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Memoire Pour L’Obtention Du Diplome De Magistere REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR & DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE MENTOURI FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE, DE GEOGRAPHIE ET DE L’AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE DEPARTEMENT D’ARCHITECTURE ET D’URBANISME N° d’Ordre……………………. Série…………………………… MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE MAGISTERE OPTION : PRESERVATION DU PATRIMOINE ARCHITECTURAL Présenté par : Melle BAKIRI RYM THEME IMPACT DE L’INTERVENTION COLONIALE SUR LA VIEILLE VILLE DE CONSTANTINE CAS DES MAISONS HYBRIDES - Sous la direction du : Pr Debache-Benzagouta Samira Jury d’examen : Président : Ribouh Bachir M.C Université de Constantine. Rapporteur : Debache-Benzagouta Samira Professeur, Université de Constantine. Membre : Dekoumi Djamel M.C Université de Constantine. Membre : Makhlouf Mokhtar M.C Université de Constantine. SOUTENUE LE : …/2011 DEDICACES A Mes chers parents, en guise de reconnaissance pour tout ce qu’ils ont fait pour moi et sans qui je ne serais pas où j’en suis aujourd’hui ; Mon frère et mes sœurs : Skandar, Khalida et Asma, pour leur précieuse aide et leur compréhension ; Mes amies : Imene, Amina et Ines qui m’ont beaucoup soutenues ; Enfin je dédie ce modeste travail à la mémoire de mon défunt oncle « Saïd Bakiri » qui m’a beaucoup encouragé à suivre ce chemin. REMERCIEMENTS Mes vifs remerciements vont à la directrice de ce mémoire mon encadreur : Pr Debache-Benzagouta Samira, que je remercie pour sa patience et la justesse de ses orientations ; Je tiens à remercier aussi mes enseignants de la post-graduation option "préservation du patrimoine architectural" ; Je souhaite également présenter mes remerciements à Messieurs : Dr Dekoumi, Dr Ribouh et Dr Makhlouf qui ont bien voulu évaluer le présent mémoire et pour le professionnalisme et le sérieux avec lesquels ils l’ont analysé ; Merci aux habitants de la médina de Constantine qui m’ont ouvert les portes de leurs maisons ; En fin je remercie toutes celles et tous ceux qui ont contribué de prés ou de loin à l’élaboration de ce travail. SOMMAIRE : DEDICACES ..................................................................................................................................../ REMERCIEMENTS ......................................................................................................................../ SOMMAIRE .................................................................................................................................... I CHAPITRE INTRODUCTIF INTRODUCTION GENERALE ..................................................................................................... 2 PROBLEMATIQUE ....................................................................................................................... 5 HYPOTHESES DE LA RECHERCHE .......................................................................................... 6 OBJECTIFS DE LA RECHERCHE ............................................................................................... 8 METHODOLOGIE D’APPROCHE ............................................................................................... 8 PREMIERE PARTIE : LES SYSTEMES DE REPRESENTATION DE LA VIEILLE VILLE DE CONSTANTINE CHAPITRE I : ETUDE DES DEUX SYSTEMES DE REPRESENTATION : ARABO- ISLAMIQUE ET COLONIAL I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 13 II. URBANISME ARABO-ISLAMIQUE ................................................................................... 14 1. Naissance du modèle arabo-islamique ............................................................................... 14 2. Origines et Influences ......................................................................................................... 14 3. Description du modèle arabo-islamique ............................................................................. 16 III. URBANISME COLONIAL .................................................................................................... 17 1. Naissance de l’urbanisme colonial ..................................................................................... 17 2. Ajustement et adaptation de la ville coloniale .................................................................... 18 2.1. L’urbanisme Haussmannien comme référence ........................................................ 18 2.2. Mode d’application de l`urbanisme haussmannien .................................................. 21 I 3. Impact de l’urbanisme colonial sur les médinas Maghrébines ........................................... 22 3.1. Impact de l’urbanisme colonial sur la Tunisie et le Maroc ....................................... 22 3.1.1. Impact de l’urbanisme colonial sur la Tunisie .................................................. 23 3.1.2. Impact de l’urbanisme colonial sur le Maroc ................................................... 26 3.2. L’intervention urbaine coloniale en Algérie ............................................................. 29 IV. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPITRE II : CONSTANTINE : LA PERPETUITE D’UNE CITE SECULAIRE I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 37 II. DESCRIPTION GEOGRAPHIQUE DE CONSTANTINE ................................................... 37 III. LES ATOUTS DU ROCHER DE CONSTANTINE .............................................................. 40 IV. CONSTANTINE A TRAVERS LES ECRITS ....................................................................... 41 V. EVOLUTION URBAINE ET SOCIALE DE CONSTANTINE : DE LA PREHISTOIRE A L’OCCUPATION FRANÇAISE ............................................................................................ 43 1. Période berbère et phénicienne (1000 à 46 av JC) ........................................................... 43 1.1. Les Berbères: de la grotte à la sédentarisation .......................................................... 43 1.2. Les Phéniciens ........................................................................................................... 44 2. Cirta, la capitale numide ................................................................................................... 45 3. Période Romaine et Vandale ............................................................................................ 47 3.1. Les Romains .............................................................................................................. 47 3.2. Les Vandales ............................................................................................................. 51 4. L’occupation Byzantine ................................................................................................... 53 5. Période Arabe (648-1230) : Constantine arabo musulmane ............................................ 53 6. Constantine sous la domination Turque ........................................................................... 55 7. L’occupation Française (1837-1962) ............................................................................... 56 VI. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 62 II CHAPITRE III : CONSTANTINE PRECOLONIALE: UNE VILLE ORIGINALE ET AUTHENTIQUE I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 66 II. STRUCTURATION DE LA MEDINA PRECOLONIALE : une introversion confirmée et une centralité intense ............................................................................................................... 66 III. LA MEDINA DE CONSTANTINE A LA VEILLE DE L’OCCUPATION FRANÇAISE. 69 IV. ORGANISATION ET FONCTIONNEMENT DE LA STRUCTURE TRADITIONNELLE… ........................................................................................................... 72 1. Remparts et portes .............................................................................................................. 72 2. Réseau de communication : des rues et des ruelles bien adaptées au site .......................... 74 2.1. La rue principale ....................................................................................................... 76 2.2. La rue secondaire ...................................................................................................... 76 2.3. L’impasse .................................................................................................................. 77 3. L’espace économique ......................................................................................................... 77 4. La zone résidentielle ........................................................................................................... 80 4.1. Une population diversifiée et une répartition par ethnies ......................................... 80 4.2. Les Quartiers et Haoumas ......................................................................................... 81 4.2.1. Les grands quartiers .......................................................................................... 81 4.2.2. Les petits quartiers ............................................................................................ 83 4.3. L’ilot et le groupement sur impasse .......................................................................... 85 4.4. L’habitation ..............................................................................................................
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