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Der Eichenprozessionsspinner in Deutschland Thomas Sobczyk Der Eichenprozessionsspinner in Deutschland Historie – Biologie – Gefahren – Bekämpfung BfN-Skripten 365 2014 Der Eichenprozessionsspinner in Deutschland Historie – Biologie – Gefahren – Bekämpfung Thomas Sobczyk Titelbild: Raupe des Eichenprozessionsspinners (Thaumetopoea processionea) (Foto: T. Sobczyk) Bearbeiter Thomas Sobczyk Diesterwegstraße 28 02977 Hoyerswerda E-Mail: [email protected] Fachbetreuung im BfN: Margret Binot-Hafke Fachgebiet II 1.1 „Zoologischer Artenschutz“ Diese Veröffentlichung wird aufgenommen in die Literaturdatenbank „DNL-online“ (www.dnl-online.de). BfN-Skripten sind nicht im Buchhandel erhältlich. Eine pdf-Version dieser Ausgabe kann unter http://www.bfn.de heruntergeladen werden. Institutioneller Herausgeber: Bundesamt für Naturschutz Konstantinstr. 110 53179 Bonn URL: www.bfn.de Der institutionelle Herausgeber übernimmt keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, die Genauigkeit und Vollstän- digkeit der Angaben sowie für die Beachtung privater Rechte Dritter. Die in den Beiträgen geäußerten Ansichten und Meinungen müssen nicht mit denen des institutionellen Her- ausgebers übereinstimmen. Nachdruck, auch in Auszügen, nur mit Genehmigung des BfN. Druck: Druckerei des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB) Gedruckt auf 100% Altpapier Überarbeitete Fassung, Stand Mai 2014 ISBN 978-3-89624-100-9 Bonn - Bad Godesberg 2014 Inhaltsverzeichnis Statt eines Vorwortes........................................................................................................................ 7 1 Taxonomie ................................................................................................................................ 9 2 Überblick zum Vorkommen in Deutschland ........................................................................... 10 2.1 Historischer Abriss in einzelnen Bundesländern ............................................................ 11 2.2 Gefährdung des Eichenprozessionsspinners ................................................................ 19 2.3 Verbreitungskarten ......................................................................................................... 20 3 Gesamtverbreitung und Tendenzen der Arealerweiterung in Europa .................................... 26 3.1 Entwicklungen in einzelnen Ländern.............................................................................. 29 4 Biologie und ökologische Ansprüche ..................................................................................... 33 4.1 Ei .................................................................................................................................... 33 4.2 Raupe ............................................................................................................................. 33 4.3 Puppe ............................................................................................................................. 34 4.4 Falter .............................................................................................................................. 34 4.5 Lebensweise .................................................................................................................. 35 4.6 Habitat ............................................................................................................................ 36 4.7 Brennhaare ..................................................................................................................... 36 4.8 Nahrungspflanzen .......................................................................................................... 41 4.9 Prädatoren ...................................................................................................................... 42 5 Populationsdynamik ............................................................................................................... 48 5.1 Massenvermehrungen ................................................................................................... 49 5.2 Ausbreitungsmechanismen ............................................................................................ 51 5.3 Gründe für die gegenwärtige Ausbreitung ..................................................................... 52 6 Monitoring ............................................................................................................................... 61 6.1 Eigelege ......................................................................................................................... 61 6.2 Raupen ........................................................................................................................... 62 6.3 Pheromonfallen .............................................................................................................. 62 6.4 Lichtfallen ....................................................................................................................... 63 7 Der Eichenprozessionsspinner und die „Eichenfraßgesellschaft“ sowie „Eichensterben“ ........ 64 7.1 Eichenfraßgesellschaft ................................................................................................... 64 7.2 Eichensterben ................................................................................................................ 65 7.3 Witterung ........................................................................................................................ 68 8 Insekten an Eichen ................................................................................................................. 68 8.1 Untersuchungen zur Anzahl der an Eiche lebenden Insektenarten ............................... 69 8.2 Untersuchungen zur Anzahl der an Eiche lebenden Schmetterlingsarten .................... 69 8.3 Schmetterlingsarten an Eichen in Deutschland ............................................................. 70 8.4 Auswirkungen der Gradation des Eichenprozessionsspinners auf andere Arten .......... 70 8.5 Mögliche Auswirkungen von Bekämpfungsaktionen auf an Eichen lebende Schmetterlingsarten in Deutschland .............................................................................. 71 8.6 Auswirkungen auf Eichenwaldgesellschaften ................................................................ 74 9 Vermeidung und Abwehr ........................................................................................................ 75 9.1 Sperrung gefährdeter Bereiche ...................................................................................... 77 9.2 Leimringe ........................................................................................................................ 77 9.3 Giftringe .......................................................................................................................... 77 9.4 Anlage von Fanggräben ................................................................................................. 78 9.5 Verwirrmethode .............................................................................................................. 78 9.6 Kuriositäten .................................................................................................................... 78 3 10 Bekämpfung ............................................................................................................................ 78 10.1 Mechanisch ..................................................................................................................... 78 10.2 Thermische Verfahren ....................................................................................................80 10.3 Insektizide ....................................................................................................................... 80 10.4 Insektenpathogene Nematoden ................................................................................... 108 11 Wertung der Insektizidanwendungen ................................................................................... 109 11.1 Abgrenzung von Befallsgebieten .................................................................................. 109 11.2 Ausbringungstechnik .................................................................................................... 110 11.3 Bekämpfungszeitpunkt ................................................................................................. 110 11.4 Mehrfachbehandlung ....................................................................................................111 11.5 Wirkungsgrad/Erfolgskontrolle ...................................................................................... 111 11.6 Mittel ............................................................................................................................. 112 11.7 Bekämpfung des Eichenprozessionsspinners in Schutzgebieten? .............................. 113 11.8 Abwägung der Schutzgüter .......................................................................................... 113 12 Empfehlungen ....................................................................................................................... 114 13 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................... 116 14 Dank ......................................................................................................................................119 15 Quellen .................................................................................................................................
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