang Lake 2011.09.01 6 45.7250 123.8667 116 15 15 Nierji Res. 2015.09.16 8 48.6073 124.5693 436 83 26 Shankou Res. -
Copyrighted Material
INDEX Aodayixike Qingzhensi Baisha, 683–684 Abacus Museum (Linhai), (Ordaisnki Mosque; Baishui Tai (White Water 507 Kashgar), 334 Terraces), 692–693 Abakh Hoja Mosque (Xiang- Aolinpike Gongyuan (Olym- Baita (Chowan), 775 fei Mu; Kashgar), 333 pic Park; Beijing), 133–134 Bai Ta (White Dagoba) Abercrombie & Kent, 70 Apricot Altar (Xing Tan; Beijing, 134 Academic Travel Abroad, 67 Qufu), 380 Yangzhou, 414 Access America, 51 Aqua Spirit (Hong Kong), 601 Baiyang Gou (White Poplar Accommodations, 75–77 Arch Angel Antiques (Hong Gully), 325 best, 10–11 Kong), 596 Baiyun Guan (White Cloud Acrobatics Architecture, 27–29 Temple; Beijing), 132 Beijing, 144–145 Area and country codes, 806 Bama, 10, 632–638 Guilin, 622 The arts, 25–27 Bama Chang Shou Bo Wu Shanghai, 478 ATMs (automated teller Guan (Longevity Museum), Adventure and Wellness machines), 60, 74 634 Trips, 68 Bamboo Museum and Adventure Center, 70 Gardens (Anji), 491 AIDS, 63 ack Lakes, The (Shicha Hai; Bamboo Temple (Qiongzhu Air pollution, 31 B Beijing), 91 Si; Kunming), 658 Air travel, 51–54 accommodations, 106–108 Bangchui Dao (Dalian), 190 Aitiga’er Qingzhen Si (Idkah bars, 147 Banpo Bowuguan (Banpo Mosque; Kashgar), 333 restaurants, 117–120 Neolithic Village; Xi’an), Ali (Shiquan He), 331 walking tour, 137–140 279 Alien Travel Permit (ATP), 780 Ba Da Guan (Eight Passes; Baoding Shan (Dazu), 727, Altitude sickness, 63, 761 Qingdao), 389 728 Amchog (A’muquhu), 297 Bagua Ting (Pavilion of the Baofeng Hu (Baofeng Lake), American Express, emergency Eight Trigrams; Chengdu), 754 check -
My Visits to the Hmong in the Triangle of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan
A Hmong Scholar’s Visit to China: the Hmong in the Triangle of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan by Kou Yang Nyob luag ntuj yoog luag txuj, nyob luag av yoog luag tsav (‘In Rome be like the Romans’--- Hmong proverb) I have made a few visits to the Hmong of the triangle of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan, and will highlight below two of these visits: the visit in August 2009 to the Hmong of Qianxi (黔西),and my 2014 visit to the Hmong of Xingwen, Gong xian, Junlian, Gulin, Xuyong, Yanjin, Yiliang and Zhaotong. In early August 2009, I led a group of international scholars of Hmong studies to do a post conference visit to the Hmong/Miao in Guizhou Province, China. This visit was under the auspices and sponsorship of the Guizhou Miao Studies Association (also known as the Miao Cultural Development Association), and the guidance of its Vice-President, Professor Zhang Xiao. The group visited both Qiandongnan (Southeast Guizhou) and Qianxi (West Guizhou) Hmong/Miao of Guizou. The visit was my third trip to Qiandongnan, so it was not so special because I had previously written about and travelled to many areas within Qiandongnan. Moreover, Qiandongnan has been Guizhou’s premier cultural tourist region for decades; the Hmu represent the largest sub-group of the Miao in Qiandongnan. The language of the Hmu belongs to the Eastern branch of the Miao language. Economically, educationally, and politically, the Hmu are much better off than the Hmong and Ah Mao, who speak the Western branch of the Miao language. For example, I met with so many politicians, bureaucrats and professors of Hmu ancestry in Guiyang, but only one professor of Hmong descent. -
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Pine Wilt Disease in Yunnan, China: Evidence of Non-Local Pine Sawyer Monochamus Alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Populations Revealed by Mitochondrial DNA
Insect Science (2010) 17, 439–447, DOI 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01329.x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Pine wilt disease in Yunnan, China: Evidence of non-local pine sawyer Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) populations revealed by mitochondrial DNA Da-Ying Fu1, Shao-Ji Hu1,HuiYe1, Robert A. Haack2 and Ping-Yang Zhou3 1School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China, 2USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1407 South Harrison Road, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA, 3Forest Diseases and Pest Control and Quarantine Station of Dehong Prefecture, Luxi, Yunnan Province, China Abstract Monochamus alternatus (Hope) specimens were collected from nine geo- graphical populations in China, where the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) was present. There were seven populations in southwestern China in Yunnan Province (Ruili, Wanding, Lianghe, Pu’er, Huaning, Stone Forest and Yongsheng), one in central China in Hubei Province (Wuhan), and one in eastern China in Zhejiang Province (Hangzhou). Twenty-two polymorphic sites were recognized and 18 haplotypes were established by analyzing a 565 bp gene fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxi- dase subunit II (CO II). Kimura two-parameter distances demonstrated that M. alternatus populations in Ruili, Wanding and Lianghe (in southwestern Yunnan) differed from the other four Yunnan populations but were similar to the Zhejiang population. No close re- lationship was found between the M. alternatus populations in Yunnan and Hubei. Phylo- genetic reconstruction established a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree, which divided haplotypes of southwestern Yunnan and the rest of Yunnan into different clades with considerable bootstrapping values. Analysis of molecular variance and spatial analysis of molecular variance also suggested significant genetic differentiation between M. -
Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau
IPP740 REV World Bank-financed Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Ethnic Minority Development Plan of the Yunnan Highway Assets Management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau July 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Summary of the EMDP A. Introduction 1. According to the Feasibility Study Report and RF, the Project involves neither land acquisition nor house demolition, and involves temporary land occupation only. This report aims to strengthen the development of ethnic minorities in the project area, and includes mitigation and benefit enhancing measures, and funding sources. The project area involves a number of ethnic minorities, including Yi, Hani and Lisu. B. Socioeconomic profile of ethnic minorities 2. Poverty and income: The Project involves 16 cities/prefectures in Yunnan Province. In 2013, there were 6.61 million poor population in Yunnan Province, which accounting for 17.54% of total population. In 2013, the per capita net income of rural residents in Yunnan Province was 6,141 yuan. 3. Gender Heads of households are usually men, reflecting the superior status of men. Both men and women do farm work, where men usually do more physically demanding farm work, such as fertilization, cultivation, pesticide application, watering, harvesting and transport, while women usually do housework or less physically demanding farm work, such as washing clothes, cooking, taking care of old people and children, feeding livestock, and field management. In Lijiang and Dali, Bai and Naxi women also do physically demanding labor, which is related to ethnic customs. Means of production are usually purchased by men, while daily necessities usually by women.