DOCSLIB.ORG

Looking for Spinoza

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Looking for Spinoza ALSO BY ANTONIO DAMASIO The Feeling of What Happens Descartes' Error ANTONIO DAMASIO Looking for Spinoza Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain WILLIAM HEINEMANN : LONDON First published in the United Kingdom in 2003 by William Heinemann 13579 10 8642 Copyright © 2003 by Antonio R. Damasio Antonio Damasio has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988 to be identified as the author of this work All figures, diagrams and drawings are by Hanna Damasio except for the portrait on page 263. Her drawings in Chapters 1, 5 and 6 depict Spinoza's house on 72-74 Paviljoensgracht (page 9), a statue of Spinoza (page 16), the back of the New Church and Spinoza's tomb in The Hague (page 19), the Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam (page 185), the house where Spinoza lived in Rijnsburg (page 233), a bust of Spinoza (page 225), and the old synagogue in Amsterdam (inspired by a 17th century engraving by Jan Veenhuysen). The portrait on page 263 is by |ean Charles Francois and was published by A. Saverien, Histoire des Philosophes Modernes, Paris, 1761 This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Published by arrangement with Harcourt, Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777, USA. All rights reserved William Heinemann The Random House Group Limited 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SWiV 2SA Random House Australia (Pty) Limited 20 Alfred Street, Milsotis Point, Sydney New South Wales 2061, Australia Random House New Zealand Limited 18 Poland Koad, Clenfield Auckland 10, New Zealand Random House (Pty) Limited Endulini, 5a Jubilee Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa The Random House Group Limited Reg. No. 954009 www.randomhouse.co.uk A CI P catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Papers used by Random House UK Limited are natural, recyclable products made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin ISBN o 434 00787 o Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, Guildford & King's Lynn To Hanna Contents CHAPTER i Enter Feelings Enter Feelings 3 The Hague 8 Looking for Spinoza 15 Beware 17 In the Paviljoensgracht 23 CHAPTER 2 Of Appetites and Emotions Trust Shakespeare 27 Emotions Precede Feelings 29 A Nesting Principle 37 More on the Emotion-Related Reactions: From Simple Homeostatic Regulation to Emotions-Proper 38 The Emotions of Simple Organisms 40 The Emotions-Proper 43 A Hypothesis in the Form of a Definition 53 The Brain Machinery of Emotion 54 Triggering and Executing Emotions 57 Out of the Blue 65 The Brain Stem Switch 73 Out-ofthe-Blue Laughter 74 VIII CONTEXTS Laughter and Some More Crying 77 From the Active Body to the Mind 79 CHAPTER 3 Feelings What Feelings Are 83 Is There More to Feelings than the Perception of Body State? 89 Feelings Are Interactive Perceptions 91 Mixing Memory with Desire: An Aside 93 Feelings in the Brain: New Evidence 96 A Comment on Related Evidence 101 Some More Corroborating Evidence 104 The Substrate of Feelings 105 Who Can Have Feelings? 109 Body States versus Body Maps 111 Actual Body States and Simulated Body States 112 Natural Analgesia 113 Empathy 115 Hallucinating the Body 118 The Chemicals of Feeling 119 Varieties of Drug-Induced Felicity 121 Enter the Naysayers 124 More Naysayers 126 CHAPTER 4 Ever Since Feelings OF Joy and Sorrow 137 Feelings and Social Behavior 140 Inside a Decision-Making Mechanism 144 What the Mechanism Accomplishes 147 The Breakdown of a Normal Mechanism 150 Damage to Prefrontal Cortex in the Very Young 152 CONTENTS IX What If the World? i55 Neurobiology and Ethical Behaviors 159 Homeostasis and the Governance of Social Life 166 The Foundation of Virtue 170 What Are Feelings For? 175 CHAPTER 5 Body, Brain, and Mind Body and Mind 183 The Hague, December 2,1999 184 The Invisible Body 187 Losing the Body and Losing the Mind 191 The Assembly of Body Images 195 A Qualification 198 The Construction of Reality 198 Seeing Things 200 About the Origins of the Mind 204 Body, Mind, and Spinoza 209 Closing with Dr. Tulp 217 CHAPTER 6 A Visit to Spinoza Rijnsburg, July 6, 2000 223 The Age 224 The Hague, 1670 227 Amsterdam, 1632 230 Ideas and Events 236 The Uriel da Costa Affair 240 Jewish Persecution and the Marrano Tradition 245 Excommunication 250 The Legacy 2 54 Beyond the Enlightenment 258 The Hague, 1677 261 X CONTENTS The Library 262 Spinoza in My Mind 263 CHAPTER 7 Who's There? The Contented Life 267 Spinoza's Solution 273 The Effectiveness of a Solution 277 Spinozism 279 Happy Endings? 283 Appendices 291 Notes 299 Glossary 333 Acknowledgments 337 Index 339 Looking for Spinoza CHAPTER I Enter Feelings Enter Feelings Feelings of pain or pleasure or some quality in between are the bedrock of our minds. We often fail to notice this simple reality be­ cause the mental images of the objects and events that surround us, along with the images of the words and sentences that describe them, use up so much of our overburdened attention. But there they are, feelings of myriad emotions and related states, the con­ tinuous musical line of our minds, the unstoppable humming of the most universal of melodies that only dies down when we go to sleep, a humming that turns into all-out singing when we are oc­ cupied by joy, or a mournful requiem when sorrow takes over.* Given the ubiquity of feelings, one would have thought that their science would have been elucidated long ago—what feelings are, how they work, what they mean—but that is hardly the case. Of all the mental phenomena we can describe, feelings and their essential ingredients—pain and pleasure—are the least under­ stood in biological and specifically neurobiological terms. This is all the more puzzling considering that advanced societies cultivate *The principal meaning of the word feeling refers to some variant of the experience of pain or pleasure as it occurs in emotions and related phenomena; another frequent meaning refers to experiences such as touch as when we appreciate the shape or texture of an object. Throughout this book, unless otherwise specified, the term feeling is always used in its principal meaning. LOOKING FOR SPINOZA 4 feelings shamelessly and dedicate so many resources and efforts to manipulating those feelings with alcohol, drugs of abuse, medical drugs, food, real sex, virtual sex, all manner of feel-good consump­ tion, and all manner of feel-good social and religious practices. We doctor our feelings with pills, drinks, health spas, workouts, and spiritual exercises, but neither the public nor science have yet come to grips with what feelings are, biologically speaking. I am not really surprised at this state of affairs, considering what I grew up believing about feelings. Most of it simply was not true. For example, I thought that feelings were impossible to de­ fine with specificity, unlike objects you could see, hear, or touch. Unlike those concrete entities, feelings were intangible. When I started musing about how the brain managed to create the mind, I accepted the established advice that feelings were out of the sci­ entific picture. One could study how the brain makes us move. One could study sensory processes, visual and otherwise, and un­ derstand how thoughts are put together. One could study how the brain learns and memorizes thoughts. One could even study the emotional reactions with which we respond to varied objects and events. But feelings—which can be distinguished from emotions, as we shall see in the next chapter—remained elusive. Feelings were to stay forever mysterious. They were private and inacces­ sible. It was not possible to explain how feelings happened or where they happened. One simply could not get "behind" feelings. As was the case with consciousness, feelings were beyond the bounds of science, thrown outside the door not just by the naysay­ ers who worry that anything mental might actually be explained by neuroscience, but by card-carrying neuroscientists themselves, proclaiming allegedly insurmountable limitations. My own will­ ingness to accept this belief as fact is evidenced by the many years I spent studying anything but feelings. It took me awhile to see the degree to which the injunction was unjustified and to realize ENTER FEELINGS 5 that the neurobiology of feelings was no less viable than the neu­ robiology of vision or memory. But eventually 1 did, mostly, as it turns out, because I was confronted by the reality of neurological patients whose symptoms literally forced me to investigate their conditions. Imagine, for example, meeting someone who, as a result of damage to a certain location of his brain, became unable to feel compassion or embarrassment—when compassion or embar­ rassment were due—yet could feel happy, or sad, or fearful just as normally as before brain disease had set in. Would that not give you pause? Or picture a person who, as a result of damage located elsewhere in the brain, became unable to experience fear when fear was the appropriate reaction to the situation and yet still could feel compassion. The cruelty of neurological disease may be a bottomless pit for its victims—the patients and those of us who are called to watch. But the scalpel of disease also is responsible for its single redeeming feature: By teasing apart the normal op­ erations of the human brain, often with uncanny precision, neu­ rological disease provides a unique entry into the fortified citadel of the human brain and mind.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Beckett and Nothing Or ‘A Pain in the Stomach’– of a More Fundamental Anxiety Whose Object Is Precisely an Unfathomable and Unbearable Nothingness
    11 It’s nothing: Beckett and anxiety Russell Smith On 11 August 1936, Samuel Beckett wrote the following passage – in German – in his notebook: How translucent this mechanism seems to me now, the principle of which is: better to be afraid of something than of nothing. In the fi rst case only a part, in the second the whole is threatened, not to mention the monstrous quality which inseparably belongs to the incomprehensible, one could even say the boundless. [. .] When such an anxiety [Angst] begins to grow a reason [Grund] must quickly be found, as no one has the ability to live with it in its utter absence of reason [Grundlosigkeit]. Thus the neurotic, i.e. Everyman, may declare with great seriousness and in all awe that there is merely a minimal difference between God in heaven and a pain in the stomach. Since both emanate from one source and serve one purpose: to transform anxiety into fear.1 August 1936 was a particularly anxious time for Beckett. He had been living in Dublin for about eight months, since returning from London just before Christmas 1935, having broken off his two-year course of psychoanalysis with Wilfred Bion. As James Knowlson notes, Beckett had presented himself to Bion with ‘severe anxiety symptoms’: ‘a bursting, apparently arrhythmic heart, night sweats, shudders, panic, breathlessness, and, at its most severe, total paralysis’. However, the fact that these symptoms – which fl ared up whenever he stayed with his mother in Dublin – continued to plague him in early 1936 perhaps ‘[led] him to despair that nothing had
    [Show full text]
  • PRESS RELEASE: 21 June 2017 Nica Burns Presents the Sheffield
    PRESS RELEASE: 21 June 2017 Nica Burns presents the Sheffield Theatres production of Music by Dan Gillespie Sells Book and Lyrics by Tom MacRae From an idea by Jonathan Butterell Directed by Jonathan Butterell Design by Anna Fleischle Choreography by Kate Prince Lighting design by Lucy Carter Sound design by Paul Groothuis Musical direction by Theo Jamieson Casting by Will Burton Apollo Theatre Previews from Monday 6 November 2017 Press Night Wednesday 22 November 2017 Once upon a time there was a 16-year-old boy who had a secret he wanted to tell... So, he approached a documentary film maker as you do, and asked if they would help him tell it. The resulting documentary was seen by a theatre director and it inspired him to create a musical. A producing regional theatre backed him. He then bumped into a famous musical theatre star who introduced him to a well-known pop composer who was working with a lyricist and book writer. The theatre put on the production. A major producer saw it and offered them a West End theatre. So, thanks to Jamie Campbell, Firecracker Films, Michael Ball, Sheffield Theatres and Nica Burns, a new British musical by a new British theatre writing and directing team, Everybody’s Talking About Jamie opens at the Apollo Theatre on Wednesday 22 November 2017. Fairy tales really do come true. “Touching, Funny, Joyous” THE OBSERVER 1 “Sends you out on a feel-good bubble of happiness” DAILY TELEGRAPH “Everyone should really be talking about Jamie” THE TIMES “The show is terrific and John McCrea gives an exceptional performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Negative Emotion in Music: What Is the Attraction? a Qualitative Study
    Empirical Musicology Review Vol. 6, No. 4, 2011 Negative Emotion in Music: What is the Attraction? A Qualitative Study SANDRA GARRIDO University of New South Wales EMERY SCHUBERT University of New South Wales ABSTRACT: Why do people listen to music that evokes negative emotions? This paper presents five comparative interviews conducted to examine this question. Individual differences psychology and mood management theory provided a theoretical framework for the investigation which was conducted under a realist paradigm. Data sources were face-to-face interviews of about one hour involving a live music listening experience. Thematic analysis of the data was conducted and both within-case and cross-case analyses were performed. Results confirmed the complexity of variables at play in individual cases while supporting the hypothesis that absorption and dissociation make it possible for the arousal experienced when listening to sad music to be enjoyed without displeasure. At the same time, participants appeared to be seeking a variety of psychological benefits such as reflecting on life-events, enjoying emotional communion, or engaging in a process of catharsis. A novel finding was that maladaptive mood regulation habits may cause some to listen to sad music even when such benefits are not being obtained, supporting some recent empirical evidence on why people are attracted to negative emotion in music. Submitted 2012 February 12; accepted 2012 June 2. KEYWORDS: music, emotion, negative valence, absorption; rumination WHY do we enjoy “a good cry”? It seems counter-intuitive that people would willingly seek out music or other aesthetic experiences that make them cry when we do our best to avoid things that make us cry in “real life” (Vingerhoets et al., 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Neuroscience
    Choudhury_bindex.indd 391 7/22/2011 4:08:46 AM Critical Neuroscience Choudhury_ffirs.indd i 7/22/2011 4:37:11 AM Choudhury_ffirs.indd ii 7/22/2011 4:37:11 AM Critical Neuroscience A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience Edited by Suparna Choudhury and Jan Slaby A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Choudhury_ffirs.indd iii 7/22/2011 4:37:11 AM This edition first published 2012 © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Suparna Choudhury and Jan Slaby to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry
    Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry Heinz Boeker Peter Hartwich Georg Northoff Editors 123 Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry Heinz Boeker • Peter Hartwich Georg Northoff Editors Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry Editors Heinz Boeker Peter Hartwich Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich Hospital of Psychiatry-Psychotherapy- Zurich Psychosomatic Switzerland General Hospital Frankfurt Teaching Hospital of the University Georg Northoff Frankfurt Mind, Brain Imaging, and Neuroethics Germany Institute of Mental Health Research University of Ottawa Ottawa ON, Canada ISBN 978-3-319-75111-5 ISBN 978-3-319-75112-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75112-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948668 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • Jim Crow Racism and the Mexican Americans of San Antonio, Texas
    ORAL HISTORY AS A MEANS OF MORAL REPAIR: JIM CROW RACISM AND THE MEXICAN AMERICANS OF SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS by Rebecca Dominguez-Karimi A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL May 2018 Copyright by Rebecca Dominguez-Karimi, 2017 ii ORAL HISTORY AS A MEANS OF MORAL REPAIR: JIM CROW RACISM AND THE MEXICAN AMERICANS OF SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS by Rebecca Dominguez-Karimi This dissertation was prepared under the direction of the candidate's dissertation advisor, Dr. Sandra Norman, Comparative Studies Program, and has been approved by the members of her supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of the Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. SUPERVISORY COMMnTEE: ~~o..... .:i N1~"" Sandra Norman, Ph.D. ~~Susan Love Brown, Ph. 'S:"..,;ae~.~~o~ JosephinBeoku-Betts, Ph.D. Directo , mparative St ilies Pro? MiC11aeliOfSWclD.~-# Dean, Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts andn:ers . 5"", "Zo/g "~~2.~~ ' iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author offers her sincerest thanks and gratitude to members of her committee (past and present-Dr. Robin Fiore, Dr. Marta Cruz-Janzen, Dr. Sandra Norman, Dr. Susan Love Brown, and Dr. Josephine Beoku-Betts) for their guidance, input, and support in bringing this manuscript to fruition. She wishes to especially thank her dissertation advisor, Dr. Sandra Norman, for her patience, advice, and inspiration during the composition of this manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • Supreme Court, Appellate Division First Department
    SUPREME COURT, APPELLATE DIVISION FIRST DEPARTMENT FEBRUARY 24, 2015 THE COURT ANNOUNCES THE FOLLOWING DECISIONS: Tom, J.P., Friedman, Acosta, Saxe, Kapnick, JJ. 13941 Carla Farrulla, Index 306208/08 Plaintiff-Appellant, -against- Happy Care Ambulette Inc., et al., Defendants-Respondents. _________________________ Melcer Newman PLLC, New York (Roger Rodriguez of counsel), for appellant. Ryan & Conlon, LLP, New York (Michael Couglin of counsel), for respondents. _________________________ Order, Supreme Court, Bronx County (Lucindo Suarez, J.), entered on or about July 15, 2013, which granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, unanimously affirmed, without costs. In this action for personal injuries allegedly sustained by plaintiff while she was a passenger in an ambulette van, defendants established their prima facie entitlement to summary judgment by demonstrating that they had no involvement with the subject accident. In opposition, plaintiff failed to raise a triable issue of fact (see DiPierro v City of New York, 25 AD3d 306, 308 [1st Dept 2006]). Her deposition testimony establishes that the ambulette van in which she was riding when the accident occurred had a black exterior, and that “Action Ambulette” was displayed on the side of the vehicle. Defendants submitted the affidavit of John Colagrande, defendant Happy Care Ambulette Inc.’s (“Happy Care”) vice president in which he asserted that the company never owned ambulettes that were painted black nor was it affiliated with an entity called Action Ambulette. Contrary to plaintiff’s contention, the Workers’ Compensation form and her affidavit fail to demonstrate the existence of a triable issue of fact as to whether Happy Care owned or maintained the vehicle involved in the accident or was legally responsible for the person who allegedly caused her injuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Key to the Common Shallow-Water Brittle Stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228496999 Key to the common shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea Article · January 2007 CITATIONS READS 10 702 1 author: Christopher Pomory University of West Florida 34 PUBLICATIONS 303 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Christopher Pomory on 21 May 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. 1 Key to the common shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea CHRISTOPHER M. POMORY 2007 Department of Biology, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA. [email protected] ABSTRACT A key is given for 85 species of ophiuroids from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea covering a depth range from the intertidal down to 30 m. Figures highlighting important anatomical features associated with couplets in the key are provided. 2 INTRODUCTION The Caribbean region is one of the major coral reef zoogeographic provinces and a region of intensive human use of marine resources for tourism and fisheries (Aide and Grau, 2004). With the world-wide decline of coral reefs, and deterioration of shallow-water marine habitats in general, ecological and biodiversity studies have become more important than ever before (Bellwood et al., 2004). Ecological and biodiversity studies require identification of collected specimens, often by biologists not specializing in taxonomy, and therefore identification guides easily accessible to a diversity of biologists are necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections of Generosity Annual Report of Private Giving
    Reflections of Generosity Annual Report of Private Giving For the year ending June 30, 2018 Index Reflections of Generosity In Gratitude for Our Engaged Community ....................................... 6 Collective Visioning .......................................................................... 8 Financial Highlights Supporting Excellence ...................................................................... 12 Collective Generosity A Story Told Together ........................................................................ 16 The Gift of Time: CCS Summer Research Fellowships ...................... 18 Alumni Generosity Leaving Legacies and Living Legends ............................................... 22 Homegrown Support ......................................................................... 24 A Passion for Unconventional Science .............................................. 26 A Video Board to Spark Hoopla......................................................... 28 Faculty Generosity Dear Friends, An Evolving and Rewarding Partnership ........................................... 32 Enduring Influence ............................................................................ 34 As we reflect on philanthropic giving to UC Santa Barbara over the past year, we are overwhelmed and inspired by you — our steadfast supporters — whose vision continues to advance the excellence and diversity of our Friends Generosity great institution. We are tremendously thankful for your generosity and your appreciation for the crucial role of Making
    [Show full text]
  • The Biological Foundations of Identity in the Works of Antonio Damasio
    STUDIES IN LOGIC, GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC 50 (63) 2017 DOI: 10.1515/slgr-2017-0026 Aleksandra Porankiewicz-Żukowska University of Bialystok THE BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF IDENTITY IN THE WORKS OF ANTONIO DAMASIO. THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Abstract. This paper confronts the modern findings of neuroscience presented in the works of Antonio Damasio with classic and contemporary concepts re- garding the phenomenon of self / identity developed on the basis of the social sciences. In my view, both types of consideration involve illegitimate reduction of presented phenomena either by inadequate analysis of social entities, or by underestimating their biological basis. Keywords: self, identity, neuroscience, sociology, emergence. 1. Introduction Contemporary findings in neuroscience, such as identification of areas of the brain and the mechanisms accounting for the formation of self and consciousness, social emotions, and empathy, are making researchers rethink fundamental issues in the social sciences. Thanks to spectacular discoveries relating to the human nervous system, scientists are trying to re-establish the relationship between psychic and physical phenomena, which applies in particular to considerations about the nature of the mind and the rela- tionship between mind and body (Mianji 2015: 55–61). Neuroscience is the basis for an attempt to explain the phenomenon of social nature (Garza, Fisher Smith, 2009: 521–522). Therefore, new theories are formed to con- nect the achievements of such diverse disciplines as neuroscience, philosophy of mind, psychiatry, psychology, or sociology. Connecting far distant views and paradigms creates the need to redefine the scope of these phenomena that seem to be emergent against each other and those that can be success- fully reduced to lower levels.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ECHINODERM NEWSLETTER Number 22. 1997 Editor: Cynthia Ahearn Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Room
    •...~ ..~ THE ECHINODERM NEWSLETTER Number 22. 1997 Editor: Cynthia Ahearn Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Room W-31S, Mail Stop 163 Washington D.C. 20560, U.S.A. NEW E-MAIL: [email protected] Distributed by: David Pawson Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Room W-321, Mail Stop 163 Washington D.C. 20560, U.S.A. The newsletter contains information concerning meetings and conferences, publications of interest to echinoderm biologists, titles of theses on echinoderms, and research interests, and addresses of echinoderm biologists. Individuals who desire to receive the newsletter should send their name, address and research interests to the editor. The newsletter is not intended to be a part of the scientific literature and should not be cited, abstracted, or reprinted as a published document. A. Agassiz, 1872-73 ., TABLE OF CONTENTS Echinoderm Specialists Addresses Phone (p-) ; Fax (f-) ; e-mail numbers . ........................ .1 Current Research ........•... .34 Information Requests .. .55 Announcements, Suggestions .. • .56 Items of Interest 'Creeping Comatulid' by William Allison .. .57 Obituary - Franklin Boone Hartsock .. • .58 Echinoderms in Literature. 59 Theses and Dissertations ... 60 Recent Echinoderm Publications and Papers in Press. ...................... • .66 New Book Announcements Life and Death of Coral Reefs ......•....... .84 Before the Backbone . ........................ .84 Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna & Flora of Korea . • •• 84 Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceedings of the Ninth IEC. • .85 Papers Presented at Meetings (by country or region) Africa. • .96 Asia . ....96 Austral ia .. ...96 Canada..... • .97 Caribbean •. .97 Europe. .... .97 Guam ••• .98 Israel. 99 Japan .. • •.••. 99 Mexico. .99 Philippines .• . .•.•.• 99 South America .. .99 united States .•. .100 Papers Presented at Meetings (by conference) Fourth Temperate Reef Symposium................................•......
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Neuroimaging Information: a Case for Neuro Exceptionalism
    Florida State University Law Review Volume 34 Issue 2 Article 6 2007 Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case For Neuro Exceptionalism Stacey A. Torvino [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Stacey A. Torvino, Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case For Neuro Exceptionalism, 34 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. (2007) . https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr/vol34/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida State University Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING INFORMATION: A CASE FOR NEURO EXCEPTIONALISM Stacey A. Torvino VOLUME 34 WINTER 2007 NUMBER 2 Recommended citation: Stacey A. Torvino, Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case for Neuro Exceptionalism, 34 FLA. ST. U. L. REV. 415 (2007). FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING INFORMATION: A CASE FOR NEURO EXCEPTIONALISM? STACEY A. TOVINO, J.D., PH.D.* I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 415 II. FMRI: A BRIEF HISTORY ............................................................................. 419 III. FMRI APPLICATIONS ................................................................................... 423 A. Clinical Applications............................................................................ 423 B. Understanding Racial Evaluation......................................................
    [Show full text]