6 Affective Neuroscience Part II
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Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry
Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry Heinz Boeker Peter Hartwich Georg Northoff Editors 123 Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry Heinz Boeker • Peter Hartwich Georg Northoff Editors Neuropsychodynamic Psychiatry Editors Heinz Boeker Peter Hartwich Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich Hospital of Psychiatry-Psychotherapy- Zurich Psychosomatic Switzerland General Hospital Frankfurt Teaching Hospital of the University Georg Northoff Frankfurt Mind, Brain Imaging, and Neuroethics Germany Institute of Mental Health Research University of Ottawa Ottawa ON, Canada ISBN 978-3-319-75111-5 ISBN 978-3-319-75112-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75112-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948668 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
The Evolution of Animal Play, Emotions, and Social Morality: on Science, Theology, Spirituality, Personhood, and Love
WellBeing International WBI Studies Repository 12-2001 The Evolution of Animal Play, Emotions, and Social Morality: On Science, Theology, Spirituality, Personhood, and Love Marc Bekoff University of Colorado Follow this and additional works at: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/acwp_sata Part of the Animal Studies Commons, Behavior and Ethology Commons, and the Comparative Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Bekoff, M. (2001). The evolution of animal play, emotions, and social morality: on science, theology, spirituality, personhood, and love. Zygon®, 36(4), 615-655. This material is brought to you for free and open access by WellBeing International. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Evolution of Animal Play, Emotions, and Social Morality: On Science, Theology, Spirituality, Personhood, and Love Marc Bekoff University of Colorado KEYWORDS animal emotions, animal play, biocentric anthropomorphism, critical anthropomorphism, personhood, social morality, spirituality ABSTRACT My essay first takes me into the arena in which science, spirituality, and theology meet. I comment on the enterprise of science and how scientists could well benefit from reciprocal interactions with theologians and religious leaders. Next, I discuss the evolution of social morality and the ways in which various aspects of social play behavior relate to the notion of “behaving fairly.” The contributions of spiritual and religious perspectives are important in our coming to a fuller understanding of the evolution of morality. I go on to discuss animal emotions, the concept of personhood, and how our special relationships with other animals, especially the companions with whom we share our homes, help us to define our place in nature, our humanness. -
Psychoethological Perspective on Play: Implications for Research and Practice
Psicologia USP http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-656420160122 358 Brincar na perspectiva psicoetológica: implicações para pesquisa e prática Emma Otta* Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Psicologia, Departamento de Psicologia Experimental. São Paulo, SP, Brasil Resumo: Este ensaio trata do brincar a partir da perspectiva psicoetológica e examina implicações para a pesquisa e a prática. Ao longo das últimas décadas, crianças vêm ganhando oportunidades de escolarização e atividades dirigidas por adultos, mas perdendo oportunidades de brincadeira livre autogerenciada. Isto é preocupante, considerando as indicações de modelos animais de que a brincadeira social autogerenciada é importante para o desenvolvimento do cérebro social e da capacidade de autorregulação de emoções. Este estudo representa um convite-justificativa para que as crianças recuperem oportunidades de brincadeira natural das quais vêm sendo privadas. Quanto mais conhecermos sobre o brincar, mais adequados seremos nas oportunidades que poderemos oferecer a elas. Precisamos de mais pesquisa sobre este tema na academia, num ambiente intelectual que facilite a colaboração entre etólogos, psicólogos, educadores e neurocientistas, promovendo interação bidirecional entre teoria e prática. Palavras-chave: brincar, cérebro social, desenvolvimento, emoções, natureza. Introdução A razão da etóloga, fascinada pela observação do comportamento Este ensaio trata do brincar a partir da perspectiva psicoetológica e examina as implicações desta Por que convidar a estudar o comportamento de abordagem para pesquisa e prática relativas a um tema brincar dos animais? A resposta mais simples que poderia que considero negligenciado na área acadêmica. O termo dar é o fascínio pela observação do comportamento “abordagem psicoetológica” foi cunhado por Walter espontâneo, livre de limites artificiais. -
The Inevitability of Evolutionary Psychology and the Limitations of Adaptationism: Lessons from the Other Primates
International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2001, 14, 25-42. Copyright 2001 by the International Society for Comparative Psychology The Inevitability of Evolutionary Psychology and the Limitations of Adaptationism: Lessons from the other Primates Frans B. M. de Waal Emory University, U.S.A. The arrival of Evolutionary Psychology (EP) has upset many psychologists. Partly, this reflects resistance to what is perceived as genetic reductionism, partly worry about yet another step closer to the life sciences. Are the life sciences going to devour the social sciences? This essay starts out with a list of pitfalls for the beginning Darwinists that many EP followers are, warning against simplistic adptationist scenarios, and the frag- mentation of the organism, the human brain (a module for every capacity), and the ge- nome (a gene for this and a gene for that). Despite these criticisms, the author is generally sympathetic to the evolutionary approach, however, and feels that EP is inevitable. It may show growing pains, but psychology does need to move under the evolutionary umbrella, which is the only framework that can provide coherence to a fragmented discipline. The essay concludes with several illustrations of the usefulness of evolutionary theory to ex- plain the social behavior of primates. Primatologists face many of the same dilemmas as followers of EP in that primate behavior seems almost endlessly variable. Examples of political strategy, peacemaking, and reciprocal exchange show the complexity, the pro- found similarity to human behavior, and the promise of the evolutionary framework. I am honored and pleased to address psychologists at their annual conven- tion. -
The Value of Using an Evolutionary Framework for Gauging Children's
In Narvaez, D., Panksepp, J., Schore, A., & Gleason, T. (Eds.) (2013). Evolution, Early Experience and Human Development: From Research to Practice and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press. The Value of Using an Evolutionary Framework for Gauging Children’s Well-Being Darcia Narvaez, Jaak Panksepp, Allan Schore, and Tracy Gleason Earlier conceptions of the essential nature of developmental experiences found axiomatic that “early childhood is destiny.” This view was deeply embedded in two paradigms—psychoanalysis under the Freudian view, which emphasized parenting influences, and behaviorism, which emphasized early conditioning and reinforcement history (although both psychoanalytic psychotherapists and behaviorists assumed that patterns could be unlearned with some effort). When developmental psychology changed in paradigm to an ecological system perspective that acknowledges multiple levels of influence (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), emphasis shifted to a focus on human resiliency in the face of risk factors (Lester, Masten, & McEwen, 2007). Neuroscience has bolstered the resilient view of development with evidence that the brain remains plastic throughout the life span (e.g., Doidge, 2007; Merzenich et al., 1996). Early childhood is thus viewed within the prism of lifelong interactions among ecosystems and individual neuro- affective propensities, highlighting developmental person-by-context interactions and abundant individual variability in emotional resilience (Suomi, 2006; Worthman, Plotsky, Schechter, & Cummings, 2010). In the enthusiasm to embrace ideas of life span resiliency, psychology has often soft- pedaled the lasting neurobiological influences of early childhood experience. When researchers have documented the remarkable resiliency of children (e.g., Lester et al., 2007), they often point to better outcomes than might be predicted from certain preclinical studies of early - i - developmental trajectories (Kagan, 1997). -
The Biological Foundations of Identity in the Works of Antonio Damasio
STUDIES IN LOGIC, GRAMMAR AND RHETORIC 50 (63) 2017 DOI: 10.1515/slgr-2017-0026 Aleksandra Porankiewicz-Żukowska University of Bialystok THE BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF IDENTITY IN THE WORKS OF ANTONIO DAMASIO. THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Abstract. This paper confronts the modern findings of neuroscience presented in the works of Antonio Damasio with classic and contemporary concepts re- garding the phenomenon of self / identity developed on the basis of the social sciences. In my view, both types of consideration involve illegitimate reduction of presented phenomena either by inadequate analysis of social entities, or by underestimating their biological basis. Keywords: self, identity, neuroscience, sociology, emergence. 1. Introduction Contemporary findings in neuroscience, such as identification of areas of the brain and the mechanisms accounting for the formation of self and consciousness, social emotions, and empathy, are making researchers rethink fundamental issues in the social sciences. Thanks to spectacular discoveries relating to the human nervous system, scientists are trying to re-establish the relationship between psychic and physical phenomena, which applies in particular to considerations about the nature of the mind and the rela- tionship between mind and body (Mianji 2015: 55–61). Neuroscience is the basis for an attempt to explain the phenomenon of social nature (Garza, Fisher Smith, 2009: 521–522). Therefore, new theories are formed to con- nect the achievements of such diverse disciplines as neuroscience, philosophy of mind, psychiatry, psychology, or sociology. Connecting far distant views and paradigms creates the need to redefine the scope of these phenomena that seem to be emergent against each other and those that can be success- fully reduced to lower levels. -
Art and Emotion: the Variety of Aesthetic Emotions and Their Internal Dynamics
Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology 20, 2020 @PTPN Poznań 2020, DOI 10.14746/ism.2020.20.5 Piotr PrzybYSZ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8184-3656 Faculty of Philosophy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań Art and Emotion: the variety of Aesthetic Emotions and their Internal Dynamics AbSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to propose an interpretation of aesthetic emotions in which they are treated as various affective reactions to a work of art. I present arguments that there are three different types of such aesthetic emotional responses to art, i.e., embodied emotions, epistemic emotions and contextual-associative emotions. I then argue that aesthetic emotions understood in this way are dynamic wholes that need to be explained by capturing and describing their internal temporal dynamics as well as by analyzing the relationships with the other components of aesthetic experience. Keywords: aesthetic emotions, aesthetic experience, art, music, neuroaesthetics Introduction There is no doubt that music, as well as other genres of art such as painting, is a reliable means of eliciting various emotional reactions. Exposure to a song or painting may result in feelings such as being touched or elated. beha- vioral reactions such as chills or tears may also appear in reaction to the work of art. In other situations, music or painting may serve to calm someone or can be used to improve one’s mood. Despite the unquestionable ability of art to evoke emotions, this ability is still not properly understood, and philosophers and re- searchers are constantly trying to explain it. The tradition of speculative inquiry and empirical studies concerning aes- thetic emotions is, naturally, very long. -
Functional Neuroimaging Information: a Case for Neuro Exceptionalism
Florida State University Law Review Volume 34 Issue 2 Article 6 2007 Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case For Neuro Exceptionalism Stacey A. Torvino [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Stacey A. Torvino, Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case For Neuro Exceptionalism, 34 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. (2007) . https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr/vol34/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida State University Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING INFORMATION: A CASE FOR NEURO EXCEPTIONALISM Stacey A. Torvino VOLUME 34 WINTER 2007 NUMBER 2 Recommended citation: Stacey A. Torvino, Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case for Neuro Exceptionalism, 34 FLA. ST. U. L. REV. 415 (2007). FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING INFORMATION: A CASE FOR NEURO EXCEPTIONALISM? STACEY A. TOVINO, J.D., PH.D.* I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 415 II. FMRI: A BRIEF HISTORY ............................................................................. 419 III. FMRI APPLICATIONS ................................................................................... 423 A. Clinical Applications............................................................................ 423 B. Understanding Racial Evaluation...................................................... -
The Neural Basis of the Dynamic Unconscious
Neuropsychoanalysis, 2011, 13 (1) 5 The Neural Basis of the Dynamic Unconscious Heather A. Berlin (New York) A great deal of complex cognitive processing occurs at the unconscious level and affects how humans behave, think, and feel. Sci- entists are only now beginning to understand how this occurs on the neural level. Understanding the neural basis of consciousness requires an account of the neural mechanisms that underlie both conscious and unconscious thought, and their dynamic interac- tion. For example, how do conscious impulses, thoughts, or desires become unconscious (e.g., repression) or, conversely, how do unconscious impulses, desires, or motives become conscious (e.g., Freudian slips)? Research taking advantage of advances in technologies, like functional magnetic resonance imaging, has led to a revival and re-conceptualization of some of the key concepts of psychoanalytic theory, but steps toward understanding their neural basis have only just commenced. According to psychoanalytic theory, unconscious dynamic processes defensively remove anxiety-provoking thoughts and impulses from consciousness in re- sponse to one’s conflicting attitudes. The processes that keep unwanted thoughts from entering consciousness include repression, suppression, and dissociation. In this literature review, studies from psychology and cognitive neuroscience in both healthy and patient populations that are beginning to elucidate the neural basis of these phenomena are discussed and organized within a con- ceptual framework. Further studies in this emerging field at the intersection of psychoanalytic theory and neuroscience are needed. Keywords: unconscious; psychodynamic; repression; suppression; dissociation; neural “Nothing is so difficult as not deceiving oneself.” 1998a). Early psychodynamic theorists attempted to Ludwig Wittgenstein [1889–1951] explain phenomena observed in the clinic, but lat- er cognitive scientists used computational models of the mind to explain empirical data. -
Music, Feelings, and the Human Brain
Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain © 2014 American Psychological Association 2014, Vol. 24, No. 1, 92–102 0275-3987/14/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/pmu0000033 Music, Feelings, and the Human Brain Assal Habibi and Antonio Damasio University of Southern California Music of varied kinds consistently triggers a large range of drives and emotions, which, in turn, induce a particular class of mental experiences known as feelings. The feelings are often pleasurable, though not necessarily. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies, in normal individuals as well as in patients with focal neurological lesions, reveal that music can change the state of large-scale neural systems of the human brain. The changes are not confined to brain sectors related to auditory and motor processing; they also occur in regions related to the regulation of life processes (homeostasis), including those related to emotions and feelings, most prominently in the insula and cingulate cortices, in the ventral striatum, in the amygdala, and in certain upper brainstem nuclei. The ease with which music leads to feelings, the predictability with which it does so, the fact that human beings of many cultures actively seek and consume music, and the evidence that early humans engaged in music practices lead us to hypothesize that music has long had a consistent relation to the neural devices of human life regulation. It is conceivable that, as a result, music-induced feelings can be informative and nourishing at the individual level and can also operate as significant promoters of sociocultural organization. We venture that the close relationship between music and feelings along with music’s effectiveness in certain personal and social contexts, that is, its roles in homeostasis, explain, at least in part, the considerable degree of selection and replication of music-related phenomena, both biologically and culturally. -
Poetic Leadership: a Territory of Aesthetic Consciousness and Change
POETIC LEADERSHIP: A TERRITORY OF AESTHETIC CONSCIOUSNESS AND CHANGE R. Amrit Kasten-Daryanani A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Ph.D. in Leadership & Change Program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October, 2007 This is to certify that the dissertation entitled: POETIC LEADERSHIP: A TERRITORY OF AESTHETIC CONSCIOUSNESS AND CHANGE A DISSERTATION THAT INTRODUCES A NEW THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT OF LEADERSHIP BASED ON AESTHETIC MORALITY AND VALUES GROUNDED WITHIN CONSCIOUSNESS RESEARCH. Prepared by: R. Amrit Kasten-Daryanani is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Leadership and Change. Approved by: Carolyn Kenny, PhD, Chair Date Laurien Alexandre, PhD, Committee Member Date Jon Wergin, PhD, Committee Member Date Perie Longo, PhD, External Reader Date Copyright 2007 R. Amrit Kasten-Daryanani All rights reserved Acknowledgements Writing this dissertation has been an act of love that has known the support of many extraordinary people. It has first and foremost been made possible by the members of the Core Faculty at Antioch University, who have labored long to bring this magnificent program into being. To Elizabeth Holloway, Al Guskin, Peter Vaill, and Dick Couto you have encouraged my academic and personal growth through your wisdom, support and insight. Dick, your nod to pursue the secrets of the sacred texts was a surprising gift that I deeply appreciate. To Laurien Alexandre I offer deepest thanks for years of gracious advising and continuous enthusiasm for work which sometimes must have seemed overwhelmingly dense. To JonWergin I extend sincerest gratitude for allowing me to write a terribly funny but not very appropriate research redesign learning product. -
Chapter 7 the Neuroscience of Emotion in Music Jaak Panksepp and Colwyn Trevarthen
07-Malloch-Chap07 9/9/08 10:41 AM Page 105 Chapter 7 The neuroscience of emotion in music Jaak Panksepp and Colwyn Trevarthen 7.1 Overture: why humans move, and communicate, in musical–emotional ways Music moves us. Its rhythms can make our bodies dance and its tones and melodies can stir emotions. It brings life to solitary thoughts and memories, can comfort and relieve loneliness, promote private or shared happiness, and engender feelings of deep sadness and loss. The sounds of music communicate emotions vividly in ways beyond the ability of words and most other forms of art. It can draw us together in affectionate intimacy, as in the first prosodic song-like conversations between mothers and infants. It can carry the volatile emotions of human attach- ments and disputes in folk songs and grand opera, and excite the passions of crowds on great social occasions. These facts challenge contemporary cognitive and neural sciences. The psychobiology of music invites neuroscientists who study the emotional brain to unravel the neural nature of affective experience, and to seek entirely new visions of how the mind generates learning and memory— to reveal the nature of ‘meaning’. The science of communicative musicality—the dynamic forms and functions of bodily and vocal gestures—helps us enquire how the motivating impulses of music can tell compelling stories. This also leads us to ask how human music relates to our animal emotional heritage and the dynamic instinctual movements that communicate emotions. Research on the emotional systems of animals is bringing us closer to explanations of the still mysterious aspects of human affective experiences, and hence the emotional power of music.